The Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation Greek: Ραδιοφωνικό Ίδρυμα Κύπρου, Turkish: Kıbrıs Radyo Yayın Kurumu) or CyBC (ΡΙΚ, KRYK) is Cyprus's public broadcasting service, transmitting island-wide on four radio and two television channels. CyBC is a non-profit organization that utilises its entire income for the promotion of its main mission, which is the objective provision of information, culture and entertainment for the people of Cyprus. CyBC was partly funded by a tax added to electricity bills. The amount paid depended on the size of the home. As it was a hypothecated tax for public television, it was very similar in principle to the television licence systems that operate in many other countries.

CyBC is a member of the international broadcasting community, belonging to most major organisations including the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), the Broadcasting Organisation of Non-Aligned Countries (BONAC) and the Commonwealth Broadcasting Association (CBA).

History[link]

The Cyprus Broadcasting Service commenced radiobroadcasts at 17.00pm on Sunday 4 October 1953. Programmes where broadcast in Greek, Turkish and English. Transmission was on medium wave 434 and 495 metres. The station produced a weekly publication called "Radio Cyprus" and was available free.^[1]

The First Television broadcast began on 1 October 1957 it operated 5 days a week averaging daily broadcasts of 3 hours. The service covered a radius of 20 miles from Nicosia.

On 1 January 1959 the CBS ceased to be a government department and was renamed the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation under "The Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation Act 300A".^[2]

CyBC was admitted as an associate member of the European Broadcasting Union on 1 January 1964 and became an active member five years later.

Television[link]

CyBC operates 2 domestic channels (PIK1 & PIK2) and an international service (PIK Sat) that is directed at the Cypriot diaspora:

CyBC 1[link]

CyBC 1 (also RIK 1) features news and current affairs programming, including news bulletins, in Greek. It also airs political, financial, social and cultural programmes as well as the latest sports news.

Among its programmes are documentaries and feature films, series based on actual events and acclaimed literature, operas, concerts, ballets, theatre performances and culture programmes.

CyBC 2[link]

CyBC 2 (also RIK 2) features primarily entertainment programming including Cypriot and foreign series, high quality feature films, Cypriot and foreign television movies, music and children's programmes. It also transmits news in Greek, Turkish and English. Since 1 February 1992, PIK2 has carried a daily re-broadcast of part of the Euronews programme (approximately 80 hours per week).

RIK Sat[link]

RIK Sat is the international network of RIK TV that broadcasts RIK programming to audiences in Europe. It is currently available as an FTA service in Europe. In May 2011, it officially launched in North America as a pay service via the Home2US platform. RIK Sat currently operates on a 24 hour schedule.

Digital Broadcast[link]

As of March's 2nd, CyBC entered the first phase of the Digital Transition Project (Ψηφιακή Μετάβαση) by launching the CyBC Digital Platform (Ψηφιακή Πλατφόρμα ΡΙΚ) at UHF 33 with the signal covering nearly the 70% of the island. The emission follows the DVB-T standard and the video stream is encoded in MPEG-4 AVC. It carries CyBC 1 and 2, ERT World, Euronews and CyBC HD.

Radio[link]

In addition to the television channels, CyBC broadcasts four radio channels. The four stations (First, Second, Third and Fourth) aim to transmit quality programmes and provide information, culture and entertainment to the public, taking into consideration the needs and preferences of all the communities in Cyprus. Programmes are broadcast in various languages. They transmit on a 24-hour basis and are also available via satellite and the internet.

First Programme[link]

The First Channel transmits on a 24-hour basis featuring news, current affairs, education and cultural programmes. It airs programmes for children and young adults, history and tradition and programmes of classical, modern and traditional music.

Since 27 June 1999 CyBC has also transmitted a special programme for Maronites, titled 'The Voice of Maronites'. In addition, a special programme for the Latin community started on 13 November 1999.

The First Programme transmits at 963, 693, 558 kHz on AM and 97.2, 90.2, 93.3 and 91.4 MHz on FM

Second Programme[link]

This channel, known as CyBC Radio Two, transmits programmes in various languages on a 24-hour basis: in Turkish for the Turkish Cypriots (06.00-17.00), in Armenian for the Armenians (17.00-18.00) and English for foreign visitors and permanent non-Greek-speaking residents (18.00-06.00).

The transmission to the Turkish Cypriots aims at maintaining communication with them. Among other programmes, three news bulletins every day (at 07.30, 13.15 and 18.50). The English-speaking programmes are mainly for entertainment, music and culture, with emphasis on providing information on national issues and promoting cultural heritage. Three English news bulletins are transmitted every day (at 13.30, 20.00 and 22.00). Other English language programmes include a live evening magazine programme and music and chat from DJ shows throughout the evening.

The Second Programme transmits at 91.1, 94.2 and 97.9 MHz FM. It is streamed online at www.cybc.com.cy and is also available to 70% of the population on the Cyprus national digital TV multiplex as 'Deftero Programma'. The station can also be heard on Hellas-Sat in Africa, Europe and the Middle East.

Third Programme[link]

The Third Radio Channel, which is the most popular network in Cyprus, acts mainly as an entertainment and information channel for listeners in Cyprus and for Greek immigrants in Germany, the United Kingdom a.

Fourth Programme[link]

The Fourth Radio Channel airs music, featuring an adult-contemporary format. It is similar to BBC Radio 1.

External Service[link]

CyBC Greek-language programming is also available for Greek Cypriot expatriates in the UK through SW, on the weekends. It uses a transmitter, operated by VT Communications, which is also used for BBC World Service programming for the area.

See also[link]

• List of programs broadcast by CyBC
• Television in Cyprus

References[link]

1. ^ Romantic Cyprus (7 ed.). Kevork K. Keshishian. 1957. 
2. ^ Romantic Cyprus (10 ed.). Kevork K. Keshishian. 1962. 

External links[link]

• Official Site (Greek) (English) (Turkish)

Mikis Theodorakis (Μίκης Θεοδωράκης)
Mikis Theodorakis in 2004
Background information
Born	(1925-07-29) July 29, 1925 (age 86) Chios, Greece
Genres	20th century classical Greek music
Years active	1943-present
Labels	Paredon Records Folkways Records
Website	http://www.mikis-theodorakis.net

Michael "Mikis" Theodorakis (Greek: Μίκης Θεοδωράκης, pronounced [ˈmicis θeoðoˈracis]) (born July 29, 1925) is a Greek songwriter and famous composer^[1]. He scored for the films Zorba the Greek (1964), Z (1969), and Serpico (1973). He is viewed as Greece's best-known living composer.^[2]

Politically, he identified with the left until the late 1980s; in 1989, he ran as an independent candidate within the centre-right New Democracy party in order for the country to come out of the political crisis that had been created due to the numerous scandals of the government of Andreas Papandreou^[3] and helped to establish a large coalition between conservatives, socialists and leftists. In 1990 he was elected to the parliament (as in 1964 and 1981), became a government minister under Constantine Mitsotakis, and fought against drugs and terrorism and for culture, education and better relations between Greece and Turkey. He continues to speak out in favor of left-liberal causes, Greek-Turkish-Cypriot relations, and against the War in Iraq.^[4][5] He has consistently opposed oppressive regimes and was the key voice against the Greek junta 1967-1974, which imprisoned him.^[6]

Biography[link]

Early years[link]

Mikis Theodorakis was born on the Greek island of Chios and spent his childhood years in different provincial Greek cities such as Mytilene, Cephallonia, Patras, Pyrgos and Tripoli. His father, a lawyer and a civil servant was from Galata (Crete) and his mother from Cesme (Asia Minor).

Theodorakis's fascination with music began in early childhood; he taught himself to write his first songs without access to musical instruments. In Patras^[7] and Pyrgos^[8] he took his first music lessons, and in Tripoli, Peloponnese,^[9] he gave his first concert at the age of seventeen.

He went to Athens in 1943, and became a member of a Reserve Unit of ELAS.^[10] During the Greek Civil War, he was arrested, sent into exile on the island of Icaria^[11] and then deported to the island of Makronisos, where he was tortured and twice buried alive.^[12]

During the periods when he was not obliged to hide, not exiled or jailed, he studied from 1943 to 1950 at the Athens Conservatoire under Filoktitis Economidis,.^[13] In 1950, he finished his studies and took his last two exams "with flying colours".^[14] He went to Crete, where he became the "head of the Chania Music School" and founded his first orchestra.^[15] At this time he ended what he has called the first period of his musical writing.

Studies in Paris[link]

In 1954 he travelled with his young wife Myrto Altinoglou to Paris where he entered the Conservatory and studied musical analysis under Olivier Messiaen^[16] and conducting under Eugene Bigot.^[17] His time in Paris, 1954–1959, was his second period of musical writing and a time of intense artistic creation.

His symphonic works: a Piano concerto, his first suite, his first symphony, and his scores for the ballet: Greek Carnival, Le Feu aux Poudres, Les Amants de Teruel, received international acclaim. In 1957, he won the Gold Medal in the Moscow Music Festival; President of the Jury was Dmitri Shostakovitch. In 1959, after the successful performances of Theodorakis's ballet Antigone at Covent Garden in London, the French composer Darius Milhaud proposed him for the American Copley Music Prize - an award of the "William and Noma Copley Foundation",^[18] which later changed its name to "Cassandra Foundation" - as the "Best European Composer of the Year". His first international scores for the film Ill Met by Moonlight and Luna de Miel, directors: Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, were also very successful: The Honeymoon title song became part of the repertoire of The Beatles.

Notable works up to 1960[link]

1. Chamber Music: Four String Quartets; Trio four piano, violin, cello; Little Suite for piano; Sonatina for piano; Sonatinas No.1 and No.2 for violin and piano;
2. Symphonic music: Assi-Gonia (symphonic movement; Piano Concerto "Helicon"; Symphony No.1 (Proti Simfonia); Suites n° 1, 2 et 3 for orchestre; La Vie et la Mort / Live and Death (for voice and strings); Œdipus Tyrannos (for strings; later for quartet and symphony orchestra); Piano Concerto;
3. Ballets: Greek Carnival; Le Feu aux Poudres; Les Amants de Teruel; Antigone;
4. Filmscores: The Barefoot Battalion (Greg Tallas); Ill Met by Moonlight and Honeymoon (Powell and Pressburger); Faces in the Dark (David Eady).

Back to Greek roots[link]

Mikis Theodorakis shortly after his return to Greece, 1961.

In 1960, Theodorakis returned to Greece and his roots in genuine Greek music: With his song cycle Epitaphios he started the third period of his composing and contributed to a cultural revolution in his country.^[19] His most significant and influential works are based Greek and world poetry – Epiphania (Giorgos Seferis), Little Kyklades (Odysseas Elytis), Axion Esti (Odysseas Elytis), Mauthausen (Iakovos Kambanellis), Romiossini (Yannis Ritsos), and Romancero Gitano (Federico García Lorca) – he attempted to give back to Greek music a dignity which in his perception it had lost. He developed his concept of "metasymphonic music" (symphonic compositions that go beyond the "classical" status and mix symphonic elements with popular songs, Western symphonic orchestra and Greek popular instruments).

He founded the Little Orchestra of Athens and the Musical Society of Piraeus, gave many, many concerts all around Greece and abroad... and he naturally became involved in the politics of his home country. After the assassination of Gregoris Lambrakis in May 1963 he founded the Lambrakis Democratic Youth ("Lambrakidès") and was elected its president.^[20] Under Theodorakis's impetus, it started a vast cultural renaissance movement and became the greatest political organisation in Greece with more than 50.000 members.^[21] Following the 1964 elections, Theodorakis became a member of the Greek Parliament, associated with the left-wing party EDA. Because of his political ideas, the composer was black-listed by the cultural establishment; at the time of his biggest artistic glory, a large number of his songs were censored-before-studio or were not allowed on the radio stations.^[22]

During 1964, he wrote the music for the Michael Cacoyiannis film Zorba the Greek, whose main theme, since then, exists as a trademark for Greece. It is also known as 'Syrtaki dance'; inspired from old Cretan traditional dances.

Main works of this period[link]

1. Song cycles: Epitaphios (Yannis Ritsos); Archipelagos (Songs of the Islands), Politia A & B (Songs of the City), Epiphania (Giorgos Seferis, Nobel Prize 1963), Mikres Kyklades (Odysseas Elytis), Chrysoprasino Fyllo (Golden-green leaf), Mauthausen (Iakovos Kambanellis), Romiossini (Yannis Ritsos), Thalassina Feggaria (Moons of the Sea)
2. Oratorio: To Axion Esti^[23] (Odysseas Elytis, Nobel Prize 1979), cf. Theodorakis on Axion Esti^[24]
3. Music for the Stage: The Hostage (Brendan Behan); Ballad of the Dead Brother (Theodorakis); Omorphi Poli (Beautiful City); Maghiki Poli (Magical City); I Gitonia ton Angelon(The Angels' Quarter, Iakovos Kambanellis)
4. Film scores: Phaedra (Jules Dassin), The Lovers of Teruel (Raymond Rouleau), Five Miles to Midnight (Anatole Litvak), Electra and Zorba the Greek (Michalis Cacoyannis), To Nisi tis Afroditis (Harilaos Papadopoulos)

During the dictatorship[link]

M. Theodorakis (1971)

On 21 April 1967 a right wing junta (the Regime of the Colonels) took power in a putsch. Theodorakis went underground and founded the "Patriotic Front" (PAM). On 1 June, the Colonels published "Army decree No 13", which banned playing, and even listening to his music. Theodorakis himself was arrested on 21 August,^[25] and jailed for five months. Following his release end of January 1968, he was banished in August to Zatouna with his wife Myrto and their two children, Margarita and Yorgos.^[26] Later he was interned in the concentration camp of Oropos.^[27] An international solidarity movement, headed by such personalities as Dmitri Shostakovich, Leonard Bernstein, Arthur Miller, and Harry Belafonte demanded to get Theodorakis freed. On request of the French politician Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber, Theodorakis was allowed to go into exile to Paris on 13 April 1970. Theodorakis's flight left very secretly from an Onassis owned private airport outside Athens. Theodorakis arrived at Le Bourget Airport where he met Costa Gavras, Melina Mercouri and Jules Dassin. Theodorakis was immediately hospitalized because he suffered from lung tuberculosis.^[28] Myrto Theodorakis, Mikis's wife and two children joined him a week later in France. They arrived from Greece to France via Italy on a boat.^[29]

Main works under the dictatorship[link]

1. Song cycles: Ta Laïka (The Popular Songs, Manos Elefteriou);^[30] O Ilios ke o Chronos (Sun and Time, Theodorakis); Songs for Andreas (Theodorakis); Arcadies I-X; Nichta Thanatou (Nights of Death, Manos Elefteriou);
2. Oratorios: Ephiphania Averoff Giorgos Seferis, State of Siege (Marina = Rena Hadjidakis), March of the Spirit (Angelos Sikelianos), Raven (Giorgos Seferis, after Edgar Allan Poe);
3. Film score: Z (Costa-Gavras).

Resistance in exile[link]

While in exile, Theodorakis fought during four years for the overthrow of the colonels. He started his world tours and gave thousands of concerts on all continents as part of his struggle for the restoration of democracy in Greece.

Mikis Theodorakis at a concert in Caesarea, Israel, in the 1970s.

He met Pablo Neruda and Salvador Allende and promised them to compose his version of Neruda's Canto General. He was received by Gamal Abdel Nasser and Tito, Yigal Allon and Yasser Arafat, while François Mitterrand,^[31] Olof Palme and Willy Brandt became his friends. For millions of people, Theodorakis was the symbol of resistance against the Greek dictatorship.^[32]

Main works written in exile[link]

1. Song cycles: 18 lianotragouda tis pikris patridas (18 Short Songs of the Bitter Land, Yiannis Ritsos), Ballades (Manolis Anagnostakis), Tis exorias (Songs of the Exile)
2. Oratorio: Canto General (Pablo Neruda)
3. Film scores: The Trojan Women (M. Cacoyannis); State of Siege (Costa-Gavras); Serpico (Sydney Lumet)

Return to Greece[link]

Theodorakis on a visit in East Germany, May 1989.

After the fall of the Colonels, Mikis Theodorakis returned to Greece on 24 July 1974 to continue his work and his concert tours, both in Greece and abroad.^[33] At the same time he participated in public affairs. In 1978, through his article For a United Left Wing, he had "stirred up the Greek political life. His proposal for the unification of the three parties of the former United Left – which had grown out of the National Liberation Front (N.L.F.) – had been accepted by the Greek Communist Party which later proposed him as the candidate for mayor of Athens during the 1978 elections." (Andreas Brandes)^[34] He was later elected several times to the Greek Parliament (1981–1986 and 1989–1993) and for two years, from 1990 to 1992, he was a minister in the government of Constantine Mitsotakis. After his resignation as a member of Greek parliament, he was appointed General Musical Director of the Choir and the two Orchestras of the Hellenic State Radio (ERT),^{[disambiguation needed ]} which he reorganised and with which he undertook successful concert tours abroad.^[35]

He is committed to heightening international awareness of human rights, of environmental issues, and of the need for peace and for this reason he initiated, together with the Turkish author, musician, singer, and filmmaker Zülfü Livaneli,^[36] the Greek–Turkish Friendship Society.^[37]

From 1981, Theodorakis had started the fourth period of his musical writing, during which he returned to the symphonic music, while still going on to compose song-cycles. His most significant works written in these years are his Second, Third, Fourth and Seventh Symphony, most of them being first performed in the former German Democratic Republic between 1982 and 1989. It was during this period that he received the Lenin Peace Prize. He composed his first opera Kostas Kariotakis (The Metamorphoses of Dionysus) and the ballet Zorba the Greek, premièred in the Arena of Verona during the Festival Verona 1988. During this period, he also wrote the five volumes of his autobiography: The Ways of the Archangel (Οι δρόμοι του αρχάγγελου).

In 1989, he started the fifth period, the last, of his musical writing: He composed three operas (lyric tragedies) Medea, first performed in Bilbao (1 October 1991), Elektra,^{[disambiguation needed ]} first performed in Luxembourg (2 May 1995) and Antigone, first performed in Athens' Megaron Moussikis (7 October 1999). This trilogy was complemented by his last opera Lysistrata, first performed in Athens (14 April 2002): a call for peace... With his operas, and with his song cycles from 1974 to 2006, Theodorakis ushered in the period of his Lyrical Life.

Theodorakis is Doctor honoris causa of several universities, including Montreal, Thessaloniki, and Crete, and was nominated by the Greek people for the Nobel Prize for Peace in 2000.

Theodorakis holding hands with Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou

Now he lives in retirement, reading, writing, publishing arrangements of his scores, texts about culture and politics. On important occasions he still takes position: in 1999, opposing NATO's Kosovo war and in 2003 against the Iraq War. In 2005, he was awarded the Sorano Friendship and Peace Award, the Russian International St.-Andrew-the-First-Called Prize, the insignia of Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of Luxembourg, and the IMC UNESCO International Music Prize, while already in 2002 he was honoured in Bonn with the Erich Wolfgang Korngold Prize for film music at the International Film Music Biennial in Bonn^[38] (cf also: Homepage of the Art and Exhibition Hall Bonn).^[39] In 2007, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the distribution of the World Soundtrack Awards in Ghent.^[40]

A final set of songs entitled: Odysseia was composed by utilizing poetry written by Costas Kartelias for lyrics. Created in 2007, Theodorakis achieved the distinction of producing one of the largest works by any composer of any time.^[41]

Main works after 1974[link]

1. Song cycles: Ta Lyrika; Dionysos; Phaedra; Beatrice in Zero Street; Radar; Chairetismoi (Greetings); Mia Thalassa (A Sea Full of Music); Os archaios Anemos (Like an Ancient Wind); Lyrikotera (The More-Than-Lyric Songs); Lyrikotata (The Most Lyric Songs); Erimia (Solitude); Odysseia;
2. Music for the Stage: Orestia (dir.: Spyros Evangelatos); Antigone (dir.: Minos Volanakis); Medea (dir.: Spyros Evangelatos)
3. Film scores: Iphigenia (M. Cacoyannis), The Man with the Carnation (Nikos Tzimas)
4. Oratorios: Liturgia 2; Missa Greca (Thia Liturgia); Requiem;
5. Symphonic music and cantatas: Symphonies no 2, 3, 4, 7; According to the Sadducees; Canto Olympico; Guitar Rhapsody; Cello Rhapsody; Trumpet Rhapsody;
6. Operas: "The Metamorphosis of the Dionysus" (Kostas Karyotakis); Medea; Elektra; Antigone; Lysistrata.

Political views[link]

Theodorakis has spoken out against the Iraq and Israel's occupation of Gaza and the West Bank has blasted Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou for establishing closer relations with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who was guilty, he said, of "war crimes in Lebanon and Gaza."^[42]

2010-2011: Calling for revolution[link]

In December 1, 2010, Mikis Theodorakis founded "Spitha: People's Independent Movement", a non-political movement which calls people to gather and express their political ideas. The main goal of "Spitha" is to help Greece stay clear off its economic crisis.^[43] On May 31, Mikis Theodorakis gave a speech among 10.000 Greeks in the centre of Athens, criticising the Greek government for the loan debt it has taken from the International Monetary Fund.^[44] It was also the first time he called everyone to revolutionize.

Work[link]

Songs and song cycles[link]

Theodorakis has written more than 1,000 songs and song-cycles, whose melodies have become part of the heritage of Greek music: Sto Perigiali, Kaimos, Aprilis, Doxa to Theo, Sotiris Petroulas, Lipotaktes, Stis Nichtas to Balkoni, Agapi mou, Pou petaxe t'agori mou, Anixe ligo to parathiro, O Ipnos se tilixe, To gelasto pedi, Dendro to dendro, Asma Asmaton, O Andonis...

His song cycles are based on poems by Greek authors, as well as by Lorca and Neruda: Epitaphios, Archipelagos, Politia A-D, Epiphania, The Hostage, Mykres Kyklades, Mauthausen, Romiossini, Sun and Time, Songs for Andreas, Mythology, Night of Death, Ta Lyrika, The Quarters of the World, Dionysos, Phaedra, Mia Thalassa, Os Archaios Anemos, Ta Lyrikotera, Ta Lyrikotata, Erimia, Odysseia. Theodorakis released two albums of his songs and song cycles on Paredon Records and Folkways Records in the early seventies, including his Peoples' Music: The Struggles of the Greek People (1974).^[45]

Symphonic works[link]

• 1952: Piano Concerto "Helikon"
• 1953: First Symphony ("Proti Simfonia")
• 1954–1959: 3 Orchestral Suites
• 1958: Piano Concerto
• 1981: Symphony No 2 ("The Song of the Earth"; text: Mikis Theodorakis) for children's choir, piano, and orchestra
• 1981: Symphony No 3 (texts: Dionysios Solomos; Constantine P. Cavafy; Byzantine hymns) for soprano, choir, and orchestra
• 1983: Symphony No 7 ("Spring-Symphony"; texts: Yannis Ritsos; Yorgos Kulukis) for four soloists, choir, and orchestra
• 1986–1987: Symphony No 4 ("Of Choirs") for soprano, mezzo, narrator, choir, and symphonic orchestra without strings
• 1995: Rhapsody for Guitar and Orchestra
• 1996: Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra
• 2008: Rhapsody for Trumpet and Orchestra (orchestrated by Robert Gulya)
• 2010: "Andalusia" for Mezzo and Orchestra

Chamber music[link]

• 1942: Sonatina for piano
• 1945: Elegy No 1, for cello and piano
• 1945: Elegy No 2, for violin and piano
• 1946: To Kimitirio (The Cemetery), for string quartet
• 1946: String Quartet No 1
• 1946: Duetto, for two violins
• 1947: Trio, for violin, cello and piano
• 1947: 11 Preludes, for piano
• 1947: Sexteto, for piano, flute and string quartet
• 1949: Study for two violins and cello
• 1952: Syrtos Chaniotikos, for piano and percussion
• 1952: Sonatina No 1, for violin and piano
• 1955: Little Suite, for piano
• 1955: Passacaglia, for two pianos
• 1959: Sonatina No 2, for violin and piano
• 1989: Choros Assikikos, for violoncello solo
• 1996: Melos, for piano
• 2007: East of the Aegean, for cello and piano

Cantatas and oratorios[link]

• 1960: Axion Esti (text: Odysseas Elytis)
• 1969: The March of the Spirit (text: Angelos Sikelianos)
• 1971–82: Canto General (text: Pablo Neruda)
• 1981–82: Kata Saddukaion Pathi (Sadducean-Passion; text: Michalis Katsaros) for tenor, baritone, bass, choir and orchestra
• 1982: Liturgy No 2 ("To children, killed in War"); texts: Tassos Livaditis, Mikis Theodorakis) for choir
• 1982–83: Lorca, for voice, solo guitar, choir, and orchestra (based on Romancero Gitano, text: Federico Garcia Lorca, translated by Odysseas Elytis)
• 1992: Canto Olympico, for voice, solo piano, choir, and orchestra (texts: Dimitra Manda, Mikis Theodorakis)

Hymns[link]

• 1970: Hymn for Nasser
• 1973: Hymn for the Socialist Movement in Venezuela
• 1973: Hymn for the Students. dedicated to the victims of Polytechnical School in Athens (18.11.)
• 1977: Hymn of the French Socialist Party
• 1978: Hymn for Malta
• 1982: Hymn of P.L.O.
• 1991: Hymn of the Mediterranean Games
• 1992: "Hellenism" (Greek Hymn for the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games of Barcelona)

Ballets[link]

• 1953: Greek Carnival (choreography: Rallou Manou)
• 1958: Le Feu aux Poudres (choreography: Paul Goubé)
• 1958: Les Amants de Teruel (choreography: Milko Sparembleck)
• 1959: Antigone (choreography: John Cranko)
• 1972: Antigone in Jail (choreography: Micha van Hoecke)
• 1979: Elektra (choreography: Serge Kenten)
• 1983: Sept Danses Grecques (choreography: Maurice Béjart)
• 1987–88: Zorba il Greco (choreography: Lorca Massine)

Operas[link]

• 1984–85: Kostas Karyotakis (The Metamorphosis of Dionysos)
• 1988–90: Medea
• 1992–93: Elektra
• 1995–96: Antigone
• 1999–01: Lysistrata

Music for the stage[link]

Classical tragedies[link]

• 1959–60: Phoenician Women (Euripides)
• 1960–61: Ajax (Sophocles)
• 1965: Trojan Women (Euripides)
• 1966–67: Lysistrata (Aristophanes)
• 1977: The Suppliants (Aeschylus)
• 1979: The Knights (Aristophanes)
• 1986–88: Oresteia: Agamemnon, Choephorae, Eumenides (Aeschylus)
• 1987: Hecuba (Euripides)
• 1990: Antigone (Sophocles)
• 1992: Prometheus Bound (Aeschylus)
• 1996: Oedipus Rex (Sophocles)
• 2001: Medea (Euripides)

Modern plays[link]

• 1960–61: To Tragoudi tou Nekrou Adelfou (Ballad of the Dead Brother), Musical Tragedy (text: Mikis Theodorakis)
• 1961–62: Omorphi Poli (Beautiful City), revue (Bost, Dimitris Christodoulou, Christofelis, et al.)
• 1963: I Gitonia ton Angelon (The Quarter of Angels), Music-drama (Iakovos Kambanelis)
• 1963: Magiki Poli (Enchanted City), revue (Mikis Theodorakis, Notis Pergialis, Michalis Katsaros)
• 1971: Antigoni stin Filaki (Antigone in Jail), drama
• 1974: Prodomenos Laos (Betrayed People), music for the theatre (Vangelis Goufas)
• 1975: Echtros Laos (Enemy People), drama (Iakovos Kambanelis)
• 1975: Christophorus Kolumbus, drama (Nikos Kazantzakis)
• 1976: Kapodistrias, drama (Nikos Kazantzakis)
• 1977: O Allos Alexandros ("The Other Alexander"), drama (Margarita Limberaki)
• 1979: Papflessas, play (Spiros Melas)

International theatre[link]

• 1961: Enas Omiros (The Hostage), drama (Brendan Behan)
• 1963: The Chinese Wall, drama (Max Frisch)
• 1975: Das Sauspiel, tragicomedy (Martin Walser)
• 1979: Caligula, drama (Albert Camus)
• 1978: Polites B' Katigorias (Second-Class Citizens), drama (Brian Friel)
• 1980: Perikles, tragedy, (William Shakespeare)
• 1994: Macbeth, tragedy (William Shakespeare)

Principal film scores[link]

• 1960: Ill Met by Moonlight (Director: Michael Powell)
• 1960: Honeymoon (Luna de miel) (Director: Michael Powell, Choreography: Leonide Massine)
• 1960: Faces in the Dark (Director: David Eady)
• 1961: Shadow of the Cat (Director: John Gilling)
• 1961: Phaedra (Director: Jules Dassin)
• 1961–62: Les Amants de Teruel (Director: Raymond Rouleau)
• 1961–62: Five Miles to Midnight (Director: Anatole Litvak)
• 1961–62: Electra (Director: Mihalis Kakogiannis)
• 1964: Zorba the Greek (Director: Mihalis Kakogiannis)
• 1967: The Day the Fish Came Out (Director: Mihalis Kakogiannis)
• 1969: Z (Director: Constantin Costa-Gavras)
• 1971: Biribi (Director: Daniel Moosman)
• 1972: State of Siege (Director: Constantin Costa-Gavras)
• 1973: Serpico (Director: Sidney Lumet)
• 1974: The Rehearsal (Director: Jules Dassin)
• 1976: Actas de Marousia (Director: Miguel Littin)
• 1977–78 Iphigenia (Director: Mihalis Kakogiannis)
• 1980: The Man with the Carnation (Director: Nikos Tzimas)

Reference: Guy Wagner. Chairman of the International Theodorakis Foundation FILIKI. List of works based on the research of Asteris Koutoulas, published in O Mousikos Theodorakis.

Scores[link]

• Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra
• March of the spirit (Oratorio, Full Score)
• Axion esti (Oratorio Full Score)
• Zorbas Ballet (Suite - Ballet, Full Score)
• Carnaval (Suite - Ballet Full, Score)
• Adagio (Full Score) & Sinfonietta (Full Score)
• Epiphania Averof (Cantata)
• Canto Olympico (Oratorio)
• Les Eluard
• Ο κύκλος
• 20 τραγούδια για πιάνο και αρμόνιο
• Η Βεατρίκη στην οδό Μηδέν
• Μια θάλασσα γεμάτη μουσική
• Τα λυρικώτερα
• Τα λυρικώτατα
• Τα πρόσωπα του Ήλιου
• Φαίδρα
• Λιποτάκτες
• Θαλασσινά φεγγάρια
• Ασίκικο πουλάκη
• Romancero Gitano (για πιάνο - φωνή)
• Τα Λυρικά
• Ταξίδι μέσα στη νύχτα
• Μικρές Κυκλάδες
• Διόνυσος
• Επιφάνια
• Επιτάφιος
• Μπαλάντες. Κύκλος τραγουδιών για πιάνο και φωνή
• Χαιρετισμοί. Κύκλος τραγουδιών για πιάνο και φωνή
• Ένα όμηρος

Internationally-available CD releases[link]

• Mikis Theodorakis & Zülfü Livaneli — Together (Tropical)
• Mikis Theodorakis — First Symphony & Adagio (Intuition/Schott)
• Maria Farantouri — Poetica (Songs by Theodorakis) (Peregrina)
• Mikis Theodorakis — Mikis (Peregrina)
• Mikis Theodorakis — Symphony No. 4 (Intuition/Schott)
• Maria Farantouri — Aemata (Songs by Theodorakis) (Peregrina)
• Mikis Theodorakis — Requiem: For soloists, choir and symphonic orchestra (Intuition/Schott)
• Mikis Theodorakis — Symphonietta & Etat de Siege (Intuition/Schott)
• Maria Farantouri & Rainer Kirchmann — Sun & Time: Songs by Theodorakis (Lyra)
• Mikis Theodorakis — Mauthausen Trilogy: In Greek, Hebrew and English (Plaene)
• Mikis Theodorakis — Carnaval — Raven (for mezzo and symphonic orchestra) (Intuition/Schott)
• Mikis Theodorakis — Resistance (historic recordings) (Intuition/Schott)
• Mikis Theodorakis — First Songs (Intuition/Schott)
• Mikis Theodorakis — Antigone/Medea/Electra (3-Opera Box) (Intuition/Schott)
• Mikis Theodorakis — The Metamorphosis of Dionysus (Opera) (Intuition/Schott)
• Mikis Theodorakis — Rhapsodies for Cello and Guitar (Intuition/Schott)
• Mikis Theodorakis — East of the Aegean (for cello and piano) (Intuition/Schott)
• Mikis Theodorakis & Francesco Diaz — Timeless (Wormland White)

Selected Bibliography[link]

• Jean Boivin, Messiaen's Teaching at the Paris Conservatoire: A Humanist Legacy, in Siglind Bruhn, Messiaen's Language of Mystical Love (New York, Garland, 1998), 5-31: 10
• George Giannaris: Mikis Theodorakis. Music and Social Change, Foreword by Mikis Theodorakis. G. Allen, London, 1972
• Gail Holst: Myth & Politics in Modern Greek Music, Adolf M. Hakkert, Amsterdam, 1980
• Mikis Theodorakis: Journals of Resistance. Translated from the French by Graham Webb, Hart-Davis MacGibbon, London, 1973
• Mikis Theodorakis: Music and Theater, Translated by George Giannaris, Athens, 1983
• Asteris Koutoulas: O Mousikos Theodorakis / Theodorakis the Musician (in Greek). "Nea Synora - A. A. Livami, 1998. ISBN 960-296-216-7
• Guy Wagner: Mikis Theodorakis. Mia Zoi yia tin Ellada. Typothito - Giorgos Dardanos, 2002. ISBN 960-402-008-0 (The biography exists also in French: Mikis Theodorakis. Une Vie pour la Grèce. Editions Phi, Luxembourg, 2000; and in German: Mikis Theodorakis. Ein Leben für Griechenland. Editions Phi, Luxembourg, 1995)
• George Logothetis: Mikis Theodorakis: the Greek soul, translated from the Greek by Phillipos Chatzopoulos, Agyra editions 2004, ISBN 960-422-095-0. The Chinese version has been published by Shanghai Baijia Publishing House in 2008, ISBN 978-7-80703-861-0.
• Asteris Kutulas: Mikis Theodorakis. A Life in pictures (in German), Coffee-table book with 1 DVD & 2 CDs. Schott Music, Mainz 2010, ISBN 978-3-7957-0713-2

Published written works[link]

Books in Greek by Theodorakis

• Για την ελληνική μουσική (About Greek music)
• Το τραγούδι του νεκρού αδελφού
• Το μανιφέστο των Λαμπράκηδων
• Ζητείται αριστερά
• Δημοκρατική και συγκεντρωτική αριστερά
• Οι μνηστήρες της Πηνελόπης
• Περί τέχνης (Essays and articles about art)
• Πού πάμε; (Where are we going?, Gnosis Publishing House, Athens 1988)
• Ανατομία της μουσικής (Anatomy of the Music, 1983)
• Οι δρόμοι του αρχάγγελου Ι-V (Mikis Theodorakis, Paths of the Archangel (Autobiography), Kedros Publishing House, Athens 1986-88)
• Αντιμανιφέστο (Antimanifest, Gnosis Publishing House, Athens 1998)
• Μελοποιημένη Ποίηση Ι -III (Poetry & textes of his musical works)
• Πού να βρω την ψυχή μου... A' - Γ' (Where can I find my soul (Essays & Articles), Livanis Publishing House, Athens 2002)
• Να μαγευτώ και να μεθύσω
• Μάνου Χατζιδάκι εγκώμιον (About Manos Hatzidakis, Ianos Publishing House, Thessaloniki 2004)
• I had Three Lives (Poetry by Mikis Theodorakis in English, translated by Gail Holst)
• Σπίθα. Για μια Ελλάδα ανεξάρτητη και δυνατή, Ianos Publishing House, Thessaloniki, 2011

See also[link]

• Zorbas
• Eimaste dyo, eimaste treis, eimaste xilioi dekatreis!

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Web Site
• Κίνησης Ανεξάρτητων Πολιτών (Independent Citizens Movement Off. site)
• Official Site (Schott Music) with non-proprietary audio files, discography, recent performances and news
• Lilian Voudouri Library
• Alexia - Mikis Theodorakis MySpace page
• Nicolas Mottas, Mikis Theodorakis: A Legend for Greece - American Chronicle, July 28, 2009.
• Mikis Theodorakis speech against International Monetary Fund and greek government, May 31 2011
• film scores
• complete discography

Eva Rivas
Eva Rivas in Oslo, 23 May 2010
Background information
Birth name	Valeriya Reshetnikova-Tsaturyan
Born	(1987-07-13) 13 July 1987 (age 24) Rostov-on-Don, Russian SFSR, USSR (now Russia)
Origin	Armenia
Genres	Pop
Occupations	Singer
Years active	1994–present
Associated acts	Ruben Matevosyan, Armenia Production
Website	Official website

Eva Rivas (Armenian: Եվա Ռիվաս, Russian: Ева Ривас; born Valeria Alexandrovna Reshetnikova-Tsaturyan, Russian: Валерия Александровна Решетникова-Цатурян on 13 July 1987) is a Russian-Armenian singer.

Early life[link]

Rivas was born and raised in Rostov-on-Don to an Armenian mother and a father of Russian and Greek descent. She took the stage name Eva Rivas from her Greek great-grandmother.^[1] Growing up in Rostov, she sang in the Armenian "Arevik" ensemble. Rivas is 6 foot 4.

Eurovision Song Contest 2010[link]

On 14 February 2010, Rivas won the Armenian National Final and went on to represent Armenia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 with the song "Apricot Stone".^[2] She placed 6th in the semi final and advanced to the final where she performed 21st in the line-up and placed 7th with a total of 141 points.^[3]

Rivas will continue traveling around Europe, promoting her song. She wished to represent Armenia again in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012.^[4] but Armenia didn't qualify.

See also[link]

• Armenia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Eva Rivas

• Official Website
• Blog Live Journal

v t e Armenia in the Eurovision Song Contest   Participation 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013   Artists 2000s André Hayko Sirusho Inga and Anush 2010s Eva Rivas Emmy   Songs 2000s "Without Your Love" "Anytime You Need" "Qélé, Qélé" "Jan Jan" 2010s "Apricot Stone" "Boom Boom" (Note: Entries scored out are when Armenia did not compete)

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Dimitris Theophani Lipertis (Greek: Δημήτρης Λιπέρτης) (1866–1937) is a Cypriot born Greek poet and is considered^{[by whom?]} as one of the most prominent poets of the island.

Biography[link]

Lipertis was born in Larnaca in 1866 (exact date disputed–either 22 September or 26 October). His father, Theofanis Lipertis hailed from Kyrenia, but moved to Larnaca where he set up a trading company. His mother was Kokonou Modinos.

He received his basic education from various literary figures of Larnaca. He then furthered his studies in Beirut (from 1880–1884) where he studied languages at the American University of Beirut and the Jesuit Université Saint-Joseph specialising in English and French. On his return to Cyprus, he first took up a clerical post (1885–1890) at Larnaca legal courts. For the next decade he worked in various governmental departments such as payroll officer in the public works department, inspector of vineyard diseases, coastguard official etc. Through his various jobs he came into contact with the Cypriot countryside and its genuine inhabitants, along with getting to know the various dialects spoken in the different regions of Cyprus.

In 1900 he left Cyprus for Naples where he studied philosophy and then to Athens for theology studies. He also travelled to Egypt in search of employment. On his return he began working as a teacher in the capital Nicosia. He first worked at the Pancyprian Gymnasium from 1910–1912 as a French language teacher and then at The English School. He also served as the first headmaster of the Mitsis commercial academy in the village of Lemythou.

Lipertis died in Nicosia in 1937.

In 1978, his portrait was depicted on one of two stamps in a commemorative issue themed on Cypriot poets. The other stamp depicted Vasilis Michaelides.

Works[link]

He wrote and published some poetry in katharevousa but the main body of his work is in the Cypriot Dialect. Some of his poems have been set to music by Cypriot composer Achilleas Lymbouridis and Greek composer Dimitris Layios. He is considered as one of the most prominent modern Cypriot poets and has been the theme of stamps issued by the Cyprus Post Office.

He published 3 collections of poems:

• 1891 - The relaxed harp (Halaromeni Lira - Χαλαρωμένη Λύρα)
• 1898 - Stoni (Στόνοι)
• 1923 - The Cypriot Songs (Tzipriotika Tragoudia - Τζ'υπριώτικα Τραούδκια)

In addition his private letters to various people were characterised by a vivid and intelligent content with clever humour and literary merit.

External links[link]

• Cyprus Stamp Issue: Cypriot Poets: Demetrios Libertis and Vasilis Michaelides

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