An ion is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge. The name was given by physicist Michael Faraday for the substances that allow a current to pass ("go") between electrodes in a solution, when an electric field is applied. It is from Greek ''ιον'', meaning "going".

An ion consisting of a single atom is an atomic or monatomic ion; if it consists of two or more atoms, it is a molecular or polyatomic ion.

Anions and cations

An anion (-) ( ), from the Greek word ἄνω (''ánō''), meaning "up", is an ion with more electrons than protons, giving it a net negative charge (since electrons are negatively charged and protons are positively charged).

Conversely, a cation (+) ( ), from the Greek word κατά (''katá''), meaning "down", is an ion with fewer electrons than protons, giving it a positive charge. Since the charge on a proton is equal in magnitude to the charge on an electron, the net charge on an ion is equal to the number of protons in the ion minus the number of electrons.

General

History and discovery

Etymologically the word ''ion'' is the Greek ''ιον'' (going), the present participle of ''ιεναι'', ''ienai'', "to go". This term was introduced by English physicist and chemist Michael Faraday in 1834 for the (then unknown) species that ''goes'' from one electrode to the other through an aqueous medium. Faraday did not know the nature of these species, but he knew that since metals dissolved into and entered solution at one electrode, and new metal came forth from solution at the other electrode, that some kind of substance moved through the solution in a current, conveying matter from one place to the other.

Faraday also introduced the words anion for a negatively charged ion, and cation a for positively charged one. In Faraday's nomenclature, cations were named because they were attracted to the cathode in a galvanic device and anions were named due to their attraction to the anode.

Characteristics

Ions in their gas-like state are highly reactive, and do not occur in large amounts on Earth, except in flames, lightning, electrical sparks, and other plasmas. These gas-like ions rapidly interact with ions of opposite charge to give neutral molecules or ionic salts. Ions are also produced in the liquid or solid state when salts interact with solvents (for example, water) to produce "solvated ions," which are more stable, for reasons involving a combination of energy and entropy changes as the ions move away from each other to interact with the liquid. These stabilized species are more commonly found in the environment at low temperatures. A common example is the ions present in seawater, which are derived from the dissolved salts there.

All ions are charged, which means that like all charged objects they are:

attracted to opposite electric charges (positive to negative, and vice versa),

repelled by like charges, and

when moving, travel in trajectories that are deflected by a magnetic field.

Electrons, due to their smaller mass and thus larger space-filling properties as matter waves, determine the size of atoms and molecules that possess any electrons at all. Thus, anions (negatively charged ions) are larger than the parent molecule or atom, as the excess electron(s) repel each other, and add to the physical size of the ion, because its size is determined by its electron cloud. Conversely, cations are generally smaller than the corresponding parent atom or molecule, for the same reason. One particular cation (that of hydrogen) contains no electrons, and thus is ''very much smaller'' than the parent hydrogen atom.

Natural Occurrences

Ions are ubiquitous in nature and are responsible for diverse phenomena from the luminescence of the Sun, and the existence of ionosphere on Earth. Atoms in their ionic state may have a different color from neutral atoms, and thus light absorption by metal ions gives the color of gemstones. In both inorganic and organic chemistry (including biochemistry), the interaction of water and ions is extremely important (an example is the energy that drives breakdown of ATP. The following sections describe contexts in which ions feature prominently and are arranged in decreasing physical length-scale, from the astronomical to the microscopic.

Astronomical

A collection of non-aqueous gas-like ions, or even a gas containing a proportion of charged particles, is called a plasma. >99.9% of visible matter in the Universe may be in the form of plasmas. These include our Sun and other stars, the space between planets, as well as the space in between stars. Plasmas are often called the ''fourth state of matter'' because its properties are substantially different from solids, liquids, and gases. Astrophysical plasmas predominantly contain a mixture of electrons and protons (ionized hydrogen).

Related technology

Ions can be non-chemically prepared using various ion sources, usually involving high voltage or temperature. These are used in a multitude of devices such as mass spectrometers, optical emission spectrometers, particle accelerators, ion implanters and ion engines.

As reactive charged particles, they are also used in air purification by disrupting microbes, and in household items such as smoke detectors.

As signaling and metabolism in organisms are controlled by a precise ionic gradient across membranes, the disruption of this gradient contributes to cell death. This is a common mechanism exploited by natural and artificial biocides, including the ion channels gramicidin and amphotericin (a fungicide).

Inorganic dissolved ions are a component of total dissolved solids, an indicator of water quality in the world.

Chemistry

Notation

Denoting the charged state

When writing the chemical formula for an ion, its net charge is written in superscript immediately after the chemical structure for the molecule/atom. The net charge is written with the magnitude ''before'' the sign; that is, a doubly charged cation is indicated as 2+ instead of +2. Conventionally the magnitude of the charge is omitted for singly charged molecules/atoms; for example, the sodium cation is indicated as and ''not'' .

An alternative (and acceptable) way of showing a molecule/atom with multiple charges is by drawing out the signs multiple times; this is often seen with transition metals. Chemists sometimes circle the sign; this is merely ornamental and does not alter the chemical meaning. All three representations of shown in the figure are thus equivalent.

Monatomic ions are sometimes also denoted with Roman numerals; for example, the example seen above is occasionally referred to as Fe(II) or Fe^II. The Roman numeral designates the ''formal oxidation state'' of an element, whereas the superscripted numerals denotes the net charge. The two notations are therefore exchangeable for monatomic ions, but the Roman numerals ''cannot'' be applied to polyatomic ions. It is however possible to mix the notations for the individual metal center with a polyatomic complex, as shown by the uranyl ion example.

Sub-classes

If an ion contains unpaired electrons, it is called a radical ion. Just like uncharged radicals, radical ions are very reactive. Polyatomic ions containing oxygen, such as carbonate and sulfate, are called oxyanions. Molecular ions that contain at least one carbon to hydrogen bond are called organic ions. If the charge in an organic ion is formally centered on a carbon, it is termed a carbocation (if positively charged) or carboanion (if negatively charged).

Formation

Formation of monatomic ions

Monatomic ions are formed by the addition of electrons to the valence shell of the atom, which is the outer-most electron shell in an atom, or the losing of electrons from this shell. The inner shells of an atom are filled with electrons that are tightly bound to the positively charged atomic nucleus, and so do not participate in this kind of chemical interaction. The process of gaining or losing electrons from a neutral atom or molecule is called ionization.

Atoms can be ionized by bombardment with radiation, but the more usual process of ionization encountered in chemistry is the transfer of electrons between atoms or molecules. This transfer is usually driven by the attaining of stable ("closed shell") electronic configurations. Atoms will gain or lose electrons depending on which action takes the least energy.

For example, a sodium atom, Na, has a single electron in its valence shell, surrounding 2 stable, filled inner shells of 2 and 8 electrons. Since these filled shells are very stable, a sodium atom tends to lose its extra electron and attain this stable configuration, becoming a sodium cation in the process

:Na → +

On the other hand, a chlorine atom, Cl, has 7 electrons in its valence shell, which is one short of the stable, filled shell with 8 electrons. Thus, a chlorine atom tends to ''gain'' an extra electron and attain a stable 8-electron configuration, becoming a chloride anion in the process:

:Cl + →

This driving force is what causes sodium and chlorine to undergo a chemical reaction, where the "extra" electron is transferred from sodium to chlorine, forming sodium cations and chloride anions. Being oppositely charged, these cations and anions form ionic bonds and combine together to form sodium chloride, NaCl, more commonly known as rock salt.

: + → NaCl

Formation of polyatomic and molecular ions

Polyatomic and molecular ions are often formed by the gaining or losing of elemental ions such as in neutral molecules. For example, when ammonia, , accepts a proton, , it forms the ammonium ion, . Ammonia and ammonium have the same number of electrons in essentially the same electronic configuration, but ammonium has an extra proton that gives it a net positive charge.

Ammonia can also lose an electron to gain a positive charge, forming the ion . However, this ion is unstable, because it has an incomplete valence shell around the nitrogen atom, making it a very reactive radical ion.

Due to the instability of radical ions, polyatomic and molecular ions are usually formed by gaining or losing elemental ions such as , rather than gaining or losing electrons. This allows the molecule to preserve its stable electronic configuration while acquiring an electrical charge.

Ionization potential

The energy required to detach an electron in its lowest energy state from an atom or molecule of a gas with less net electric charge is called the ''ionization potential'', or ''ionization energy''. The ''n''th ionization energy of an atom is the energy required to detach its ''n''th electron after the first ''n − 1'' electrons have already been detached.

Each successive ionization energy is markedly greater than the last. Particularly great increases occur after any given block of atomic orbitals is exhausted of electrons. For this reason, ions tend to form in ways that leave them with full orbital blocks. For example, sodium has one ''valence electron'' in its outermost shell, so in ionized form it is commonly found with one lost electron, as . On the other side of the periodic table, chlorine has seven valence electrons, so in ionized form it is commonly found with one gained electron, as . Caesium has the lowest measured ionization energy of all the elements and helium has the greatest. The ionization energy of metals is generally much lower than the ionization energy of nonmetals, which is why metals will generally lose electrons to form positively charged ions while nonmetals will generally gain electrons to form negatively charged ions.

Ionic bonding

Ionic bonding is a kind of chemical bonding that arises from the mutual attraction of oppositely charged ions. Since ions of like charge repel each other, they do not usually exist on their own. Instead, many of them may form a crystal lattice, in which ions of opposite charge are bound to each other. The resulting compound is called an ''ionic compound'', and is said to be held together by ''ionic bonding''. In ionic compounds there arise characteristic distances between ion neighbors from which the spatial extension and the ionic radius of individual ions may be derived.

The most common type of ionic bonding is seen in compounds of metals and nonmetals (except noble gases, which rarely form chemical compounds). Metals are characterized by having a small number of electrons in excess of a stable, closed-shell electronic configuration. As such, they have the tendency to lose these extra electrons in order to attain a stable configuration. This property is known as ''electropositivity''. Non-metals, on the other hand, are characterized by having an electron configuration just a few electrons short of a stable configuration. As such, they have the tendency to gain more electrons in order to achieve a stable configuration. This tendency is known as ''electronegativity''. When a highly electropositive metal is combined with a highly electronegative nonmetal, the extra electrons from the metal atoms are transferred to the electron-deficient nonmetal atoms. This reaction produces metal cations and nonmetal anions, which are attracted to each other to form a ''salt''.

Chemical Applications

Gas-like ions and solvated ions both have tremendous impact on chemical analysis and synthesis.

Mass Spectroscopy

Catalysis

Transition Metal Ions Catalysis

Templated Synthesis of Organic Compounds

Common ions

{| |- |valign="top"| {|class="wikitable" |+Common Cations |- !style="text-align: left"|Common Name !style="text-align: left"|Formula !style="text-align: left"|Historic Name |- ! colspan="3" style="background:aliceblue;"|''Simple Cations'' |- |Aluminium||Al³⁺|| |- |Calcium||Ca²⁺|| |- |Copper(II)||Cu²⁺||cupric |- |Hydrogen||H⁺|| |- |Iron(II)||Fe²⁺||ferrous |- |Iron(III)||Fe³⁺||ferric |- |Magnesium||Mg²⁺|| |- |Mercury(II)||Hg²⁺||mercuric |- |Potassium ||K⁺||kalic |- |Silver||Ag⁺|| |- |Sodium||Na⁺||natric |- ! colspan="3" style="background:aliceblue;"|''Polyatomic Cations'' |- |Ammonium||NH|| |- |Oxonium||H₃O⁺||hydronium |- |Mercury(I)||Hg||mercurous |} |valign="top"| {|class="wikitable" |+Common Anions |- !style="text-align: left"|Formal Name !style="text-align: left"|Formula !style="text-align: left"|Alt. Name |- ! colspan="3" style="background:aliceblue;"|''Simple Anions'' |- |Chloride||Cl⁻|| |- |Fluoride||F⁻|| |- |Oxide||O²⁻|| |- ! colspan="3" style="background:aliceblue;"|''Oxoanions'' |- |Carbonate||CO|| |- |Hydrogen carbonate||HCO||bicarbonate |- |Hydroxide||OH⁻|| |- |Nitrate||NO|| |- |Phosphate||PO|| |- |Sulfate||SO|| |- ! colspan="3" style="background:aliceblue;"|''Anions from Organic Acids'' |- |Acetate||||ethanoate |- |Formate||||methanoate |- |Oxalate||||ethandioate |- |Cyanide|||| |} |}

See also

Air ionizer

Anode

Cathode

Ion beam

Ion source

Ionic radius

Auroras

References

Category:Physical chemistry Category:Charge carriers

af:Ioon ar:أيون ast:Ion az:İon bn:আয়ন be:Іон bs:Ion br:Ion bg:Йон ca:Ió (àtom) cs:Ion cy:Ïon da:Ion de:Ion et:Ioon el:Ιόν es:Ion eo:Jono eu:Ioi fa:یون fo:Ion fr:Ion ga:Ian gl:Ión ko:이온 hr:Ion io:Iono id:Ion ia:Ion os:Ион is:Jón (efnafræði) it:Ione he:יון jv:Ion ka:იონი kk:Ион (электроника) ht:Anyon la:Ion lv:Jons lt:Jonas (dalelė) lmo:Jun hu:Ion mk:Јон ml:അയോൺ mr:आयन ms:Ion nl:Ion (deeltje) ja:イオン no:Ion nn:Ion nov:Ione pnb:آئن nds:Ion pl:Jon pt:Íon ro:Ion qu:Iyun ru:Ион sq:Joni scn:Ioni simple:Ion sk:Ión sl:Ion sr:Јон sh:Jon fi:Ioni sv:Jon tl:Iono ta:அயனி th:ไอออน tg:Ион tr:İyon uk:Іон ur:آئون vi:Ion zh-classical:離子 zh-yue:離子 zh:离子

name	Jessica Soho
occupation	Broadcast Journalist
yearsactive	1984-Present
awards	Asia Journalist of All Times }}

Jessica Soho is Filipino broadcast journalist, documentarian and news director who received a George Foster Peabody Award and was the first Filipino to win the British Fleet Journalism Award in 1998.

She has reported for the GMA network for over 15 years

A Ka Doroy Valencia awardee, Soho was also one of the 100 Filipino Women of Distinction chosen during the centennial celebration of the Philippines.

Her story of a hostage crisis in Cagayan Valley made her the first Filipino to win in the New York Film Festival for Coverage of a Breaking Story.

She helped conceptualize the one-hour documentary television program ''I-Witness'', which ran for over 10 years becoming the longest running late-night program on the air as of 2009

Her documentaries on the ''Kidneys for Sale business'' and ''Kamao death sport'' made her the first Filipino reporter, with GMA Network as the first Filipino network, to win the George Foster Peabody Award on 1999.

Soho hosts Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho and was honored on October 14, 2008, by Quezon City with the Outstanding Citizen Award.

Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho (KMJS) was recognized as the Most Development-Oriented Magazine Program. Program host Jessica Soho got two awards – the Best Public Affairs Program Host and the Best Magazine Program Host in the Gandingan 2009: UPLB Isko’t Iska's Broadcast Choice Awards. Gandingan 2009 is the first award-giving ceremony in the field of broadcasting instituted by Community Broadcasters’ Society (UPCBS) of the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB). It pays tribute to the best broadcast programs that air over TV and radio.

In 2004, at the annual Cebu Federation of Beat Journalists event, she stated that "Provincial and regional journalists, in my view, are the real heroes in this profession. The dangers and risks you face and encounter are no doubt far greater than those that we face in Manila," in reference to the 55 journalists in the country that had been killed to date, "But despite the hazards of the job, journalists must work hard and strive to make Philippine media strong, robust and credible."

Career

Jessica Soho is a Filipino reporter, host, producer and currently the acting news director of GMA Network. She joined the GMA team in the mid-80s, fresh from college, barely finished with her undergraduate thesis.

Soho's first voice-over report was a feature story on the inauguration of the Light Rail Transit from Baclaran to Monumento. Later she was assigned to the defense and military beat. Eventually, Soho's reputation and responsibility have increased dramatically since then.

At the UP College of Mass Communications, Soho met the journalist Luis Beltran who inspired Soho to finish Mass Communications.

She is the first Filipino to win in the New York Film Festival for Coverage of a Breaking Story for her account of a hostage crisis in Cagayan Valley. She also received the Ka Doroy Valencia Award given by the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas. In 1994, she received the Grand Prize from the Asia Pacific Broadcasting Union for her riveting coverage of a breaking news story. Soho is included in the list of 100 Filipino Women of Distinction.

In the documentary "Kidneys for Sale", Soho explored a depressed area in Manila and discovered the unemployed selling their kidneys to make ends meet.

Work History

Jessica Soho is a graduate of the University of the Philippines.

An accidental journalist whose dream was to become a lawyer, Jessica started as a reporter in 1985, choosing to work in television despite her lack of training in broadcast journalism.

She learned the ropes at GMA-7, where she started as a news reporter covering the military-defense beat among other editorial beats. Then as now, she also covered unusual news events such as man-made and natural calamities, from killer earthquakes to super typhoons, even coup attempts and high-profile hostage situations.

She has helped produce a number of News and Public Affairs special and programs including the network’s election coverage from the 1980s until the most recent one.

She has also been sent on a number of significant overseas assignments such as the exile of the Marcoses in Hawaii; the Hong Kong Handover in 1997; President Corazon Aquino’s first state visit to Indonesia and Singapore in 1986; President Fidel Ramos’ state visit to France and Germany in 1993 and many more.

She has also reported on the plight of overseas Filipino workers in Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan and South Korea.

She founded and conceptualized the program EMERGENCY. She was the first Executive Producer of the program.

She is one of the founders of the premiere investigative news magazine show, Brigada Siete. She was also the host and chief reporter of the program.

She was head of the Special Assignments Team (SAT) of GMA News and Public Affairs. This section produced special/investigative reports for GMA’s news programs, Saksi and Frontpage: Ulat ni Mel Tiangco.

She conceptualized I-Witness, the pioneering and highly-acclaimed documentary series of GMA. She is also one of the original hosts of the program.

On the side, Ms. Soho has been a member of the screening committee of TOYM for four (4) consecutive years. This committee screens and selects TOYM nominees.

Recently, Ms. Soho has pioneered in the coverage of world events such as the crisis in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Israel.

She is currently Vice President for News of GMA News & Public Affairs.

Awards

George Foster Peabody Award for Investigative Journalism.

British Fleet Journalism Award, 1998

2003 Rotary Club of Manila, Journalism Awards, Hall of Fame Recipient

2002 PMPC Star Awards for Television, Best News Magazine Show and Best News Magazine Host – jessica soho reports

2002 Catholic Mass Media Awards, Best News Magazine Show – jessica soho reports

2002 KBP Golden Dove Awards, Best Public Affairs Program for Metro Manila and Best Public Affairs Host – jessica soho reports

George Foster Peabody Award for Investigative Journalism. This is regarded as the Pulitzer Prize for Broadcasting. Two documentaries reported and produced by Ms. Soho, “Kidneys for Sale” and “Kamao” (Fist) has won for her network, the Philippines’ first Peabody award.

New York Film and Television Festival for Coverage of a Breaking Story. Ms. Soho’s coverage of a hostage crisis in Cagayan Valley in Northern Philippines won the bronze in the festival. She is the first Filipino to have won this award and in the news category. She has also been a consistent finalist in this same festival since.

Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU) Grand Prize Winner. “Kape at Balita”, hosted by Ms. Soho for both radio and TV won this award in Kyoto, Japan for coverage of a breaking story.

Ten Outstanding Young Men (TOYM) Award. Ms. Soho won this award in 1993. This is usually given to the best and brightest Filipinos in various fields.

TV Journalist of the Year given by the prestigious Rotary Club of Manila. Ms. Soho won this award for two (2) consecutive years: 1989 and 1990.

Golden Dove Awardee / Broadcaster of the Year (Ka Doroy Valencia Award) given by the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkasters sa Pilipinas. She is the first recipient of this award.

Journalist of the Year given by the Rotary Club District 3180

Cultural Center of the Philippines or CCP Gawad Natatanging Parangal (Special Awardee) for two (2) consecutive years: 1989 and 1990.

Best TV Special for “The Anatomy of Rape”, a documentary/special report hosted, reported and produced by Ms. Soho. The award was given by the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP).

Best TV News Magazine for “Within the Walls”, a documentary/special report hosted, reported and produced by Ms. Soho on prison life. The award was given by the Catholic Mass Media Awards.

Political Reporter of the Year Award for coverage of “The Ipil Massacre” given by the Metro Pacific Corporation Journalism Awards.

Best Host in the 1999 Golden Dove Awards given by the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkasters sa Pilipinas.

Fleet Street Awardee for Investigative Journalism given by the British Embassy in Manila in 1998.

Special Award for Journalism given to the program I-WITNESS by the Star Awards for Television. The program was hosted then by Ms. Soho and three (3) other hosts : Cheche Lazaro, Luchi Cruz-Valdes and Mike Enriquez.

Ambassador of Dreams given to Five Outstanding Filipinas led by the former President Corazon Aquino.

100 Filipino Women of Distinction. Ms. Soho was included in a book on top 100 Filipinos of the first 100 years of the Philippine Republic. The book was authored by Joy Buensalido and Abe Florendo.

Community Outstanding Young Achievers (COYA) given by the Quezon City Capitol Jaycees and the Sampaguita Jaycees Inc.

Outstanding Alumnae of the College of Mass Communication, University of the Philippines.

Outstanding Citizen of the Province of La Union and the City of San Fernando, La Union respectively given by the Governor and the Mayor.

Finalist, Best Documentary in the Asian TV Festival for “Kamao” (Fist), a documentary on the plight of Filipino boxers.

Finalist, Best Documentary and UNESCO Awardee in the 2000 New York Film and Television Festival for “Katas ng Payatas” (The Essence of Payatas), a documentary on the tragic garbage dump in Metro Manila.

Outstanding Contribution in the field of Media for the successful People Power II revolt given by the Council on Philippine Affairs or COPA. COPA is composed of various organizations that make up the “civil society” in the Philippines.

Outstanding Broadcast Journalist Award given by the Metrobank Foundation in October 2001.

Ten Outstanding Women in the Nation’s Service (TOWNS) Awardee for Media for 2001.

Best Documentary Program for I-WITNESS given by the Star Awards for Television for 2001.

Best TV News Magazine for I-WITNESS (episode by Jessica Soho) given by the Catholic Mass Media Awards for 2001.

Best News and Current Affairs Special for 2001 given by the Asian TV Festival for SAKSI sa KASAYSAYAN. Ms. Soho was Supervising Producer for this special.

Juror, 37th Grand Anvil Awards - Public Relations Society of the Philippines (PRSP)

Grandslam Winner, 2002

Golden Dove Awards Best Public Affairs Show for Jessica Soho Reports Golden Dove Awards Best Public Affairs Show Host for Jessica Soho Reports Star Awards for TV Best News Magazine Show for Jessica Soho Reports Star Awards for TV Best News Magazine Show Host for Jessica Soho Reports CMMA Best Public Affairs Show for Jessica Soho Reports CMMA Best Public Affairs Show Host for Jessica Soho Reports

Best Public Affairs Presenter, Highly Recommended : 2001-2002 Asian TV Festival

Journalism Awards for Broadcast Journalism Hall of Fame : Rotary Club of Manila, 2003

Finalist, Best Social Issue/Current Events Program : New York Festival, 2004

(Mona Lisa Hospital, Jessica Soho Reports)

Awardee, Mary Kay Philippines 3rd Anniversary, 2003

(Women with a Heart)

Finalist, Unicef Children’s Rights Awards, 2004

(Missing Story, Jessica Soho Reports)

Finalist, Best Current Affairs Program : Asian TV Awards, 2004

(Hospital, Lova Palooza and Manok ni Idol, Jessica Soho Reports)

Finalist, Japan Prize, 2004

(Quiz Bee, Jessica Soho Reports)

Finalist, Barcelona TV Awards, 2004

(Quiz Bee, Jessica Soho Reports)

Best Magazine Show : Star Awards for TV, 2004

(Jessica Soho Reports)

Anak TV Seal, 2004

(Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho)

Certificate, Special Issues : US International Film and Video Festival, 2005

(Sana’y Muling Makapiling)

Anak TV Seal, 2005

(Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho)

Certificate Special Issues : US International Film and Video Festival, 2006

(Sana’y Muling Makapiling)

Anak TV Seal, 2007

(10 Most Admired Femal Personalities )

Best Magazine Show : Catholic Mass Media Awards 2007

(Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho)

Finalist, Best Infotainment : Asian TV Awards 2007

(Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho)

Finalist, Best Public Service Program : Catholic Mass Media Awards 2007

( Sana’y Muling Makapiling)

Finalist, Social Issues Category : New York Film Festival 20008

( Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho and Sana’y Muling Makapiling )

Best Magazine Program Host : UPLB Gandingan Awards 2008

(Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho)

Membership in Organizations/Conferences Attended

Former Director and Secretary of the National Press Club

Former President, Defense Press Corps

Fellow, Nihon Shimbun Kyokai (Association of Newspaper Editors and Publishers of Japan)

Grantee, International Visitors Program of the United States Information Service

Delegate, Confederation of ASEAN Journalists (Singapore, 1991)

Delegate, International Media Seminar organized by the United Nations Population Fund (Bali, Indonesia 1992)

Delegate, Producers’ Meeting organized by the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU) (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1992)

Delegate, Radio-TV News Directors of America (RTNDA) Convention (Los Angeles, California 1996)

Delegate, Radio-TV News Directors of America (RTNDA) Convention (New Orleans, Louisiana 1997)

Delegate, Seminar on Democracy given by the British Council (Colchester, Essex, England 1998)

Voting Member. Radio TV News Directors of America Convention

Vice President for External Affairs UP College of Mass Communication Alumni Association

References

Category:GMA Network Category:Living people Category:Filipino television journalists Category:Reporters and correspondents Category:Peabody Award winners Category:Filipino people of Chinese descent Category:Ilocano people

name	Advanced Chemistry
background	group_or_band
origin	Heidelberg, Germany
genre	German hip hop
years active	1987 - present
label	MZEE, 360° Records
current members	TorchToni LLinguist
past members	Gee OneDJ Mike MD
notable instruments	}}

Advanced Chemistry is a German hip hop group from Heidelberg, a scenic city in Baden-Württemberg, South Germany. Advanced Chemistry was founded in 1987 by Toni L, Linguist, Gee-One, DJ Mike MD (Mike Dippon) and MC Torch. Each member of the group holds German citizenshhip, and Toni L, Linguist, and Torch are of Italian, Ghanaian, and Haitian backgrounds, respectively.

Influenced by North American socially conscious rap and the Native tongues movement, Advanced Chemistry is regarded as one of the main pioneers in German hip hop. They were one of the first groups to rap in German (although their name is in English). Furthermore, their songs tackled controversial social and political issues, distinguishing them from early German hip hop group "Die Fantastischen Vier" (The Fantastic Four), which had a more light-hearted, playful, party image.

The rivalry between Advanced Chemistry and Die Fantastischen Vier has served to highlight a dichotomy in the routes that hip hop has taken in becoming a part of the German soundscape. While Die Fantastischen Vier may be said to view hip hop primarily as an esthetic art form, Advanced Chemistry understand hip hop as being inextricably linked to the social and political circumstances under which it is created. For Advanced Chemistry, hip hop is a “vehicle of general human emancipation,”. In their undertaking of social and political issues, the band introduced the term "Afro-German" in to the context of German hip hop, and the theme of race is highlighted in much of their music.

With the release of the single “Fremd im eigenen Land”, Advanced Chemistry separated itself from the rest of the rap being produced in Germany. This single was the first of its kind to go beyond simply imitating US rap and addressed the current issues of the time. Fremd im eigenen Land which translates to “foreign in my own country” dealt with the widespread racism that non-white German citizens faced. This change from simple imitation to political commentary was the start of German identification with rap. The sound of “Fremd im eigenen Land” was influenced by the 'wall of noise' created by Public Enemy's producers, The Bomb Squad.

After the reunification of Germany, an abundance of anti-immigrant sentiment emerged, as well as attacks on the homes of refugees in the early 90's. Advanced Chemistry came to prominence in the wake of these actions because of their pro-multicultural society stance in their music. Advanced Chemistry's attitudes revolve around their attempts to create a distinct "Germanness" in hip hop, as opposed to imitating American hip hop as other groups had done. Torch has said, "What the Americans do is exotic for us because we don't live like they do. What they do seems to be more interesting and newer. But not for me. For me it's more exciting to experience my fellow Germans in new contexts...For me, it's interesting to see what the kids try to do that's different from what I know." Advanced Chemistry were the first to use the term "Afro-German" in a hip hop context. This was part of the pro-immigrant political message they sent via their music.

While Advanced Chemistry's use of the German language in their rap allows them to make claims to authenticity and true German heritage, bolstering pro-immigration sentiment, their style can also be problematic for immigrant notions of any real ethnic roots. Indeed, part of the Turkish ethnic minority of Frankfurt views Advanced Chemistry's appeal to the German image as a "symbolic betrayal of the right of ethnic minorities to 'roots' or to any expression of cultural heritage." In this sense, their rap represents a complex social discourse internal to the German soundscape in which they attempt to negotiate immigrant assimilation into a xenophobic German culture with the maintenance of their own separate cultural traditions. It is quite possibly the feelings of alienation from the pure-blooded German demographic that drive Advanced Chemistry to attack nationalistic ideologies by asserting their "Germanness" as a group composed primarily of ethnic others. The response to this pseudo-German authenticity can be seen in what Andy Bennett refers to as "alternative forms of local hip hop culture which actively seek to rediscover and, in many cases, reconstruct notions of identity tied to cultural roots." These alternative local hip hop cultures include Oriental hip hop, the members of which cling to their Turkish heritage and are confused by Advanced Chemistry's elicitation of a German identity politics to which they technically do not belong. This cultural binary illustrates that rap has taken different routes in Germany and that, even among an already isolated immigrant population, there is still disunity and, especially, disagreement on the relative importance of assimilation versus cultural defiance. According to German hip hop enthusiast 9@home, Advanced Chemistry is part of a "hip-hop movement [which] took a clear stance for the minorities and against the [marginalization] of immigrants who...might be German on paper, but not in real life," which speaks to the group's hope of actually being recognized as German citizens and not foreigners, despite their various other ethnic and cultural ties.

Market conditions for rap

One of the first issues that confronts us when we move outside the English-speaking market for recorded music is to establish whether or not the discrete musical genres we know from that market are fully congruent with similar divisions in other pop worlds. This is important in two ways. First, although no single country comes close to matching the amounts spent on recorded music in the United States, these markets are nonetheless economically significant. Germany, for instance, is the largest single market in western Europe, with estimated annual sales of U.S. $3.74 billion in 1996. This represents around 30 percent of reported U.S. sales and makes Germany the third biggest music market in the world.

Advanced Chemistry frequently rapped about their lives and experiences as children of immigrants, exposing the marginalization experienced by most ethnic minorities in Germany, and the feelings of frustration and resentment that being denied a German identity can cause. The song "Fremd im eigenem Land" (Foreign in your own nation) was released by Advanced Chemistry in November 1992. The single became a staple in the German hip hop scene. It made a strong statement about the status of immigrants throughout Germany, as the group was composed of multi-national and multi-racial members. The video shows several members brandishing their German passports as a demonstration of their German citizenship to skeptical and unaccepting 'ethnic' Germans.

This idea of national identity is important, as many rap artists in Germany have been of foreign origin. These so-called ''Gastarbeiter'' (guest workers) children saw breakdance, graffiti, rap music, and hip hop culture as a means of expressing themselves. Since the release of "Fremd im eigenen Land", many other German-language rappers have also tried to confront anti-immigrant ideas and develop themes of citizenship. However, though many ethnic minority youth in Germany find the these German identity themes appealing, others view the desire of immigrants to be seen as German negatively, and they have actively sought to revive and recreate concepts of identity in connection to traditional ethnic origins.

Advanced Chemistry helped to found the German chapter of the Zulu nation.

Discography

1992 - "Fremd im eigenen Land" (12"/MCD, MZEE)

1993 - "Welcher Pfad führt zur Geschichte" (12"/MCD, MZEE)

1994 - "Operation § 3" (12"/MCD)

1994 - "Dir fehlt der Funk!" (12"/MCD)

1995 - ''Advanced Chemistry'' (2xLP/CD)

External links

Official Website of MC Torch

Website of Toni L.

Official Website of Linguist

Official Website DJ Mike MD (Mike Dippon)

Website of 360° Records

Bibliography

El-Tayeb, Fatima “‘If You Cannot Pronounce My Name, You Can Just Call Me Pride.’ Afro-German Activism, Gender, and Hip Hop,” ''Gender & History''15/3(2003):459-485.

Felbert, Oliver von. “Die Unbestechlichen.” ''Spex'' (March 1993): 50-53.

Weheliye, Alexander G. ''Phonographies:Grooves in Sonic Afro-Modernity'', Duke University Press, 2005.

References

Category:German hip hop groups Category:German people of African descent

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