6:14
The Cretan State Of 1898
The Cretan State (Greek: Κρητική Πολιτεία, Kritiki Politia), was established in 1898, foll...
published: 17 Jan 2014
The Cretan State Of 1898
The Cretan State Of 1898
The Cretan State (Greek: Κρητική Πολιτεία, Kritiki Politia), was established in 1898, following the intervention by the Great Powers (Britain, France, Italy and Russia) on the island of Crete. In 1897 an insurrection in Crete led the Ottoman Empire to declare war on Greece, which led Great Britain, France, Italy and Russia to intervene on the grounds that the Ottoman Empire could no longer maintain control. It was the prelude of the island's final annexation to the Kingdom of Greece, which occurred de facto in 1908 and de jure in 1913. The island of Crete, an Ottoman possession since the end of the Cretan War, was inhabited by a mostly Greek-speaking population, whose majority was Christian. During and after the Greek War of Independence, the Christians of the island rebelled several times against external Ottoman rule, pursuing union with Greece. These were brutally subdued, but secured some concessions from the Ottoman government under the pressure of European public opinion. In 1878, the Pact of Halepa established the island as an autonomous state under Ottoman suzerainty, until the Ottomans reneged on that agreement in 1889. The collapse of the Pact heightened tensions in the island, leading to another rebellion in 1895, which greatly expanded in 1896--1897 to cover most of the island. Nationalist secret societies and a fervently irredentist public opinion forced the Greek government to send military forces to the island, provoking a war with the Ottoman Empire. Although most of Crete came under the control of the Greek forces, the unprepared Greek Army was crushed by the Ottomans, who occupied Thessaly. The war was ended by the intervention of the Great Powers (Great Britain, France, Italy and Russia), who forced the Greek contingent to withdraw from Crete and the Ottoman Army to stop its advance. In the Treaty of Constantinople the Ottoman Government promised to implement the provisions of the Halepa Pact. By March 1897, the Great Powers decided to restore order by governing the island temporarily through a committee of four admirals who remained in charge until the arrival of Prince George of Greece as the first High Commissioner (Greek: Ὕπατος Ἁρμοστής, Hýpatos Harmostēs) of an autonomous Crete, effectively detached from the Ottoman Empire, on 9 December 1898. On the 25th of August in 1898, a Turkish mob massacred hundreds of Cretan Greeks, the British Consul and 17 British soldiers. As a result, the Turkish forces were expelled from the island by the Great Powers in November 1898, and an autonomous Cretan State, under Ottoman suzerainty, garrisoned by an international military force, and with its High Commissioner provided by Greece, was founded. On 13 December 1898, George of Greece arrived as High Commissioner for a three-year tenure. On 27 April 1899, an Executive Committee was created, in which a young, Athens-trained lawyer from Chania, Eleftherios Venizelos, participated as Minister of Justice. By 1900, Venizelos and the Prince had developed differences over domestic policies, as well as the issue of Enosis, the union with Greece. Venizelos resigned in early 1901, and for the next three years, he and his supporters waged a bitter political struggle with the Prince's faction, leading to a political and administrative deadlock on the island. Eventually, in March 1905, Venizelos and his supporters gathered in the village of Therisos, in the hills near Chania, constituted a "Revolutionary Assembly", demanded political reforms and declared the "political union of Crete with Greece as a single free constitutional state" in a manifesto delivered to the consuls of the Great Powers. The Cretan Gendarmerie remained loyal to the Prince, but numerous deputies joined the revolt, and despite the Powers' declaration of military law on 18 July, their military forces did not move against the rebels. On 15 August, the Cretan Assembly voted for the proposals of Venizelos, and the Great Powers brokered an agreement, whereby Prince George would resign and a new constitution created. In the 1906 elections the pro-Prince parties took 38,127 votes while pro-Venizelos parties took 33,279 votes, but in September 1906 Prince George was replaced by former Greek prime minister Alexandros Zaimis and left the island. In addition, Greek officers came to replace the Italians in the organization of the Gendarmerie, and the withdrawal of the foreign troops began, leaving Crete de facto under Greek control.- published: 17 Jan 2014
- views: 3
17:33
The Great Cretan Revolution Of 1866-1869
The Cretan Revolt of 1866--1869 or Great Cretan Revolution (Greek: Κρητική Επανάσταση του ...
published: 17 Jan 2014
The Great Cretan Revolution Of 1866-1869
The Great Cretan Revolution Of 1866-1869
The Cretan Revolt of 1866--1869 or Great Cretan Revolution (Greek: Κρητική Επανάσταση του 1866) was a three year uprising in Crete against Ottoman rule, the third and largest in a series of Cretan revolts between the end of the Greek War of Independence in 1830 and the establishment of the independent Cretan State in 1898. The Christian Cretans had risen up together with the rest of Greece in the Greek Revolution of 1821, but despite successes in the countryside, the Ottomans held out in the four fortified towns of the northern coast (Chania, Rethymno, Irakleio and Agios Nikolaos) and the island was eventually reconquered by 1828, becoming an Egyptian province (Muhammad Ali's Egypt was a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, but a powerful and semi-independent one with its own military). In 1840, Crete was returned to direct Ottoman rule, followed by an unsuccessful 1841 uprising in support of Union with independent Greece. Another uprising in 1858 secured some privileges, such as the right to bear arms, equality of Christian and Muslim worship, and the establishment of Christian councils of elders with jurisdiction over education and customary and family law. These concessions were resented by the Muslim community, while the Christians pressed for more, while maintaining their ultimate aim of Union with Greece. As tensions ran high in the island, and several petitions to the Sultan went unanswered, armed bands were formed, and the uprising was officially proclaimed on August 21, 1866. The revolt caused immediate sympathy in Greece, but also elsewhere in Europe. The rebels initially managed to gain control of most of the hinterland although as always the four fortified towns of the north coast and the southern town of Ierapetra remained in Ottoman hands. Arkadi One particular event caused strong reactions among the liberal circles of western Europe, the "Holocaust of Arkadi". The event occurred in November 1866, as a large Ottoman force besieged the Arkadi Monastery, which served as the headquarters of the rebellion. In addition to its 259 defenders, over 700 women and children had taken refuge in the monastery. After a few days of hard fighting, the Ottomans broke into the monastery. At that point, the abbot of the monastery set fire to the gunpowder stored in the monastery's vaults, causing the death of most of the rebels and the women and children sheltered there. As reported by the American writer and consul William Stillman and others over the recently introduced telegraph, this event caused enormous shock in the rest of Europe and in North America and decreased the perceived legitimacy of Turkish rule. Context By the mid-19th century, the Turks had occupied Crete for more than two centuries, despite frequent bloody uprisings by Cretan rebels. While the Cretans were rising against the Ottoman occupation during the War of Greek Independence, the London Protocol of 1830 dictated that the island could not be a part of the new Greek state. On March 30, 1856, the Treaty of Paris obligated the Sultan to apply the Hatti-Houmayoun, which guaranteed civil and religious equality to Christians and Muslims. The Ottoman authorities in Crete were reluctant to implement any reform. Before the majority of Muslim conversions (the majority of the former Christians had converted to Islam and then recanted), the Empire tried to recant on liberty of conscience. The institution of new taxes and a curfew also added to the discontent. In April 1858, 5,000 Cretans met at Boutsounaria. Finally an imperial decree on July 7, 1858 guaranteed them privileges in religious, judicial and financial matters. One of the major motivations of the revolt of 1866 was the breach of the Hatti-Houmayoun. A second cause of the insurrection of 1866 was the interference of Isma'il Pasha in an internal quarrel about the organization of the Cretan monasteries. Several laymen recommended that the goods of the monasteries come under the control of a council of elders and that they be used to create schools, but they were opposed by the bishops. Isma'il Pasha intervened and designated several people to decide the subject and annulled the election of "undesirable" members, imprisoning the members of the committee that had been charged with going to Constantinople for presenting the subject to the Patriarch. This intervention provoked violent reactions from the Christian population of Crete. In the spring of 1866, meetings took place in several villages. On May 14, an assembly was held in the Aghia Kyriaki monstary in Boutsounaria near Chania. They sent a petition to the Sultan and the consuls of the big powers in Chania. At the time of the first meetings of the revolutionary committees, the representatives were elected by province and the representative of the Rethymno region was the hegumen of Arkadi, Gabriel Marinakis.- published: 17 Jan 2014
- views: 2
10:03
The Ottoman Province Of Crete
The island of Crete (Ottoman Turkish: ایالت گریت; Eyālet-i Girīt) was declared an Ottoman ...
published: 17 Jan 2014
The Ottoman Province Of Crete
The Ottoman Province Of Crete
The island of Crete (Ottoman Turkish: ایالت گریت; Eyālet-i Girīt) was declared an Ottoman eyalet in 1646, after the Ottomans managed to conquer the western part of the island as part of the Cretan War, but the Venetians would not surrender the capital Candia until 1669, when Francesco Morosini surrendered the keys of the town. The island fortresses of Souda, Granbousa, and Spinalonga would remain under Venetian rule until in 1715. Crete became a vilayet in 1864 as a result of the Tanzimat reforms. The autonomous Cretan State was established in 1898. During the Cretan War (1645--1669), Venice was pushed out of Crete by the Ottoman Empire. Most of the island fell in the first years of the war, but the capital Candia (Heraklion) held out during long siege which lasted from 1648 to 1669, possibly the longest siege in history. The last Venetian outposts, the island fortresses of Souda, Gramvousa and Spinalonga, fell in the Ottoman--Venetian War of 1714--1718. Rebellions against Ottoman rule There were significant rebellions against Ottoman rule, particularly in Sfakia. Daskalogiannis was a famous rebel leader. who in 1770 led a heroic but foredoomed revolt, which did not get the aid from the Russians who instigated it (see Orlov Revolt). The Greek War of Independence began in 1821 and Cretan participation was extensive. An uprising by Christians met with a fierce response from the Ottoman authorities and the execution of several bishops, regarded as ringleaders. Between 1821 and 1828, the island was the scene of repeated hostilities. The Muslims were driven into the large fortified towns on the north coast and it would appear that as many as 60% of them died from plague or famine while there. The Cretan Christians also suffered severely, losing around 21% of their population. During the great massacre of Heraklion on 24 June 1821, remembered in the area as "the great ravage" ("ο μεγάλος αρπεντές", "o megalos arpentes"), the Turks also killed the metropolite of Crete, Gerasimos Pardalis, and five more bishops. As the Ottoman Sultan, Mahmud II, had no army of his own available, he was forced to seek the aid of his rebellious vassal and rival, Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who sent an expedition to the island. In 1825 Muhammad Ali's son, Ibrahim, landed in Crete and began to massacre the majority Greek community. Britain decided that Crete should not become part of the new Kingdom of Greece on its independence in 1830, evidently fearing that it would either become a centre of piracy as it had often been in the past, or a Russian naval base in the East Mediterranean. Rather than being included in the new Greek state, Crete was administered by an Albanian from Egypt, Mustafa Naili Pasha (known as Mustafa Pasha), whose rule attempted to create a synthesis of Muslim landowners and the emergent Christian commercial classes. Though subsequent Greek nationalist historiography has portrayed the Pasha as an oppressive figure, as reported by British and French consular observers, he seems to have been generally cautious, pro-British, and to have tried harder to win the support of the Cretan Christians (having married the daughter of a priest and allowed her to remain Christian) than the Cretan Muslims. In 1834, however, a Cretan committee was set up in Athens to work for the union of the island with Greece.- published: 17 Jan 2014
- views: 5
38:35
Fifth Ottoman - Venetian / Cretan War
The Cretan War (Greek: Κρητικός Πόλεμος, Turkish: Girit'in Fethi) or War of Candia (Italia...
published: 17 Jan 2014
Fifth Ottoman - Venetian / Cretan War
Fifth Ottoman - Venetian / Cretan War
The Cretan War (Greek: Κρητικός Πόλεμος, Turkish: Girit'in Fethi) or War of Candia (Italian: Guerra di Candia), better known as the Fifth Ottoman--Venetian War, was a conflict between the Republic of Venice and her allies (chief among them the Knights of Malta, the Papal States and France) against the Ottoman Empire and the Barbary States, fought over the island of Crete, Venice's largest and richest overseas possession. The war lasted from 1645 to 1669 and was fought in Crete and in numerous naval engagements and raids around the Aegean Sea, with Dalmatia providing a secondary theater of operations. Although most of Crete was conquered by the Ottomans in the first few years of the war, the fortress of Candia (modern Heraklion), the capital of Crete, resisted successfully. Its prolonged siege, "Troy's rival" as Lord Byron called it, forced both sides to focus their attention on the supply of their respective forces on the island. For the Venetians in particular, their only hope for victory over the larger Ottoman army in Crete lay in successfully starving it of supplies and reinforcements. Hence the war turned into a series of naval encounters between the two navies and their allies. Venice was aided by various Western European nations, who, exhorted by the Pope and in a revival of crusading spirit, sent men, ships and supplies "to defend Christendom". Throughout the war, Venice maintained overall naval superiority, winning most naval engagements, but the efforts to blockade the Dardanelles were only partially successful, and the Republic never had enough ships to fully cut off the flow of supplies and reinforcements to Crete. The Ottomans were hampered in their efforts by domestic turmoil, as well as by the diversion of their forces north towards Transylvania and the Habsburg Monarchy. The prolonged conflict exhausted the economy of the Republic, which relied on the lucrative trade with the Ottoman Empire. By the 1660s, despite increased aid from other Christian nations, war-weariness had set in. The Ottomans on the other hand, having managed to sustain their forces on Crete and reinvigorated under the capable leadership of the Köprülü family, sent a final great expedition in 1666 under the direct supervision of the Grand Vizier. This began the final and bloodiest stage of the Siege of Candia, which lasted for more than two years. It ended with the negotiated surrender of the fortress, sealing the fate of the island and ending the war in an Ottoman victory. In the final peace treaty, Venice retained a few isolated island fortresses off Crete, and made some territorial gains in Dalmatia. The Venetian desire for a revanche would lead, barely 15 years later, to a renewed war, from which Venice would emerge victorious. Crete however was lost to the Serenissima. It would remain under Ottoman control until 1897, when it became an autonomous state; it was finally united with Greece in 1913. After the loss of Cyprus to the Ottomans in the fourth Ottoman--Venetian War (1570--1573), the island of Crete (the "Kingdom of Candia") was the last major overseas possession of Venice. Its important strategic position made it an obvious target for future Ottoman expansion, while its size and fertile ground, together with the bad state of its fortresses, made it a more tempting prize than Malta. On the Venetian side, the Serenissima, with its weak military and great dependence on uninterrupted trade, was anxious not to provoke the Ottomans. Hence Venice scrupulously observed the terms of its treaty with the Ottomans, securing over sixty years of peaceful relations. By the early 17th century moreover, Venetian power had declined considerably. Its economy, which had once prospered because of its control over the Eastern spice trade, had suffered as a result of the opening of the new Atlantic trade routes, and from the loss of the important German market because of the Thirty Years' War. In addition, the Republic had become embroiled in a series of wars in northern Italy like the Mantuan War and was further weakened by an outbreak of the plague in 1629--1631. The potential for conflict between the Ottomans and Venice was still present, as evidenced in 1638, when a Venetian fleet attacked and destroyed a fleet of Barbary pirates that had sought protection in the Ottoman port of Valona, bombarding the city in the process. Sultan Murad IV was enraged: he threatened to execute all Venetians in the Empire, and put an embargo on Venetian trade. Eventually, and given that the Ottomans were still engaged in a war with the Persians, the situation was defused with the Republic paying the Ottomans an indemnity of 250,000 sequins.- published: 17 Jan 2014
- views: 2
7:50
Cretan Milestone is celebrated
http://CosmosPhilly.com. Cherry Hill, NJ - One hundred years ago the Island of Crete unite...
published: 13 Nov 2013
Cretan Milestone is celebrated
Cretan Milestone is celebrated
http://CosmosPhilly.com. Cherry Hill, NJ - One hundred years ago the Island of Crete united with the Greece state. This past Saturday evening, the Knossos, Cretans of the Delaware Valley, celebrated this milestone and united as a community at their annual dance. Cretans from across North America, attended the event, that featured traditional folk music and dancing. The Talos Cretan dance Troupe performed original Cretan folk dancing at St. Thomas Greek Orthodox Church. Sixteen members, ranging from ages 7 to 18 performed for nearly an hour, under the direction of Director Regina Petinos. Famed Lyra player Nikos Zoidakis and his orchestra, came all the way from Crete. Zoidakis energized the crowd with his story telling as he strummed his Lyra. As the crowds formed, young Cretan men displayed their acrobatic skills, throwing each other into the air. Passionate about their Cretan roots, many of the men came dressed in traditional folk attire. The Cretan head scarf, known as a Sarikia was seen on both performers and guests. Sarikia are traditional headgear for men on the island of Crete that are worn today at ceremonies and events that honor Cretan culture. The 100 year celebration will continue next month in NYC. The Pancretan Association of America and The United Cultural Committee of NY & NJ Cretan Chapters will host a series of lectures, and an Awards Gala Celebration, on December 6th 2013.- published: 13 Nov 2013
- views: 11
7:11
Anopolis Sfakia Daskalogiannis
Daskalogiannis("Giannis The Teacher"), was one of the many leaders in the Cretan aspect of...
published: 26 Sep 2008
author: creteisland
Anopolis Sfakia Daskalogiannis
Anopolis Sfakia Daskalogiannis
Daskalogiannis("Giannis The Teacher"), was one of the many leaders in the Cretan aspect of the rebellion. He was born in Anopoli, the village on the hill top...- published: 26 Sep 2008
- views: 14252
- author: creteisland
38:39
The Fifth Ottoman--Venetian War / Cretan War Of - 1645--69 -
The Cretan War (Greek: Κρητικός Πόλεμος, Turkish: Girit'in Fethi) or War of Candia (Italia...
published: 06 Jun 2014
The Fifth Ottoman--Venetian War / Cretan War Of - 1645--69 -
The Fifth Ottoman--Venetian War / Cretan War Of - 1645--69 -
The Cretan War (Greek: Κρητικός Πόλεμος, Turkish: Girit'in Fethi) or War of Candia (Italian: Guerra di Candia), is the name given to the Fifth Ottoman--Venetian War, a conflict between the Republic of Venice and her allies (chief among them the Knights of Malta, the Papal States and France) against the Ottoman Empire and the Barbary States, because it was largely fought over the island of Crete, Venice's largest and richest overseas possession. The war lasted from 1645 to 1669 and was fought in Crete and in numerous naval engagements and raids around the Aegean Sea, with Dalmatia providing a secondary theater of operations. Although most of Crete was conquered by the Ottomans in the first few years of the war, the fortress of Candia (modern Heraklion), the capital of Crete, resisted successfully. Its prolonged siege, "Troy's rival" as Lord Byron called it, forced both sides to focus their attention on the supply of their respective forces on the island. For the Venetians in particular, their only hope for victory over the larger Ottoman army in Crete lay in successfully starving it of supplies and reinforcements. Hence the war turned into a series of naval encounters between the two navies and their allies. Venice was aided by various Western European nations, who, exhorted by the Pope and in a revival of crusading spirit, sent men, ships and supplies "to defend Christendom". Throughout the war, Venice maintained overall naval superiority, winning most naval engagements, but the efforts to blockade the Dardanelles were only partially successful, and the Republic never had enough ships to fully cut off the flow of supplies and reinforcements to Crete. The Ottomans were hampered in their efforts by domestic turmoil, as well as by the diversion of their forces north towards Transylvania and the Habsburg Monarchy. The prolonged conflict exhausted the economy of the Republic, which relied on the lucrative trade with the Ottoman Empire. By the 1660s, despite increased aid from other Christian nations, war-weariness had set in. The Ottomans on the other hand, having managed to sustain their forces on Crete and reinvigorated under the capable leadership of the Köprülü family, sent a final great expedition in 1666 under the direct supervision of the Grand Vizier. This began the final and bloodiest stage of the Siege of Candia, which lasted for more than two years. It ended with the negotiated surrender of the fortress, sealing the fate of the island and ending the war in an Ottoman victory. In the final peace treaty, Venice retained a few isolated island fortresses off Crete, and made some territorial gains in Dalmatia. The Venetian desire for a revanche would lead, barely 15 years later, to a renewed war, from which Venice would emerge victorious. Crete however was lost to the Serenissima. It would remain under Ottoman control until 1897, when it became an autonomous state; it was finally united with Greece in 1913. After the loss of Cyprus to the Ottomans in the fourth Ottoman--Venetian War (1570--1573), the island of Crete (the "Kingdom of Candia") was the last major overseas possession of Venice. Its important strategic position made it an obvious target for future Ottoman expansion, while its size and fertile ground, together with the bad state of its fortresses, made it a more tempting prize than Malta. On the Venetian side, the Serenissima, with its weak military and great dependence on uninterrupted trade, was anxious not to provoke the Ottomans. Hence Venice scrupulously observed the terms of its treaty with the Ottomans, securing over sixty years of peaceful relations. By the early 17th century moreover, Venetian power had declined considerably. Its economy, which had once prospered because of its control over the Eastern spice trade, had suffered as a result of the opening of the new Atlantic trade routes, and from the loss of the important German market because of the Thirty Years' War. In addition, the Republic had become embroiled in a series of wars in northern Italy like the Mantuan War and was further weakened by an outbreak of the plague in 1629--1631. The potential for conflict between the Ottomans and Venice was still present, as evidenced in 1638, when a Venetian fleet attacked and destroyed a fleet of Barbary pirates that had sought protection in the Ottoman port of Valona, bombarding the city in the process. Sultan Murad IV was enraged: he threatened to execute all Venetians in the Empire, and put an embargo on Venetian trade. Eventually, and given that the Ottomans were still engaged in a war with the Persians, the situation was defused with the Republic paying the Ottomans an indemnity of 250,000 sequins.- published: 06 Jun 2014
- views: 4
9:52
The Greco-Ottoman War of 1897
The Greco-Turkish War of 1897, also called the Thirty Days' War and known as the Black '97...
published: 17 Jan 2014
The Greco-Ottoman War of 1897
The Greco-Ottoman War of 1897
The Greco-Turkish War of 1897, also called the Thirty Days' War and known as the Black '97 in Greece, was a war fought between the Kingdom of Greece and Ottoman Empire. Its immediate cause was the question over the status of the Ottoman province of Crete, whose Greek majority long desired union with Greece. As a result of the intervention of the Great Powers after the war, an autonomous Cretan State under Ottoman suzerainty was established the following year, with Prince George of Greece as its first High Commissioner. This was the first war effort in which the military and political personnel of Greece were put to test after the war of independence in 1821. In 1878, the Ottoman Empire, according to the provisions of the Congress of Berlin, signed the Pact of Halepa which entailed the implementation of the organic law of 1868, promised but never implemented by the Ottoman government, which was to give Crete a status of wide-ranging autonomy. The Ottoman commissioners however repeatedly ignored the convention, causing three successive rebellions in 1885, 1888 and 1889. In 1894 the Sultan Abdul Hamid II re-appointed Alexander Karatheodori Pasha as governor of Crete, but Karatheodori's zeal for the implementation of the agreement was met with fury by the Muslim population of the island and led to renewed clashes between the Greek and "Turkish" communities there in 1896 (the latter actually tending to be Greek Muslims of Cretan Greek convert origin). To quell the unrest, Ottoman military reinforcements arrived while Greek volunteers landed on the island to support the Greek population. At the same time, the fleets of the Great Powers patrolled the Cretan waters, leading to further escalation. Nevertheless, an agreement was reached with the Sultan and the tensions receded. In January 1897, inter-communal violence broke out as both sides tried to consolidate their grip on power. The Christian district of Chania was set on fire and many fled to the foreign fleet anchored outside the city. A struggle for independence and union with Greece was declared by Cretan revolutionaries. Greek Prime Minister Theodoros Deligiannis was subjected to fierce criticism by his adversary Dimitrios Rallis over his alleged inability to handle the issue. Continuous demonstrations in Athens accused King George I and the government of betrayal of the Cretan cause. The National Society, a nationalistic, militaristic organization that had infiltrated all levels of army and bureaucracy, pushed for immediate confrontation with the Ottomans. On 25 January 1897, the first troopships, accompanied by the battleship Hydra, sailed for Crete, where they disembarked two battalions of the Greek Army under Colonel Timoleon Vassos outside Chania. On 2 February, despite the guarantees given by the Great Powers on the Ottoman sovereignty over the island, Vassos unilaterally proclaimed its union with Greece. The Powers reacted by demanding that Deligiannis immediately withdraw the Greek forces from the island in exchange for a statute of autonomy. The demand was rejected, and on 7 February, the first full-scale battle between Greeks and Turks occurred, when the Greek expeditionary force in Crete defeated a 4,000-strong Ottoman force at the Battle of Livadeia, Crete. The Greek army was made of 3 divisions with 2 of them taking positions in Thessaly and one in Arta, Epirus. Crown Prince Constantine was the only general in the army. He took command of the forces on 25 March. The Greek army in Thessaly consisted of 45,000 men, 500 cavalry and 96 guns, while that of Epirus was made of 16,000 men and 40 guns. The opposing Ottoman army consisted of 8 infantry divisions and one cavalry. In the Thessaly front it consisted of 58,000 men, 1,300 cavalry and 186 guns, while in Epirus it could field 29,000 men and 24 guns. In addition, the Ottoman army was under the guidance of a German military mission under general Baron von der Goltz who had reorganized it after the defeat in the Russo-Turkish War (1877--1878). Edhem Pasha had the overall command of the Ottoman forces. Apart from the obvious difference in numbers, the two sides had also significant differences in the quality of armaments. The Ottoman army was already being equipped with its second generation of smokeless powder repeater rifles (Mauser Models 1890 and 1893), while the Greeks were equipped with the inferior single shot Gras rifle.- published: 17 Jan 2014
- views: 5
2:56
Simona CRETAN - Muzica populara si de petrecere noua 2014
Produs de TVF OLTENIA
Productie video, Marius BARCON Contact : 0765339737 / office@tvfolte...
published: 16 Feb 2014
Simona CRETAN - Muzica populara si de petrecere noua 2014
Simona CRETAN - Muzica populara si de petrecere noua 2014
Produs de TVF OLTENIA Productie video, Marius BARCON Contact : 0765339737 / office@tvfoltenia.ro Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/pages/TVF-Ol... Va rugam nu faceti re-upload la clip in alte conturi pentru ca riscati sa ramaneti fara cont. Pe TVF OLTENIA gasesti doar muzica de petrecere,Mariana Ionescu Capitanescu - Lasa vecina oftatu, Maria Dragomiroiu, Neta Soare, Andra - k la meteo, Smiley & Alex cai verzi pe pereti, PSY - gangnam Style, Reli Sanda - Canta, canta Gorjule,Steliana Sima, Stefan Banica - Ce e dragostea, Taxi - Esti iubibila, Steliana Sima - Nu-i mama mai fericita, Nina Predescu - Nana, viata mea-i frumoasa, Mariana Ionescu Capitanescu - Pe poteca din padure, Anica Gantu - Ochisorii-mi lacrimeaza, Victorita Lacatusu - Haideti la hora de mana, Constantin Magureanu - Pe un peron pustiu de gara, Ioana Radu - Lelita Ioana, Luciana Vaduva, Steliana Sima si Gheorghita Nicolae - Colaj de piese oltenesti, Luminita Ticleanu - La fantanita din poarta, Gheorghe Rosoga - De la Targu-Jiu la vale, manele de manele, super manele 2014, vara manelelor 2014, maneaua anului 2014, super hit 2014, hitul anului 2014, cea mai vanduta melodie 2014, MP3 free, MP3 download, Download muzica, best Music Download, free download, muzica FREE , Muzica ! Totul gratis si usor! FOLCLORUL ROMANESC, muzica olteneasca 2014, muzica live, live, muzica, folclor, populara, dulce-i graiul de folclor, odaia de la drum, la fantana dorului, Cea mai noua muzica populara 2014, MUZICA POPULARA NOUA 2014,muzica faina,muzica de petrecere 2014,canta la nunta,Album nou 2014,nicu vesa 2014,simona boncut 2014duetul anului 2014,ionela pascu 2014,varu sandel 2014,tinu veresezan 2014,puiu codreanu 2014,calin crisan 2014,luminita puscas 2014,muzica populara noua 2014, muzica populara,din banat pana-n ardeal, de ar sti cucu sa vorbeasca,muzica faina 2014,muzica romanului,muzica romaneasca 2014,pusca si curea lata, traian ilea, furdui iancu nou,aurel tamas,sofia vicoveanca,calin crisan 2014,obiceiuri la tara, cea mai tare nunta, petrecere tare,se distreaza la nunta,cum se petrece la nunta,fura mireasa,soferie,florin crisan 2014,andrada 2014,lucian dragan 2013,bucovina, cantec joc si voie buna,ascultare,live,colaj,luminita puscas 2014,ionela pascu2014,anton trifoi 2014vine cluju pe la noi,irina login 2014,vasile conea,18 ani,claudia ionas nou 2014,folk,transilvania,sighet, traditii romanesti, baia mare, mara, iza, gutin, poienile izei, morosan,morasenesc, populara, vioara, zongora, cetera,travel ,ardeal,munte ,love, muzica, sighet, bogatii,tinu veresezan 2014, puiu codreanu, puiu 2014, ghita munteanu 2014, varu sandel 2014, poante si glume,targ de animale,la targ,cojoace,vreme buna, biserica veche,sat uitat de lume,fantana,curte,animale,ciobania,tot banatu-i fruncea,pusca si cureau lata, pomii infloriti, straveche,cusute manual,la colindat,colinde, pe ulita, ProTv, PrimaTv, KanalD, Antena1, KissTv, OTV, Trasniti in Nato, Mondenii, Iubiri Secrete, Batrani si Nelinistiti, Pariu cu Viata, Lacrimi de Iubire, Pariu cu Viata,Las Fierbinti, Viata cu Louie, Copii de la 402, Cei cu Andy, Omul Paianjen, Doza de Has, Neata Razvan Dani Cronica Carcotasilor,videoclip original,hd,video nou,nou 2013, Album nou 2014,duetul anului 2014ionela pascu 2014,varu sandel 2014,tinu veresezan 2014,puiu codreanu 2014,calin crisan 2014,luminita puscas 2014,muzica populara noua 2014, muzica populara,din banat pana-n ardeal, de ar sti cucu sa vorbeasca,muzica faina 2014,muzica romanului,muzica romaneasca 2013,vine cluju pe la noi,irina login 2014,vasile conea,18 ani, matilda pascal cojocarita, ionut fulea , hit , hitul anului 2014 , muzica popular , muzica popular si de petrecere , muzica de petrecere , muzica live , noutati 2014 , 2014 , geta state , ioan bocse , nicolae furdui iancu , ion dolanescu , maria ciobanu , constantin enceanu , nineta popa ionescu , neli pleanta , violeta constantin , tinu veresezeanu , puiu codreanu , nicu novac , lele craciunescu , victorita lacatusu , maria loga , constantin magureanu , gheorghe rosoga , marioara murarescu , Elena merisoreanu , Claudia ghitulescu , virginica neagu , sanda argint , irina zuican , nina predescu , grigore lesea , viorica de la clejani , ionita de la clejani , taraful de la clejani, zorina balan , camellia balmau, sta murgu legat la gard, muzica noua 2014 , traditii, dansuri, ansamblu, porturi, nunta, sat, parinti, mama, tata, birt, cioban, stana, hora, tv, somes, ardea , populara, nou, viper, hd, obiceiuri, CEA MAI NOUA MUZICA POPULARA 2014, Top 10 etno populara petrecere , colaj muzica popular, porn, videoclipuri muzica popular, concert muzica populara- published: 16 Feb 2014
- views: 78
6:53
JAPAN MEETS CRETE
Japan meets Crete. A culinary event in Chania, Crete. An all- star team comprised of five ...
published: 29 Jan 2014
JAPAN MEETS CRETE
JAPAN MEETS CRETE
Japan meets Crete. A culinary event in Chania, Crete. An all- star team comprised of five celebrated Japanese chefs, together with five of the best Cretan chefs, members of the team CRETE Delicious, participated in creating a fantastic ten-dish spread of Japanese and Cretan haute cuisine for 250 lucky guests. The two healthiest diets -- according to the seven nations study -- came together creating representative dishes with exclusively Cretan ingredients.- published: 29 Jan 2014
- views: 424
1:12
Το τσουρεκι - cretan grandmas making easter bread- phase 3
Finally, reinforcements arrived from the church and 7 kilos of tsoureki were produced in t...
published: 25 Apr 2008
author: Stella Melina
Το τσουρεκι - cretan grandmas making easter bread- phase 3
Το τσουρεκι - cretan grandmas making easter bread- phase 3
Finally, reinforcements arrived from the church and 7 kilos of tsoureki were produced in the homefactory, in a state of chaos!- published: 25 Apr 2008
- views: 5172
- author: Stella Melina
1:04
crete-chania-thodorou island-kri-kri
The Thodorou Islands once guarded Crete from her enemies, but now they protect the Cretan ...
published: 01 Apr 2013
author: creterentals
crete-chania-thodorou island-kri-kri
crete-chania-thodorou island-kri-kri
The Thodorou Islands once guarded Crete from her enemies, but now they protect the Cretan Ibex from its own enemies, the hunters who would love to add the fa...- published: 01 Apr 2013
- views: 48
- author: creterentals
20:45
Cretan Association of QLD Senior Dancing Group at Battle of Crete Dance, May 2014
...
published: 21 May 2014
Cretan Association of QLD Senior Dancing Group at Battle of Crete Dance, May 2014
Cretan Association of QLD Senior Dancing Group at Battle of Crete Dance, May 2014
- published: 21 May 2014
- views: 31
3:10
Kalypso Cretan Village Resort & Spa-Diving Center
Kalypso Diving Center in Plakias Rethymno Crete Whether you are a beginner or an experienc...
published: 01 Feb 2010
author: kalypsohotel
Kalypso Cretan Village Resort & Spa-Diving Center
Kalypso Cretan Village Resort & Spa-Diving Center
Kalypso Diving Center in Plakias Rethymno Crete Whether you are a beginner or an experienced diver, the Kalypso Diving Centre is, throughout the year, the ul...- published: 01 Feb 2010
- views: 2445
- author: kalypsohotel
Youtube results:
12:28
Performance with the CRETAN ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK " OMONOIA "
Cretan Brotherhood Youth perform together with the Cretan Youth of New York....
published: 06 Nov 2013
Performance with the CRETAN ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK " OMONOIA "
Performance with the CRETAN ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK " OMONOIA "
Cretan Brotherhood Youth perform together with the Cretan Youth of New York.- published: 06 Nov 2013
- views: 17
2:06
Chania Tour - The Venizelos Graves stop in Crete, Greece (Friday, October 11th 2013)
CHANIA Port of Call for "Navigator of the Seas" cruise ship docked in Souda Bay actually -...
published: 11 May 2014
Chania Tour - The Venizelos Graves stop in Crete, Greece (Friday, October 11th 2013)
Chania Tour - The Venizelos Graves stop in Crete, Greece (Friday, October 11th 2013)
CHANIA Port of Call for "Navigator of the Seas" cruise ship docked in Souda Bay actually - in sunny Crete, Greece Friday morning (October 11, 2013), we had a TAXI waiting for us in Souda Bay -- pre-scheduled for a day tour (at 30 EURO/hour standard rate). Mano was our driver for the day! First, we enjoyed a beautiful sunrise and views of our RCI cruise ship from the Souda Bay War Cemetery (British Commonwealth War Cemetery) -- located approximately 5 km east from the center of Chania (Xania). Then, we visited The Monastery of Agia Triada (Holy Trinity) -- or Tzagarolon Monastery as it is also known -- one of the most impressive monasteries you will see in Crete. NEXT STOP -- The famous Venizelos Bros Graves At the magical and historical location of Profitis Ilias, in Akrotiri, at the east of Hania lays the tomb of Eleftherios Venizelos -- one of the most long-standing prime ministers of Greece and whose political life was focused on doubling the size of Greek territory and on the creation of a contemporary State. Eleftherios Venizelos himself had designated this position to be his resting place before his death. For the visitor, it affords a panoramic view of the rich green plain of Hania, the imposing White Mountains, the Cretan Sea, the town of Hania and the Chalepa quarter which is the location of the house where the great politician spent most of his life (and today is the headquarters of the National Research Foundation 'Eleftherios K. Venizelos'). Well maintained olive trees give great shade and a wonderful statue of Spiros looks out over Chania and the Cretan Sea... lovely, lovely place! It is said that Spiros Kayales was one of the Cretan revolutionaries that stood here amidst a vicious bombing raid from a European fleet. Famously, after the flag pole had been shattered by gunfire and bombs, he bravely jumped into the fray and held aloft the Greek flag, using his body as a pole. Upon seeing this magnificent bravery, the European ships ceased fire. When the flag fell the fighters broke down in tears. At that point a cry went up among them: " The flag! Raise the flag!" The heroic freedom fighter Spyros Kagiales rushed into the heat of the battle and took the fallen flag in his hands and standing tall and proud on a rock he raised it high against replacing the broken flagpole with his human body, while other fighters were ready to take his place if he fell. The crews on the Greek vessels began to shout while the Italian and French sailors, deeply moved by the enthusiasm of the Greeks, began to applaud incessantly. (pictures in this slideshow are the best taxi drivers in Chania - Manos and George!) 3 pics by OCP- published: 11 May 2014
- views: 9
4:26
CRETAN MUSIC Hainides Mi fovase Kemençe Horon
Karadeniz Horon Kemençe Kemence Laz Trabzon khorumi Horumi Giresun Rize Pontos Pontian Kri...
published: 01 Mar 2008
author: Rumce
CRETAN MUSIC Hainides Mi fovase Kemençe Horon
CRETAN MUSIC Hainides Mi fovase Kemençe Horon
Karadeniz Horon Kemençe Kemence Laz Trabzon khorumi Horumi Giresun Rize Pontos Pontian Kriti Crete Kritika Griko Lira Lyra Calabrese italia Turkiye Arab Kret...- published: 01 Mar 2008
- views: 18884
- author: Rumce
9:30
Η Κρητική Πολιτεία του Ελ.Βενιζέλου. The Cretan period of El.Venizelos.
Η Κρητική Πολιτεία του Ελευθέριου Βενιζέλου. The Cretan period of Eleftherios Venizelos....
published: 13 Aug 2013
Η Κρητική Πολιτεία του Ελ.Βενιζέλου. The Cretan period of El.Venizelos.
Η Κρητική Πολιτεία του Ελ.Βενιζέλου. The Cretan period of El.Venizelos.
Η Κρητική Πολιτεία του Ελευθέριου Βενιζέλου. The Cretan period of Eleftherios Venizelos.- published: 13 Aug 2013
- views: 14