Yawl sailing vessel.

A yawl (from Dutch Jol) is a two-masted sailing craft similar to a sloop or cutter but with an additional mast (mizzenmast or mizzen mast) located well aft of the main mast, often right on the transom, specifically aft of the rudder post.^[1] (A vessel with mizzenmast located forward of the rudderpost is called a ketch; see below: Yawl versus ketch.) The mizzen sail (smaller than the mainsail) is hoisted on the mizzen mast.

The yawl was originally developed as a rig for commercial fishing boats, one good example of this being the Salcombe Yawl (a small traditional fishing boat built in Devon). In its heyday, the rig was particularly popular with single-handed sailors, such as circumnavigators Harry Pidgeon and Francis Chichester. This was due to the ability of a yawl to be trimmed to sail without rudder input. Modern self-steering and navigation aids have made this less important, and the yawl has generally fallen out of favor.

In the 1950s and 60s, yawls were developed for ocean racing, to take advantage of the handicapping rule that did not penalize them for flying a mizzen staysail, which on long ocean races, often downwind, were a great advantage. A good example of this was Olin Stephens' Finisterre.

Yawl versus ketch[link]

The yawl is often confused with the ketch, which also has two masts with the main mast foremost. The common view is that a ketch has the mizzen mast forward of the rudder post, whereas the mizzen on a yawl is aft of the rudder post.^[1][2] This definition is a relatively recent definition, and the historical definition is likely to be quite different.^{[citation needed]}

In practice, on a ketch the principal purpose of the mizzen sail is to help propel the vessel, while on a yawl, it is mainly used for the purposes of trim and balance.^{[citation needed]} In consequence the mizzen sail of a yawl tends to be much smaller than the main when compared to a ketch of similar size. Yawls tend to have mainsails similar in size to those of sloops of comparable sizes and proportions.

History[link]

Two 18th century yawl-rigged fishing craft

Derivation of "yawl"[link]

The above is an accepted modern definition, but it may not be correct within a historical context.

YAWL, n. A small ships boat, usually rowed by four or six oars. (Webster's dictionary 1828)

The seminal American Yacht Designer of the first half of last century, Francis Herreshoff, reflected this traditional definition of a yawl as "a ship's boat resembling the pinnace" set up to be primarily rowed.^{[citation needed]}

To add a sailing rig to a rowboat, the masts must not interfere with the rowers. The mainmast is placed well forward and the mizzen as far back as possible. The mizzen has to be small in size to keep the sail area balanced around the hull's centre of lateral resistance to ensure the boat will sail in a straight line without excessive correction.

According to Herreshoff, "yawl" had nothing to do with rudder placement relative to the mizzen, and instead, a yawl rig is the sail and mast configuration that suits a yawlboat.^{[citation needed]}

A review of "The L. Francis Herreshof Collection" ^[3] would seem to indicate that he had no objection to the forward-versus-aft mizzenmast of the rudder-post definition, since he consistently used it in his own work.

Derivation of "ketch"[link]

Ketch was a "catch" or fishing boat. ("Ketch" from Middle English "cache", from "cacchen", to catch.^[4]) The mizzen is bigger to hold the bow of the boat toward the wind and oncoming waves. The mainsail at the front of the boat would have been dropped and the mizzen trimmed tight on the centreline. Set up this way, most boats will point directly into the wind in a reliable way. It is also possible to ease the mizzen slightly to allow the boat to move slowly forward.

In a fishing boat this attitude allows the nets to be handled without the boat becoming "broadside" to the waves allowing them to break over the sides of the boat. Fishnets can then be handled without putting the boat at risk.

For enough sail area to propel a fishing boat the mizzen mast has to move forward toward the middle of the boat which allows its sail to be bigger without upsetting the sail balance or distribution.

A "Ketch Rig" is simply the rig that matches the function of a "Ketch" or "Catch" or fishing boat.

Rudder oriented definitions[link]

The common definition of Yawl and Ketch using the rudder post does not reflect the nautical tradition and was created by much more recent developments of a handicap system for racing yachts.

The CCA (Cruising Club of America) rating rule was developed following World War II to allow different styles of boats to race against each other with a handicap calculated from measurements of each boat. It was later combined with the RORC (Royal Ocean Racing Club) rule to become the IOR (International Offshore Rule) rule in the late 50s which was used to handicap international racing until the late 1980s.

The CCA and the following rules used the rudder post definitions of ketch and yawl so they had a cut and dried definition for measuring sail so boats could be handicapped with boats fulfilling their new and arbitrary definition of Yawl and Ketch receiving slightly different handicaps.

Humber Yawl Club[link]

The Humber Yawl Club was created in England on the Humber Estuary in the late 19th century. Its fleet of "Canoe Yawls" were primarily sailing boats that could be rowed effectively.

The purpose of the boats and the group was for recreational cruises along the coast of England over several days, camping on beaches and riverbanks. Some of the boats were small enough to be taken to Europe by commercial steamer and then used for travelling the canal, lake and river systems of Europe.

"Canoe Yawls" had a pointed stern similar to a canoe. Rudders were usually placed on the back of the boat which allows the rudder to be raised to allow the boat to be landed on a beach.It is 12 inches long.

Despite the mizzen sail being ahead of the rudder the boats were termed Yawls because of their size and their good rowing capability.

Famous yawls[link]

• Islander
• Rozinante^[5]
• Spray
• Concordia yawls
• Drascombe Lugger and derivatives
• Salcombe Yawl

See also[link]

• Sail-plan.
• Yoal

References[link]

External links[link]

Look up yawl in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• 52' Fast Cruising Yawl Dorade
• Humber Yawl Club
• Brief History of the Humber Yawl Club
• A page on historical Canoe Yawls - many with ketch and some with sloop rigs
• Restoration of a Humber Yawl
• Luders Yawls

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Diamond D
Background information
Born	Bronx, New York City,[citation needed] U.S.
Genres	Hip hop
Occupations	Producer-MC
Instruments	Keyboard Sampler Drum machine Strings Turntable
Years active	1988–present
Labels	Chemistry/Mercury/PolyGram Records Diamond Mine Records Babygrande Records

Diamond D (born Joseph Kirkland, 1969) is a hip hop producer and MC from the Bronx, New York City, and one of the founding members of the legendary D.I.T.C. crew.^[1]

Biography[link]

He started out as a DJ for Jazzy Jay back in the late 1980s and was at the same time perfecting his skills in beat making and turntablism, and, together with rhyme partner Master Rob, he was one half of the group Ultimate Force. The group signed with Jazzy Jay's Strong City Records, and Diamond and Rob started recording their debut album, I'm Not Playin', in 1988 and released the 12-inch single with the same title, which spawned a buzz in the underground. The album was completed in 1990, but it got caught up in label politics, such as the shutdown of Strong City distributor Uni Records, and was shelved until 2007 when it was released through Traffic Entertainment. One of the last songs recorded for the album was a Diamond D solo song in which he actually picked up the mike for the first time. The song was called "The Best-Kept Secret." As Ultimate Force dissolved, record executives got their eyes on the Bronx phenomenon, which eventually resulted in the release of Diamond's debut album, Stunts, Blunts and Hip Hop (released under the moniker Diamond & the Psychotic Neurotics), in 1992. The album is considered to be one of the finest D.I.T.C. solo LPs and features early appearances from Big L and Fat Joe, the latter of whose 1993 debut album, Represent, was mainly produced by Diamond D.^[1]

From then, he went on to produce for multiple hip hop and R&B artists listed below in the discography.

In 1996, Diamond D appeared on the Red Hot Organization's compilation CD America is Dying Slowly alongside Biz Markie, Wu-Tang Clan, and Fat Joe, among many other prominent hip hop artists. The CD, meant to raise awareness of the AIDS epidemic among African American men, was heralded as a masterpiece by The Source magazine. In 1996 He won a Grammy for his production contribution on The Fugees LP The Score

Diamond's second album, Hatred, Passions and Infidelity, was released in 1997 to mixed but mostly positive reviews. Following the release, Diamond established his name as a sought-after producer after providing impressive beats for hip hop legends such as Busta Rhymes, Fugees, KRS-One, Queen Latifah, the Pharcyde, and Brand Nubian, among others. He is regarded as one of the first hip hop producers to work with artists on both the east and west coasts. Since then, he released the independent street album Grown-Man Talk, the official mixtape compilation The Diamond Mine, and provided contributions to his D.I.T.C. cohorts' projects including the crew's self-titled 2000 debut album on Tommy Boy/Warner Bros. Records.^[1]

In 2007 he was nominated for a Grammy award for co-production on Natalie Cole's cover of Aretha Franklin's "Day Dreaming"

In 2008 Diamond signed with Babygrande Records. His fourth album, titled The Huge Hefner Chronicles, was released in October 2008, and unlike previous efforts, the LP showed Diamond focus more on his rhymes, as production was handled by other respected underground beat makers such as Nottz, DJ Scratch, Ill Mind, Def Jef, and Jesse West.

In 2010, he produced “Shine,” the first single from Pharoahe Monch's LP The W.A.R. Report.

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

Production[link]

• 1989: Raheem - "I'm The King"
• 1990: Lord Finesse & DJ Mike Smooth - Funky Technician (LP):
  "Funky Technician", "Here I Come", "Bad Mutha", "I Keep The Crowd Listening"
• 1990: Ultimate Force - "I'm Not Playing" (LP)
• 1999: Showbiz & AG - "I'm Convinced", previously unreleased
• 1991: Lord Finesse - Return of the Funky Man (LP):
  "Fuck ’Em", "Isn't He Something", "Praise The Lord", "That's How Smooth I Am", "Praise The Lord (Remix)"
• 1992: Showbiz and A.G. "Hard to Kill", "Soul Clap," from Runaway Slave
• 1992: The Ghetto Girlz - Ain't Takin' No Shit (LP):
  "Alphabetical Order", "Bitch Ass Nigger", "Marked For Death", "That's All She Wrote"
• 1992: Diamond D And The Psychotic Neurotics - "Best Kept Secret (Remix by 45 King & Diamond)"
• 1992: Brand Nubian - "Punks Jump Up To Get Beat Down", "Punks Jump Up... (Remix)
• 1992: Busy Bee - Thank God For Busy Bee (LP):
  "Get With Me", "Home Boyz", "I Got Thingz Sewed", "My Personality"
• 1992: The A.T.E.E.M. - Yeah (Diamond Mix)
• 1992: R.O.C. - Dedicated to My Girl (Diamond Mix)
• 1993: Illegal - "CrumbSnatcher" and "Illegal Will Roc" from The Untold Truth
• 1993: Red Hot Lover Tone - Give It Up (Remix)
• 1993: Cypress Hill - When The Ship Goes Down (Diamond Mix)<--Unreleased & Revamped says year 1996, not 93(?) (The single was released 1993, the album was compiled in 1996)
• 1993: Yaggfu Front & Diamond D - Slappin' Suckas Silly (Remix)
• 1993: Apache - "Who Freaked Who" and "Get Ya Weight Up" from Apache Ain't Shit
• 1993: Fat Joe - Represent (LP):
  "Bad Man", "Watch The Sound", "Flow Joe", "Da Fat Gangsta", "Shorty Gotta Fat Ass", "You Must Be Out of Your Mind"and "Get On Up"
• 1993: Diamond D - "I'm Outta Here (Remix)"
• 1993: Illegal - "We Getz Buzy (Remix)"
• 1993: Raazda Rukkuz - "Da Chronic Asthmatics" and "Loco Impact", 12" Single
• 1993: Leaders of the New School - "Classic Material (Remix)"
• 1993: Diamond D ft. Lord Finesse & Sadat X - "You Can't Front"
• 1993: Private Investigators - "Who Am I? (God) [Remix]"
• 1993: Ed O.G. & Da Bulldogs - Roxbury 02119 (LP):
  "Streets of the Ghetto", "Busted", "Love Comes & Goes", "I Thought Ya Knew", "Dat Ain't Right"
• 1994: Fu-Schnickens - ""Sneakin' Up On Ya", ""Aaahh Ooohhh!" from Nervous Breakdon
• 1994: A.D.O.R. - The Concrete (LP):
  "Day 2 Day", "Heart & Soul", "Keep it Real", "The Kid is Crazy", "Day 2 Day (Mecca Mix)"
• 1994: Shadz of Lingo - A View to a Kill (LP):
  "Different Stylez", "Don't Test Da Skills", "Ill And Get Clowned", "Think I Give A Fuck"
• 1994: Red Hot Lover Tone - "#1 Player" and "Bust The Manueva", from #1 Player
• 1994: Nefertiti - "Come Down Baby" and "Family Tree" from L.I.F.E.
• 1994: House of Pain "Word is Bond", "Word is Bond (Remix)" from Same As It Ever Was
• 1994: Justice System - "Dedication to Bambaata (Remix)"
• 1994: Dana Barros & Cedric Ceballos, ft. A.G. & Brand Nubian - "Ya Don't Stop"
• 1994: Outkast - "SouthernPlayalistiCadillacMuzik (Remix)"
• 1994: Scientifik - "I Got Planz" and "Yeah Daddy", from Criminal
• 1994: The Veldt - "Soul in a Jar (Guitar Mix)"
• 1994: Joi ft. Shadz of Lingo - "Freedom"
• 1994: Total Devastation - "Wonderful World of Skins (Remix)"
• 1994: Lucas - "Cityzen (Diamond D Remix)"
• 1995: The Pharcyde "Groupie Therapy," from Labcabincalifornia
• 1995: KRS-One - "Build Ya Skillz," "Squash All Beef," from KRS-One
• 1995: KRS-One - "Ah Yeah (Diamond Flava)" and "Ah Yeah (Diamond Rhode Mix)", 12" Single
• 1995: KRS-One - "What I Know", unreleased outtake from KRS-One
• 1995: Big C - "Look Alive", from D&D Project
• 1995: Big Red - "Created A Monster" and "How They Want It", 12" Single
• 1995: Various Artists - "Freedom (Theme From Panther)"
• 1995: Tha Alkaholiks "Let it Out," "Next Level," from Coast II Coast
• 1995: Fat Joe - "Bronx Tales" and "Watch Out", from Jealous One's Envy
• 1995: Urban Thermo Dynamics - "Manifest Destiny"
• 1996: Fugees "The Score," from The Score
• 1996: Xzibit "Bird's Eye View," from At the Speed of Life
• 1996: Mondo Grosso - Do You See What I See (Remix)
• 1996: Ronnie Foster - "Summer Song (Diamond D Mix)"
• 1996: Sadat X ft. Fat Joe - "Nasty Hoes", from America is Dying Slowly
• 1996: Raekwon ft. Ghostface Killah& Jodeci - "Rainy Dayz (Mr. Dalvin Remix)"; co-production, programming & mixing
• 1996: Ras Kass "Soul on Ice (Remix)", from Soul on Ice (12" single)
• 1996: Broadway A.K.A. Party Arty - "Enjoy Yourself"
• 1996: Sadat X - "Wild Cowboys", "Petty People" and "Move On" from Wild Cowboys
• 1997: Afro Jazz - "Paria v/s Estat"
• 1997: Organized Konfusion "Questions," from The Equinox
• 1997: Diamond D - "Hiatus (Remix)", "MC2", from The Hiatus 12"
• 1997: D.I.T.C. - "Day One", 12" Single
• 1998: A.D.O.R. - "The Rush", from Shoq Frequency
• 1998: Busta Rhymes "What the Fuck You Want!!" from Extinction Level Event (Final World Front)
• 1998: Brand Nubian - "Foundation", from Foundaction
• 1998: D.I.T.C. ft. Brand Nubian - "I Flip Styles"
• 1998: Queen Latifah - "I Don't Know", from Order in the Court
• 1999: A.G. - "Nowhere to Go", from The Dirty Version
• 1999: Busta Rhymes - "The Bus-a-Bus (Remix)"
• 1999: Diamond D - "When it Pours it Rains", from Soundbombing 2
• 1999: Diamond D & Sadat X - "Feel It", 12" Single
• 1999: Mos Def "Hip-Hop," from Black on Both Sides
• 1999: Pharoahe Monch "The Light," "The Truth," "The Ass," from Internal Affairs
• 1999: Scaramanga - "S.I.R.", from 7 Eyes, 7 Horns
• 1999: Too Short ft. Jay-Z - "Here We Go", from Can't Stay Away
• 2000: A.D.O.R. - "Cock'd Back", from Animal 2000
• 2000: Freddie Foxxx "Bumpy, Bring it Home," from Industry Shakedown
• 2000: D.I.T.C. "Day One," "Foundation," from D.I.T.C.
• 2000: Sadat X - "X-Man", "You Can't Deny" from State of NY vs. Derek Murphy EP
• 2000: Unbound Allstars - "Mumia 911"
• 2001: Busta Rhymes - "Wife in Law" featuring Jaheim
• 2001: Muro ft. O.C. - "Lyrical Tyrants (Diamond Mix)"
• 2002: The 45 King - "Double Dare"
• 2003: Akrobatik- "Feedback," from Balance
• 2003: ASD - "Sag Mir Wo Die Party Ist"
• 2004: Earatik Statik ft. Pacewon - "People Like Us", from Feelin Earatik
• 2004: Edo G featuring Pete Rock - "Streets is Callin", from My Own Worst Enemy
• 2004: The Omen - "It's Our World", from DJ Rhetmatic Mixtape
• 2005: A.D.O.R. - "The Realness", from Signature of Ill
• 2005: Sadat X - "The Great Diamond D", from Experience & Education
• 2005: Medina Green - "Green Boogie", from Mixtape
• 2006: Cannonball Adderley – "Bohemia in the Dark (Remix)"
• 2006: Sadat X - "The Post", from Black October
• 2007: Sean Price - "Get it Together", from Master P
• 2007: Natalie Cole - "Day Dreaming", from Leaving
• 2008: Terror Tongue - "Lyrical Threat", from Unreleased Production 1994
• 2009: Collective Efforts - "I Get Down"
• 2009: Freestyle Professors - "Think About It", from Gryme Tyme
• 2011: Pharoahe Monch - "Shine", from "W.A.R. (We Are Renegades)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Myspace

This is the article about Zambian cricketer Bruce Roberts. For Bruce Roberts the singer, see Bruce Roberts (singer).

Bruce Roberts (born 30 May 1962) is a former Zambian cricketer who played for Transvaal from 1982/83 to 1988/89 and for Derbyshire from 1984 to 1991. He made over 9000 runs in the first class game and over 3,700 in the one day game.

Roberts was born in Lusaka and educated in Zimbabwe. He began his First-class career in South Africa in 1982 with Transvaal and Transvaal B. In 1984 he began his career in the game in England when he joined Derbyshire. Roberts evolved from a lower-order batsman into a stroke-maker and occasional bowler. When Roberts played his second English season, this change in the order repaid handsomely, as he scored his maiden century.

He was a major force in the Sunday league Derbyshire team which won the championship in the 1987 season, and in 1988, his Transvaal team were victorious in the Currie Cup earning him the award of South African Cricketer of the Year. Roberts played extensively through the 1989 and 1990 season, and played one match in 1991 before hanging up his bat.

Roberts was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-pace bowler. Throughout his career, he was a middle-lower order batsman and a consistent bowler, with decent batting and bowling averages moderately better than thirty in both cases.^[1]

References[link]