The twelfth root of two or $\backslash sqrt[12]\{2\}$ is an algebraic irrational number. It is most important in music theory, where it represents the frequency ratio of a semitone in equal temperament.

Numerical value

Its value expressed as a decimal representation is 1.05946309435929..., which is slightly more than = 1.05882... .A better approximation is $\backslash sqrt\; [12]\; \{2\}\; \backslash approx\; \{107\; \backslash over\; 101\}$=1.059406 or $\backslash approx\; \{11011\; \backslash over\; 10393\}$=1.0594631.

The equal-tempered chromatic scale

Since a musical interval is a ratio of frequencies, and the equal-tempered chromatic scale is a way of dividing the octave (which has a ratio of 2:1) into twelve equal parts, the equal-tempered semitone is that ratio which, when raised to the power 12, results in the value two. In other words, it is the positive real solution for ''x'' in the equation ''x'' = 2, which is the twelfth root of two.

Applying this value successively to the tones of a chromatic scale, starting from A above middle C with a frequency of 440 Hz, produces the following sequence of pitches:

466.16 493.88 523.25 554.37 587.33 622.25 659.26 698.46 739.99 783.99 830.61 880.00

Note	! Frequency Hz	! Multiplier	! Coefficient(to six places)
A	440.00	2
A B	|	2	1.059463
B	|	2	1.122462
C	|	2	1.189207
C D	|	2	1.259921
D	|	2	1.334839
D E	|	2	1.414213
E	|	2	1.498307
F	|	2	1.587401
F G	|	2	1.681792
G	|	2	1.781797
G A	|	2	1.887748
A	|	2	2.000000

Notice that the final A (880 Hz) is exactly twice the frequency of the lower A (440 Hz), and so is precisely one octave higher.

Pitch adjustment

Since the frequency ratio of a semitone is close to 106%, increasing or decreasing the playback speed of a recording by 6% will shift the perceived frequency up or down one semitone, or "half-step". Upscale reel-to-reel magnetic tape recorders typically have pitch adjustments of up to ±6%, generally used to match the playback or recording pitch to other music sources having slightly different tunings. Modern recording studios utilize digital pitch shifting to achieve the same results, ranging from cents up to several half-steps.

History

The twelfth root of two was calculated accurately by the Chinese court astronomer, historian, physicist and mathematician Zhu Zaiyu, Prince of Zheng of the Ming Dynasty. In 1584, Zhu published a work ''律呂精義'' ["A clear explanation of that which concerns the ''律'' (the equal temperament)"]. Prince Zhu made note of the difference between his ideal mathematically-tuned ''呂'' (ancient music instrument), which gave the theoretical music instrument lengths for 12-tone equal temperament correct to 25 places, implemented with an 81-column abacus and calculated $\backslash sqrt\; \{2\}$ twice then calculated its cubic root, obtaining $\backslash sqrt[3]\{\backslash sqrt\{\backslash sqrt\{2\}\}\}\; =\; \backslash sqrt\; [12]\; \{2\}=1.059463094359295264561825$, which coincidentally applied a form of Pythagorean tuning.

Calculated again in 1636 by the French mathematician Marin Mersenne, and as the techniques for calculating logarithms develop, the original approach for calculation would eventually become trivial.

See also

Just Intonation's history of temperaments.

Music and mathematics

Piano key frequencies

Scientific pitch notation

Well-Tempered Clavier

Musical tuning

Nth root

References

Barbour, J.M.. ''A Sixteenth Century Approximation for Pi,'' The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 40, no. 2, 1933. Pp. 69–73.

Ellis, Alexander and Hermann Helmholtz. ''On the Sensations of Tone''. Dover Publications, 1954. ISBN 0-486-60753-4

Partch, Harry. ''Genesis of a Music''. Da Capo Press, 1974. ISBN 0-306-80106-X

Category:Mathematical constants Category:Algebraic numbers Category:Irrational numbers Category:Musical tuning

km:ឫសទី១២នៃ២ th:รากที่สิบสองของสอง

Hugo Montenegro (September 2, 1925 - February 6, 1981) was an American orchestra leader and composer of film soundtracks. His best known work is derived from interpretations of the music from Spaghetti Westerns, especially his cover version of the main theme from the 1966 film ''The Good, the Bad and the Ugly''. He composed the musical score for the 1969 Western ''Charro!'' which starred Elvis Presley.

Biography

Hugo Mario Montenegro was born in New York City in 1925. He served in the U.S. Navy for two years, mostly as an arranger for the Newport Naval Base band in Newport, Rhode Island. After the war he attended Manhattan College while studying composition and leading his own band for school dances.

In the middle 1950s, he was directing, conducting, and arranging the orchestra for Eliot Glen and Irving Spice on their Dragon and Caprice labels. It was he who was directing the Glen-Spice Orchestra on Dion DiMucci's first release when Dion was backed by Dragon recording artists, the Timberlanes. Released on Mohawk #105 in 1957, the songs were "Out In Colorado" and "The Chosen Few", which were soon issued on the Jubilee label for better distribution.

He was later hired by Time Records as a musical director producing a series of albums for the label, and moved to Los Angeles in the early 1960s where he began working for RCA records, producing a series of albums and soundtracks for motion pictures and television themes, such as two volumes of ''Music From The Man From U.N.C.L.E.'', an album of cover versions of spy music themes ''Come Spy With Me'' and an album of cover versions of the Clint Eastwood'' ''The Man With No Name series of spaghetti westerns that led to major chart hits.

Montenegro began scoring motion pictures with the instrumental music from ''Advance to the Rear'' in 1964. Following the success of his albums, he was contracted by Columbia Pictures where he did such films as Hurry Sundown (film) and two Matt Helm pictures. He composed the musical score and conducted the recording sessions for the 1969 Elvis Presley Western film ''Charro!'' (1969). Montenegro was also contracted to Columbia's television production company Screen Gems where he is most famous for his theme from the second season of the television series ''I Dream of Jeannie'', his theme song "Seattle" and music from ''Here Come the Brides'' and ''The Outcasts''. During the mid‑60s he started producing some of the most renowned works from the space age pop era, featuring electronics and rock in albums such as ''Moog Power'' and ''Mammy Blue.''

Montenegro's electronic works were decisive and influential for the future generations of electronic musicians, giving a retro/futuristic edge by the use of the Moog synthesizer, and helped to push its popularity. He will be also remembered by his versions of classics such as the main theme to Sergio Leone's film ''The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly'', originally composed by Ennio Morricone. This was Montenegro's biggest pop hit, reaching #2 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart, #3 in the Canadian RPM Magazine charts, and spending four weeks atop the UK Singles Chart in 1968. It sold over one and a quarter million copies and was awarded a gold disc.

His version of the theme from ''Hang 'em High'' reached #59 in Canada. In 1968, his hit "Aces High" placed at #11 on the Billboard Year End Chart of the Top Hits of 1968.

In the late 1970s severe emphysema forced an end to his musical career, and he died of the disease in 1981. His remains were buried at Welwood Murray Cemetery in Palm Springs, California.

References

External links

Montenegro at Space Age Pop http://www.spaceagepop.com/monteneg.htm

Category:1925 births Category:1981 deaths Category:American composers Category:Manhattan College alumni Category:American conductors (music) Category:American film score composers Category:Easy listening music Category:American musicians of Italian descent Category:RCA Victor artists

da:Hugo Montenegro de:Hugo Montenegro fr:Hugo Montenegro it:Hugo Montenegro pt:Hugo Montenegro ru:Монтенегро, Хьюго fi:Hugo Montenegro

Coordinates	56°09′″N40°25′″N
Name	Syed Zaid Zaman Hamid Urdu: سید زید الزمان حامد
Birth date	March 14, 1964
Residence	Rawalpindi
Nationality	Pakistan
Other names	Syed Zaid Zaman Hamid
Known for	BrassTacks TV Series & Leader: Takmeel-e-Pakistan Movement
Occupation	Security Consultant & Political commentator
Religion	Islam
Website	Official Site Profile Page }}

Syed Zaiduzzaman Hamid, better known as Zaid Hamid, is a Pakistani security consultant and political commentator. His byline in newspaper articles has been Zaid Zaman.

Early life and education

Zaid was born in Karachi, in 1964. His father, Col. Zaman Hamid (Retd), served in the Pakistan Army. Zaid spent his early life in Karachi. He received a Bachelor of Engineering (BE) degree in Computer Systems Engineering from NED University, Karachi in 1980's.

Political views

Through his TV programmes, Hamid has claimed that a nexus between India's RAW, the CIA and is responsible for the destabilization of Pakistan. He also claims that the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, were part of a plan hatched by "Hindu Zionists"", and that it was an attempt by the Indians to stage an attack just like the Americans executed the September 11 attacks.

He has stated that the 2010 Pakistan floods were caused by India releasing water from its rivers flowing into Pakistan this was based on the fact On August 21st, Pakistani media reported that India released 18000 caused water into the river Ravi. India has release 18000-cusec water in river Ravi that could cause flood in five drainage of Narowal and Shaker Garh, He further went on to ask India for compensation for the floods and the damage caused.

Criticism

A number of noted Pakistani journalists, writers and Islamic scholars have criticized Hamid and have described his views on politics and security as conspiracy theories.

Some of his conspiracy theories include:

1. The adoption of the gold standard was a Zionist and International Bankers plot

2. Militants fighting the Army during the Swat during 2009 Military Operation because they are uncircumcised.

3. The flag of Pakistan will fly atop Delhi Fort one day

4. The 2008 Mumbai attacks were hatched by “Hindu Zionists” and to assinate senior Mumbai police officers investigating Hindu Extremist

5. 9/11 was inside job

References

External links

BrassTacks website

Syed Zaid Zaman Hamid

Category:9/11 conspiracy theorists Category:Conspiracy theorists Category:Living people Category:Pashtun people Category:Pakistani scholars Category:International relations scholars Category:1964 births Category:People from Karachi Category:NED University of Engineering and Technology alumni Category:Pakistani political consultants Category:Pakistani political scientists

ur:زید حامد

Coordinates	56°09′″N40°25′″N
honorific-prefix	25pxHis Excellency the Right Honourable
name	the Lord Tweedsmuir
honorific-suffix	PC, GCMG, GCVO, CH
order	35px15th
office	Governor General of Canada
term start	2 November 1935
term end	11 February 1940
monarch	George VEdward VIIIGeorge VI
primeminister	R. B. BennettMackenzie King
predecessor	The Earl of Bessborough
successor	The Earl of Athlone
office2	More...
birth date	August 26, 1875
birth place	Perth, Scotland
death date	February 11, 1940
death place	Montreal, Quebec
spouse	Susan Buchan, Baroness Tweedsmuir
profession	Author
religion	Free Church of Scotland, United Free Church of Scotland, Church of Scotland
signature	John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir Signature.svg

John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir (26 August 1875 11 February 1940) was a Scottish novelist, historian and Unionist politician who served as Governor General of Canada, the 15th since Canadian Confederation.

After a brief career in law, Buchan simultaneously began writing and his political and diplomatic career, serving as a private secretary to the colonial administrator of various colonies in Southern Africa, and eventually wrote propaganda for the British war effort in First World War. Once back in civilian life, Buchan was elected Member of Parliament for the Combined Scottish Universities, but spent most of his time on his writing career. He wrote ''The Thirty-Nine Steps'' and other adventure fiction. He was in 1935 appointed as governor general by George V, king of Canada, on the recommendation of Prime Minister of Canada Richard Bennett, to replace the Earl of Bessborough as viceroy, and occupied that post until his death in 1940. Buchan proved to be enthusiastic about literacy, as well as the evolution of Canadian culture, and he received a state funeral in Canada before his ashes were returned to the UK and interred at Elsfield, Oxfordshire.

Early life and education

Buchan was the first child of John Buchan a Free Church of Scotland minister and Helen Jane Buchan. Born in Perth, Buchan was raised in Kirkcaldy, Fife, and spent many summer holidays with his grandparents in Broughton, in the Scottish Borders. There he developed a love of walking, as well as for the local scenery and wildlife, which often featured in his novels; the name of a protagonist in a number of Buchan's books Sir Edward Leithen is borrowed from the Leithen Water, a tributary of the River Tweed.

After attending Hutchesons' Grammar School, Buchan was awarded a scholarship to the University of Glasgow at age 17, where he studied classics, wrote poetry, and became a published author. With a junior Hulme scholarship, he moved on in 1895 to study ''Literae Humaniores'' (the Oxonian term for ''the Classics'') at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he befriended a number of individuals, including Hilaire Belloc, Raymond Asquith, and Aubrey Herbert. Buchan won both the Stanhope essay prize, in 1897, and the Newdigate Prize for poetry the following year, as well as being elected as the president of the Oxford Union and having six of his works published. It was at around the time of his graduation from Oxford that Buchan had his first portrait painted, done in 1900 by a young Sholto Johnstone Douglas.

Life as an author and politician

Buchan entered into a career in diplomacy and government after graduating from Oxford, becoming the private secretary to Alfred Milner, who was then the High Commissioner for Southern Africa, Governor of Cape Colony, and colonial administrator of Transvaal and the Orange Free State, putting Buchan in what came to be known as Milner's Kindergarten. He also gained an acquaintance with a country that would feature prominently in his writing, which he resumed upon his return to London, at the same time entering into a partnership in the Thomas Nelson & Son publishing company and becoming editor of ''The Spectator''. Buchan also read for and was called to the bar in 1901, though he did not practice as a lawyer, and on 15 July 1907 married Susan Charlotte Grosvenor daughter of Norman Grosvenor and a cousin of the Duke of Westminster. Together, Buchan and his wife had four children, two of whom would spend most of their lives in Canada.

Buchan wrote ''Prester John'' in 1910, the first of his adventure novels set in South Africa, and the following year he suffered from duodenal ulcers, which also inspired one of his characters in later books. At the same time, Buchan ventured into the political arena, and ran as a Unionist candidate in a Scottish Borders constituency; he supported free trade, women's suffrage, national insurance, and curtailing the powers of the House of Lords, though he did also oppose the welfare reforms of the Liberal Party, and what he considered to be the "class hatred" fostered by demagogic Liberals such as David Lloyd George.

With the outbreak of the First World War, Buchan went to write for the British War Propaganda Bureau and worked as a correspondent in France for ''The Times''. He continued to write fiction, however, and in 1915 published his most famous work, ''The Thirty-Nine Steps'', a spy-thriller set just prior to World War I. The novel featured Buchan's oft used hero, Richard Hannay, whose character was based on Edmund Ironside, a friend of Buchan from his days in South Africa. A sequel, ''Greenmantle'', came the following year. Buchan then enlisted in the British Army and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Intelligence Corps, where he wrote speeches and communiqués for Sir Douglas Haig. Recognised for his abilities, Buchan was appointed as the Director of Information in 1917, under the Lord Beaverbrook a job that Buchan said was "the toughest job I ever took on" and also assisted Charles Masterman in publishing a monthly magazine that detailed the history of the war, the first edition appearing in February 1915 (and later published in 24 volumes as ''Nelson's History of the War''). It was difficult however, given his close connections to many of Britain's military leaders, for Buchan to be critical of the British Army's conduct during the conflict.

Following the close of the war, Buchan turned his attention to writing on historical subjects, along with his usual thrillers and novels. By the mid-1920s, he was living in Elsfield and had become president of the Scottish Historical Society and a trustee of the National Library of Scotland, and he also maintained ties with various universities. Robert Graves, who lived in nearby Islip, mentioned his being recommended by Buchan for a lecturing position at the newly founded Cairo University and, in a 1927 by-election, Buchan was elected as the Unionist Party Member of Parliament for the Combined Scottish Universities. Politically, he was of the Unionist-Nationalist tradition, believing in Scotland's promotion as a nation within the British Empire.|group=n|name=SN}} The effects of the Great Depression in Scotland, and the subsequent high emigration from that country, also led Buchan to reflect: "We do not want to be like the Greeks, powerful and prosperous wherever we settle, but with a dead Greece behind us," and he found himself profoundly affected by John Morley's ''Life of Gladstone'', which Buchan read in the early months of the Second World War. He believed that Gladstone had taught people to combat materialism, complacency, and authoritarianism; Buchan later wrote to Herbert Fisher, Stair Gillon, and Gilbert Murray that he was "becoming a Gladstonian Liberal."

After the United Free Church of Scotland joined in 1929 with the Church of Scotland, Buchan remained an active elder of St. Columba's Church in London, as well as of the Oxford Presbyterian parish. In 1933 and 1934, Buchan was further appointed as the King's Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. However, beginning in 1930, Buchan also aligned himself with Zionism and the related Palestine All Party Parliamentary Group. In recognition of his contributions to literature and education, on 1 January 1932, Buchan was granted the personal gift of the sovereign of induction into the Order of the Companions of Honour.

In 1935, Buchan's literary work was adapted to the cinematic theatre with the completion of Alfred Hitchcock's ''The 39 Steps'', starring Robert Donat as Richard Hannay, though with Buchan's story much altered. This came in the same year that Buchan was honoured with appointment to the Order of St. Michael and St. George on 23 May, as well as being elevated to the peerage, when he was entitled by King George V as Baron Tweedsmuir of Elsfield in the County of Oxford on 1 June. This had been done in preparation for Buchan's appointment as Canada's governor general; when consulted by Canadian prime minister Richard Bedford Bennett about the appointment, the Leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition, William Lyon Mackenzie King, had recommended that the King allow Buchan to serve as viceroy as a commoner, but George V insisted that he be represented by a peer.

Buchan's name had been earlier put forward by Mackenzie King to the King as a candidate for the governor generalcy: Buchan and his wife had been guests of King's at his estate, Kingsmere, in 1924, and King, who at that time was prime minister, was impressed with Buchan, stating, "I know no man I would rather have as a friend, a beautiful, noble soul, kindly & generous in thought & word & act, informed as few men in this world have ever been, modest, humble, true, man after God's own heart." One evening in the following year, the Prime Minister mentioned to Governor General the Lord Byng of Vimy that Buchan would be a suitable successor to Byng, with which the Governor General agreed, the two being friends. Word of this reached the British Cabinet, and Buchan was approached, but he was reluctant to take the posting; Byng had been writing to Buchan about the constitutional dispute that took place in June 1926 and spoke disparagingly of King.

Governor generalship

It was announced from the Canadian prime minister's office on 10 August 1935 that the King had approved Bennett's recommendation of Buchan as the viceregal representative by commission under the royal sign-manual and signet. Buchan then departed for Canada and was sworn in as the country's governor general in a ceremony on 2 November 1935 in the ''salon rouge'' of the parliament buildings of Quebec. Buchan was the first viceroy of Canada appointed since the enactment of the Statute of Westminster on 11 December 1931, and was thus the first to have been decided on solely by the monarch of Canada in his Canadian council.

Buchan continued writing during his time as governor general, but he also thereafter took his position as viceroy with seriousness and from the outset made it his goal to travel the length and breadth of Canada, including, for the first time for a governor general, the arctic regions; he said of his job: "a Governor General is in a unique position for it is his duty to know the whole of Canada and all the various types of her people." Buchan also encouraged a distinct Canadian identity and national unity, despite the ongoing Great Depression and the difficulty which it caused for the population. Not all Canadians, however, shared Buchan's views; he raised the ire of imperialists when he said in Montreal in 1937: "a Canadian's first loyalty is not to the British Commonwealth of Nations, but to Canada and Canada's King," a statement that the ''Montreal Gazette'' dubbed as "disloyal." Buchan maintained and recited his idea that ethnic groups "should retain their individuality and each make its contribution to the national character," and "the strongest nations are those that are made up of different racial elements."

The following year proved to be a tumultuous one for the monarchy that Buchan represented. In late January, George V died, and his eldest son, the popular Prince Edward, acceded to the throne as Edward VIII, while Rideau Hall the royal and viceroyal residence in Ottawa was decked in black crepe and all formal entertaining was cancelled during the official period of mourning. As the year unfolded, however, it became evident that the new king planned to marry American divorcée Wallis Simpson, which caused much discontentment throughout the dominions. Buchan conveyed to Buckingham Palace and British prime minister Stanley Baldwin Canadians' deep affection for the King, but also the outrage to Canadian religious feelings, both Catholic and Protestant, that would occur if Edward VIII married Simpson. By 11 December, the King had abdicated in favour of his younger brother, Prince Albert, Duke of York, who was thereafter known as George VI. In order for the line of succession for Canada to remain parallel to those of the other Dominions, Buchan, as governor-in-council, gave the government's consent to the British legislation formalising the abdication, and ratified this with finality when he granted Royal Assent to the Canadian Succession to the Throne Act in 1937 .

In May and June 1939, the new king and his royal consort toured the country from coast to coast and paid a state visit to the United States on behalf of Canada. The royal tour had been conceived by Buchan before the coronation in 1937; according to the official event historian, Gustave Lanctot, the idea "probably grew out of the knowledge that as his coming Coronation, George VI was to assume the additional title of King of Canada," and Buchan desired to demonstrate with living example through Canadians seeing "their King performing royal functions, supported by his Canadian ministers" the fact of Canada's status as an independent kingdom. Buchan put great effort into securing a positive response to the invitation sent to the King in May 1937; after more than a year without a reply, in June 1938 Buchan headed to the United Kingdom for personal holidays, but also to procure a decision on the possible royal tour. From his home near Oxford, Buchan wrote to Mackenzie King: "The important question for me is, of course, the King's visit to Canada." After a period of convalescence at Ruthin Castle, Buchan, in October, sailed back to Canada with a secured commitment that the King and Queen would tour the country. Though he had been a significant contributor to the organisation of the trip, Buchan retired to Rideau Hall for the duration of the King's time in Canada; Buchan expressed the view that while the King of Canada was present, "I cease to exist as Viceroy, and retain only a shadowy legal existence as Governor-General in Council." In Canada itself, the royal couple took part in public events such as the opening of the Lions Gate Bridge in May 1939.

Another factor behind the tour, however, was public relations: the presence of the King and Queen, both in Canada and the United States, was calculated to shore up sympathy for Britain in anticipation of hostilities with Germany. Buchan's experiences during the First World War made him averse to conflict, he tried to help prevent another war in coordination with United States president Franklin D. Roosevelt and Mackenzie King. Still, Buchan authorised Canada's declaration of war against Germany in September, shortly after the British declaration of war and with the King's consent; and, thereafter, issued orders of deployment for Canadian soldiers, airmen, and seamen as the titular commander-in-chief of the Canadian armed forces.

However, these duties would not burden Buchan for long, as, on 6 February 1940, he suffered a severe head injury when he fell during a stroke at Rideau Hall. Two surgeries by Doctor Wilder Penfield of the Montreal Neurological Institute were insufficient to save him, and his death on 11 February was eulogized on the radio by Mackenzie King: "In the passing of His Excellency, the people of Canada have lost one of the greatest and most revered of their Governors General, and a friend who, from the day of his arrival in this country, dedicated his life to their service." The Governor General had formed a strong bond with his prime minister, even if it may have been built more on political admiration than personal friendship; while Mackenzie King appreciated his "sterling rectitude and disinterested purpose," despite being wary of Buchan's vices (such as his penchant for titles),

After lying in state in the Senate chamber on Parliament Hill, the state funeral for Buchan was held at St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church in Ottawa. Buchan's ashes were returned to the UK aboard the cruiser HMS ''Orion'' for final burial at Elsfield, his family estate in Oxfordshire.

Legacy

In his last years, Buchan, amongst other works, wrote an autobiography, ''Memory Hold-the-Door'', as well as works on the history and his views of Canada. He and Baroness Tweedsmuir together established the first proper library at Rideau Hall, and, with his wife's encouragement, Buchan founded the Governor General's Literary Awards, which remain Canada's premier award for literature.

Buchan's 100 works include nearly thirty novels, seven collections of short stories, and biographies of Sir Walter Scott, Caesar Augustus, and Oliver Cromwell. Buchan was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his biography of the Marquess of Montrose, but the most famous of his books were the spy thrillers, and it is for these that he is now best remembered. The "last Buchan" (as Graham Greene entitled his appreciative review) was the 1941 novel ''Sick Heart River'' (American title: ''Mountain Meadow''), in which a dying protagonist confronts the questions of the meaning of life in the Canadian wilderness. The insightful quotation, "It's a great life, if you don't weaken," is famously attributed to Buchan, as is, "No great cause is ever lost or won, The battle must always be renewed, And the creed must always be restated."

Tweedsmuir Provincial Park in British Columbia, now divided into Tweedsmuir South Provincial Park and Tweedsmuir North Provincial Park and Protected Area, was created in 1938 to commemorate Buchan's 1937 visit to the Rainbow Range and other nearby areas by horseback and floatplane. In the foreword to a booklet published to commemorate his visit, he wrote, "I have now travelled over most of Canada and have seen many wonderful things, but I have seen nothing more beautiful and more wonderful than the great park which British Columbia has done me the honour to call by my name".

Titles, styles, and honours

Titles

name	The Lord Tweedsmuir(1935-1940)
dipstyle	His Excellency the Right Honourable''Son Excellence le très honorable''
offstyle	Your Excellency''Votre Excellence''
altstyle	Sir''Monsieur'' }}

; United Kingdom 25 August 1875 3 June 1935: ''Mister'' John Buchan or John Buchan, Esquire 3 June 1935 11 February 1940: ''The Right Honourable'' the Lord Tweedsmuir

; Canada 2 November 1935 11 February 1940: ''His Excellency the Right Honourable'' the Lord Tweedsmuir, Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of the Militia and Naval and Air Forces of Canada

Buchan's style and title as governor general of Canada was, in full, and in English: ''His Excellency the Right Honourable Sir John Buchan, Baron Tweedsmuir of Elsfield, Companion of the Order of Companions of Honour, Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of the Militia and Naval and Air Forces of Canada'', and in French: ''Son Excellence le très honorable Sir John Buchan, baron Tweedsmuir, compagnon de l'ordre des compagnons d'honneur, chevalier grand-croix du très distingué ordre de Saint-Michel et Saint-George, chevalier grand-croix de l'ordre royal de Victoria, gouverneur général et commandant en chef de la milice et des forces navales et aériennes du Canada''.

Tweedsmuir's post-nominal letters are, in order according to the ''Oxford University Calendar Notes on Style'': ''PC, GCMG, GCVO, CH, DCL(''hc'') MA Oxon, DD(''hc'') LLD(''hc'') Tor, LLD(''hc'') Harv, LLD(''hc'') Yale, LLD(''hc'') McGill, LLD(''hc'') Mont, LLD(''hc'') Glas, LLD(''hc'') StAnd''

Honours

Ribbon bars of the Lord Tweedsmuir

;Appointments 1 January 1932 11 February 1940: Companion of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) 23 May 1935 11 February 1940: Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (GCMG) 2 November 1935 11 February 1940: Chief Scout for Canada 2 November 1935 11 February 1940: Honorary Member of the Royal Military College of Canada Club 28 May 1937 11 February 1940: Member of His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council (PC) 15 June 1939 11 February 1940: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) : Honorary Fellow of Oxford University

;Medals 1935: King George V Silver Jubilee Medal 1937: King George VI Coronation Medal

;Awards 1897: Stanhope essay prize 1898: Newdigate Prize 1928: James Tait Black Memorial Prize 4 December 1940: Silver Wolf Award (posthumous)

;Foreign honours 15 December 1918 11 February 1940: Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy

;Non-national honours 1937 11 February 1940: Master of the Order of Good Cheer

Honorary military appointments

2 November 1935 11 February 1940: Colonel of the Regiment of the Governor General's Horse Guards 2 November 1935 11 February 1940: Colonel of the Regiment of the Governor General's Foot Guards 2 November 1935 11 February 1940: Colonel of the Regiment of the Canadian Grenadier Guards

Honorary degrees

20 June 1934: University of Oxford, Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) 1936: University of Toronto, Doctor of Laws (LLD) 1936: University of Toronto, Doctor of Divinity (DD) 1937: Harvard University, Doctor of Laws (LLD) 1937: Yale University, Doctor of Laws (LLD) : McGill University, Doctor of Laws (LLD) : Université de Montréal, Doctor of Laws (LLD) : University of Glasgow, Doctor of Laws (LLD) : University of St. Andrews, Doctor of Laws (LLD)

Honorific eponyms

;Geographic locations : Tweedsmuir South Provincial Park : Tweedsmuir North Provincial Park and Protected Area : Tweedsmuir Peak : Tweedsmuir Avenue, Ottawa : Tweedsmuir Place, Pinawa : Tweedsmuir : John Buchan Way, Broughton

;Schools : Strathcona-Tweedsmuir School, Okotoks : Lord Tweedsmuir Secondary School, Surrey : Tweedsmuir Hall (student residence), University of British Columbia : John Buchan Senior Public School, Toronto : Tweedsmuir Public School, North Bay

;Organizations : John Buchan Centre, Broughton

List of principal works

Fiction

''Sir Quixote of the Moors'' (1896)

''John Burnet of Barns'' (1898)

''Grey Weather'' (1899)

''A Lost Lady of Old Years'' (1899)

''The Half-Hearted'' (1900)

''The Watcher by the Threshold'' (1902)

''A Lodge in the Wilderness'' (1906)

''Prester John'' (1910)

''The Moon Endureth'' (1912)

''Salute to Adventurers'' (1915)

''The Thirty-Nine Steps'' (1915)

''The Power House'' (1916)

''Greenmantle'' (1916)

''Mr Standfast'' (1919)

''The Path of the King'' (1921)

''Huntingtower'' (1922)

''Midwinter'' (1923)

''The Three Hostages'' (1924)

''John Macnab'' (1925)

''The Dancing Floor'' (1926)

''Witch Wood'' (1927)

''The Runagates Club'' (1928)

''The Courts of the Morning'' (1929)

''Castle Gay'' (1930)

''The Blanket of the Dark'' (1931)

''The Gap in the Curtain'' (1932)

''The Magic Walking Stick'' (1932)

''A Prince of the Captivity'' (1933)

''The Free Fishers'' (1934)

''The House of the Four Winds'' (1935)

''The Island of Sheep'' (1936)

''Sick Heart River'' (US title: ''Mountain Meadow'') (1941)

''The Long Traverse'' (US title: ''Lake of Gold'') (1941)

''The Far Islands and Other Tales of Fantasy'' (1984)

Non-fiction

''Scholar-Gipsies'' (1896)

''The African Colony'' (1903)

''The Law Relating to the Taxation of Foreign Income'' (1905)

''Some Eighteenth Century Byways'' (1908)

''Sir Walter Raleigh'' (1911)

''What the Home Rule Bill Means'' (1912)

''The Marquis of Montrose'' (1913)

''Andrew Jameson, Lord Ardwall'' (1913)

''Nelson's History Of The War.'' 24 volumes (1914–1919)

''Britain's War by Land'' (1915)

''The Achievement of France'' (1915)

''Ordeal by Marriage'' (1915)

''The Future of the War'' (1916)

''The Battle of the Somme, First Phase'' (1916)

''The Purpose of War'' (1916)

''The Battle of Jutland'' (1916)

''Poems, Scots and English'' (1917)

''The Battle of the Somme, Second Phase'' (1917)

''These for Remembrance'' (1919)

''The Battle Honours of Scotland 1914-1918'' (1919)

''The History of the South African Forces in France'' (1920)

''Francis and Riversdale Grenfell'' (1920)

''The Long Road to Victory'' (1920)

''A History of the Great War'' (1922)

''A Book of Escapes and Hurried Journeys'' (1922)

''The Last Secrets'' (1923)

''A History of English Literature'' (1923)

''Days to Remember'' (1923)

''Some Notes on Sir Walter Scott'' (1924)

''Lord Minto, a Memoir'' (1924)

''The History of the Royal Scots Fusiliers 1678-1918'' (1925)

''The Man and the Book: Sir Walter Scott'' (1925)

''Two Ordeals of Democracy'' (1925)

''Homilies and Recreations'' (1926)

''The Kirk in Scotland'' (with George Adam Smith) (1930)

''Montrose and Leadership'' (1930)

''Lord Rosebery, 1847-1929'' (1930)

''The Novel and the Fairy Tale'' (1931)

''Julius Caesar'' (1932)

''Andrew Lang and the Borders'' (1932)

''The Massacre of Glencoe'' (1933)

''The Margins of Life'' (1933)

''Gordon at Khartoum'' (1934)

''Oliver Cromwell'' (1934)

''The King's Grace'' (1935)

''Augustus'' (1937)

''The Interpreter's House'' (1938)

''Presbyterianism Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow'' (1938)

''Memory Hold-the-Door'' (US title: ''Pilgrim's Way'') (1940)

''Comments and Characters'' (1940)

''Canadian Occasions'' (1940)

See also

List of Scottish novelists

List of European mystery writers

Notes

References

Further reading

Daniell, David, ''The Interpreter's House: A Critical Assessment of John Buchan'' (Nelson, 1975) ISBN 0-17-146051-0

Lownie, Andrew, ''John Buchan: The Presbyterian Cavalier'' (David R. Godine Publisher, 2003) ISBN 1-56792-236-8

Macdonald, Kate, ''John Buchan: A Companion to the Mystery Fiction'' (McFarland & Company, 2009) ISBN 978-0-7864-3489-3

Macdonald, Kate (ed.), ''Reassessing John Buchan: Beyond 'The Thirty-Nine Steps''' (Pickering & Chatto, 2009) ISBN 978-1-85196-998-2

Smith, Janet Adam, ''John Buchan: A Biography'' (1965) (Oxford University Press, reissue 1985) ISBN 0-19-281866-X

Waddell, Nathan, ''Modern John Buchan: A Critical Introduction'' (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009) ISBN 978-1-4438-1370-9

External links

Website of the Governor General of Canada entry for John Buchan

The Canadian Encyclopedia entry for John Buchan

The John Buchan Society

John Buchan Radio Plays

John Buchan Museum

Buchanalia

Project Gutenberg Australia entry for the works of John Buchan

"Man on the Run" Thrillers: A Checklist by David L. Vineyard.

1940}} {{s-bef | before =J. M. Barrie}} {{s-ttl | title = Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh | years = 1937–1940}} {{s-aft | after = The Marquess of Linlithgow}}

Tweedsmuir, John Buchan, 1st Baron Category:Unionist Party (Scotland) MPs Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for Scottish constituencies Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for university constituencies Category:Chancellors of the University of Edinburgh Category:Scottish historical novelists Category:Scottish biographers Category:Scottish novelists Category:Scottish Presbyterians Category:Scottish soldiers Category:Scottish thriller writers Category:British Army personnel of World War I Category:Intelligence Corps officers Category:Presidents of the Oxford Union Category:Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford Category:People from Kirkcaldy Category:People from Perth, Scotland Category:People of the Edwardian era Category:Elders of the Church of Scotland Category:Lords High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland Tweedsmuir, John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir, John Buchan, 1st Baron Category:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order Category:Alumni of the University of Glasgow Category:1875 births Category:1940 deaths Category:UK MPs 1924–1929 Category:UK MPs 1929–1931 Category:UK MPs 1931–1935 Category:People associated with the Scottish Borders Category:Recipients of the Silver Wolf Award Category:People educated at Hutchesons' Grammar School

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