Brazilian cruzeiro
cruzeiro (Portuguese)
Central bank	Central Bank of Brazil
Website	www.bc.gov.br
User(s)	Brazil
Subunit
1/100	centavo
Plural	cruzeiros
Printer	Casa da Moeda do Brasil
Website	www.casadamoeda.com.br
Mint	Casa da Moeda do Brasil
Website	www.casadamoeda.com.br

The Cruzeiro (Portuguese pronunciation: [kɾuˈzejɾu]) was the currency of Brazil from 1942 to 1986 (two distinct currencies) and again between 1990 and 1993. The name refers to the constellation of the Southern Cross, known in Brazil as Cruzeiro do Sul, or simply Cruzeiro.^[1] Visible just in South Hemisphere, the Southern Cross is the main astronomical reference to identify the South and is a common cultural icon in Brazilian history.^[2]

The first cruzeiro circulated between 1942 and 1967 and had the symbol Cr or ₢ (in Unicode U+20A2 ₢ cruzeiro sign (HTML: ₢)) and the ISO 4217 code BRZ. The ₢ sign was the only proper monetary symbol already created to Brazilian currencies. All the other used combinations of uppercase letters and the Dollar sign, including the current Brazilian Real, which uses R$ as sign.

Due to economical crisis and severe inflation, a second cruzeiro was released in 1967 and circulated up to 1986. Firstly it had the symbol NCr and was named 'Cruzeiro novo' (New Cruzeiro in Portuguese), circulating until 1970. Then, was renamed to Cruzeiro again and its sign changed to Cr$ (1970–1986), with the ISO 4217 code BRB. Although the name was restored, the ₢ sign was droped due to the lack of practical support (rare typewritters did offer it, which was also difficult to find in metal types).

Again after severe economical crisis and repeated currency changes, a third cruzeiro was created in 1990. It reissued the symbol Cr$ and had the ISO 4217 code BRE. All three cruzeiros were subdivided into 100 centavos.

Nowadays, ₢ sign is available in standard Brazilian keyboard layout (ABNT2 keyboard) through the combination AltGr + C. But the sign is not used and most people do not even know about it.

First Cruzeiro (Cruzeiro "antigo"), 1942-1967[link]

The first cruzeiro was issued from 1942 to 1967. It had the ISO 4217 code BRZ. It replaced the real at a rate of 1000 réis = 1 cruzeiro and was replaced in 1967 by the cruzeiro novo at a rate of 1000 cruzeiros = 1 cruzeiro novo.

Coins[link]

In 1942, coins were introduced in denominations of 10, 20 and 50 centavos, and 1, 2 and 5 cruzeiros. The centavos were initially struck in cupro-nickel, switching to aluminium-bronze in 1943, whilst the cruzeiros were struck in aluminium-bronze from the start. The 5 cruzeiros was not struck after 1943. Aluminium replaced aluminium-bronze in 1956 and 1957 in all the coins. Coinage stopped production in 1961, restarting in 1965 with aluminium 10 and 20 cruzeiros, and cupro-nickel 50 cruzeiros. In 1964, the "centavo" coins were withdrawn, and the other coins were withdrawn between 1967 and 1968.

Banknotes[link]

The first banknotes were overprints on earlier mil réis notes, with denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 cruzeiros. Regular issues of banknotes began in 1943 with the addition of 1000 cruzeiro notes. 1 and 2 cruzeiro notes were introduced in 1944, followed by 5000 cruzeiros in 1963 and 10,000 cruzeiros in 1966. The 1 and 2 cruzeiros were not produced after 1958.

Second Cruzeiro (Cruzeiro Novo), 1967-1986[link]

In 1967, Brazil introduced the cruzeiro novo (the word "novo", "new" in Portuguese, only appearing on the provisional issue of banknotes), with 1 cruzeiro novo equal to 1000 "old" cruzeiros. It had the ISO 4217 code BRB. In 1986, the country switched to the cruzado, worth 1000 cruzeiros (novos).

Coins[link]

Coins were introduced in 1967 in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 centavos, followed by 1 cruzeiro in 1970. The 1, 2 and 5 centavos were struck in stainless steel, with the higher denominations struck in cupro-nickel or nickel, replaced by stainless steel in 1974 and 1975 except in the 1 cruzeiro. Between 1979 and 1981, stainless-steel 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cruzeiros were introduced, followed by smaller, stainless-steel 100, 200 and 500 cruzeiros in 1985.

Banknotes[link]

In 1967, provisional issues were made consisting of "old" cruzeiro notes which were overstamped with the values 1, 5, 10 and 50 centavos, and 1, 5 and 10 cruzeiros novos. These notes were withdrawn between 1972 and 1975. In 1970, regular issues of notes were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 cruzeiros. 500 cruzeiro notes were introduced in 1972, followed by 1000 cruzeiros in 1978. In 1981, a new serie of banknotes was issued in values of 100, 200, 500, 1000 and 5000 cruzeiros. Banknotes up to 50 cruzeiros of the previous series were replaced by coins by 1984 and 10,000 and 50,000 cruzeiro banknotes were introduced, followed by 100,000 cruzeiros in 1985, by which time notes up to 500 cruzeiros had been replaced by coins.

Third Cruzeiro, 1990-1993[link]

In 1990, Brazil switched back to using the name cruzeiro for its currency. The cruzeiro replaced the cruzado novo at par. It had the ISO 4217 code BRE. This third cruzeiro was used until 1993, when it was replaced by the cruzeiro real at a rate of 1 cruzeiro real = 1000 cruzeiros.

Coins[link]

The 1, 5, 10 and 50 centavo coins issued in 1989 for use with the previous currency continued in use after the introduction of the cruzeiro. In 1990, stainless-steel 1, 5, 10 and 50 cruzeiro coins were introduced, followed by smaller 100, 500, 1000 and 5000 cruzeiros in 1992.

Banknotes[link]

The first banknotes were overprints on cruzado novo notes, in denominations of 50, 100, 200 and 500 cruzeiros. In 1990, regular notes in values of 100, 200, 500, 1000 and 5000 cruzeiros were introduced, followed by 10,000 and 50,000 cruzeiros in 1991, 100,000 cruzeiros in 1992 and 500,000 cruzeiros in 1993. In 1992, the 50 and 100 cruzeiro banknotes were withdrawn and the higher denominations were withdrawn in 1994.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Brazilian Central Bank page on the Cruzeiro - authoritative source
• Article on Brazilian currency from the New Yorker
• Paper money of Brazil (Russian leng.)

v t e Historical currencies of Brazil Real (Réis) Rs [—] 1790–1942 Cruzeiro Cr / ₢ [BRZ] 1942–1967 Cruzeiro (novo) NCr / Cr$ [BRB] 1967–1986 Cruzado Cz$ [BRC] 1986–1989 Cruzado novo NCz$ [BRN] 1989–1990 Cruzeiro Cr$ [BRE] 1990–1993 Cruzeiro real CR$ [BRR] 1993–1994 Real R$ [BRL] 1994–present

v t e Currency signs (¤) Circulating ฿ B/. Br ₵ ¢ C$ ₡ ден. ₫ ֏ € ƒ Ft G ₲ ₴ Kč ₭ L L / E £ / ₤ лв. ₦ ₱ P Q R ﷼ ៛ RM Rp RSD/РСД ₹ ₨ S/. ৳ R$ $ ₪ ₸ ₮ VT ₩ ¥ zł Historic ₳ ₢ ₰ DM ₯ ₠ ₣ I/. Kčs Lm ℳ ₥ ₧ ℛℳ Sk ₷

Patricia Moreno
Country represented	Spain
Born	(1988-01-07) January 7, 1988 (age 24)
Discipline	Women's artistic gymnastics
Medal record Olympic Games Bronze 2004 Athens Floor exercise

Patricia Moreno (born January 7, 1988 in Madrid) is a Spanish artistic gymnast. Moreno began gymnastics in 1995 and admires Romanian Simona Amânar. She took Spanish Women's Artistic Gymnastics first ever Olympic medal in the 2004 Olympics in Athens, where she was third on floor with score of 9.487. During the Olympics, Moreno also debuted a 3 and a 1/2 twist on floor, a move which is now named after her. Moreno has also performed a quadruple twist.

Moreno missed the majority of the 2005 season with an injury sustained at the 2005 European Championships, but has continued to compete in 2006. She appeared at the European Championships and the World Championships. She was an alternate for the floor finals at the World Championships, but has struggled to regain her Olympic form since the injury. She has however placed second and fourth at two World Cup events in 2006. Moreno competed at the European Championships in 2007, where she qualified to the Floor Final and the All Around. She was selected for the Spanish team to competed at the 2007 World Championships. However, Moreno injured herself on the balance beam in qualifications and was unable to continue the competition.

External links[link]

• Patricia Moreno at Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique

This biographical article related to artistic gymnastics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This article about a Spanish Olympic medalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e