Charles Ogier de Batz de Castelmore, Comte d'Artagnan () (c. 1611 – 25 June 1673) served Louis XIV as captain of the Musketeers of the Guard and died at the Siege of Maastricht in the Franco-Dutch War. A fictionalized account of his life by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras formed the basis for the d'Artagnan Romances of Alexandre Dumas, most famously including ''The Three Musketeers''. The heavily fictionalized version of d'Artagnan featured in Dumas' works and their subsequent screen adaptations is now far more widely known than the real historical figure.

Early life

D'Artagnan was born in Lupiac. His father, Bertrand de Batz (de Baatz), was the son of a newly ennobled merchant, Arnaud de Batz, who purchased the castle of Castelmore. Charles de Batz went to Paris in the 1630s, using the name of his mother, daughter of an illustrious family, Françoise de Montesquiou d'Artagnan. D'Artagnan found a way to enter into the Musketeers in 1632, perhaps thanks to the influence of his family's friend, Monsieur de Tréville (Jean-Armand du Peyrer, Comte de Troisville). While in the Musketeers, d'Artagnan sought the protection of the influential Cardinal Mazarin, France's principal minister since 1643. In 1646, the Musketeers company was dissolved, but d'Artagnan continued to serve his protector Mazarin.

Career

D'Artagnan had a career in espionage for Cardinal Mazarin, in the years after the first Fronde. Due to d'Artagnan's faithful service during this period, Louis XIV entrusted him with many secret and delicate situations that required complete discretion. He followed Mazarin during his exile in 1651 in the face of the hostility of the aristocracy. In 1652 d'Artagnan was promoted to lieutenant in the Gardes Françaises, then to captain in 1655. In 1658, he became a second lieutenant in the newly reformed Musketeers. This was a promotion, as the Musketeers were far more prestigious than the Gardes-Françaises.

D'Artagnan was famous for his connection with the arrest of Nicolas Fouquet. Fouquet was Louis XIV's finance commissioner and aspired to take the place of Mazarin as the King's advisor. Fouquet was also a lover of grand architecture and employed the greatest architects and artisans in the building of his Chateau Vaux-le-Vicomte. He celebrated the completion with a most extravagant feast, at which every guest was given a horse. The king however felt upstaged by the grandeur of the home and event and, suspecting that such magnificence could only be explained through Fouquet's pilfering the royal treasury, immediately had d'Artagnan arrest Fouquet. To prevent his escape by bribery, D'Artagnan was assigned to guard him for four years until Fouquet was sentenced to life imprisonment.

In 1667, d'Artagnan was promoted to captain-lieutenant of the Musketeers, the effective commander as the nominal captain was the King. As befitted his rank and position, he could be identified by his striking burgundy, white and black livery—the colours of the commanding officer of the Musketeers. Another of d'Artagnan's assignments was the governorship of Lille, which was won in battle by France in 1667. D'Artagnan was an unpopular governor and longed to return to battle. He found his chance when Louis XIV went to war with the Dutch Republic in the Franco-Dutch War. After being recalled to service, d'Artagnan was subsequently killed in battle on June 25, 1673, when a musket ball tore into his throat at the Siege of Maastricht. The French historian Odile Bordaz believes that he was buried in Saint Peter and Paul Church in Wolder, Netherlands.

Portrayals in fiction

The real d'Artagnan's life was used as the basis for Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras' novel ''Les mémoires de M. d'Artagnan''. Alexandre Dumas in turn used de Sandras' novel as the main source for his d'Artagnan Romances (''The Three Musketeers'', ''Twenty Years After'', and ''The Vicomte de Bragelonne''), which cover d'Artagnan's career from his humble life's beginnings in Gascony to his death at Maastricht. Although Dumas knew that de Sandras' version was heavily fictionalised, in the preface to ''The Three Musketeers'' he affected to believe that the memoirs were real, in order to make his novel more believable.

D'Artagnan is initially portrayed by Dumas as a hotheaded youth, and tries to engage the Comte de Rochefort and the three musketeers, Athos, Porthos, and Aramis in single combat. He quickly becomes friends with the musketeers, and has a series of adventures which put him at odds with Cardinal Richelieu, then First Minister of France. In the end, Richelieu is impressed by d'Artagnan, and makes him a Lieutenant of the Musketeers. This begins his long career of military service, as detailed in the sequels to Dumas' famous novel.

D'Artagnan's role among the Musketeers is one of leadership (his skills and brains impress the musketeers greatly), but he is also regarded as a sort of protégé given his youth and inexperience. The musketeers (especially Athos) see him not only as a best friend and fellow musketeer (despite his initial job as a guard) but as a son. They are very protective of him, though they usually let him take care of himself like the others.

Another Comte d'Artagnan, Pierre de Montesquiou, contributed the idea that Dumas' d'Artagnan should become a Marshal of France.

In other works

French poet Edmond Rostand wrote the play ''Cyrano de Bergerac'' in 1897. After one of the play's famous scenes, in which Cyrano defeats Valvert in a duel while completing a poem, d'Artagnan approaches Cyrano and congratulates him on his fine swordsmanship.

In Neal Stephenson's ''Quicksilver'' a story of d'Artagnan's death is related by one of the characters, Half-Cocked Jack.

Film and television

Actors who have played d'Artagnan on screen include:

Aimé Simon-Girard, in ''Les Trois Mousquetaires'' (1921)

Douglas Fairbanks, in ''The Three Musketeers'' (1921), and ''The Iron Mask'' (1929)

Walter Abel, in ''The Three Musketeers'' (1935)

Don Ameche, in ''The Three Musketeers'' (1939)

Warren William, in ''The Man in the Iron Mask'' (1939)

Gene Kelly, in ''The Three Musketeers'' (1948)

Laurence Payne, in ''The Three Musketeers'' (TV serial) (1954)

Maximilian Schell, in ''The Three Musketeers'' (TV movie) (1960)

Jean Marais, in ''Le Masque de fer'' (French film of The Man in the Iron Mask) (1962)

Gerard Barrais, in ''Les Trois Mousquetaires'' (French) (1963)

Jeremy Brett, in ''The Three Musketeers'' (TV serial) (1966)

Kenneth Welsh, in ''The Three Musketeers'' (Canadian TV movie) (1969)

Sancho Gracia, ''Los Tres Mosqueteros'' (TV series) (1971)

Michael York, in ''The Three Musketeers'' (1973), ''The Four Musketeers'' (1974), ''The Return of the Musketeers'' (1989), and ''La Femme Musketeer'' (TV miniseries) (2003)

Mikhail Boyarsky, in ''d'Artagnan and Three Musketeers'' (1978) and its sequels (1992, 1993, 2009)

Louis Jourdan, in ''The Man in the Iron Mask'' (TV movie) (1977)

Cornel Wilde, in ''The Fifth Musketeer'' (1979)

Nikolai Karachentsov, in ''Dog in Boots'' (1981)

Chris O'Donnell, in ''The Three Musketeers'' (1993)

Philippe Noiret, in ''La fille de d'Artagnan'' (''The Daughter of D'Artagnan'' aka ''Revenge of the Musketeers'') (1994)

Dennis Hayden, in an early 1998 film of ''The Man in the Iron Mask''

Gabriel Byrne, in ''The Man in the Iron Mask'' (1998)

Justin Chambers, in ''The Musketeer'' (2001)

Hugh Dancy, in ''Young Blades'' (unaired TV series pilot) (2001)

Charles Shaughnessy, in ''Young Blades'' (TV series) (2005)

Logan Lerman, in ''The Three Musketeers'' (2011)

Note: Wilde, in addition to his role listed above, played the same-named son of d'Artagnan as the main hero in 1952's ''At Sword's Point''; Tobias Mehler was similarly cast in the ''Young Blades'' series, while the indicated performance there by Shaughnessy was a single guest appearance as his famous father.

References

External links

D'Artagnan's death at the 1673 siege of Maastricht, an article by Dr Hennie Reuvers in Crossroads web magazine

Category:1610s births Category:1673 deaths Category:Gascons Category:People from Gers

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Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
Birthname	Logan Wade Lerman
Birth date	January 19, 1992
Birth place	Beverly Hills, California, US
Occupation	Actor, musician
Yearsactive	2000–present }}

Logan Wade Lerman (born January 19, 1992) is an American actor, best known for playing the title character in the 2010 fantasy-adventure ''Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief''. Lerman began appearing in commercials in the mid 1990s, moving to work in feature films and television in the early 2000s, when he starred in the series ''Jack & Bobby'' (2004–2005) and the movies ''The Butterfly Effect'' (2004) and ''Hoot'' (2006). He gained further recognition for his roles in the western ''3:10 to Yuma'', the thriller ''The Number 23'', the comedy ''Meet Bill'', as well as for his work in the 2009 films ''Gamer'' and ''My One and Only''. Lerman will play d'Artagnan in a 2011 cinematic version of ''The Three Musketeers'', and will star in an adaptation of the novel ''The Perks of Being a Wallflower''.

Background

Lerman was born in Beverly Hills, California. His mother, Lisa (née Goldman), works as his manager, and his father, Larry Lerman, is a businessman. He has two siblings, Lindsey and Lucas, and graduated from Beverly Hills High. Lerman is Jewish and grew up in a "stable family background". Most of his relatives work in the medical profession. His family owns and operates the orthotics and prosthetics company ''Lerman & Son'', which is managed by his paternal grandparents, Mina (Schwartz) and Max Lerman, and had been founded by his great-grandfather, Jacob Lerman, in 1915. His maternal grandmother's father was president of the B'nai B'rith lodge in Los Feliz, California.

Lerman is a self-described "film geek", having stated that he is "shaped by movies". He has expressed an interest in being involved in "everything that goes into making a film", including wanting to write, produce, and direct; in 2010, he applied to study creative writing at New York University, but has postponed his attendance. His favorite directors include Wes Anderson, Stanley Kubrick, David Fincher and Peter Bogdanovich, and he has cited ''American Beauty'', ''Defending Your Life'', and ''Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind'' as being among his favorite films.

Acting career

Lerman has stated that he had a passion for movies from a young age. He appeared in commercials in the 1990s, and subsequently made his film debut in 2000's ''The Patriot'', playing William Martin, one of the children of Mel Gibson's character. The same year, he co-starred with Gibson again in ''What Women Want'', playing Gibson's character as a child. Lerman's next feature film roles were in 2001's ''Riding in Cars with Boys'' and the 2004 thriller ''The Butterfly Effect'', portraying younger versions of characters played by Adam Garcia (in the former film) and Ashton Kutcher (in the latter).

Lerman's role in the 2003 made-for-television film ''A Painted House'' won him a Young Artist Award for Best Performance by a Leading Young Actor in a television production. In 2004, he was cast in the television series, ''Jack & Bobby'', playing the title role of Robert "Bobby" McCallister, who was destined to become President of the United States. The show ran on The WB Television Network during the 2004–2005 season, and was subsequently canceled, though Lerman won another Young Artist Award for his performance.

Continuing his film work, Lerman played the lead role of Roy Eberhardt in the children's adventure ''Hoot''. The film opened on May 5, 2006, and won him a third Young Artist Award, this time for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actor (2007). In 2007, Lerman appeared in ''The Number 23'', in which he played Robin Sparrow, the son of Jim Carrey's character, Walter Sparrow. That year, he also appeared in the critically acclaimed western ''3:10 to Yuma'', where he played William Evans, the son of Christian Bale's character; Lerman received positive reviews for his role, and was again nominated for the Young Artist Award – Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actor (2008). It was the second consecutive year he received a nomination in that category, although this time he did not win.

In 2008, Lerman co-starred in ''Meet Bill'' as The Kid (his character is never referred to by name), and in 2009, he appeared in the science fiction film ''Gamer'' as Simon, a teenage gamer who controls one of the characters in a video game played with live human subjects. Also that year, Lerman had a leading role in the Renée Zellweger comedy feature ''My One and Only'', playing a teenage version of George Hamilton – an aspiring writer who, after his parents abruptly split, accompanies his mother and brother on a cross-country trip, eventually arriving in Hollywood.

Lerman played Percy Jackson in the 2010 film ''Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief'', based on the book by Rick Riordan. He was not familiar with the book series when he received the script for the film. Regarding the similarities between Lerman's character and Harry Potter, Lerman told an interviewer: "Honestly, my character doesn't have much in common with Harry Potter besides the fact that he's an unlikely hero who's thrown into a huge situation". Lerman is signed to appear in two more ''Percy Jackson'' films, and has stated that he would like to star in adaptations of all five books in the series. Also in 2010, Lerman appeared in "Change the Odds", a public service announcement video for the Stand Up to Cancer charity; the video also featured Dakota Fanning, Zac Efron, Andrew Garfield, and other actors.

Lerman is represented by the Creative Artists Agency. He will play d'Artagnan in director Paul W. S. Anderson's 3D film version of ''The Three Musketeers'', which was filmed from August 2010 to November 2010, and is scheduled for release on October 21, 2011. Lerman was cast in the role without having to audition, and wore hair extensions to portray his character. He will also star in a film adaptation of Stephen Chbosky's novel ''The Perks of Being a Wallflower'', playing the lead role, Charlie; filming began in May 2011.

Lerman has signed on to star in ''The Only Living Boy in New York'', an independent film written by Allan Loeb and to be directed by Seth Gordon; the story is a coming-of-age drama in which Lerman's character's father has an affair. Filming is scheduled to begin in fall 2011.

Other work

Lerman is a friend of actor Dean Collins, who played his best friend on ''Jack & Bobby''; they remained close after the series' cancellation, and worked together again on ''Hoot'', where Collins had a supporting role. In their spare time, the two collaborated on comedic short films. As well as acting, they wrote, directed, and shot the videos, often enlisting the help of family and friends. The shorts were uploaded to YouTube under the joint account name of "monkeynuts1069".

In 2006, Collins and Lerman formed a band, Indigo, along with musician Daniel Pashman; Collins sings lead vocals, Lerman plays keyboard and guitar, and Pashman plays the drums. Lerman also plays the piano.

Filmography

Year	Title	Role	Notes
2000	''What Women Want''	Young Nick Marshall
2000		William Martin
2001	''Riding in Cars with Boys''	Jason (age 8)
2003	''A Painted House''	Luke Chandler	TV movie
2003	''10-8: Officers on Duty''	Bobby Justo	TV series (Episode: "Badlands")
2003	''The Flannerys''		TV movie
2004	''The Butterfly Effect''	Evan Treborn (age 7)
2004–2005	''Jack & Bobby''	Bobby McCallister	TV series (22 episodes)
2006		Roy Eberhardt
2007	''The Number 23''	Robin Sparrow
2007		William Evans
2008	''Meet Bill''	The Kid
2009		Simon Silverton
2009		George Deveraux (age 15)
2010	''Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief''	Percy Jackson
2011		D'Artagnan	Post-production
2012		Charlie	Post-production

Awards

width="70"	Year	Award	Category	Work	Outcome
	2001	rowspan="5"	Young Artist Award	Best Ensemble in a Feature Film
	2004	Best Performance in a TV Movie, Miniseries or Special – Leading Young Actor	''A Painted House''
2005	Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) – Leading Young Actor	''Jack & Bobby''
2007	Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actor
	Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actor
Screen Actors Guild Award	Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
		Best Breakthrough Performance	''Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief''
Best Fight (with Jake Abel)	''Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief''
	Male Breakout	''Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief''
Best Fight (with Jake Abel)	''Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief''
		Best Performance by a Younger Actor	''Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief''

References

External links

Category:1992 births Category:Actors from California Category:American child actors Category:American film actors Category:American Jews Category:American television actors Category:Jewish actors Category:Living people Category:People from Beverly Hills, California

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The Three Stooges were an American vaudeville and comedy act of the early to mid–20th century best known for their numerous short subject films. Their hallmark was physical farce and extreme slapstick. In films, the Stooges were commonly known by their first names: "Moe, Larry, and Curly" and "Moe, Larry, and Shemp," among other lineups. They first started as "Ted Healy and his Stooges" which contained Moe, Larry and Shemp. "The Three Stooges" film trio was originally composed of Moe Howard, brother Curly Howard and Larry Fine. Shemp Howard replaced brother Curly, when Curly suffered a debilitating stroke in May 1946.

After Shemp's death from a heart attack in November 1955, he was replaced by comedian Joe Besser, after the use of film actor Joe Palma to film four Shemp-era shorts. Ultimately, Joe DeRita (nicknamed "Curly Joe") replaced Joe Besser by 1958. The act regained momentum throughout the 1960s as popular kiddie fare until Larry Fine's paralyzing stroke in January 1970 effectively marked the end of the act proper. Moe tried unsuccessfully one final time to revive the Stooges with longtime supporting actor Emil Sitka filling in for Larry. Larry ultimately succumbed to a series of additional strokes in January 1975, followed by Moe, who died of lung cancer in May 1975.

History

Ted Healy and his stooges

The Three Stooges started in 1925 as part of a raucous vaudeville act called 'Ted Healy and His Stooges' (a.k.a. 'Ted Healy and His Southern Gentlemen', 'Ted Healy and His Three Lost Souls' and 'Ted Healy and His Racketeers'—the moniker 'Three Stooges' was never used during their tenure with Healy). In the act, lead comedian Healy would attempt to sing or tell jokes while his noisy assistants would keep "interrupting" him. Healy would respond by verbally and physically abusing his stooges. Brothers Moe and Shemp were joined later that year by violinist-comedian Larry Fine, and Fred Sanborn joined the group as well.

In 1930, Ted Healy and His Stooges (including Sanborn) appeared in their first Hollywood feature film, ''Soup to Nuts'', released by Fox Film Corporation. The film was not a critical success, but the Stooges' performances were singled out as memorable, leading Fox to offer the trio a contract minus Healy. This enraged the prickly Healy, who told studio executives that the Stooges were his employees. The offer was withdrawn, and after Howard, Fine and Howard learned of the reason, they left Healy to form their own act, which quickly took off with a tour of the theatre circuit. Healy attempted to stop the new act with legal action, claiming they were using his copyrighted material. There are accounts of Healy threatening to bomb theaters if Howard, Fine and Howard ever performed there, which worried Shemp so much that he almost left the act; reportedly, only a pay raise kept him on board. Healy tried to save his act by hiring replacement stooges, but they were inexperienced and not as well-received as their predecessors. In 1932, with Moe now acting as business manager, Healy reached a new agreement with his former Stooges, and they were booked in a production of Jacob J. Shubert's ''The Passing Show of 1932''. During rehearsals, Healy received a more lucrative offer and found a loophole in his contract allowing him to leave the production. Shemp, fed up with Healy's abrasiveness, decided to quit the act and found work almost immediately, in Vitaphone movie comedies produced in Brooklyn, New York.

With Shemp gone, Healy and the two remaining stooges (Moe and Larry) needed a replacement, so Moe suggested his younger brother Jerry Howard. Healy reportedly took one look at Jerry, who had long chestnut red locks and a handlebar mustache, and remarked that he did not look like he was funny. Jerry left the room and returned a few moments later with his head shaved (though his mustache remained for a time), and then quipped "Boy, do I look girly." Healy heard "Curly," and the name stuck. (There are varying accounts as to how the Curly character actually came about.)

In 1933, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) signed Healy and his Stooges to a movie contract. They appeared in feature films and short subjects, either together, individually, or with various combinations of actors. The trio was featured in a series of musical comedy shorts, beginning with ''Nertsery Rhymes''. The short was one of a few shorts to be made with an early two-strip Technicolor process, including one featuring Curly without Healy or the other Stooges, ''Roast Beef and Movies'' (1934). The shorts themselves were built around recycled film footage of production numbers cut from MGM musicals, such as ''Children of Pleasure'', ''Lord Byron of Broadway'', and the unfinished ''March of Time'' (all 1930), which had been filmed in early Technicolor. Soon, additional shorts followed (sans the experimental Technicolor), including ''Beer and Pretzels'' (1933), ''Plane Nuts'' (1933), and ''The Big Idea'' (1934).

Healy and company also appeared in several MGM feature films as comic relief, such as ''Turn Back the Clock'' (1933), ''Meet the Baron'' (1933), ''Dancing Lady'' (1933), ''Fugitive Lovers'' (1934), and ''Hollywood Party'' (1934). Healy and the Stooges also appeared together in ''Myrt and Marge'' for Universal Pictures.

In 1934, the team's contract with MGM expired, and the Stooges parted professional company with Healy. According to Moe Howard's autobiography, the Stooges split with Ted Healy in 1934 once and for all because of Healy's alcoholism and abrasiveness. Their final film with Healy was MGM’s 1934 film, ''Hollywood Party''. Both Healy and the Stooges went on to separate successes, with Healy dying under mysterious circumstances in 1937.

The Columbia years: Moe, Larry and Curly

In 1934, the trio – now officially christened "The Three Stooges" – signed on to appear in two-reel comedy short subjects for Columbia Pictures. In Moe's autobiography, he said they each got $600 per week on a one-year contract with a renewable option; in the Ted Okuda–Edward Watz book ''The Columbia Comedy Shorts'', the Stooges are said to have received $1,000 between them for their first Columbia effort, ''Woman Haters'', and then signed a term contract for $7,500 per film, to be divided among the trio.

Within their first year at Columbia, the Stooges became wildly popular. Realizing this, Columbia Pictures president Harry Cohn used the Stooges as leverage, as the demand for their films was so great that Columbia eventually refused to supply exhibitors with the trio's shorts unless they also agreed to book some of the studio's mediocre B movies. Cohn also saw to it that the Stooges remain ignorant of their popularity. During their 23 years spent at Columbia, the Stooges were never completely aware of their amazing drawing power at the box office. As their contracts with the studio included an open option that had to be renewed every year, Cohn would tell the boys that the short subjects were in decline, which was not a complete fabrication (Cohn's yearly mantra was "the market for comedy shorts is dying out, fellahs.") Thinking their days were numbered, the Stooges would sweat it out each and every year, with Cohn signing the trio up for another year at the last minute. This cruel deception kept the insecure Stooges unaware of their true value, resulting in them having second thoughts about asking for a better contract without a yearly option. Cohn's scare tactics worked for all 23 years the Stooges were at Columbia; the team never once asked for—nor were they ever given—a salary increase. It was not until after they stopped making the shorts in December 1957 did Moe learn of the game Cohn was playing, what a valuable commodity the Stooges had been for the ailing studio, and how many millions more the act could have earned.

The Stooges were required to churn out up to eight short films per year within a 40-week period; for the remaining 12 or so weeks, they were free to pursue other employment. Usually, the Stooges would either spend this time with their families or tour the country promoting their live act. The Stooges appeared in 190 film shorts and five features while at Columbia. Del Lord directed more than three dozen Stooge films; Jules White directed dozens more, and his brother Jack White directed several under the pseudonym "Preston Black".

According to a published report, Moe, Larry, and director Jules White considered their best film to be ''You Nazty Spy!''. This 18-minute short subject starred Moe as "Moe Hailstone", an Adolf Hitler-like character, and satirized the Nazis in a period when America was still neutral and resolutely isolationist. Curly played a Hermann Goering character, replete with medals, and Larry a Ribbentrop-type ambassador. ''You Nazty Spy!'' was the first Hollywood film to spoof Hitler, as it was released in January, 1940, nine months before Charlie Chaplin's ''The Great Dictator''. Reportedly this film caused the Stooges to be placed on Hitler's so-called "death list" because of its anti-Nazi stance. Chaplin, along with Jack Benny, would also be on this list due to their later anti-Nazi films. The Stooges made occasional guest appearances in feature films, though generally they stuck to short subjects. Columbia offered theater owners an entire program of two-reel comedies (15 to 25 titles annually) featuring such stars as Buster Keaton, Andy Clyde, Charley Chase, and Hugh Herbert, but the Three Stooges shorts were the most popular of all.

Curly was easily the most popular member of the team. His childlike mannerisms and natural comedic charm (he had no previous acting experience) made him a hit with audiences. The fact that Curly had to shave his head for the act led him to feel unappealing to women. To mask his insecurities, Curly ate and drank excessively and caroused whenever the Stooges made personal appearances, which was approximately seven months out of the year. His weight ballooned in the 1940s, and his blood pressure was dangerously high. His wild lifestyle and constant drinking eventually caught up with him in 1945, and his performances suffered. In his last dozen shorts (ranging from 1945's ''If a Body Meets a Body'' through 1947's ''Half-Wits Holiday''), he was seriously ill, struggling to get through even the most basic scenes.

It was during the final day of filming ''Half-Wits Holiday'' on May 6, 1946 that Curly suffered a debilitating stroke on the set, ending his 14-year career. Curly's health necessitated a temporary retirement from the act, and while the Stooges hoped for a full recovery, Curly never starred in a film again, except for one brief cameo appearance in the third film after Shemp returned to the trio, ''Hold That Lion!'' It was the only film that contained all ''four'' of the original Stooges (the three Howard brothers and Larry) on screen simultaneously; Jules White recalled Curly visiting the set one day, and White had him do this bit for fun. (Curly's cameo appearance was recycled in the 1953 remake ''Booty and the Beast''.) In 1949, Curly was supposed to play a cameo role in the Stooge comedy ''Malice in the Palace'', but he was physically unable to perform. His chef role was played by Larry.

Shemp returns

Moe Howard turned to his older brother Shemp Howard to take Curly's place. Shemp, however, was hesitant to rejoin the Stooges, as he had a successful solo career at the time of Curly's untimely illness. However, he realized that Moe and Larry's careers would be finished without the Stooge act. Shemp wanted some kind of assurance that his rejoining was indeed temporary, and that he could leave the Stooges once Curly recovered. Unfortunately, Curly remained gravely ill after 1950, dying of a cerebral hemorrhage caused by additional strokes on January 18, 1952.

Shemp appeared with the Stooges in 76 more shorts and a quickie Western comedy feature titled ''Gold Raiders''. Upon Shemp's return, the quality of the films picked up; the last few Curly efforts had been marred by his sluggish performances. Entries like ''Out West'', ''Squareheads of the Round Table'', and ''Punchy Cowpunchers'' proved that there was life after Curly, and that Shemp could easily hold his own. Though some say he lacked his younger brother's childlike charisma, Shemp was a gifted, professional comedian. More often than not, his astute gift of comedic timing buoys weak material. In fact, one the finest entries in the series, ''Brideless Groom'', was made during this period.

Another interesting plus from the Shemp era was that Larry was given more time on screen. Throughout most of the Curly era, Larry was relegated to a background role, only being called upon to break up a potential scuffle between Moe and Curly. By the time Shemp rejoined the Stooges, Larry was allotted equal footage, even becoming the focus of several films (''Fuelin' Around'', ''He Cooked His Goose'').

During this period, Moe, Larry, and Shemp made a pilot for a ''Three Stooges'' television show called ''Jerks of All Trades'' in 1949. The series was never picked up, although the pilot is currently in the public domain and is available on home video, as is an early television appearance from around the same time on a vaudeville-style comedy series, ''Camel Comedy Caravan'', originally broadcast live on CBS-TV on March 11, 1950 and starring Ed Wynn. Also available commercially is a kinescope of Moe, Larry, and Shemp's appearance on ''The Frank Sinatra Show'', broadcast live over CBS-TV on January 1, 1952. Frank Sinatra was reportedly a big fan of the Stooges and slapstick comedy in general. On this broadcast, the Stooges are joined by one of their longtime stock-company members, Vernon Dent, who plays "Mr. Mortimer", a party-goer who requests a drink. The Stooges oblige with disastrous results.

Columbia's short-subject division downsized in 1952. Producer Hugh McCollum was discharged and director Edward Bernds resigned out of loyalty to McCollum, leaving only Jules White to both produce and direct the Stooges' remaining Columbia comedies. Production was significantly faster, with the former four-day filming schedules now tightened to two or three days. In another cost-cutting measure, White would create a "new" Stooge short by borrowing footage from old ones, setting it in a slightly different storyline, and filming a few new scenes often with the same actors in the same costumes. White was initially very subtle when recycling older footage: he would reuse only a single sequence of old film, re-edited so cleverly that it was not easy to detect. The later shorts were cheaper and the recycling more obvious, with as much as 75% of the running time consisting of old footage. White came to rely so much on older material that he could film the "new" shorts in a single day.

Three years after Curly's death, Shemp Howard died of a sudden heart attack at age 60 on November 22, 1955. Archived footage of Shemp, combined with new footage of Joe Palma, were used to complete the last four films originally planned with Shemp: ''Rumpus in the Harem'', ''Hot Stuff'', ''Scheming Schemers'', and ''Commotion on the Ocean''.

Joe Besser replaces Shemp

Joe Besser replaced Shemp in 1956, appearing in 16 shorts. Besser, noting how one side of Larry Fine's face seemed "calloused", had a clause in his contract specifically prohibiting him from being hit too hard (though this restriction was later lifted). Besser was the only "third" Stooge that dared to hit Moe back in retaliation and get away with it; Larry Fine was also known to hit Moe on occasion, but always with serious repercussions. "I usually played the kind of character who would hit others back," Besser recalled.

With Besser on board, the Stooge films began to resemble sitcoms. Sitcoms, though, were now available for free. Television was the new popular medium, and by the time Besser joined the act, the Stooges were generally considered throwbacks to an obsolete era. In addition, Moe and Larry were growing older, and could not perform pratfalls and physical comedy as they once had. The inevitable occurred soon enough. Columbia was the last studio still producing shorts, and the market for such films had all but dried up. As a result, the studio opted not to renew the Stooges' contract when it expired in late December 1957. The final comedy produced was ''Flying Saucer Daffy'', filmed on December 19–20, 1957. Several days later, the Stooges were unceremoniously fired from Columbia Pictures after 24 years of making low-budget shorts. Joan Howard Maurer, daughter of Moe, wrote the following in 1982:

{{bquote|The boys' careers had suddenly come to an end. They were at Columbia one day and gone the next—no 'Thank yous,' no farewell party for their 24 years of dedication and service and the dollars their comedies had reaped for the studio.

Moe Howard recalled that a few weeks after their exit from Columbia, he drove to the studio to say goodbye to several studio executives when he was stopped by a guard at the gate (obviously, not a Stooges fan) and, since he did not have the current year's studio pass, was refused entry. For the moment, it was a crushing blow.}} Although the Stooges were no longer working for Columbia, the studio had enough completed films on the shelf to keep releasing new comedies for another 18 months, and not in the order they were produced. The final Stooge release, ''Sappy Bull Fighters'', did not reach theaters until June 4, 1959. With no active contract in place, Moe and Larry discussed plans for a personal appearance tour; meanwhile, Besser's wife had a minor heart attack, and he preferred to stay local, leading him to withdraw from the act. For the first time in nearly 30 years, the Stooges hit a dead end.

The comeback: Larry, Moe and Curly Joe

Seeing the success of how television, in its early years, allowed movie studios to unload a backlog of short films thought unmarketable, the Stooge films seemed perfect for the burgeoning genre. ABC television had even expressed interest as far back as 1949, purchasing exclusive rights to 30 of the trio's shorts. However, the success of television revivals for such names as Laurel and Hardy, Woody Woodpecker, Tom and Jerry and the ''Our Gang'' series in the late 1950s led Columbia to cash in again on the Stooges. In January 1958, Columbia's television subsidiary Screen Gems offered a package consisting of 78 Stooge shorts (mainly from the Curly era), which were well received. Almost immediately, an additional 40 shorts hit the market, and by 1959, all 190 Stooge shorts were airing regularly. Due to the massive quantity of Stooge product available for broadcast, the films were broadcast Monday through Friday, leading to heavy exposure aimed squarely at children. This led parents to watch alongside of their offspring, and before long, Howard and Fine found themselves in high demand. Moe quickly signed movie and burlesque comic Joe DeRita for the "third Stooge" role; DeRita adopted first a crew cut and then a completely shaven hairstyle and became "Curly Joe" because of his resemblance to the original Curly Howard (also to make it easier to distinguish him from Joe Besser, the earlier Stooge called Joe).

This Three Stooges lineup went on to make a series of popular full-length films from 1959 to 1965, most notably ''Have Rocket, Will Travel'', ''The Three Stooges Meet Hercules'' and ''The Three Stooges Go Around the World in a Daze''. The films were aimed at the kiddie-matinee market, and most were Farce outings in the Stooge tradition, with the exception of ''Snow White and the Three Stooges'', a children's fantasy in Technicolor. They also appeared as firemen (the role that helped make them famous in ''Soup to Nuts'') in the film ''It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World''. Throughout the 1960s, The Three Stooges were one of the most popular and highest-paid live acts in America. The trio also filmed 41 short comedy skits for ''The New Three Stooges'', which features a series of 156 animated cartoons produced for television. The Stooges appeared in live-action color footage, which preceded and followed each animated adventure in which they voiced their respective characters.

Final years

In 1969, the Three Stooges filmed a pilot episode for a new TV series entitled ''Kook's Tour'', a combination travelogue-sitcom that had the "retired" Stooges traveling around the world, with the episodes filmed on location.

On January 9, 1970, during production of the pilot, Larry suffered a paralyzing stroke, ending his acting career, as well as plans for the television series. thumb|150px|lefgt|A proposed incarnation of the Three Stooges. A promotional picture taken after Larry Fine's death in 1975 features a very ill Moe Howard (who died shortly thereafter) flanked by Curly Joe DeRita to the left and Emil Sitka to the right.Plans were in the works for longtime foil Emil Sitka to replace Larry as the "Middle Stooge" in 1971, but nothing ever came of that idea other than the proposed publicity still reproduced here. Three years later, just before Christmas of 1974, Larry Fine suffered yet another stroke at the age of 72 and four weeks later, suffered a more massive one. Slipping into a coma, he died a week later of a stroke-induced cerebral hemorrhage on January 24, 1975.

Devastated by his friend's death, Moe nevertheless decided that the Three Stooges should continue. Several movie ideas were considered, one of which according to critic and movie historian Leonard Maltin, (who also uncovered a pre-production photo) was entitled ''Blazing Stewardesses''. Unfortunately, before pre-production could begin, after a lifetime of smoking, Moe fell ill from lung cancer, and died three months later on May 4, 1975, finally putting to rest the last original surviving member of one of the most famous comedy troupes of the 20th Century.

However, ''Blazing Stewardesses'', the last film idea that the Three Stooges had ever seriously considered, was eventually made, starring the last of the surviving Ritz Brothers comedy troupe and released to moderate acclaim later that year.

Curly Joe continued to perform live into the mid-1970s with Mousie Garner and Frank Mitchell as "The New 3 Stooges" enjoying recognition well into old age, before retiring by 1979.

Of the remaining “original-replacement” Stooges, Joe Besser died of heart failure on March 1, 1988, followed by Curly Joe DeRita of pneumonia on July 3, 1993.

Legacy and perspective

Some 50 years after their last short film was released, the Three Stooges remain wildly popular with audiences. Their films have never left the television airwaves since first appearing in 1958, and they continue to delight old fans while attracting a new legion of fervent admirers. A hard-working group of working-class comedians who were never the critic's darlings, the team endured several personnel changes in their careers that would have permanently sidelined a less persistent act. Despite watching two of his brothers die in a brief span of time, the Stooges would not have lasted as long as they did as a unit without Moe Howard's guiding hand. However, despite their massive popularity, they never received a raise during their entire employment at Columbia nor were they ever allowed to make a full-length feature film during the height of their popularity. Columbia Studios chief Harry Cohn preferred to use the popular Stooges shorts in packages with his weaker features so that exhibitors would have to accept the movies in order to show the shorts, which would bring in the public.

The Ted Okuda/Edward Watz-penned book ''The Columbia Comedy Shorts'' puts the Stooges legacy in critical perspective:

Beginning in the 1980s, the Stooges finally began to receive long-overdue critical recognition. More often than not, the praise was directed at Curly, usually at the expense of his castmates, most especially Shemp. With the advent of cable television and the burgeoning home video market, the praise was eventually spread more evenly throughout the team. Critics began to realize that Moe and Larry were gifted performers; though less flamboyant than Curly, they were by no means less talented. Curly was indeed brilliant and a one-of-a-kind, but taken for long periods of time, he could also be irritating and exhausting without Moe and Larry present to provide a counterbalance. This balance would be handled better after Shemp returned to the act, with Larry in particular receiving more screen time. The release of nearly all their films on DVD by 2010 has allowed critics of Joe Besser and Joe DeRita—often the recipients of significant fan backlash—to appreciate the unique style of comedy both comedians brought to the Stooges. In addition, the DVD market in particular has allowed fans to view the entire Stooge film corpus as distinct periods in their long, distinguished career instead of comparing one Stooge to the other (the Curly vs. Shemp debate continues to this day).

The team appeared in 220 films. In the end, it is the durability of the 190 timeless short films the Stooges made at Columbia Pictures that acts as an enduring tribute to the comedy team. Their continued popularity worldwide has proven to even the most skeptical critics that their films—quite simply—are funny. American television personality Steve Allen went on record in the mid-1980s saying "though they never achieved widespread critical acclaim, they achieved exactly what they had always intended to do: they made people laugh."

Line-ups

!	! Ted	! Moe	! Shemp	! Larry	! Curly	! Joe	! Curly Joe	! Emil Sitka
1.									1922–1924
2.									1925–1932
3.									1932–1934
4.									1934–1946
5.									1946–1955
6.									1956–1958
7.									1958–1971
8.									1971–1975

Ted Healy Real Name: Clarence Ernst Lee Nash Born: October 01, 1896 Died: December 21, 1937 Stooge Years: 1922–1931, 1932–1934

Moe Howard Real Name: Moses Harry Horwitz Born: June 19, 1897 Died: May 04, 1975 Stooge years: 1922–1927, 1928–1975

Larry Fine Real Name: Louis Feinberg Born: October 05, 1902 Died: January 24, 1975 Stooge years: 1925–1927, 1928–1971

Curly Howard Real Name: Jerome Lester Horwitz Born: October 22, 1903 Died: January 18, 1952 Stooge years: 1932–1946

Shemp Howard Real Name: Samuel Horwitz Born: March 04, 1895 Died: November 22, 1955 Stooge years: 1922–1927, 1928–1932, 1946–1955

Joe Besser Born: August 12, 1907 Died: March 01, 1988 Stooge years: 1956–1958

Joe DeRita Real Name: Joseph Wardell Born: July 12, 1909 Died: July 03, 1993 Stooge years: 1958–1975

Emil Sitka Born: December 22, 1915 Died: January 16, 1998 Stooge years: n/a

Shorts

The Three Stooges appeared in 220 films throughout their career. Of those 220, 190 short films were made for Columbia Pictures between 1934 and 1959, for which the trio are best known. Their contract was extended each year from 1934 until the final one expired on December 31, 1957. The last 8 of the 16 shorts with Joe Besser were released soon afterward.

C3 Entertainment, Inc.

Throughout their career, Moe acted as both their main creative force and business manager. Comedy III was formed by Moe, Larry and Curly-Joe in 1959 to manage all business and merchandise transactions for the team. Comedy III was basically in the background, with Moe's son-in-law Norman Maurer managing the comedy teams' film interests under Normandy Productions, and merchandising affairs under Norman Maurer Productions (NMP). Norman Maurer died in 1986.

In 1994 the heirs of Larry Fine and Joe DeRita filed a lawsuit against Moe's family, particularly Joan Howard Maurer and her son Jeffrey, who had inherited the NMP/Normandy business. The result reestablished Comedy III as a three-way interest of Fine/[Moe]Howard/DeRita. The DeRita heirs received the proxy to the Howard share, giving them majority control on the company's management. Curly-Joe's stepsons, Robert and Earl Benjamin, became the senior management of Comedy III. The Benjamins later incorporated the company, and C3 Entertainment, Inc. is currently the owner of all Three Stooges trademarks and merchandising. Larry's grandson Eric Lamond is the representative of the Fines' one-third interest in the company.

C3 has also, since 1995, authorized and provided the services of veteran actors Jim Skousen, Alan Semok, and Dave Knight (as Moe, Larry, and Curly respectively) for numerous "personal appearances" by the Stooge characters for a variety of merchandising and promotional events. This latter day trio has also provided voices for the characters in a variety of radio spots, merchandising tie-ins, and most recently for the first new Three Stooges short in fifty years. A CGI animation by Famous Frames Mobile Interactive, a first-wave "new media" company, entitled ''The Grate Debate'', has Moe, Larry and Curly running for President.

Television broadcasts and rights issues

A handful of Three Stooges shorts first aired on television in 1949, on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) network. It was not until 1958 that Screen Gems packaged 78 shorts for national syndication; the package was gradually enlarged to encompass the entire library of 190 shorts. In 1959, KTTV in Los Angeles purchased the Three Stooges films for air, but by the early 1970s, rival station KTLA began airing the Stooges films, keeping them in the schedule until early 1994. The Family Channel (now ABC Family) ran the shorts as part of their ''Stooge TV'' block from February 19, 1996 to January 2, 1998. In the late 1990s, AMC had held the rights to the Three Stooges shorts, originally airing them under the ''Stooges Playhouse'' block, but replacing it in 1999 with ''N.Y.U.K.'' (New Yuk University of Knuckleheads). Featuring host Leslie Nielsen in the form of a college instructor, the block aired several shorts often grouped by a theme, such as similar schtick used in different films. Although the block was discontinued after AMC revamped their format in 2002, the network still ran Stooges shorts occasionally. The AMC run ended when Spike TV picked them up in 2004, airing them in their ''Stooges Slap-Happy Hour''. By 2007, the network had discontinued the block. Although Spike did air Stooges shorts for a brief period of time after the block was canceled, as of late April 2008, Three Stooges has disappeared from the network's schedule entirely. The Three Stooges returned on December 31, 2009 on AMC, starting with the "Countdown with the Stooges" New Year's Eve marathon. AMC planned to put several episodes on their website in 2010.

Since the 1990s Columbia and its television division's successor, Sony Pictures Television, has preferred to license the Stooges shorts to cable networks, precluding the films from being shown on local broadcast TV. Two stations in Chicago and Boston, however, signed long-term syndication contracts with Columbia years ago and have declined to terminate them. Thus, WMEU-CA in Chicago currently airs all 190 Three Stooges shorts on ''Stooge-a-Palooza'', hosted by Rich Koz, and WSBK-TV in Boston airs Stooge shorts and feature films. KTLA in Los Angeles dropped the shorts in 1994, but brought them back in 2007 as part of a special retro-marathon commemorating the station's 60th anniversary. Since that time, the station's original 16mm Stooges film prints have aired occasionally as part of mini-marathons on holidays. Antenna TV, a network broadcasting on the digital subchannels of local broadcast stations (owned by Tribune Broadcasting, who also owns KTLA), began airing the Stooges shorts upon the network's January 1, 2011 launch, which run in multi-hour blocks on weekends; most of the Three Stooges feature films are also broadcast on the network, through Antenna TV's distribution agreement with Sony Pictures Entertainment (whose Columbia Pictures subsidiary released most of the films).

Some of the Stooge films have been colorized by two separate companies. The first colorized DVD releases, distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, were prepared by West Wing Studios in 2004. The following year, Legend Films colorized the public domain shorts ''Malice in the Palace'', ''Sing a Song of Six Pants'', ''Disorder in the Court'' and ''Brideless Groom''. ''Disorder in the Court'' and ''Brideless Groom'' also appear on two of West Wing's colorized releases. In any event, the Columbia-produced shorts (aside from the public domain films) are handled by Sony Pictures Entertainment, while the MGM Stooges shorts are owned by Warner Bros. via their Turner Entertainment division. Sony offers 21 of the shorts on their web platform Crackle, along with eleven Minisodes. Meanwhile, the rights to the Stooges' feature films rests with the studios that originally produced them (Columbia/Sony for the Columbia films, and 20th Century Fox for the Fox films).

Home video release and public reception

Between 1984 and 1985, RCA Columbia Pictures Home Video released a total of thirteen Three Stooges volumes on VHS, Beta and Laserdisc, each containing three shorts. These titles were later reissued on VHS by its successor, Sony Pictures Entertainment, between 1995 and 1997, with a DVD reissue between 2000 and 2004.

On October 30, 2007, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released a two-disc DVD set entitled The Three Stooges Collection, Volume One: 1934–1936. The set contains shorts from the first three years the Stooges worked at Columbia Pictures, marking the first time ever that all 19 shorts were released in their original theatrical order to DVD. Additionally, every short was remastered in high definition, a first for the Stooge films. Previous DVD releases were based on themes (wartime, history, work, etc.), and sold poorly. Fans and critics alike praised Sony for finally giving the Stooges the proper DVD treatment. One critic states "the Three Stooges on DVD has been a real mix'n match hodgepodge of un-restored titles and illogical entries. This new...boxset...seems to be the first concerted effort to categorize their huge body of work chronologically with many shorts seeing the digital light for the first time." Videolibrarian.com critic added "finally, the studio knuckleheads got it right! The way that the Three Stooges have been presented on home video has been a real slap in the face and poke in the eye to fans. They’ve been anthologized, colorized, and public domain-ed, as their shorts have been released and re-released in varying degrees of quality. Highly recommended." Critic James Plath of DVDtown.com added, "Thank you, Sony, for finally giving these Columbia Pictures icons the kind of DVD retrospective that they deserve. Remastered in High Definition and presented in chronological order, these short films now give fans the chance to appreciate the development of one of the most successful comedy teams in history."

The chronological series proved very successful and wildly popular, and Sony wasted little time preparing the next set for release. Volume Two: 1937–1939 was released on May 27, 2008, followed by Volume Three: 1940–1942 three months later on August 26, 2008. Demand exceeded supply, proving to Sony that they had a hit on their hands. In response, Volume Four: 1943–1945 was released on October 7, 2008, a mere two months after its predecessor. The global economic crisis slowed down the release schedule after Volume Four, and Volume Five: 1946–1948 was belatedly released on March 17, 2009. Volume Five is the first in the series to feature Shemp Howard with the Stooges. Volume Six: 1949–1951 was released June 16, 2009. and Volume Seven: 1952–1954 was released on November 10, 2009.

The eighth and final volume was released on June 1, 2010, bringing the series to a close. For the first time in history, all 190 ''Three Stooges'' short subjects became available to the public.

Music

Several instrumental tunes were played over the opening credits at different times in the production of the short features. The most commonly used themes were:

* The verse portion of the Civil War era song "Listen to the Mockingbird", played in a comical way, complete with sounds of birds and such. This was first used in ''Pardon My Scotch'', their ninth short film, in 1935. (Prior to that comedic short, the opening theme varied and was typically connected to the storyline in some fashion.)

* "Three Blind Mice", beginning in 1939 as a slow but straightforward presentation (dubbed the "sliding strings" version), often breaking into a "jazzy" style before ending. In mid-1942, another more driving version, complete with accordion was played fast all the way through.

The Columbia short subject ''Woman Haters'' was done completely in rhyme, mostly recited (not sung), in rhythm with a Jazz-Age underscore running throughout the film, but with some key lines sung. It was sixth in a ''Musical Novelties'' short subject series, and appropriated its musical score from the first five films. The memorable “My Life, My Love, My All,” was originally “At Last!” from the film ''Um-Pa''.

"Swinging the Alphabet" (a.k.a. B-A-bay, B-E-be, B-I-bicky-bi…) from ''Violent Is the Word for Curly'' is perhaps the best-known song performed by the Stooges on film.

The “Lucia Sextet” (''Chi mi frena in tal memento?''), from the opera ''Lucia di Lammermoor'' by Gaetano Donizetti (announced by Larry as “the Sextet from Lucy”), is played on a record player and lip-synched by the Stooges in ''Micro-Phonies''. The same melody re-appears in ''Squareheads of the Round Table'' as the tune of “Oh, Elaine, can you come out tonight?”. ''Micro-Phonies'' also includes the Johann Strauss II waltz “Voices of Spring” ("Frühlingsstimmen") Op. 410. Another Strauss waltz, "The Blue Danube", is featured in ''Ants in the Pantry'' and ''Punch Drunks''.

The song “Fredric March” (named after the actor) was a favorite of director Jules White; it appeared in at least six different Columbia shorts:

* ''Termites of 1938'' - the Stooges "play" this song on a violin, flute, and string bass at a dinner party in an attempt to attract mice.

* ''Dutiful But Dumb'' - Curly is hidden inside a floor-standing radio, and plays the song on a modified harmonica.

* ''Three Little Twirps'' - heard as background music at the circus while Moe and Curly sell tickets.

* ''Idle Roomers'' - Curly plays the song on a trombone to calm a wolf man.

* ''Gents Without Cents'' - three girls perform acrobatics on stage while this song is playing

* ''Gents in a Jam'' - Shemp and Moe have a problem with a radio that will not stop playing this song

* ''Pardon My Backfire'' - the song plays on a car radio

The Moe–Larry–Curly Joe lineup of the Stooges recorded several musical record albums in the early 1960s. Most of their songs were adaptations of nursery rhymes. Among their more popular recordings were "Making a Record" (a surreal trip to a recording studio built around the song "Go Tell Aunt Mary"), "Three Little Fishes", "All I Want for Christmas Is My Two Front Teeth", "Wreck the Halls with Boughs of Holly", "Mairzy Doats" and "I Want a Hippopotamus for Christmas".

In 1983, a group called the Jump 'N the Saddle Band recorded a track called "The Curly Shuffle", which featured the narrator singing about his love of the Stooges mixed with a chorus of many of Curly's catchphrases and sound effects. In the mid-1980s, the song became a popular mid-game hit for New York Mets fans in the Shea Stadium bleachers, who would dance in small groups to the tune whenever the song was played between innings. The music video, which featured clips of the classic Stooges shorts, was also included as a bonus feature on one of the 1984 VHS releases.

Feature motion pictures

The Three Stooges also made appearances in many feature length movies in the course of their careers:

{|class="wikitable" |- ! Film || Year || Moe || Larry || Curly || Shemp || Joe || Curly Joe |- |''Soup to Nuts'' || 1930 || Moe || Larry || || Shemp || || |- |''Turn Back the Clock'' || 1933 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''Meet the Baron'' || 1933 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''Dancing Lady'' || 1933 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''Broadway to Hollywood'' || 1933 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''Myrt and Marge'' || 1933 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''Fugitive Lovers'' || 1934 || Moe || Larry ||Curly || || || |- |''Hollywood Party'' (cameos) || 1934 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''The Captain Hates the Sea'' (cameos)|| 1934 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''Start Cheering'' || 1938 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''Time Out for Rhythm'' || 1941 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''My Sister Eileen'' (cameos) || 1942 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''Rockin' in the Rockies'' || 1945 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''Swing Parade of 1946'' || 1946 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''Gold Raiders'' || 1951 || Moe || Larry || || Shemp || || |- |''Have Rocket, Will Travel'' || 1959 || Moe || Larry || || || || Curly Joe |- |''Stop! Look! and Laugh!'' (compilation)|| 1960 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''Snow White and the Three Stooges'' || 1961 || Moe || Larry || || || || Curly Joe |- |''The Three Stooges Meet Hercules'' || 1962 || Moe || Larry || || || || Curly Joe |- |''The Three Stooges in Orbit'' || 1962 || Moe || Larry || || || || Curly Joe |- |''The Three Stooges Go Around the World in a Daze'' || 1963 || Moe || Larry || || || || Curly Joe |- |''It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World'' (cameos)|| 1963 || Moe || Larry || || || || Curly Joe |- |''4 for Texas'' || 1963 || Moe || Larry || || || || Curly Joe |- |''The Outlaws Is Coming'' || 1965 || Moe || Larry || || || || Curly Joe |- |''Kook's Tour'' (TV pilot) || 1970 || Moe || Larry || || || || Curly Joe |} Joe Besser never appeared with the Stooges in a feature film.

Three feature-length Columbia releases were actually packages of older Columbia shorts. ''Columbia Laff Hour'' (introduced in 1956) was a random assortment that included the Stooges among other Columbia comedians like Andy Clyde, Hugh Herbert, and Vera Vague; the content and length varied from one theater to the next. ''Three Stooges Fun-o-Rama'' (introduced in 1959) was an all-Stooges show capitalizing on their TV fame, again with shorts chosen at random for individual theaters. ''The Three Stooges Follies'' (1974) was similar to ''Laff Hour'', with a trio of Stooge comedies augmented by Buster Keaton and Vera Vague shorts, a Batman serial chapter, and a Kate Smith musical.

Museum

Gary Lassin opened the Stoogeum in 2004 in a renovated architect's office in Spring House, Pennsylvania, 25 miles (40 kilometers) north of Philadelphia. The museum-quality exhibits fill three stories (10,000 square feet or 929 square meters), including an 85-seat theater. Peter Seely, editor of the book ''Stoogeology: Essays on the Three Stooges'' said that the Stoogeum has "''more stuff than I even imagined existed''." 2,500 people visit it yearly, many during the annual Three Stooges Fan Club gathering in April.

In other media

Comic books

Over the years, several Three Stooges comics were produced.

St. John Publications published the first Three Stooges comics in 1949 with 2 issues, then again in 1953–54 with 7 issues.

Dell Comics published a Three Stooges series first as one-shots in their ''Four Color Comics'' line for five issues, then gave them a numbered series for four more issues (#6–9). With #10, the title would be published by Gold Key Comics. Under Gold Key, the series lasted through issue #55 in 1972.

Gold Key Comics then published the ''Little Stooges'' series (7 issues, 1972–74) with story and art by Norman Maurer, Moe's son-in-law. This series featured the adventures of three fictional sons of the Three Stooges, as sort of modern-day teen-age versions of the characters.

Eclipse Comics published the ''Three-D Three Stooges'' series (3 issues, 1986–1987) which reprinted stories from the St. John Publications series.

Malibu Comics did a couple of one-shot comics, reprinting stories from the Gold Key Comics in 1989 and 1991.

Music

Beginning in 1959, the Three Stooges began to appear in a series of novelty records. Their first recording was a 45 rpm single of the title song from ''Have Rocket, Will Travel.'' The trio released additional singles and LPs on the Golden and Coral labels, mixing comedy adventure albums and off-beat renditions of children's songs. Their final recording was the 1966 ''Yogi Bear and the Three Stooges Meet the Mad, Mad, Mad Dr. No-No'', which incorporated the Three Stooges into the cast of the Yogi Bear cartoons.

The Stooges are referenced in the video for Weird Al Yankovic's Like a Surgeon with a hospital PA system asked for "Dr. Howard, Dr. Fine, Dr. Howard."

Radio

Sirius XM Radio aired a special about the Stooges hosted by Tom Bergeron on Friday, July 31, 2009, at 2:00PM on the Sirius Howard 101 channel. Bergeron had conducted the interviews at the age of 17 back when he was still in high school in 1971. The television host had the tapes in storage for many years and was convinced on air during a Howard Stern Radio interview to bring them in and turn it into a special show by Howard Stern himself, upon learning how much of a fan Bergeron was of the Three Stooges, as is he. Bergeron agreed.

After finding "the lost tapes," Bergeron brought them into Howard Stern's production studio. He stated that the tapes were so old that the tapes with the Larry Fine interviews began to shred as Howard Stern's radio engineers ran them through their cart players. They only really had the one shot, and fortunately for Three Stooges fans, the tapes were saved.

"The Lost Stooges Tapes" were hosted by Tom Bergeron with modern commentary on the almost 40 year old interviews that he had conducted with Larry Fine and Moe Howard. At the times of these interviews, Moe was still living at home and Larry had suffered a stroke and was living in a Senior Citizen's home.

Television

In addition to the unsuccessful television series pilot ''Jerks of All Trades'' (see "History", above) and the incomplete ''Kook's Tour'', the Stooges appeared in a show called ''The New Three Stooges'' which ran from 1965 to 1966. This series featured a mix of thirty-nine live-action segments which were used as wraparounds to 156 animated Stooges shorts. That cartoon program became the only regularly scheduled television show in history for the Stooges. Unlike other films shorts that aired on TV like the ''Looney Tunes'', ''Tom and Jerry'', and ''Popeye'', the film shorts of the Stooges never had a regularly scheduled national television program to air in, neither on network nor syndicated. When Columbia/Screen Gems licensed the film library to television, the shorts aired in any fashion the local stations chose (examples: late-night "filler" material between the end of the late movie and the channel's sign-off time; in "marathon" sessions running shorts back-to-back for one, one-and-a-half, or two hours; etc.)

Two episodes of Hanna-Barbera's ''The New Scooby-Doo Movies'' aired on CBS featuring animated Stooges as guest stars: the premiere, "Ghastly Ghost Town" (September 9, 1972) and "The Ghost of the Red Baron" (November 18, 1972). There also was a short-lived animated series, also produced by Hanna-Barbera, titled ''The Robonic Stooges'', originally seen as a featured segment on ''The Skatebirds'' (CBS, 1977–1978), featuring Moe, Larry, and Curly (voiced by Paul Winchell, Joe Baker and Frank Welker, respectively) as bionic cartoon superheroes with extendable limbs, similar to the later ''Inspector Gadget''. ''The Robonic Stooges'' later aired as a separate half-hour series, retitled ''The Three Robonic Stooges'' (each half-hour featured two segments of ''The Three Robonic Stooges'' and one segment of ''Woofer And Whimper, Dog Detectives'', the latter re-edited from episodes of ''Clue Club'', an earlier Hanna-Barbera cartoon series). There are also many ''Stooges'' references in the sitcom ''ALF''.

In the episode "Beware The Creeper" of ''The New Batman Adventures''. the Joker retreats to his hide-out after a quick fight with Batman. He yells out for his three henchmen "Moe? Larr? Cur?" only to find that they are not there. Shortly after that, Batman comes across these three goons in a pool hall; they have distinctive accents and hair styles similar to those of Moe, Larry, and Curly. These henchmen are briefly seen throughout the rest of the season.

2000 television film

In spring of 2000, longtime Stooge fan Mel Gibson executive-produced a TV movie (''The Three Stooges'') about the lives and careers of the comedians. Playing Moe was Paul Ben-Victor; Evan Handler was Larry; John Kassir was Shemp; and Michael Chiklis was Curly. It was filmed in Sydney, Australia and was produced for and broadcast on ABC. It was based on Michael Fleming's authorized biography of the Stooges, ''The Three Stooges: From Amalgamated Morons to American Icons''. Its unflattering portrayal of Ted Healy led Healy's son to give media interviews calling the film inaccurate. Additional errors of fact included the hints that Moe Howard was down on his luck later in life, and worked as a gofer at the studio where he and his brothers had formerly worked as actors, and that he never owned his own house. In reality, Moe was the most careful with his money, which he invested well. He and his wife Helen owned the comfortable house in Toluca Lake in which they raised their children.

The film regularly runs on the American Movie Classics (AMC) channel.

Feature film revival

A film about the Three Stooges, simply titled ''The Three Stooges'', is currently in development with 20th Century Fox and will be directed by the Farrelly Brothers. The film has been in what one critic has dubbed "development hell". The Farrellys, who have wanted to make this film since 1996, have said that they were not going to do a biopic or remake, but instead new Three Stooges episodes set in the present day. The plot of the episodes is said to be an adventure that revolves around the Stooges characters.

The studio has had a difficult time putting together a cast to play the Three Stooges. Originally slated were Sean Penn to play Larry, Benicio del Toro to play Moe and Jim Carrey to play Curly. Both Sean Penn and Benicio del Toro left the project but returned while no official confirmation has been made about Jim Carrey. When del Toro was interviewed on MTV News for ''The Wolfman'', he spoke about playing Moe. He was later asked who was going to play Larry and Curly in the film and commented that he still thought that Sean Penn and Jim Carrey were going to play them, though he added "Nothing is for sure yet." A story in the Hollywood Reporter stated that Will Sasso will play Curly in the upcoming comedy and that Hank Azaria is the front runner to play Moe. Sean Hayes of ''Will & Grace'' fame has officially been cast as Larry Fine, while Chris Diamantopoulos was cast as Moe. On April 27, Jane Lynch joined the cast; she will be playing a nun.

Video games

In 1984 Gottlieb released an arcade game featuring the Stooges trying to find three kidnapped brides. Later in 1987, game developers Cinemaware released a successful Three Stooges computer game, available for Apple IIGS, Amiga, Commodore 64, MS-DOS, and Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). Based on the Stooges earning money by doing odd jobs to prevent the foreclosure of an orphanage, it incorporated audio from the original films and was popular enough to be reissued for the Game Boy Advance in 2002, as well as for PlayStation in 2004.

In foreign languages

In most other languages, the Three Stooges are known by their English name. However, in Chinese, the trio is known as ''Sānge Chòu Píjiàng'' (三個臭皮匠) or ''Huóbǎo Sānrénzǔ'' (活寶三人組). ''Sānge Chòu Píjiàng'', literally "Three Smelly Shoemakers", derives from a saying in the ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms'': ''Sāngè chòu píjiàng shèngguò yīgè Zhūgě Liàng'' (三個臭皮匠，勝過一個諸葛亮) or "Three smelly shoemakers (are enough to) overcome one Zhuge Liang [a hero of the story]", i.e. three inferior people can overpower a superior person when they combine their strength. ''Huóbǎo Sānrénzǔ'' translates as "Trio of Buffoons".

In Japanese they are known as ''San Baka Taishō'' (三馬鹿大将) meaning "Three Idiot Generals" or "Three ''Baka'' Generals". The Japanese term ''baka'' (馬鹿, "fool" or "idiot", lit. "horse deer") is associated with the Chinese idiom ''zhǐlù wéimǎ'' (指鹿為馬; lit. "point at a deer and call it a horse", in Japanese ''shika o sashite uma to nasu'' [鹿を指して馬と為す]) meaning "deliberate misrepresentation for ulterior purposes". In Spanish they are known as ''Los tres chiflados'' or, roughly, "The Three Crackpots". In French and German usage, the name of the trio is partially translated as ''Les Trois Stooges'' and ''Die drei Stooges'' respectively. In Thai, the trio is known as 3 สมุนจอมป่วน (''3 Samunčhǭmpūan''; ) or 3 พี่น้องจอมยุ่ง (''Phīnǭngčhǭmyung''; ). In Portuguese, they are known as ''Os Três Patetas'' in Brazil, and ''Os Três Estarolas'' in Portugal, being "estarola" a direct translation to "stooge", while "pateta" being more related to "goofy".

See also

The Three Stooges in popular culture

References

;Notes

;Bibliography

Besser, Joe (with Lenburg, Jeff, and Lenburg, Greg), ''Not Just a Stooge'' (1984) Excelsior Books, Inc. (reissued 1987 as ''Once a Stooge, Always a Stooge'') Roundtable Publications (Autobiography of Joe Besser, including anecdotes about Abbott and Costello and Olsen and Johnson)

Bruskin, David N., ''Behind the Three Stooges: The White Brothers: Conversations with David N. Bruskin'' (1993) Directors Guild of America (In-depth interviews with producer-directors Jules White, Jack White, and Sam White)

Comedy III Productions, Inc., ''Pop, You’re "Poifect!": A Three Stooges Salute to Dad'' (2002) Andrews McMeel

Cox, Steve and Terry, Jim, ''One Fine Stooge: Larry Fine's Frizzy Life in Pictures'' (2005) Cumberland House Publishing

Davis, Lon and Davis, Debra (eds.), ''Stooges Among Us'' (2008) BearManor Media ISBN 1-59393-300-2

Feinberg, Morris, ''Larry: The Stooge in the Middle'' (1984) Last Gasp of San Francisco (Biography of Larry Fine, attributed to his brother but actually ghostwritten by Bob Davis)

Fericano, Paul, ''Stoogism Anthology'' (1977) Poor Souls Printing

Fine, Larry (with Carone, James), ''Stroke of Luck'' (1973) Siena Publishing Co. (Larry Fine's autobiography, transcribed from interviews toward the end of his life)

Flanagan, Bill, ''Last of the Moe Haircuts'' (1986) McGraw-Hill/Contemporary Books, Inc.

Fleming, Michael, ''The Three Stooges: An Illustrated History, from Amalgamated Morons to American Icons'' (2002) Broadway Publishing

Forrester, Jeffrey, ''The Stoogephile Trivia Book'' (1982) Contemporary Books, Inc.

Forrester, Jeffrey, ''The Stooges Chronicles'' (1981) Contemporary Books, Inc. (Comprehensive overview of the team's career; also discusses the various Ted Healy stooges)

Forrester, Jeffrey, and Forrester, Tom, ''The Stooges' Lost Episodes'' (1988) Contemporary Books, Inc. (Discussion of obscure Stooges appearances, including solo films by individual Stooges)

Forrester, Jeff, with Forrester, Tom, and Wallison, Joe, ''The Three Stooges: The Triumphs and Tragedies of the Most Popular Comedy Team of All Time'' (2004) Donaldson Books (Revised, updated edition of ''The Stooges Chronicles'')

Garner, Paul, ''Mousie Garner: Autobiography of a Vaudeville Stooge'' (1999) McFarland & Co.

Hansen, Tom and Forrester, Jeffrey, ''Stoogemania: An Extravaganza of Stooge Photos, Puzzles, Trivia, Collectibles and More'' (1984) Contemporary Books, Inc. (Overview of Three Stooges memorabilia)

Howard, Moe, ''Moe Howard and the Three Stooges'' (1977) Citadel Press (Moe Howard's autobiography, completed and released posthumously by his daughter)

Koceimba, Bill, with Kaufman, Eric A., and Sack, Steve, ''The Three Stooges Golf Spoof and Trivia Book'' (1999) Gazelle, Inc.

Kurson, Robert, ''The Official Three Stooges Encyclopedia: The Ultimate Knucklehead's Guide to Stoogedom, from Amalgamated Association of Morons to Ziller, Zeller, and Zoller'' (1999) McGraw-Hill

Kurson, Robert, ''The Official Three Stooges Cookbook'' (1998) Contemporary Books, Inc.

Lenburg, Jeff, with Maurer, Joan Howard, and Lenburg, Greg, ''The Three Stooges Scrapbook'' (1982, revised 1994, 2000) Citadel Press

Longley, Maximillian, ''The Conservative In Spite of Himself: A Reluctant Right-Winger's Thoughts on Life, Law and the Three Stooges'' (2007) Monograph Publishers

Maltin, Leonard, ''The Great Movie Comedians'' (1978) Crown Books

Maltin, Leonard, ''Movie Comedy Teams'' (1970, revised 1985) New American Library

Maltin, Leonard, ''Selected Short Subjects'' (first published as ''The Great Movie Shorts'', 1972) Crown Books, (revised 1983) Da Capo Press

McGarry, Annie, ''The Wacky World of the Three Stooges'' (1992) Crescent Books

Maurer, Joan Howard, ''Curly: An Illustrated Biography of the Superstooge'' (1985, revised 1988) Citadel Press

Maurer, Joan Howard (ed.), ''The Three Stooges Book of Scripts'' (1984) Citadel Press

Maurer, Joan Howard and Maurer, Norman (eds.), ''The Three Stooges Book of Scripts, Volume II'' (1987) Citadel Press

Okuda, Ted and Watz, Edward, ''The Columbia Comedy Shorts'' (1998) McFarland & Co. (Comprehensive history of the Columbia short subject department; Stooge colleagues Edward Bernds and Emil Sitka are quoted extensively)

Seely, Peter and Pieper, Gail W., ''Stoogeology: Essays on the Three Stooges'' (2007) McFarland & Co.

Smith, Ronald L., ''The Stooge Fans' I.Q. Test'' (1988) Contemporary Books, Inc.

Solomon, Jon, ''The Complete Three Stooges: The Official Filmography and Three Stooges Companion'’ (2000) Comedy III Productions

External links

Three Stooges Online Filmography at threestooges.net

The Three Stooges Official Website (sanctioned by C3 Entertainment, Inc. - threestooges.com)

The Stoogeum (Three Stooges Museum) – stoogeum.com

Portrait (2009) of The Three Stooges (with Shemp) by noted illustrator Drew Friedman

Interview with Moe Howard on new success with the younger generation from the Ocala Star-Banner – Feb 22, 1959 accessed via Google News

Category:Television series by Sony Pictures Television Category:1925 introductions Category:Jewish comedy and humor Category:The Three Stooges films Category:Pie throwing Category:Slapstick comedians Category:Gold Key Comics titles Category:Dell Comics titles Category:Jewish comedians

de:The Three Stooges es:Los tres chiflados fr:Les Trois Stooges gl:The Three Stooges id:The Three Stooges it:Three Stooges kn:ದ ಥ್ರೀ ಸ್ಟೂಜಸ್ lb:Three Stooges nl:Three Stooges ja:三ばか大将 pt:Three Stooges sq:The Three Stooges simple:The Three Stooges sh:Three Stooges fi:The Three Stooges sv:The Three Stooges tl:Three Stooges th:3 สมุนจอมป่วน zh:三個臭皮匠

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
name	Citizen Cope
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
origin	Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.
genre	Alternative rock
occupation	Musician, disc jockey
instrument	Turntables, guitar, keyboard, drum machine
years active	1993–present
label	DreamWorks RecordsArista RecordsRCA Records
associated acts	Basehead, Goodie Mob, Dido, Easy Star All-Stars
website	www.citizencope.com }}

Citizen Cope is the pseudonym of Clarence Greenwood, an American musician. Greenwood is a native of Memphis, TN, who relocated to Washington, DC for highschool. There he became the DJ for Basehead before moving again to Brooklyn, New York. He is a self-taught musician who grew up listening to Sly Stone, Willie Nelson, and Al Green. He provides lead vocals and production on his albums. He also plays a variety of instruments including guitar, keyboard and drum machines.

History

In 1997, Greenwood was featured in ''The Washington Post'' weekend section.

After releasing his demo tape, Cope was signed to Capitol Records, where he recorded ''Shotguns''. In 1998, he was dropped from Capitol, without releasing the album.

In 2000, Greenwood signed with the DreamWorks Records label, which released his first album in September 2002, ''Citizen Cope''. To promote the record, Greenwood toured as an opener for Nelly Furtado. He performed at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in Indio, California, in 2002.

''The Washington Post'' did a large feature on Cope in early 2002, calling him "the city's most soulful export since Marvin Gaye."

In October 2002, Carlos Santana released his record titled ''Shaman''. Greenwood wrote and produced one of the tracks on that album ("Sideways").

After the release of ''Citizen Cope'', Greenwood felt that the label "mishandled" the record. Tension between the label and artist prompted Greenwood to buy out his contract with the label, using the advance he received from his next label, Arista Records and RCA Records, to do so.

In September 2004, Citizen Cope released his second record, ''The Clarence Greenwood Recordings''. The album has sold more than 300,000 records to date, with over 700,000 single downloads. From 2004 through 2010, Citizen Cope has undertaken a heavy tour schedule.

In 2005, Cope continued to tour the United States promoting his second major-label record. In April, his song "Son's Gonna Rise" began appearing in a Pontiac commercial and was distributed as the album's second single.

On September 12, 2006, Citizen Cope released the album ''Every Waking Moment''.

In early 2008, Citizen Cope parted ways with RCA records.

The song "Let the Drummer Kick" was featured in the 2008 Acura TSX commercial early that year.

In early June 2008, Citizen Cope announced a special one off solo show at the London Luminaire in Kilburn on the 2nd July.

He made an appearance on Dido's 2008 album ''Safe Trip Home'', collaborating on a track called "Burnin' Love".

Throughout 2008, Citizen Cope sold more than 100,000 tickets in North America alone (festivals and colleges not included), performing more than 120 shows.

Cope finished his highly successful US solo acoustic tour in December 2008. ''The Rainwater LP'', was released through his own label, RainWater Recordings, on February 8, 2010, elsewhere digitally February 9, 2010, with the physical CD released March 2, 2010. As of April 2011, he is touring the US on a solo acoustic tour.

Cope gave a solo performance and guest appearance at Eric Clapton's "Crossroads" Guitar Festival on June 26, 2010 in Bridgeview, IL.

Use in other media

"Sideways"

*Featured in the film "The Fountain" with Hugh Jackman and Rachel Weisz''

*Featured in the episode "My Jiggly Ball" of the television series 'Scrubs'

*Featured in 2006's ''Trust the Man''

*Featured in 2008's ''Ghost Town''

*In the television series, ''One Tree Hill''

*Featured in 2009's "So You Think You Can Dance"

"Holdin' On"

*Played during a scene in the 2005 film ''Prime''.

"D'Artagnan's Theme"

*Featured in 2010 Italian Film "Baciami Ancora" directed by Gabriele Muccino.

"Deep"

*Featured in episode of "One Tree Hill".

"If There's Love"

*Featured in 2002 episode of TV series "Smallville".

"Left for Dead"

*Featured in 2007 TV episode of "Criminal Minds".

"Brother Lee"

*Featured in a commercial for ClickNET, a Romanian ISP.

*Plays in trailer for the 2008 film ''What Just Happened?''

"Nite Becomes Day"

*Featured in the movie ''Fracture''.

*Featured in festival film 5 Up 5 Down.

*Featured in TV series "Starved."

"Pablo Picasso"

*Featured in 2006 TV series "Six Degrees."

*Featured in TV series "Starved."

*Featured in TV series "Related".

"Penitentiary"

*Played in the Series Premiere in 2005 of the CBS TV Series ''Criminal Minds''

"Son's Gonna Rise"

*Featured in Pontiac commercial.

*Featured in AXN Portugal commercial.

*In the television series, ''One Tree Hill'' on May 10, 2005.

*In a trailer for television series ''Sons of Anarchy'' in July 2009.

*In an HBO/Cinemax commercial.

"My Way Home"

*Featured in 2005 TV series "Summerland".

*A scene in the 2006 film ''Trust the Man''.

*Featured in festival film 5 Up 5 Down.

"Bullet and a Target":

*An episode of HBO's hit series Entourage ( Season 2, "Blue Balls Lagoon")

*Featured in 2005 Film "The Hit List".

*An episode of Showtime's series Sleeper Cell (Season 1, "Target")

*The end credits of the 2006 film ''The Sentinel''.

*In a 2006 episode of the CBS TV Series ''Cold Case''.

*A scene in the 2006 film ''Trust the Man''.

*Featured in 2006 TV series "Starved.

*A scene in the 2007 film ''Alpha Dog''.

*Featured in 2007 promo commercial for 24/Degree".

*In the end credits of the 2006 film ''16 Blocks''.

*In the soundtrack of Seasons, a mountain biking film by ''The Collective'', during a section by rider Andrew Shandro.

*In the soundtrack of The Tangerine Dream, a 16 mm ski film by ''Teton Gravity Research''.

*In the soundtrack of The Hit List, a ski film by ''Matchstick Productions''.

*Featured on rapper Rhymefest's album ''Blue Collar''

*Covered by rap Australian group Bliss N Eso on the Album ''Flying Colours''

*Featured in the 2008 snowboarding movie Church!

*In the movie "Frothing", when Joel Parkinson surf''

*Featured in 2009 HBO special Pacquaio/Cotto 24/7".

"Let the Drummer Kick"

*in the final scene of "Entrance Wound", an episode from the CBS TV series ''CSI: Miami''

*In the films ''Accepted'' and ''Coach Carter''.

*Featured in 2003 Episode of "CSI: Miami".

*In a 2005 episode of the CBS TV Series ''Cold Case''.

*On the hit Fox show ''So You Think You Can Dance'' in a contemporary dance routine by Neil Haskell and Lauren Gottlieb in season three. The next day, the track reached #50 on the iTunes Top 100 Singles Chart. It was also used for a solo routine by Jeanine Mason in season five.

*The HBO series ''Entourage'' during the fourth season finale "The Cannes Kids." ''Entourage'' also featured the song "Awe" during the second part of the third season's (3B) episode "The Prince's Bride".

*Featured on the album ''Radiodread'' by Easy Star All-Stars with his cover of Radiohead's "Karma Police".

*Featured in a 2008 Acura TSX commercial.

*Featured in an episode of NBC's drama series "Kingpin"

*In the soundtrack of Such is Life, a skiing film by Rage Films.

*Featured in the 2006 film, Accepted

"Awe"

*Featured in a 2007 episode of HBO's Entourage

"Left For Dead"

*Featured in Season 2 episode 22 (legacy) of Criminal Minds.

"Hurricane Waters"

*Featured in the documentary ''Trouble the Water''.

*Featured in 2005 festival film ''Midsummer Dream''.

"Back Together"

*Featured in 2006 episode of "One Tree Hill.

"Healing Hands"

*Feature in 2010 episode of "3 op Reis (Dutch Travel Program)."

*107 Degrees*

*Feature in 2011 ''The Lincoln Lawyer''.

Discography

''Cope Citizen (500 copies)'' (1992)

''Citizen Cope'' (2002)

''The Clarence Greenwood Recordings'' (2004)

''Every Waking Moment'' (2006) #69 U.S.

''The Rainwater LP'' (2010) #111 U.S.

Other contributions

''Live at the World Café: Vol. 15 - Handcrafted'' (2002, World Café) - "If There's Love"

Vocals on "Karma Police" from the Easy Star All Stars album "Radiodread" a complete reggae/dub cover of Radiohead's "OK Computer".

"Way Down In A Hole" - Tom Waits cover

Guest vocals on "The Grand Illusion (Circa 1973)" - Pharoahe Monch

Turntablism in "Let The Drummer Kick" by DJ JVC

References

External links

Official website

AOL Music: Citizen Cope performs Bullet with rapper Rhymefest

Citizen Cope collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive

Citizen Cope Artist Station: Citizen Cope on Slacker.com

Category:Living people Category:American singer-songwriters

es:Citizen Cope fr:Citizen Cope pt:Citizen Cope ru:Citizen Cope fi:Citizen Cope

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
birth name	Simon Timothy Roth
birth date	May 14, 1961
birth place	Dulwich, London, England, UK
occupation	Actor/Director
years active	1982–present }}

Simon Timothy "Tim" Roth (born 14 May 1961) is an English film actor and director best known for his roles in the American films ''Reservoir Dogs'', ''Pulp Fiction'', ''Four Rooms'', ''Planet of the Apes'', ''The Incredible Hulk'' and ''Rob Roy'', receiving an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for the latter. He most recently starred as Cal Lightman in the TV series ''Lie to Me''.

Early life

Roth was born in Dulwich, London, the son of Ann, a painter and teacher, and Ernie, a Fleet Street journalist, painter and, until the 1970s, a member of the British Communist Party. Roth's father was born under the surname "Smith" in Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn, New York, to a British immigrant family of Irish descent. He changed his surname to "Roth" after World War II "partly through solidarity with the victims of the Holocaust, partly because the English were far from welcome in some of the countries to which his job took him".

Roth attended the Strand School in Tulse Hill. As a young man, he wanted to be a sculptor and studied at London's Camberwell College of Art.

Career

Roth made his acting debut at the age of 21 playing a white power skinhead in a TV movie titled ''Made in Britain''. Roth played an East End character in ''King of the Ghetto'' which was made by the BBC. This four-part drama was shown in 1986 on national television, based on a novel by Farukh Dhondy. Partly set in Brick Lane, the drama caused a sensation among the public, especially amongst the Bengali community. In 1985, he appeared in the television movie ''Murder with Mirrors'' opposite Bette Davis, John Mills and Helen Hayes and in 1984, Roth played an apprentice hitman in Stephen Frears' ''The Hit'' with Terence Stamp and John Hurt, earning an "Evening Standard Award for Most Promising Newcomer". With that recognition, he appeared in several other films during the end of the decade. In 1989, he had a memorable supporting role as the buffoonish lackey Mitchell in Peter Greenaway's ''The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover''. In 1990, Roth began to enjoy international attention with starring roles as Vincent van Gogh in Robert Altman's ''Vincent & Theo'' and as Guildenstern in Tom Stoppard's ''Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead''. Roth and other young British actors who were becoming established film actors such as Bruce Payne, Gary Oldman, Colin Firth and Paul McGann were dubbed the ''Brit Pack'', a nickname based on the Brat Pack of the United States.

Roth impressed director Quentin Tarantino and was cast as Mr. Orange in his 1992 ensemble piece ''Reservoir Dogs''. This film paved the way for more work in Hollywood. In 1994, Tarantino cast him again as a robber in the acclaimed ''Pulp Fiction''. They worked again in the 1995 movie ''Four Rooms'', where Roth played the extremely physically animated role of Ted the Bellhop. Roth was very successful playing viciously evil English nobleman Archibald Cunningham in ''Rob Roy'' opposite Liam Neeson; for this role he earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor, a Golden Globe nomination, and won a BAFTA.

In 1996, he went a different way, starring with Drew Barrymore in Woody Allen's musical comedy ''Everyone Says I Love You''. He also starred as Danny Boodman T.D. Lemon 1900 (or just "1900") in ''The Legend of 1900'', and in the same year co-starred with the late Tupac Shakur in the drama ''Gridlock'd''. He made a critically acclaimed debut as a director in 1999 with ''The War Zone'', a film version of Alexander Stuart's novel. In 2001, he portrayed General Thade in Tim Burton's ''Planet of the Apes''.thumb|200px|The Abomination in ''[[The Incredible Hulk (film)|The Incredible Hulk'' (2008).]] Roth was the original choice for the role of Severus Snape in the ''Harry Potter'' film series, but he turned it down for the ''Planet of the Apes'' job. He was also considered for the part of Hannibal Lecter in the 2001 film ''Hannibal'' before Anthony Hopkins returned to reclaim the role. Roth appeared in Francis Ford Coppola's ''Youth Without Youth'' and Michael Haneke's ''Funny Games'', then starred opposite Edward Norton in ''The Incredible Hulk'' as Emil Blonsky.

In 2009, he began starring in a new series on Fox called ''Lie To Me''. He plays Dr. Cal Lightman, an expert on body language who assists local and federal law organisations in the investigations of crimes. His character is based on Dr. Paul Ekman, notable psychologist and expert on body language and facial expressions.

In 2010, Roth appeared on the cover to Manic Street Preachers' 2010 studio album, ''Postcards From A Young Man''.

Personal life

Roth has a son, Jack, born to Lori Baker in 1984. He married Nikki Butler in 1993 and they have two sons, Timothy Hunter (b. 1995) and Michael Cormac (b. 1996). Roth is a supporter of the Green Party of England and Wales.

Filmography

As actor

Year	Film	Role	Notes
	''Made in Britain''	Trevor the Skinhead	TV
	Colin	TV
1984		Myron	Nominated – BAFTA Award for Best Newcomer
	''Murder with Mirrors''	Edgar Lawson	TV
''Return to Waterloo''	Boy Punk
		Harold
''To Kill a Priest''	Feliks
		Role Unspecified
1989	''The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover''	Mitchel
	''Vincent & Theo''	Vincent Van Gogh
''Farendj''	Anton
1991	''Backsliding''	Tom Whitton
	''Reservoir Dogs''	Mr.Orange/Freddy Newandyke
''Jumpin' at the Boneyard''	Manny
	''Bodies, Rest & Motion''	Nick
''El Marido perfecto''	Milan
''Murder in the Heartland''	Charles Starkweather	TV
		Marlow	TV
''Captives''	Philip Chaney
''Little Odessa''	Joshua Shapira	Nominated – Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead
	'Ringo' (Credited as 'Pumpkin')	Starring
		Archibald Cunningham	BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting RoleKansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting ActorNominated – Academy Award for Best Supporting ActorNominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion PictureNominated – Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor
''Four Rooms''	Ted the Bellhop
	''No Way Home''	Joey
''Everyone Says I Love You''	Charles Ferry
''Mocking the Cosmos''	Myrodemnon/Myron
	''Gridlock'd''	Alexander 'Stretch' Rawland
	Dutch Schultz
	James Walter Wayland
''Animals with the Tollkeeper''	Henry
1998	''Legend of 1900''	Danny Boodman T.D. Lemon 1900
	''The Million Dollar Hotel''	Izzy Goldkiss
	Marquis de Lauzun
''Lucky Numbers''	Gig
		Thade
	Hersche Steinschneider alias Erik Jan Hanussen
''The Musketeer''	Febre the Man in Black
2002	''Emmett's Mark''	John Harrett/Frank Dwyer
	''Whatever We Do''	Joe
''To Kill a King''	Oliver Cromwell
		William Pitt
''The Beautiful Country''	Captain Oh
''With It''	"Chicken Louis" Farnatelli
	Mitch Paine
	''Don't Come Knocking''	Sutter
	Jeff Platzer
2006	''Tsunami: The Aftermath''	Nick Fraser	TV
		Victor
	Dominic
''Virgin Territory''	Gerbino
		George
	''King Conqueror''	King Pedro II of Aragon
''Lie to Me''	Dr. Cal Lightman	TV Series, 2009–2011 (Every Episode)
	Skellig
	''Sea Wolf''	Death Larsen	TV Mini series (2 Episodes)
''Pete Smalls Is Dead''	Pete Smalls	post-production
		Det. Michael Bryer	filming
	Gautier	filming

As director

''The War Zone'' (1999)

Awards

People's Choice Awards 2011 – Favorite TV Crime Fighter (''Lie to Me'')

References

External links

The Officially Unofficial Tim Roth Web Page

Allmovie entry for Tim Roth

Audio Interview w/ Rafferty/Mills Connection Podcast (2009)

Category:1961 births Category:Alumni of Camberwell College of Arts Category:Alumni of the University of the Arts Category:European Film Awards winners (people) Category:BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor Category:BAFTA winners (people) Category:English film actors Category:English stage actors Category:Living people Category:Old Strandians Category:People from Dulwich Category:English people of Irish descent

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