| Name | Carl Gustav Jung |
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| Caption | Jung in 1910 |
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| Birth date | July 26, 1875 |
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| Birth place | Kesswil, Thurgau, Switzerland |
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| Death date | June 06, 1961 |
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| Death place | Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland |
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| Residence | Switzerland |
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| Citizenship | Swiss |
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| Field | Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychotherapy, Analytical psychology |
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| Work institutions | Burghölzli, Swiss Army (as a commissioned officer in World War I) |
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| Doctoral advisor | Eugen Bleuler, Sigmund Freud |
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| Known for | Analytical psychology |
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Carl Gustav Jung (; 26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist, an influential thinker, and the founder of analytical psychology. Jung is often considered the first modern psychologist to state that the human psyche is "by nature religious" and to explore it in depth.
His mother left Laufen for several months of hospitalization near Basel for an unknown physical ailment. Young Carl Jung was taken by his father to live with Emilie Jung's unmarried sister in Basel, but was later brought back to the pastor's residence. Emilie's continuing bouts of absence and often depressed mood influenced her son's attitude towards women — one of "innate unreliability," a view that he later called the "handicap I started off with" After three years of living in Laufen, Paul Jung requested a transfer and was called to Kleinhüningen in 1879. The relocation brought Emilie Jung in closer contact to her family and lifted her melancholy and despondent mood.
A solitary and introverted child, Jung was convinced from childhood that he had two personalities — a modern Swiss citizen and a personality more at home in the eighteenth century.
Jung died in 1961 at Küsnacht, after a short illness.
In October 1925, Jung embarked on his most ambitious expedition, the "Bugishu Psychological Expedition" to East Africa. He was accompanied by Peter Baynes and an American associate, George Beckwith. On the voyage to Africa, they became acquainted with an English woman named Ruth Bailey, who joined their safari a few weeks later. The group traveled through Kenya and Uganda to the slopes of Mount Elgon, where Jung hoped to increase his understanding of "primitive psychology" through conversations with the culturally isolated residents of that area. Later he concluded that the major insights he had gleaned, had to do with himself and the European psychology in which he had been raised. Jung observed that "stage acts of [the] state" are comparable to religious displays: "Brass bands, flags, banners, parades and monster demonstrations are no different in principle from ecclesiastical processions, cannonades and fire to scare off demons".
In 2007, two technicians for DigitalFusion, working with the publisher, W. W. Norton & Company, painstakingly scanned one-tenth of a millimeter at a time with a 10,200-pixel scanner. It was published on October 7, 2009 (ISBN 978-0-393-06567-1) in German with "separate English translation along with Shamdasani's introduction and footnotes" at the back of the book, according to Sara Corbett for The New York Times. She wrote, "The book is bombastic, baroque and like so much else about Carl Jung, a willful oddity, synched with an antediluvian and mystical reality."
The Rubin Museum of Art in New York City displayed the original Red Book journal, as well as some of Jung's original small journals, from October 7, 2009 to January 25, 2010.
Response to Nazism
Jung had many friends and respected colleagues who were Jewish and he maintained relations with them through the 1930s when
anti-semitism in Germany and other European nations was on the rise. However, until 1939, he also maintained professional relations with psychotherapists in Germany who had declared their support for the
Nazi régime and there were allegations that he himself was a Nazi sympathizer. In his work
Civilisation in Transition, Collected Works Volume X, however, Jung wrote of “... the
Aryan bird of prey with his insatiable lust to lord it in every land, even those that concern him not at all." the year the
Second World War started.
Influence
Jung has had an enduring influence on psychology as well as wider society. He founded a new school of
psychotherapy, called
analytical psychology or Jungian psychology. His theories include:
The concept of introversion and extraversion.
The concept of the complex.
The concept of collective unconscious, which is shared by all people. It includes the archetypes.
Synchronicity as an alternative to the
Causality Principle, an idea which has influenced a few modern physicists. In his work with patients and in his own personal explorations, Jung wrote that art expression and images found in dreams could be helpful in recovering from trauma and emotional distress. Jung often drew, painted, or made objects and constructions at times of emotional distress, which he recognized as recreational.
A strand of Dance Movement Therapy named Authentic Movement by its creator, Mary Starks Whitehouse, was developed after several years of undergoing Jungian analysis, through applying -and slightly adapting- Jung's techniques of Active Imagination to movement.
Influences on culture
Literature
Laurens van der Post claimed to have had a 16-year-long friendship with Jung, from which a number of books and a film were created about Jung's life.
Television and film
Federico Fellini brought to the screen an exuberant imagery shaped by his encounter with the ideas of Carl Jung, especially Jungian dream interpretation. Fellini preferred Jung to
Freud because Jungian analysis defined the dream not as a symptom of a disease that required a cure but rather as a link to archetypal images shared by all of humanity.
In 1984, an edition of the BBC documentary
was about Jung.
Music
Jung appears on the cover of The
Beatles' album
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band on the top row, between
W.C. Fields and
Edgar Allan Poe.
Peter Gabriel's song
"Rhythm of the Heat" (
Security, 1982), tells about Jung's visit to Africa, during which he joined a group of tribal drummers and dancers and became overwhelmed by the fear of losing control of himself. At the time Jung was exploring the concept of the
collective unconscious and was afraid he would come under control of the music. Gabriel learned about Jung's journey to Africa from the essay
Symbols and the Interpretation of Dreams (ISBN 0-691-09968-5). In the song Gabriel tries to capture the powerful feelings the African tribal music evoked in Jung by means of intense use of tribal drumbeats. The original song title was
Jung in Africa.
On the cover of
The Police's final album,
Synchronicity, which was named after Carl Jung's theory, Sting is seen reading a book called
Synchronicity by Carl Jung.
In
MGMT's single
Metanoia (song), Jung is pictured on the front cover dressed as a referee.
See also
;Topics
Active imagination
Analytical psychology
Anima and animus
Archetypal literary criticism
Archetypal pedagogy
Archetypal psychology
Bollingen Tower
Collective unconscious
Dream interpretation
Jungian archetypes
Jungian interpretation of religion
Jungian Type Index
Jung Type Indicator
Keirsey Temperament Sorter
Logos
Logotherapy
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Neo-Freudian
Personality test
Psychodynamics
;People
Alfred Adler
Jean Shinoda Bolen
Martin Buber – see the Buber-Jung disputations
Joseph Campbell – popularizer of Jungian ideas
Clarissa Pinkola Estés
Erich Neumann – developer of matriarchal mythological adaptations of Jungian thought
Joel Ryce-Menuhin - proponent of sandplay therapy
Herbert Silberer
D. T. Suzuki – see An Introduction to Zen Buddhism, for which C.G. Jung wrote a preface
Marie Louise von Franz – Founder of the C. G. Jung Institute in Zurich
Richard Wilhelm – Translator of the I Ching
Bill W. (Bill Wilson) founder of Alcoholics Anonymous
;Organizations
International Association of Analytical Psychologists
International Association for Jungian Studies
Philemon Foundation
OPUS Archives and Research Center
Notes and references
Further reading
Carl Gustav Jung, Analytical Psychology: Its Theory and Practice (The Tavistock Lectures), (Ark Paperbacks), 1990, ISBN 0-7448-0056-0
;Introductory texts
The Portable Jung, edited by Joseph Campbell (Viking Portable), ISBN 0-14-015070-6
Edward F Edinger, Ego and Archetype, (Shambhala Publications), ISBN 0-87773-576-X
Another recommended tool for navigating Jung's works is Robert Hopcke's book, A Guided Tour of the Collected Works of C.G. Jung, ISBN 1-57062-405-4. He offers short, lucid summaries of all of Jung's major ideas and suggests readings from Jung's and others' work that best present that idea.
Edward C. Whitmont, The Symbolic Quest: Basic Concepts of Analytical Psychology, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1969, 1979, ISBN 0-691-02454-5
Anthony Stevens, Jung. A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994, ISBN 0-19-285458-5
The Cambridge Companion to Jung, second edition, edited by Polly Young-Eisendrath and Terence Dawson, published in 2008 by Cambridge University Press.
;Texts in various areas of Jungian thought
Robert Aziz, C.G. Jung’s Psychology of Religion and Synchronicity (1990), currently in its 10th printing, is a refereed publication of The State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-0166-9.
Robert Aziz, Synchronicity and the Transformation of the Ethical in Jungian Psychology in Carl B. Becker, ed. Asian and Jungian Views of Ethics. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1999. ISBN 0-313-30452-1.
Robert Aziz, The Syndetic Paradigm:The Untrodden Path Beyond Freud and Jung (2007), a refereed publication of The State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6982-8.
Robert Aziz, Foreword in Lance Storm, ed. Synchronicity: Multiple Perspectives on Meaningful Coincidence. Pari, Italy: Pari Publishing, 2008. ISBN 978-88-95604-02-2
Wallace Clift, Jung and Christianity: The Challenge of Reconciliation. New York: The Crossroad Publishing Company, 1982. ISBN 0-8245-0409-7
Edward F. Edinger, The Mystery of The Coniunctio, ISBN 0-919123-67-8. A good explanation of Jung's foray into the symbolism of alchemy as it relates to individuation and individual religious experience. Many of the alchemical symbols recur in contemporary dreams (with creative additions from the unconscious e.g. space travel, internet, computers)
Wolfgang Giegerich, The Soul's Logical Life, ISBN 3-631-38225-1. A critique and extension of Jungian Theory.
James A Hall M.D., Jungian Dream Interpretation, ISBN 0-919123-12-0. A brief, well structured overview of the use of dreams in therapy.
James Hillman, "Healing Fiction", ISBN 0-88214-363-8. Covers Jung, Adler, and Freud and their various contributions to understanding the soul.
Andrew Samuels, Critical Dictionary of Jungian Analysis, ISBN 0-415-05910-0
June Singer, Boundaries of the Soul, ISBN 0-385-47529-2. On psychotherapy
Marion Woodman, The Pregnant Virgin: A Process of Psychological Transformation ISBN 0-919123-20-1. The recovery of feminine values in women (and men). There are many examples of clients' dreams, by an experienced analyst.
;Academic texts
Andrew Samuels, The Political Psyche (Routledge), ISBN 0-415-08102-5.
Lucy Huskinson, Nietzsche and Jung: The Whole Self in the Union of Opposites (Routledge), ISBN 1583918337 Excellent analysis of the highly significant anticipation and influence of the philosophy of Nietzsche on Jung.
;Jung-Freud relationship
Kerr, John. A Most Dangerous Method : The Story of Jung, Freud, and Sabina Spielrein. Knopf 1993. ISBN 0-679-40412-0.
;Other people's recollections of Jung
van der Post, Laurens, "Jung and the story of our time", New York : Pantheon Books, 1975. ISBN 0-394-49207-2
Hannah, Barbara, "Jung, his life and work; a biographical memoir", New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1976. SBN: 399-50383-8
;Critical scholarship on Jung by historians
Richard Noll, The Jung Cult: Origins of a Charismatic Movement (Princeton University Press, 1994); and
Richard Noll, The Aryan Christ: The Secret Life of Carl Jung (Random House, 1997)
Sonu Shamdasani, Cult Fictions, ISBN 0-415-18614-5. Critique of the above works by Noll.
Sonu Shamdasani, Jung and the Making of Modern Psychology : The Dream of a Science, ISBN 0-521-53909-9. A comprehensive study of the origins of Jung's psychology which places it in a historical and philosophical context. The author calls this a "Cubist history".
Sonu Shamdasani, Jung Stripped Bare, ISBN 1-85575-317-0. Critique of Jung biographies.
Bair, Deirdre. Jung: A Biography. Boston: Little, Brown and Co, 2003.
;Works in the public domain
The Association Method Full text article from 1916. Originally Published in the Collected Papers on Analytical Psychology.
On The Psychology & Pathology of So-Called Occult Phenomena Full text article from 1916. Originally Published in the Collected Papers on Analytical Psychology.
Category:1875 births
Category:1961 deaths
Category:ETH Zurich faculty
Category:German-language philosophers
Category:History of mental health
Category:People associated with the University of Zurich
Category:People from Thurgau
Category:Psychodynamics
Category:Psychologists of religion
Category:Psychology writers
Category:Swiss astrologers
Category:Swiss autobiographers
Category:Swiss Christians
Category:Swiss philosophers
Category:Swiss psychiatrists
Category:Swiss psychologists
Category:Symbologists
Category:Western mystics
Category:University of Basel alumni
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