Why Classic American Literature Remains Indispensable: Writers (1997)
Herman Melville (
August 1, 1819 –
September 28, 1891) was an
American novelist, writer of short stories, and poet from the
American Renaissance period. The bulk of his writings was published between 1846 and
1857.
Best known for his whaling novel Moby-Dick (1851), he is also legendary for having been forgotten during the last thirty years of his life.
Melville's writing is characteristic for its allusivity. "In Melville's manipulation of his reading," scholar
Stanley T. Williams wrote, "was a transforming power comparable to
Shakespeare's."[1]
Born in
New York City, he was the third child of a merchant in
French dry-goods, with
Revolutionary War heroes for grandfathers. Not long after the death of his father in 1832, his schooling stopped abruptly. After having been a schoolteacher for a short time, he signed up for a merchant voyage to
Liverpool in 1839. A year and a half into his first whaling voyage, in 1842 he jumped ship in the
Marquesas Islands, where he lived among the natives for a month. His first book, Typee (1846) became a huge bestseller which called for a sequel, Omoo (1847). The same year
Melville married
Elizabeth Knapp
Shaw; their four children were all born between 1849 and 1855.
In August 1850, having moved to
Pittsfield, he established a profound friendship with
Nathaniel Hawthorne, though the relationship lost intensity after the latter moved away. Moby-Dick (1851) did not become a success, and
Pierre (1852) put an end to his career as a popular author. From 1853 to 1856 he wrote short fiction for magazines, collected as
The Piazza Tales (1856). In 1857, while Melville was on a voyage to
England and the
Near East,
The Confidence-Man appeared, the last prose work published during his lifetime. From then on Melville turned to poetry.
Having secured a position of
Customs Inspector in
New York, his poetic reflection on the
Civil War appeared as Battle-Pieces and
Aspects of the War (1866).
In 1867 his oldest child
Malcolm died at home from a self-inflicted gunshot. For the epic Clarel: A
Poem and
Pilgrimage in the
Holy Land (1876) he drew upon his experience in
Egypt and
Palestine from twenty years earlier. In 1886 he retired as Customs Inspector and privately published some volumes of poetry in small editions. During the last years of his life, interest in him was reviving and he was approached to have his biography written, but his death in 1891 from cardiovascular disease subdued the revival before it could gain momentum.
Inspired perhaps by the growing interest in him, in his final years he had been working on a prose story one more time and left the manuscript of
Billy Budd, Sailor, which was published in 1924.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Melville
Henry David Thoreau (see name pronunciation; July 12, 1817 – May 6,
1862) was an
American author, poet, philosopher, polymath, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist.[2] He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay
Resistance to Civil Government (also known as
Civil Disobedience), an argument for disobedience to an unjust state.
Thoreau's books, articles, essays, journals, and poetry total over 20 volumes. Among his lasting contributions are his writings on natural history and philosophy, where he anticipated the methods and findings of ecology and environmental history, two sources of modern-day environmentalism. His literary style interweaves close natural observation, personal experience, pointed rhetoric, symbolic meanings, and historical lore, while displaying a poetic sensibility, philosophical austerity, and "
Yankee" love of practical detail.[3] He was also deeply interested in the idea of survival in the face of hostile elements, historical change, and natural decay; at the same time he advocated abandoning waste and illusion in order to discover life's true essential needs.[3]
He was a lifelong abolitionist, delivering lectures that attacked the
Fugitive Slave Law while praising the writings of
Wendell Phillips and defending abolitionist
John Brown. Thoreau's philosophy of civil disobedience later influenced the political thoughts and actions of such notable figures as
Leo Tolstoy,
Mohandas Gandhi, and
Martin Luther King, Jr.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau