Coordinates: 55°57′10″N 3°11′39″W / 55.95278°N 3.19417°W / 55.95278; -3.19417

Jenners viewed from the Scott Monument

Jenners caryatids

The grand hall of Jenners

Jenners viewed from St. David Street

Jenners Department Store, now known simply as Jenners, is a department store located in Edinburgh, Scotland, and was the oldest independent department store in Scotland until its acquisition by House of Fraser in 2005.^[1]

History[link]

Jenners has maintained its position on Edinburgh's Princes Street since 1838 when it was founded by Charles Jenner and Charles Kennington and known as "Kennington & Jenner". The store was run for many years by the Douglas-Miller family, who were descendants of James Kennedy, who took charge of Jenners in 1881.^[1]

The original buildings that formed the department store were destroyed by fire in 1892, and in 1893 the Scottish architect William Hamilton Beattie was appointed to design the new store which subsequently opened in 1895.^[2] This new building is designated as a category A listed building,^[3] and it is noted by the statutory listing that, at Charles Jenner's insistence, the building's caryatids were intended 'to show symbolically that women are the support of the house'. The new store included many technical innovations such as electric lighting and hydraulic lifts.^[4]

Known as the "Harrods of the North",^[5] it has held a Royal Warrant since 1911, and was visited by Queen Elizabeth II on the occasion of its 150th anniversary in 1988.

In 2004 it changed its vision statement from its goal to "be the most exciting department store outside of London" to "Confidently Independent". The store made national news in 2007 when it publicised that it would stop selling pate de foie gras, following a boycott by the Duke and Duchess of Hamilton.^[6]

Sale to House of Fraser[link]

On March 16, 2005 it was announced that the Douglas-Miller family were in advanced negotiations to sell the business to the House of Fraser, at an estimated £100–200 million,^{[citation needed]} but a month later it was sold for £46.1 million.^[1] While other aqusitions by House of Fraser have been renamed, Jenners has managed to keep its identity.^[7] In 2008, House of Fraser invested £3m in improvements to the store.^[8]

The lease of the building remained with the Jenners holding company JPSE Ltd, owned by the Douglas-Miller family, and was subsequently sold to Moorcroft Capital Management in August 2005 which was owned by Robbie Douglas Miller (former Chief Executive of Jenners).^[9]

Stores[link]

Jenners currently has two shops:

• Princes Street, Edinburgh
• Loch Lomond Shores

Jenners previously had stores at Edinburgh Airport and Glasgow Airport that closed following a decision announced in April 2007. Jenners said that security measures introduced in UK airports following the 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot had led to a significant downturn in trade at the shops.^[10]

See also[link]

Queen Victoria Building

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website

Kendall Nicole Jenner (born November 3, 1995) is an American socialite, television personality and model. She is featured on the E! reality TV show Keeping Up with the Kardashians along with the rest of her family.

She has modeled for the Sherri Hill dress line, which specializes in dresses for proms and pageants.^[2] Jenner was featured in People magazine's "Beautiful People" article.^[3]

Since then, she has ventured into runway modelling.^[4] She has travelled to New York for modelling experience and modeled during Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week for the 2012 Spring/Summer collection of Sherri Hill. Jenner, along with her sister appeared at Host parties.^[5]

Personal life[link]

Kendall Jenner is the eldest daughter from the marriage of Bruce Jenner and Kris Jenner. She has a younger sister, Kylie Jenner. Through her mother, she has three older half-sisters, Kourtney Kardashian, Kim Kardashian, and Khloé Kardashian, and one older half-brother, Rob Kardashian. Through her father, she has three older half-brothers, Burton Jenner, Brandon Jenner, and Brody Jenner, and an older half-sister, Casey Jenner. She also has a nephew and two nieces, Mason Dash Disick, who is her sister Kourtney's son with boyfriend Scott Disick, and Francesca and Isabella Marino, who are her sister Casey's daughters. Her first modeling job was shot at a restaurant in La Crescenta-Montrose, called Rocky Cola Cafe.^[6]

Filmography[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Kendall Jenner at the Internet Movie Database
• Kendall Jenner at the Fashion Model Directory

Kylie Kristen Jenner (born August 10, 1997) is an American reality television personality, host, model, and brand ambassador for Seventeen Magazine. She is best known for starring in Keeping Up with the Kardashians, the E! reality series that she shares with her family.

Personal life[link]

Kylie Jenner is the youngest daughter of Kris and Olympic athlete Bruce Jenner. She has an older sister, Kendall Jenner. Through her mother, she has three older half-sisters: Kourtney Kardashian, Kim Kardashian, Khloé Kardashian Odom, and one older half-brother, Rob Kardashian. Through her father, she has three older half-brothers: Burt Jenner, Brandon Jenner, Brody Jenner and a half-sister, Casey Jenner. All together she has 4 half-brothers. She also has one nephew, Mason Dash Disick, who is Kourtney Kardashian's son with boyfriend Scott Disick and two nieces, Francesca and Isabella Marino, who are her sister Casey's daughters.She studies in Sierra Canyon School .She currently is working as a model and a brand ambassador for Seventeen Magazine alongside her older sister, Kendall Jenner. She was also featured in Teen Vogue.

Career[link]

Jenner was first featured in Paper magazine's "Beautiful People" article series with her sister Kendall Jenner.^[1] She began her modeling career with the Sears line "Crush Your Style". and has done photo shoots with OK! magazine,^[2] Teen Vogue, and photographer Nick Saglimbeni. She has expressed an interest in acting as well, but has explained that college is a greater priority.^[3]

Also she modeled for Avril Lavigne collection Abbey Dawn Runway in 2011 New York Fashion Week. Once again, she pursued her love for runway by modeling for the official Hello Kitty Launch for Forever 21 in Los Angeles.^[4] Also, Seventeen Magazine has chosen them as Style Stars of 2011 along with being the 'Style Ambassadors' for the magazine. Kendall and Kylie have also been given the opportunity to host events such as the Glee 3D Concert Movie red carpet and the Breaking Dawn Part 1 red carpet event in Los Angeles; the two also did an interview in the Bing Box at The Hunger Games premiere on March 12, 2012. Kylie is a part of the Kardashian Kolors by O.P.I nail polish and nail lacquer collection; she has two nail lacquers called "Wear Something Spar-Kylie" and "Rainbow in the S-Kylie".

In 2012 , Kylie was featured along her sister, Kendall Jenner as the cover of Teen Vogue. Recently, Kylie and Kendall Jenner announced via Twitter that they are working with Gillette Venus: Women's Razors—Reveal the Goddess in You.^{[citation needed]} The youngest girls of the Kardashian-Jenner clan have been featured on this year's cycle of America's Next Top Model.

Filmography[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Kylie Jenner at the Internet Movie Database

The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to establish notability by adding reliable, secondary sources about the topic. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted. (July 2012)

Blake Alexander Jenner,^[1] born August 27, 1992,^[2] is an American actor and singer. He is a contestant on the second season of The Glee Project.

Bio[link]

At the age of 9 Jenner wrote short stories and would act them out at school, in which made him decide to pursue a career in acting. While attending middle school and in high school Jenner had performed in various school plays and in his spare time acted in advertisements as well as attending acting classes^[3] also he participated in sports such as football and wrestling.^[4]

He left his hometown of Miami, Florida and moved to Los Angeles to pursue his acting career and took his junior year of high school during the day, and took online courses for his senior year at night so that he was able to graduate early and make his dream of acting a reality. Also Jenner had always loved singing but never had lessons.^[5]

After countless of rejections and before getting on The Glee Project, Jenner landed a one episode stint on ABC's family sitcom Melissa & Joey as jock Miller Collins.^[6]. From the beginning of Glee Project it was obvious that Blake was a frontrunner and very likely to win the show outright as a favourite of all the judges and the public. As well as this, Glee needs a new 'Finn Hudson' character, and Jenner meets the stereotype.

Filmography[link]

References[link]

Edward Jenner FRS
Edward Jenner by James Northcote
Born	17 May 1749 Berkeley, Gloucestershire
Died	26 January 1823(1823-01-26) (aged 73) Berkeley, Gloucestershire
Residence	Berkeley, Gloucestershire
Nationality	English
Fields	Microbiology
Alma mater	St George's, University of London
Doctoral advisor	John Hunter
Known for	Smallpox vaccine

Edward Anthony Jenner (17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was an English physician and scientist from Berkeley, Gloucestershire, who was the pioneer of smallpox vaccine.^[1] He is often called "the father of immunology", and his work is said to have "saved more lives than the work of any other man".^[2][3][4]

Early life[link]

Edward Jenner was born on 17 May 1749^[5] (6 May Old Style) in Berkeley, as the eighth of nine children. His father was the vicar of Berkeley, so Jenner received a strong basic education.^[6] Jenner trained from the age of 13 for eight years in Chipping Sodbury, South Gloucestershire, as an apprentice to Daniel Ludlow, a surgeon . In 1770 Jenner became apprenticed in surgery and anatomy under surgeon John Hunter and others at St George's Hospital.

William Osler records that Hunter gave Jenner William Harvey's advice, very famous in medical circles (and characteristic of the Age of Enlightenment), "Don't think; try."^[7] Hunter remained in correspondence with Jenner over natural history and proposed him for the Royal Society. Returning to his native countryside by 1773, Jenner became a successful family doctor and surgeon, practicing on dedicated premises at Berkeley.

Jenner and others formed the Fleece Medical Society or Gloucestershire Medical Society, so called because it met in the parlor of the Fleece Inn, Rodborough, in Rodborough, Gloucestershire, meeting to dine together and read papers on medical subjects. Jenner contributed papers on angina pectoris, ophthalmia, and cardiac valvular disease and commented on cowpox. He also belonged to a similar society that met in Alveston, near Bristol.^[8]

Natural history, science and marriage[link]

Jenner was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1788, following his publication of a careful study of the previously-misunderstood life of the nested cuckoo that combined observation, experiment, and dissection.

Common Cuckoo

His description of the newly-hatched cuckoo, pushing its host's eggs and fledgling chicks out of the nest (contrary to existing belief that the adult cuckoo did it) was only confirmed in the 20th century, [1] when photography became available. Having observed this behaviour, Jenner demonstrated an anatomical adaptation for it—the baby cuckoo has a depression in its back, not present after twelve days of life, that enables it to cup eggs and other chicks. The adult does not remain long enough in the area to perform this task. Jenner's findings were published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1788.^[9][10]

"The singularity of its shape is well adapted to these purposes; for, different from other newly-hatched birds, its back from the scapula downwards is very broad, with a considerable depression in the middle. This depression seems formed by nature for the design of giving a more secure lodgement to the egg of the Hedge-sparrow, or its young one, when the young Cuckoo is employed in removing either of them from the nest. When it is about twelve days old, this cavity is quite filled up, and then the back assumes the shape of nestling birds in general. " (Letter to Hunter at the Royal Society, as above.)

Jenner's nephew assisted in the study.

Jenner married Catherine Kingscote (died 1815 from tuberculosis) in March 1788 after meeting her while he and other Fellows were experimenting with balloons. Jenner's trial balloon descended into Kingscote Park, Gloucestershire, owned by Anthony Kingscote, one of whose daughters was Catherine.

Jenner earned his MD from the University of St Andrews in 1792.

Jenner is also credited with advancing understanding of angina pectoris.^[11] In his correspondence with Heberden, he wrote, "How much the heart must suffer from the coronary arteries not being able to perform their functions."

Smallpox[link]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2011)

Inoculation was already a standard practice but involved serious risks. In 1721 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu had imported variolation to Britain after having observed it in Istanbul, where her husband was the British ambassador. Voltaire, writing of this, estimates that at this time 60% of the population caught smallpox and 20% of the population died of it.^[12] Voltaire also states that the Circassians used the innoculation from times immemorial, and the custom may have been borrowed by the Turks from the Circassians.^[13]

In 1765, Dr Fewster published a paper in the London Medical Society entitled "Cow pox and its ability to prevent smallpox", but he did not pursue the subject further.^[14]

In the years following 1770, at least five investigators in England and Germany (Sevel, Jensen, Jesty 1774, Rendell, Plett 1791) successfully tested a cowpox vaccine in humans against smallpox.^[15] For example, Dorset farmer Benjamin Jesty^[16] successfully vaccinated and presumably induced immunity with cowpox in his wife and two children during a smallpox epidemic in 1774, but it was not until Jenner's work some twenty years later that the procedure became widely understood. Indeed, Jenner may have been aware of Jesty's procedures and success.^[17]

Noting the common observation that milkmaids were generally immune to smallpox, Jenner postulated that the pus in the blisters that milkmaids received from cowpox (a disease similar to smallpox, but much less virulent) protected them from smallpox. He may already have heard of Benjamin Jesty's success.

On 14 May 1796, Jenner tested his hypothesis by inoculating James Phipps, a boy eight years old (the son of Jenner's gardener), with pus scraped from the cowpox blisters on the hands of Sarah Nelmes, a milkmaid who had caught cowpox from a cow called Blossom,^[18] whose hide now hangs on the wall of the St George's medical school library (now in Tooting). Phipps was the 17th case described in Jenner's first paper on vaccination.

Jenner inoculated Phipps in both arms that day, subsequently producing in Phipps a fever and some uneasiness but no full-blown infection. Later, he injected Phipps with variolous material, the routine method of immunization at that time. No disease followed. The boy was later challenged with variolous material and again showed no sign of infection.

Ronald Hopkins has written, "Jenner's unique contribution was not that he inoculated a few persons with cowpox, but that he then proved [by subsequent challenges] that they were immune to smallpox. Moreover, he demonstrated that the protective cowpox pus could be effectively inoculated from person to person, not just directly from cattle.^[19] In addition Jenner successfully tested his hypothesis on 23 additional subjects.

Jenner continued his research and reported it to the Royal Society, which did not publish the initial paper. After revisions and further investigations, he published his findings on the 23 cases. Some of his conclusions were correct, some erroneous; modern microbiological and microscopic methods would make his studies easier to reproduce. The medical establishment, cautious then as now, deliberated at length over his findings before accepting them. Eventually, vaccination was accepted, and in 1840 the British government banned variolation – the use of smallpox – and provided vaccination – using cowpox – free of charge. (See Vaccination acts). The success of his discovery soon spread around Europe and for example was used en masse in the Spanish Balmis Expedition,^[20] a three year long mission to the Americas, Philippines, Macao, China, and Saint Helena Island led by Dr. Francisco Javier de Balmis with the aim of giving thousands the smallpox vaccine. The expedition was successful, and Jenner wrote, "I don’t imagine the annals of history furnish an example of philanthropy so noble, so extensive as this."

1802 caricature of Jenner vaccinating patients who feared it would make them sprout cowlike appendages.

Jenner's continuing work on vaccination prevented his continuing his ordinary medical practice. He was supported by his colleagues and the King in petitioning Parliament and was granted £10,000 for his work on vaccination. In 1806 he was granted another £20,000 for his continuing work in microbiology.

In 1803 in London he became involved with the Jennerian Institution, a society concerned with promoting vaccination to eradicate smallpox. In 1808, with government aid, this society became the National Vaccine Establishment. Jenner became a member of the Medical and Chirurgical Society on its founding in 1805 and presented a number of papers there. The society is now the Royal Society of Medicine. In 1806, Jenner was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Returning to London in 1811, Jenner observed a significant number of cases of smallpox after vaccination. He found that in these cases the severity of the illness was notably diminished by previous vaccination. In 1821 he was appointed Physician Extraordinary to King George IV, a great national honour, and was also made Mayor of Berkeley and Justice of the Peace. He continued to investigate natural history and in 1823, the last year of his life, he presented his Observations on the Migration of Birds to the Royal Society.

Jenner was found in a state of apoplexy on 25 January 1823, with his right side paralysed. He never fully recovered and eventually died of an apparent stroke, his second, on 26 January 1823, aged 73. He was survived by one son and one daughter, his elder son having died of tuberculosis at the age of 21.

His original report is in the Royal College of Surgeons (London)

The Rev Dr John Clinch - The first community vaccinator[link]

In a letter to Jenner in Gloucestershire dated December 1, 1796, Dr. John Clinch,^[21] a medical missionary at Trinity, then the second largest settlement in Newfoundland, asked for further information about using cowpox pustule matter as a vaccination against smallpox. Jenner had vaccinated his first subject only six months earlier. By June 1800, when Jenner published his famous pamphlet, "An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolæ Vaccinæ,"^[22] describing his vaccination experiments on 23 subjects, Clinch probably had been vaccinating people in Newfoundland for a year or more.

Jenner and Clinch, both born in 1749, had been classmates at Reverend Dr. Washbourn’s school in Cirencester, Gloucestershire, before they went to London together to be pupils of John Hunter.^[23] Jenner returned to his home area, but Clinch practised three years in Dorset near Poole, the main shipping port for Newfoundland. In 1775 Clinch moved to Newfoundland to practice in Bonavista. After eight years, he moved to Trinity, where he also preached Anglican sermons on Sundays. Jenner’s nephew, George Jenner, seeking a similar church–medicine career, very likely began his medical apprenticeship under Clinch at Trinity in 1789.

On July 15, 1800, a second shipment of vaccine from Edward Jenner reached Clinch; one of these, most likely the first, came via George Jenner, by then the Anglican minister at Harbour Grace on the intervening peninsula between Trinity and St. John’s. By the first week of October 1800, Clinch had vaccinated additional people in the adjacent settlements of St. John’s and Portugal Cove and by the end of 1801 had vaccinated 700 people.

William R. LeFanu’s definitive bibliography of Jenner credits Clinch with being the first vaccinator in North America, before Benjamin Waterhouse, who vaccinated his own sons in July 1800 and then popularized vaccination in Boston. Sadly, exact dates for Clinch’s first vaccinations are unavailable. Clinch is honoured by a memorial plaque in Trinity.^[24] (This section reproduced from John W.R. McIntyre, MB BS; C. Stuart Houston, MD 'Smallpox and its Control in Canada'. CMAJ 14th Dec 1999)

Legacy[link]

In 1979, the World Health Organization declared smallpox an eradicated disease.^[25] This was the result of coordinated public health efforts by many people, but vaccination was an essential component. And although the disease was declared eradicated, some pus samples still remain in laboratories in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia in the United States and State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR in Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia.

Jenner's vaccine also laid the foundation for contemporary discoveries in immunology, and the field he began may someday lead to cures for arthritis, AIDS, and many other diseases.^[26]

An illustrated history of smallpox eradication, Smallpox Zero,^[27] was published with the support of Sanofi Pasteur and distributed on May 17, 2010, in Geneva during an event sponsored by the World Health Organization.^[28][29] Smallpox Zero includes President Thomas Jefferson's letter of congratulations to Edward Jenner.

Monuments[link]

Dr Jenner's House

, The Chantry, Church Lane, Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England]]

Bronze in Kensington Gardens, London

• Edward Jenner is buried in the Jenner family vault at the Church of St. Mary's, Berkeley.^[30]
• Jenner's house in the village of Berkeley, Gloucestershire, is now a small museum, housing among other things the horns of the cow, Blossom
• A statue of Jenner by Robert William Sievier was erected in the nave of Gloucester Cathedral.
• Another statue was erected in Trafalgar Square and later moved to Kensington Gardens.^[31]
• Near the Gloucestershire village of Uley, Downham Hill is locally known as "Smallpox Hill" for its possible role in Jenner's studies of the disease.
• London's St. George's Hospital Medical School has a Jenner Pavilion, where his bust may be found^[32]
• A group of villages in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, United States, was named in Jenner's honor by early 19th century English settlers, including Jenners, Jenner Township, Jenner Crossroads, and Jennerstown, Pennsylvania
• Jennersville, Pennsylvania, is located in Chester County.
• A section at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital is known as the Edward Jenner Ward; it is where blood is drawn
• A ward at Northwick Park Hospital is called Jenner Ward
• Jenner Gardens at Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, opposite one of the scientist's former offices, is a small garden and cemetery

Publications[link]

• 1798 An Inquiry Into the Causes and Effects of the Variolæ Vaccinæ ^[22]
• 1799 Further Observations on the Variolæ Vaccinæ, or Cow-Pox. ^[33]
• 1800 A Continuation of Facts and Observations relative to the Variolæ Vaccinæ 40pgs ^[34]
• 1801 The Origin of the Vaccine Inoculation 12pgs

In popular culture[link]

• The Walking Dead television series's character Edwin Jenner, a doctor affiliated with Atlanta's Centers for Disease Control, is a homage to Edward Jenner.

See also[link]

• General practitioner
• Inoculation
• History of science

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Papers at the Royal College of Physicians
• Baron, John M.D. F.R.S., "The Life of Edward Jenner MD LLD FRS", Henry Colburn, London, 1827.
• Baron, John, "The Life of Edward Jenner with illustrations of his doctrines and selections from his correspondence". Two volumes. London 1838.
• Edward Jenner, the man and his work. BMJ 1949 E Ashworth Underwood
• Fisher, Richard B., "Edward Jenner 1749-1823," Andre Deutsch, London, 1991.
• Cartwright K (October 2005). "From Jenner to modern smallpox vaccines". Occupational Medicine 55 (7): 563–563. DOI:10.1093/occmed/kqi163. PMID 16251374. 
• Riedel S (January 2005). "Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination". Proceedings 18 (1): 21–5. PMC 1200696. PMID 16200144. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1200696. 
• Tan SY (November 2004). "Edward Jenner (1749-1823): conqueror of smallpox". Singapore Medical Journal 45 (11): 507–8. PMID 15510320. http://www.sma.org.sg/smj/4511/4511ms1.pdf. 
• van Oss CJ (November 2000). "Inoculation against smallpox as the precursor to vaccination". Immunological Investigations 29 (4): 443–6. PMID 11130785. 
• Gross CP, Sepkowitz KA (1998). "The myth of the medical breakthrough: smallpox, vaccination, and Jenner reconsidered". International Journal of Infectious Diseases 3 (1): 54–60. DOI:10.1016/S1201-9712(98)90096-0. PMID 9831677. 
• Willis NJ (August 1997). "Edward Jenner and the eradication of smallpox". Scottish Medical Journal 42 (4): 118–21. PMID 9507590. 
• Theves G (1997). "Smallpox: an historical review [Smallpox: an historical review]" (in German). Bulletin De La Société Des Sciences Médicales Du Grand-Duché De Luxembourg 134 (1): 31–51. PMID 9303824. 
• Kempa ME (December 1996). "Edward Jenner (1749-1823)--benefactor to mankind (100th anniversary of the first vaccination against smallpox) [Edward Jenner (1749-1823)--benefactor to mankind (100th anniversary of the first vaccination against smallpox)]" (in Polish). Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski 1 (6): 433–4. PMID 9273243. 
• Baxby D (November 1996). "The Jenner bicentenary: the introduction and early distribution of smallpox vaccine". FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 16 (1): 1–10. DOI:10.1111/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00105.x. PMID 8954347. 
• Larner AJ (September 1996). "Smallpox". The New England Journal of Medicine 335 (12): 901; author reply 902. PMID 8778627. 
• Aly A, Aly S (September 1996). "Smallpox". The New England Journal of Medicine 335 (12): 900–1; author reply 902. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199609193351217. PMID 8778626. 
• Magner J (September 1996). "Smallpox". The New England Journal of Medicine 335 (12): 900–902. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199609193351217. PMID 8778624. 
• Kumate-Rodríguez J (1996). "Bicentennial of smallpox vaccine: experiences and lessons [Bicentennial of smallpox vaccine: experiences and lessons]" (in Spanish). Salud Pública De México 38 (5): 379–85. PMID 9092091. 
• Budai J (August 1996). "200th anniversary of the Jenner smallpox vaccine [200th anniversary of the Jenner smallpox vaccine]" (in Hungarian). Orvosi Hetilap 137 (34): 1875–7. PMID 8927342. 
• Rathbone J (June 1996). "Lady Mary Wortley Montague's contribution to the eradication of smallpox". Lancet 347 (9014): 1566. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90724-2. PMID 8684145. 
• Baxby D (June 1996). "The Jenner bicentenary; still uses for smallpox vaccine". Epidemiology and Infection 116 (3): 231–4. DOI:10.1017/S0950268800052523. PMC 2271423. PMID 8666065. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2271423. 
• Cook GC (May 1996). "Dr William Woodville (1752-1805) and the St Pancras Smallpox Hospital". Journal of Medical Biography 4 (2): 71–8. PMID 11616267. 
• Baxby D (1996). "Jenner and the control of smallpox". Transactions of the Medical Society of London 113: 18–22. PMID 10326082. 
• Dunn PM (January 1996). "Dr Edward Jenner (1749-1823) of Berkeley, and vaccination against smallpox". Archives of Disease in Childhood 74 (1): F77–8. DOI:10.1136/fn.74.1.F77. PMC 2528332. PMID 8653442. http://fn.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8653442. 
• Meynell E (August 1995). "French reactions to Jenner's discovery of smallpox vaccination: the primary sources". Social History of Medicine 8 (2): 285–303. DOI:10.1093/shm/8.2.285. PMID 11639810. 
• Bloch H (July 1993). "Edward Jenner (1749-1823). The history and effects of smallpox, inoculation, and vaccination". American Journal of Diseases of Children 147 (7): 772–4. PMID 8322750. 
• Roses DF (October 1992). "From Hunter and the Great Pox to Jenner and smallpox". Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 175 (4): 365–72. PMID 1411896. 
• Turk JL, Allen E (April 1990). "The influence of John Hunter's inoculation practice on Edward Jenner's discovery of vaccination against smallpox". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 83 (4): 266–7. PMC 1292617. PMID 2187990. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1292617. 
• Poliakov VE (December 1985). "Edward Jenner and vaccination against smallpox [Edward Jenner and vaccination against smallpox]" (in Russian). Meditsinskaia Sestra 44 (12): 49–51. PMID 3912642. 
• Hammarsten JF, Tattersall W, Hammarsten JE (1979). "Who discovered smallpox vaccination? Edward Jenner or Benjamin Jesty?". Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 90: 44–55. PMC 2279376. PMID 390826. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2279376. 
• Rodrigues BA (1975). "Smallpox eradication in the Americas". Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization 9 (1): 53–68. PMID 167890. 
• Wynder EL (March 1974). "A corner of history: Jenner and his smallpox vaccine". Preventive Medicine 3 (1): 173–5. DOI:10.1016/0091-7435(74)90074-7. PMID 4592685. 
• Andreae H (June 1973). "Edward Jenner, initiator of cowpox vaccination against human smallpox, died 150 years ago [Edward Jenner, initiator of cowpox vaccination against human smallpox, died 150 years ago]" (in German). Das Offentliche Gesundheitswesen 35 (6): 366–7. PMID 4269783. 
• Friedrich I (February 1973). "A cure for smallpox. On the 150th anniversary of Edward Jenner's death [A cure for smallpox. On the 150th anniversary of Edward Jenner's death]" (in Hungarian). Orvosi Hetilap 114 (6): 336–8. PMID 4567814. 
• MacNalty AS (January 1968). "The prevention of smallpox: from Edward Jenner to Monckton Copeman". Medical History 12 (1): 1–18. PMC 1033768. PMID 4867646. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1033768. 
• Udovitskaia EF (November 1966). "Edward Jenner and the history of his scientific achievement. (On the 170th anniversary of the discovery of smallpox vaccination) [Edward Jenner and the history of his scientific achievement. (On the 170th anniversary of the discovery of smallpox vaccination)]" (in Russian). Vrachebnoe Delo 11: 111–5. PMID 4885910. 
• Voigt K (1964). "THE PHARMACY DISPLAY WINDOW. EDWARD JENNER DISCOVERED SMALLPOX VACCINATION [The Pharmacy Display Window. Edward Jenner Discovered Smallpox Vaccination]" (in German). Pharmazeutische Praxis 106: 88–9. PMID 14237138. 
• Ordnance Survey showing reference to Smallpox Hil: http://explore.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/os_routes/show/1539
• 1970 Davies JW. A historical note on the Reverend John Clinch, first Canadian vaccinator. CMAJ 1970;102:957–61.
• 1970 Roberts KB. Smallpox: an historic disease. Memorial University of Newfoundland Occas Papers Med Hist 1978;1:31–9.
• 1951 LeFanu WR. A bio-bibliography of Edward Jenner, 1749–1823. London (UK): Harvey and Blythe; 1951. p. 103–8.

External links[link]

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Edward Jenner

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Edward Jenner

• Jenner's papers on vaccination
• A digitized copy of An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variola vaccine (1798), from the Posner Memorial Collection at Carnegie Mellon
• The Edward Jenner Museum & Old Cyder House Conference Centre
• The Evolution of Modern Medicine. Osler, W (FTP)
• Flickr images tagged Edward Jenner
• Flickr images tagged Temple of Vaccinia
• Review of The Edward Jenner Museum on SoGlos.com