The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (January 2012)

"Rogue states" as defined by the United States.^{[citation needed]}

Rogue state is a controversial term applied by some international theorists to states they consider threatening to the world's peace. This means meeting certain criteria, such as being ruled by authoritarian regimes that severely restrict human rights, sponsor terrorism, and seek to proliferate weapons of mass destruction.^[4] The term is used most by the United States, though it has been applied by other countries.^[5]

Rogue states can also be differentiated from 'pariah states' such as Burma (Myanmar) and Zimbabwe who allegedly abuse the human rights of their populations while not being considered a tangible threat beyond their own borders, although the terms have been used interchangeably.

A common presumption applied to rogue states is that they do not necessarily behave rationally or in their own best interests. In political theory it is generally believed that a stable nation, ruled by a leadership that is subject to broad scrutiny (though not necessarily democratic scrutiny), will tend to act in its own best interests and will not take actions that are directly contrary to its own interests, particularly not to its own survival. Rogue states, however, may not be subject to this assumption and, as such, relations with them may be more complicated and unpredictable.

United States usage[link]

As early as July 1985, President Reagan had asserted that "we are not going to tolerate … attacks from outlaw states by the strangest collection of misfits, loony tunes, and squalid criminals since the advent of the Third Reich," but it fell to the Clinton administration to elaborate this concept.^[6] In the 1994 issue of Foreign Affairs, National Security Advisor Anthony Lake claimed "the reality of recalcitrant and outlaw states that not only choose to remain outside the family [of democratic nations] but also assault its basic values.^[6] Lake labeled five regimes as "rogue states": North Korea, Cuba, Iraq, Iran and Libya.^[6] In theory, at least, to be classified as a rogue, a state had to commit four transgressions: pursue weapons of mass destruction, support terrorism, severely abuse its own citizens, and stridently criticize the United States.^[6] However, it was argued that while four the nations met all these transgressions,^[6] Cuba, though still known for severely abusing its citizens and its strident criticism of the United States,^[6] no longer met all the transgressions required for a rogue state and was put on the list solely because of the political influence of the American Cuban community and specifically that of the Cuban American National Foundation.^[6]

Four other nations, Serbia and Montenegro, Syria, Sudan and Afghanistan, would also be later treated in manners similar to the rogue states as well.^[6] The United States employed several tools to isolate and punish rogue states.^[6] Tough unilateral economic sanctions, often at congressional behest, were imposed on or tightened against Iran, Libya, Cuba, Sudan, and Afghanistan.^[6] Air-power was used massively against Serbia in 1999 and selectively against Iraq for years after the conclusion of the Gulf War in 1991.^[6] Cruise missiles were fired at Afghanistan and Sudan in retaliation for terrorist attacks against U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in September 1998.^[6] Syria, which was seen as an important player in Israeli-Palestinian peace talks,^[6] would get less harsh treatment.^[6]

The Central Intelligence Agency supported a variety of covert actions designed to depose Saddam Hussein, while Congress approved the Iraq Liberation Act in 1998 aimed at providing Iraqi opposition groups with increased financial assistance.^[6] Several leading Republicans who would occupy high positions in the George W. Bush administration publicly urged President Clinton in February 1998 to recognize the Iraqi National Congress (INC) as the provisional government of Iraq.^[6] Some of these critics, including Paul Wolfowitz and Robert Zoellick, hinted that U.S. ground forces might ultimately be required to help the INC oust Saddam. In all of these anti-rogue efforts, however, Washington found it exceedingly difficult to persuade other nations (with the partial exception of Britain) to support its policies of ostracism and punishment.^[6]

The U.S. invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 removed Afghanistan from the list, and Iraq followed suit after the U.S.-led 2003 invasion of Iraq. Libya was removed from the list after achieving success through diplomacy. Relations with Libya also became more mutual following the eight month Libyan civil war, which resulted in the National Transitional Council ousting Muammar Gaddafi from power. In October of 2000, Slobodan Milosevic, the Serbian president who played a leading role in the instigating the Yugoslav Wars,^[7] was ousted from power and the US officially reopened it's embassy in the Serbia and Montenegro.^[7] The final sanctions against the nation were lifted in January of 2001^[8] and in 2006, Serbia and Montenegro officially dissolved into two separate states. In the last six months of the Clinton administration, former United States Secretary of State Madeleine Albright announced that the term "rogue state" would be abolished in June 2000, in favour of "states of concern,"^[9] as three of the rogue states (Libya, Iran and North Korea) no longer met the four transgressions which defined a rogue state.^[6]

However the Bush administration returned to using a similar term. The concept of "rogue states" was replaced by the Bush administration with the "Axis of Evil" concept (gathering Iraq, Iran, and North Korea). U.S. President George W. Bush first spoke of this "Axis of Evil" during his January 2002 State of the Union Address.^[10] More terms, such as Beyond the Axis of Evil and Outposts of Tyranny, would follow suit.

As the U.S. government remains the most active proponent of the "rogue state" expression, the term has received much criticism from those who disagree with U.S. foreign policy. Critics charge that "rogue state" merely means any state that is generally hostile to the U.S., or even one that opposes the U.S. without necessarily posing a wider threat.^[11][12] Some others, such as author William Blum, have written that the term is also applicable to the U.S. and Israel. Both the concepts of rogue states and the "Axis of Evil" have been criticized by certain scholars, including philosopher Jacques Derrida and linguist Noam Chomsky, who considered it more or less a justification of imperialism and a useful word for propaganda.^[13]

In Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower, William Blum claims that the United States of America, because of its foreign policy, is itself a rogue state.

Usage in other countries[link]

While the term is used in the media of many countries, it has only been officially used by the United Kingdom^[14] and Ukraine^[15]. However, the expression has been criticised by France,^[16] Russia and China.

See also[link]

• Pariah state
• Failed state
• International isolation
• Axis of evil

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Allman, T. D. (2004). Rogue State: America at War with the World. Nation Books. ISBN 978-1-56025-562-8
• Blum, William. (2006). Rogue state: a guide to the world's only superpower. Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-84277-827-2
• Chomsky, Noam. (2000). Rogue States: The Rule of Force in World Affairs. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-1708-3
• Derrida, Jacques. (2005). Rogues: Two Essays on Reason. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4951-0 (Translated by Pascale-Anne Brault, Michael Naas)
• Litwak, Robert. (2000). Rogue states and U.S. foreign policy: containment after the Cold War. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. ISBN 978-0-943875-98-9
• Pendleton, Don. (2002). Rogue State. Harlequin Books. ISBN 978-0-373-61945-0
• Rotberg, Robert. (2007). Worst of the worst: dealing with repressive and rogue nations. World Peace Foundation. ISBN 978-0-8157-7567-6
• Thompson, Janna. (2002). Is There Such a Thing as a Rogue State? Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics
• Triplett, William. (2004). Rogue state: how a nuclear North Korea threatens America. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89526-068-0

External links[link]

• Prevent Our Enemies from Threatening Us, Our Allies, and Our Friends with Weapons of Mass Destruction - Official White House statement
• Global Rogue State - Article by Edward S. Herman which argues that the U.S. is a rogue state.
• "Rogue States A Handy Label, But a Lousy Policy" The Washington Post, 2000, by Robert S. Litwak (use 'search' to find the article on the huge page)
• The New America Foundation: Beyond American Hegemony
• Rogue state

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (February 2011)

S. Frederick Small (born 1965), better known as Daddy Freddy is a Jamaican ragga vocalist.

Early life[link]

Small was born in Kingston, Jamaica and grew up in the city's Trenchtown district.^[1] His house was a few minutes walk from Coxsone Dodd's influential record studio Studio One.

His neighbours were Jacob Miller and Ranking Joe. Ranking Joe took Freddy under his wing and taught him the basics skills of performing. Freddy's natural ability meant he was quickly enlisted to work with Lt. Stichie (Of "Natty Dread" fame) and then later with Sugar Minott.^[1] It was performing on Minott's soundsystem that founded Freddy's fame in Jamaica.

He recorded his first single ("Zoo Party") in 1985 for Studio One.^[1]

Gaining fame[link]

He released his first album, Body Lasher, in 1986, and that year had six top ten hits in Jamaica, including a number one with "Joker Lover", a collaboration with Pinchers.^[1]

After successful touring in the US under the Chrysalis record label, Freddy came to England in 1987. His first UK work was a collaboration with Asher D called, Raggamuffin Hip-Hop. This album created a new style of music that was a fusion of Jamaican ragga and UK hip-hop.^[1] The anthemic title track has the much sampled vocal, "The ragga-muffin, the ragga-muffin, hip-hop". Freddy also managed to influence and support fledgling UK reggae stars, Top Cat, Tenor Fly and Prento Youth who went on to the legendary Coxsone Sound and the record label Congo Natty.

This album created even more interest for Freddy. Artists such as Dr. Dre, Cypress Hill, David Morales and Norman [Cook] all requested collaborations and others like The Prodigy, Me'lissa Morgan ("Through the Tears"), Salt 'n' Pepa and KRS-One all sampled his unique voice.

This fame culminated in Freddy attempting and breaking the World Record for World's fastest rapper in 1989 as part of the Capital radio Music Festival.^[1] Eventually Freddy broke the record four times taking it from 346 to 598 syllables a minute. First and second time in UK (in Covent Garden and on BBC's Record Breakers show where he appeared with Roy Castle) and two times in America (New York Empire State Building and in Washington). Renowned live performances have always been Freddy's hallmark, most notably at the New Music Seminar in New York and Tim Westwoods live rap shows on Capital radio.

He was signed to Chrysalis Records in 1991 by A&R VP Duff Marlowe, joining Gang Starr and Arrested Developement as part of Marlowe's stateside re-make of the UK rock label, releasing the album Stress.^[1]

Career break[link]

By the end of the 1990s Freddy was exhausted. His hectic life-style had taken it out of him so he found time to return to Jamaica and re-discover his roots. Whilst he still lent vocals to prominent dancehall tracks in Jamaica his next major work did not come until he came back to the UK, with a new lease of life. Freddy teamed up with renowned dub producer The Rootsman in 2000 to make the new album, Old School – New School (Third Eye Music).^[1]

Since then Freddy has been making new music and recording and training dancehall artists.

In 2002, Daddy Freddy recorded his first ever Drum and Bass track 'War' (written and produced by Alex Romane who co-wrote and co-produced the world's first officially-released Progressive Hardcore/Jungle/Drum and Bass album 'Delirious' in 1992 with Nathan Robinson). Initially, 'War' was shelved from release by studio personnel until its liberation via EMP and was released in 2007, with a re-release on iTunes and several hundred additional mp3 shippers in January 2012.

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• Body Lasher (1986)
• Ragamuffin Hip-Hop (with Asher D) (1988)
• Cater Fe She (1989)
• Stress (1991)
• Raggamuffin Soldier (1992)
• The Big One (1994)
• Greatest Hits (1996)
• Old School New School (with The Rootsman) (2000)
• Hardcore (2004)

Singles[link]

• Ragamuffin Hip Hop (with Asher D) Music Of Life (1988) (Profile/Arista/BMG US)
• Brutality (with Asher D) Music Of Life (1988)
• Summertime (with Asher D) Music Of Life (1988)
• We Are The Champions (with Asher D) Chrysalis/EMI (1989)
• Daddy Freddy's In Town Chrysalis (1990)
• Ragga House (with Simon Harris) Music Of Life (1990)
• Respect Music Of Life (1990)
• Don’t Stop the Music^{[disambiguation needed ]} Living Beat Rec (1990)
• Freddy’s Back (with Duke/Royal Family) Music Of Life (1990)
• The Crown Music Of Life (1991)
• Haul and Pull Chrysalis (1992)
• Dancehall Clash (with Tenor Fly) Live (1992)
• Respect Due (with Heavy D & Frankie Paul) Music Of Life (1993)
• Respect Due (Sly & Robbie Remixes) Music Of Life (1993)
• Pain Killa Music Of Life (1994)
• Freddy’s in the Jungle (Japanese Single) (1997)
• War (Written and Produced by Alex Romane/Urban Sunrise) EMP (2002 + 2012 re-release)
• Muggle (Ragga Meridional Crew) (2007)

Compilation and guest appearances[link]

• 1989: Kreem of the Krop; songs: "Dance Hall Clash", "Must Want A Man", "Rude Boy" and "Advert" ^[2]
• 1989: Hustlers Convention; song: "Live Jam", "The Ragamuffin Duo Take Charge", Come Selector" and "Grand Finale"
• 1989: Silver On Black; song "Londons Finest" by Simon Harris featuring Asher D and Daddy Freddy ^[3]
• 2003: Smojphace EP; song "Run The Place Red (AFX Mix)"
• 2007: Vavamuffin; song "Poor people (feat. Daddy Freddy)"

References[link]

External links[link]

• Heroes Of UK Hip Hop Daddy Freddy Page
• Heroes Of UK Hip Hop Asher D & Daddy Freddy Page
• official Website
• 'War' Original Mix - mp3 page
• 'Delirious' - album page

Anne Waldman, 2003

Anne Waldman (born April 2, 1945) is an American poet. Since the 1960s, Waldman has been an active member of the “Outrider” experimental poetry community as a writer, performer, collaborator, professor, editor, scholar, and cultural/political activist.

Life and work[link]

Born in Millville, New Jersey, Waldman only lived in New Jersey very briefly. She was raised on MacDougal Street in New York City's Greenwich Village, and received her B.A. from Bennington College in 1966. During the 1960s, Waldman became part of the East Coast poetry scene, in part through her engagement with the poets and artists loosely termed the Second Generation of the New York School. During this time, Waldman also made many connections with earlier generations of poets, including figures such as Allen Ginsberg, who once called Waldman his "spiritual wife." From 1966-1968, she served as Assistant Director of the Poetry Project at St. Mark's; and, from 1968–1978, she served as the Project's Director.

In the early 1960s, Waldman became a student of Buddhism. In the 1970s, along with Allen Ginsberg, she began to study with the Tibetan Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche. In 1974, with Trungpa, Ginsberg, and others, Waldman founded the Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics at the Naropa Institute in Boulder, Colorado (now Naropa University), where she remains a Distinguished Professor of Poetics and the Director of Naropa's famous Summer Writing Program.

In 1976, Waldman and Ginsberg were featured in Bob Dylan's film, Renaldo and Clara. They worked on the film while traveling through New England and Canada with the Rolling Thunder Revue, a concert tour that made impromptu stops, entertaining enthusiastic crowds with poetry and music. Waldman, Ginsberg, and Dylan were joined on these caravans by musicians such as Joan Baez, Joni Mitchell, Eric Anderson, and Joe Cocker. Waldman reveled in the experience, and she often thought of recreating the poetry caravan.^[1]

Waldman married Reed Bye in 1980, and their son, Edwin Ambrose Bye was born on October 21, 1980. The birth of her son proved to be an "inspiring turning point" for Waldman, and she became passionately interested in and deeply committed to the survival of the planet. Her child, she said, became her teacher.^[2] He inspired her poem, "Number Song" in which she writes, "I sing of my son." Waldman and Ambrose Bye (musician) perform frequently, and the two have created Fast Speaking Music and have produced multiple albums together.

Anne Waldman at the Miami Book Fair International of 1988

Waldman has been a fervent activist for social change. In the 1970s, she was involved with the Rocky Flats Truth Force, an organization opposed to the Rocky Flats nuclear weapons facility ten miles to the south of Boulder, Colorado. With Daniel Ellsberg and Allen Ginsberg, she was arrested for protesting outside of the site. She has been a vocal proponent for feminist, environmental, and human rights causes, an active participant in Poets Against the War, and she has helped organize protests in New York and Washington, D.C.

Although her work is sometimes connected to the Beat Generation, Waldman has never been, strictly speaking, a "Beat" poet. Her work, like the work of her contemporaries in the 1970s New York milieu of which she was a vital part—writers like Alice Notley and Bernadette Mayer, to name only two—is more diverse in its influences and ambitions. Waldman is particularly interested in the performance of her poetry: she considers performance a "ritualized event in time,"^[3] and she expresses the energy of her poetry through exuberant breathing, chanting, singing, and movement. Waldman credits her poem, Fast Speaking Woman, as the seminal work that galvanized her idea of poetry as performance. Ginsberg, Kenneth Koch, Lawrence Ferlinghetti - all encouraged her to continue to perform her poetry.^[4]

Waldman has published more than forty books of poetry [see bibliography below]. Her work has been widely anthologized, featuring work in Breaking the Cool (University of Mississippi Press, 2004), All Poets Welcome (University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 2003), Women of the Beat Generation (Conari Press, Berkeley, CA, 1996), Postmodern American Poetry (W.W. Norton, New York, 1994) and Up Late (Four Walls Eight Windows, New York, 1988) among others. Her poems have been translated into French, Italian, German, Turkish, Spanish, and Chinese. Waldman is also the editor of several volumes relating to modern, postmodern, and contemporary poetry. Over the course of her career, Waldman has also been a tireless collaborator, producing works with artists Elizabeth Murray, Richard Tuttle, George Schneeman, Donna Dennis, Pat Steir; musicians Don Cherry and Steve Lacy; dancer Douglas Dunn; filmmaker and husband Ed Bowes; and her son, musician/composer Ambrose Bye.

Waldman has been a Fellow at the Emily Harvey Foundation (Winter 2007) and the Bellagio Center in Italy (Spring 2006). She has also held residencies at the Christian Woman’s University of Tokyo (Fall 2004); the Schule für Dichtung in Vienna (where she has also served as Curriculum Director in 1989); the Institute of American Indian Arts in Santa Fe, New Mexico; and the Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey (1984). She has served as an advisor to the Prazska Skola Projekt in Prague, the Study Abroad on the Bowery (since 2004), and has been a faculty member in the New England College Low Residency MFA Program (since 2003). She is the recipient of grants from the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) and the Contemporary Artists Foundation, among others. With writer and scholar Ammiel Alcalay, she founded the Poetry is News Coalition in 2002.

Her archive of historical, literary, art, tape, and extensive correspondence materials (including many prominent literary correspondents, such as: William S. Burroughs, Robert Creeley, Diane Di Prima, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Allen Ginsberg, and Ken Kesey) resides at the University of Michigan's Special Collections Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan.^[5] A 55-minute film titled “Anne Waldman: Makeup on Empty Space,” a film by poet Jim Cohn, documents the opening of the Anne Waldman Collection at the University of Michigan.^[6]

Works[link]

Awards and Grants[link]

• Fellow, The Emily Harvey Foundation, Venice, winter 2007.
• Atlantic Center for the Arts Residency, 2002.
• Civitella Ranieri Center Fellow, 2001.
• Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grant Recipient, 2001.
• Vermont Studio School Residency, 2001.
• The Poetry Society of America’s Shelley Memorial Award, 1996.
• National Endowment for the Arts Grant, 1979-80.
• The National Literary Anthology Award, 1970.
• The Poets Foundation Award, 1969.
• The Dylan Thomas Memorial Award, 1967.
• Two-time winner of the International Poetry Championship Bout in Taos, New Mexico

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Contemporary Authors : Biography - Waldman, Anne (Lesley) (1945-) Thomson Gale; ISBN B0007SFYJW
• Charters, Ann (ed.). The Portable Beat Reader. Penguin Books. New York. 1992. ISBN 0-670-83885-3 (hc); ISBN 0-14-015102-8 (pbk)

External links[link]

• Naropa profile
• Anne Waldman at the Museum of American Poetics
• Anne Waldman interview at The Argotist Online
• Jacket issue 27 - largely devoted to essays about Waldman
• Kerouac Alley - Anne Waldman Directory
• Anne Waldman Gallery - Photographs
• RJ Eskow/Nightlight interview - Q&A with Anne Waldman on Buddhism and politics
• "Add-Verse" a poetry-photo-video project Waldman participated in
• Works by or about Anne Waldman in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

U Brown aka New Roy, Hugh Brown, Nuroy (born Huford Brown, 8 June 1956, Kingston, Jamaica) is a reggae deejay who released eleven albums between 1976 and 1984.

Biography[link]

Brown grew up in Bond Street in Kingston, living two doors away from Duke Reid's Treasure Isle studio.^[1] Heavily influenced by U-Roy, but also citing Big Youth, Dennis Alcapone, Prince Jazzbo and I-Roy as influences, Brown began his career on the Silver Bullet sound system in the early 1970s, moving on to Sound of Music and replacing U-Roy on the King Tubby's Hi-Fi system in 1975.^[1][2] Brown was initially given a chance to record by Winston Edwards and then Yabby You, and had a local hit in 1976 with "Starsky and Hutch", which was followed by a series of albums produced by Bunny Lee.^[1][2] He was signed to Virgin Records in the late 1970s, releasing two albums on their Front Line label. The Virgin contract enabled Brown to travel frequently to the United Kingdom, where he performed with the Unity Hi Power sound system. Brown returned to prominence in 1982, with "Tu Sheng Peng" (a version of Dennis Brown's "If This World Were Mine").

Brown set up his own Hit Sound label in 1977 as an outlet for his work as a producer.^[1]

In the 1980s, Brown relocated to Miami, returning to Jamaica in 1990.^[3] Blood & Fire released a compilation of Brown's 1970s work in 1997, raising his profile and leading to new recordings, working with Jah Warrior among others.

Albums[link]

• The Originator (1976) Carib Gems (Nuroy and U-Roy)
• Satta Dread (1976) Klik
• London Rock (1977) Third World
• Revelation Time (1977) Live & Love
• Mr Brown Something (1978) Virgin/Front Line
• Weather Baloon [sic] (1978) Gorgon, also released as You Can't Keep a Good Man Down (1978) Virgin/Front Line
• Repatriation (1979) Hit Sound
• Hotter Reggae Music (1982) Tad's, also issued as Tu Sheng Peng
• Raver's Party (1982) Trojan
• DJ Confrontation (1982) CF (with Peter Yellow)
• Jam It Tonight (1983) CSA, also issued as Black Princess (1999) Dressed To Kill
• Superstar (1984) Culture Press
• Train To Zion (1997) Blood & Fire (compilation)
• 3 The Roots Way (2001) Krescendo (with Ranking Joe and Trinity)
• Rougher Than The Rest Jah Warrior
• Still Standing Strong (2002) Hit Sound
• Rastafari Bible Belle
• Hit Sounds From Channel One (1999) Tabou 1 (compilation)
• The Original D.J. Sonic Sounds
• U Brown's Hit Sound (2007) Roots (compilation)

References[link]

External links[link]

• U Brown at Roots Archives
• Rebel Base Interview

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