The 2012–2013 Central African Republic rebellion was a conflict from December 2012 to January 2013 between the Government of the Central African Republic and rebels, many of whom were previously involved in the Central African Republic Bush War. The rebels accused the government of President François Bozizé of failing to abide by peace agreements signed since 2007.
Rebel forces known as the Séléka Coalition (Séléka means "alliance" in the Sango language[3]) captured many major towns in the central and eastern regions of the country. The alliance comprises two major groups based in north-eastern CAR, the UFDR and the CPJP, as well as the lesser known CPSK.[4] Two other groups announced their support to the coalition as well, the FDPC[5] as well as the Chadian group FPR,[6] both of which are based in northern CAR. With the exception of the FPR and the CPSK, all factions were signatory to peace agreements and a disarmament process.
Chad,[7] Gabon, Cameroon,[8] Angola,[9] South Africa[10] and Republic of Congo[11] sent troops to help the Bozizé government hold back a potential rebel advance on the capital, Bangui.
On 11 January 2013, a ceasefire agreement was signed in Libreville, Gabon. The rebels dropped their demand for President François Bozizé to resign, but he had to appoint a new prime minister from the opposition party by 18 January 2013.[12] On January 13, Bozizé signed a decree that removed Prime Minister Faustin-Archange Touadéra from power, as part of the agreement with the rebel coalition.[13] On January 17, Nicolas Tiangaye was appointed Prime Minister.[14]
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Rebels in northern Central African Republic in June 2007.
The Central African Republic Bush War (2004–2007) began with the rebellion by the Union of Democratic Forces for Unity (UFDR) in North-Eastern CAR, led by Michel Djotodia, after the current President of the Central African Republic, François Bozizé, seized power in 2003.[15] This quickly escalated into major fighting during 2004.[16] During this conflict, the UFDR rebel forces fought the CAR government concurrently with several other rebel groups that were located in other parts of the country, including the Groupe d'action patriotique pour la liberation de Centrafrique (GAPLC), the Convention of Patriots for Justice and Peace (CPJP), the People's Army for the Restoration of Democracy (APRD), the Movement of Central African Liberators for Justice (MLCJ), and the Front démocratique Centrafricain (FDC).[17] Tens of thousands of people were displaced by the unrest, which continued until 2007, with rebel forces seizing several cities during the conflict.
On 13 April 2007, a peace agreement between the government and the UFDR was signed in Birao. The agreement provided for an amnesty for the UFDR, its recognition as a political party, and the integration of its fighters into the army.[18][19] Further negotiations resulted in an agreement in 2008 for reconciliation, a unity government, and local elections in 2009 and parliamentary and presidential elections in 2010.[20] The new unity government that resulted was formed in January 2009.[21]
According to the Human Rights Watch, hundreds of civilians were killed, more than 10,000 houses burned, and approximately 212,000 persons fled their homes to live in desperate conditions deep in the bush in northern parts of the Central African Republic.[22] Additionally, rebel groups say that Bozizé has not followed the terms of the 2007 agreement, and that there continue to be political abuses, especially in the northern part of the country, such as "torture and illegal executions".[12]
Despite the 25 August signing of the peace agreement between the government and the CPJP that promised final closure of the Bush War,[23] political violence continued in eastern and central CAR. On 15 September a dissident faction of the CPJP, led by Hassan Al-Habib and calling itself "Fundamental CPJP", attacked the towns of Sibut, Damara and Dekoa.[24] Two members of the national army (FACA) were reportedly killed at Dekoa. Fundamental CPJP were opposed to the peace agreement, and in a radio announcement, the group threatened to march on Bangui.[25] On 13 November, two civilians and a police officer traveling to Bangui were shot to death on the road between Sibut and Damara, near the village of Libi on the boundary of the Ombella-M'Poko prefecture. [26] Further east in Obo, a FACA vehicle was attacked with RPGs on the same day. A civilian in the vehicle was killed and an unspecified number of troops injured. The vehicle was destroyed. The attack was attributed to Chadian Front populaire pour le redressement rebels (translation: People's Front for Reformation), who had been active in the region for some time. [27]
On 10 December an armed group seized the towns of N'Délé, Sam Ouandja and Ouadda. Rebels fought with government and allied CPJP troops for over an hour before securing the town of N'Délé.[28] At least five government troops were reportedly killed. At Sam Ouandja, rebels claimed to had captured 22 soldiers and heavy mounted weapons.[29][30]
On 15 December, rebel forces took Bamingui, a town approximately 120 km (75 mi) from N'Délé in a direct line towards Bangui. Three days later they advanced to Bria, an important diamond mining town lying 200 km (120 mi) southeast of Ouadda. The successful early morning rebel assault on 18 December killed over 15 government soldiers. The Seleka claim they are fighting because of a lack of progress after a peace deal ended the 2004–2007 Central African Republic Bush War.[31] Following an appeal for help from Central African President François Bozizé, the President of Chad, Idriss Déby, pledged to send 2,000 troops to help quell the rebellion.[32][33] The first Chadian troops arrived on 18 December to reinforce the CAR contingent in Kaga Bandoro, in preparation for a counter-attack on N'Délé.
Seleka forces took Kabo on 19 December, a major hub for transport between Chad and CAR, located west and north of the areas previously taken by the rebels.[34] Four days later the rebel coalition took over Bambari, the country's third largest town,[35] followed by Kaga-Bandoro on 25 December. On the same day, President Bozizé met with military advisers in the capital Bangui.[36]
On 26 December hundreds of protesters angered by the rebel advance surrounded the French embassy in Bangui, hurling stones, burning tires and tearing down the French flag. The demonstrators accused the former colonial power of failing to help the army fight off rebel forces. At least 50 people, including women and children, were sheltering inside the building, protected by a large contingent of around 250 French troops that surrounded the area.[37] A separate, smaller group of protesters chanted slogans outside the US Embassy and threw stones at cars carrying white passengers, according to news reports. A scheduled Air France weekly flight from Paris to Bangui had to turn back "due to the situation in Bangui", a spokeswoman at the company said.
Later in the day rebel forces reached Damara, bypassing the town of Sibut where around 150 Chadian troops are stationed together with CAR troops that withdrew from Kaga-Bandoro. Josué Binoua, the CAR's minister for territorial administration, requested that France intervene in case the rebels, now only 75 km (47 mi) away, manage to reach the capital Bangui. Colonel Djouma Narkoyo, a spokesman for Seleka, called on the army to lay down its weapons, adding that "Bozizé has lost all his legitimacy and does not control the country."[38]
On 27 December Bozizé asked the international community for assistance, specifically France and the United States, during a speech in the capital Bangui. French President Francois Hollande rejected the appeal, saying that French troops would only be used to protect French nationals in the CAR, and not to defend Bozizé's government. Reports indicated that US military authorities were preparing plans to evacuate "several hundred" American citizens, as well as other nationals.[39][40] General Jean-Felix Akaga, commander of the Economic Community of Central African States' Multinational Force of Central Africa, said the capital was "fully secured" by the troops from its MICOPAX peacekeeping mission, adding that reinforcements should arrive soon. However, military sources in Gabon and Cameroon denied the report, claiming no decision had been taken regarding the crisis.[41]
Government soldiers launched a counterattack against rebel forces in Bambari on 28 December, leading to heavy clashes, according to a government official. Several witnesses over 60 km (37 mi) away said they could hear detonations and heavy weapons fire for a number of hours. Later, both a rebel leader and a military source confirmed the military attack was repelled and the town remained under rebel control. At least one rebel fighter was killed and three were wounded in the clashes, the military's casualties were unknown.[42]
Meanwhile, the foreign ministers in the ECCAS announced that more troops from the Multinational Force for Central Africa (FOMAC) would be sent to the country to support the 560 members of the MICOPAX mission already present. The announcement was done by Chad's Foreign Minister Moussa Faki after a meeting in the Gabonese capital Libreville. At the same time, ECCAS deputy secretary general Guy-Pierre Garcia confirmed that the rebels and the CAR government had agreed to unconditional talks, with the goal to get to negotiations by 10 January at the latest. In Bangui, the US Air Force evacuated around 40 people from the country, including its ambassador. The International Committee of the Red Cross also evacuated eight of its foreign workers, though local volunteers and 14 other foreigners remained to help the growing number of displaced people.[43]
Rebel forces took over the town of Sibut without firing a shot on 29 December, as at least 60 vehicles with CAR and Chadian troops retreated to Damara, the last city standing between Seleka and the capital. In Bangui, the government ordered a 7 pm to 5 am curfew and banned the use of motorcycle taxis, fearing they could be used by rebels to infiltrate the city. Residents reported many shop-owners had hired groups of armed men to guard their property in anticipation of possible looting, as thousands were leaving the city in overloaded cars and boats. The French military contingent rose to 400 with the deployment of 150 additional paratroopers sent from Gabon to Bangui Airport. French Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault again stressed that the troops were only present to "protect French and European nationals", not deal with the rebels.[44][45]
On 30 December President Bozize agreed to a possible national unity government with members of the Seleka, after meeting with African Union chairperson Thomas Yayi Boni. He added that the CAR government was ready to begin peace talks "without condition and without delay".[46] By 1 January reinforcements from FOMAC began to arrive in Damara to support the 400 Chadian troops already stationed there as part of the MICOPAX mission. With rebels closing in on the capital Bangui, a total of 360 soldiers were sent to boost the defenses of Damara – 120 each from Gabon, Republic of the Congo and Cameroon, with a Gabonese general in command of the force. In the capital itself, deadly clashes erupted after police killed a young Muslim man suspected of links to Seleka. According to news reports, the man was arrested overnight, and was shot when he tried to escape. Shortly after that clashes began in Bangui's PK5 neighborhood, killing one police officer. Meanwhile, in a new development, the US State Department voiced its concern over the "arrests and disappearances of hundreds of individuals who are members of ethnic groups with ties to the Seleka rebel alliance".[8]
On 2 January a presidential decree read on state radio announced that President Bozize was the new head of the defense ministry, taking over from his son, Jean Francis Bozize. In addition, army chief Guillaume Lapo was dismissed due to failure of the CAR military to stop the rebel offensive in December.[47] Meanwhile, rebel spokesman Col. Djouma Narkoyo confirmed that Seleka had stopped their advance and will enter peace talks due to start in Libreville on 8 January, on the precondition that government forces stop arresting members of the Gula tribe. The rebel coalition confirmed it will demand the immediate departure of President Bozize, who has pledged to see out his term until its end in 2016. Jean-Félix Akaga, the Gabonese general in charge of the MICOPAX force sent by the ECCAS, declared that Damara represented a "red line that the rebels cannot cross", and that doing so would be "a declaration of war" against the 10 members of the regional bloc. It was also announced that Angola had contributed to the 760 troops stationed in the CAR, while France had further boosted its military presence in the country to 600 troops, sent to protect French nationals in case it is required.[9]
On 6 January, South African President Jacob Zuma announced the deployment of 400 troops to the CAR to assist the forces already present there. Rebel forces secured two small towns near Bambari as peace talks were scheduled to begin in two days.[10]
Elisabeth Blanche Olofio, a radio journalist for Radio Bé-Oko, was killed by the Séléka Coalition, who attacked the station in Bambari, Central African Republic and another Radio Kaga in Kaga Bandoro on 7 January 2013.[48][49][50] Radio Bé-Oko is part of a larger network of apolitical radio stations operating in the Central African Republic, known as L’Association des Radios Communautaires de Centrafrique.[51][52] The international press freedom organization Reporters Without Borders based in France said it was concerned that the rebel attacks were taking their toll on the ability of radio stations to operate in the C.A.R.[53] Just four days after her murder on January 11, the government of C.A.R. signed a ceasefire agreement with Séléka Coalition representatives.[54]
On 11 January 2013, a ceasefire agreement was signed in Libreville, Gabon. The rebels dropped their demand for President François Bozizé to resign, but he must appoint a new prime minister from the opposition party by 18 January 2013.[12] The National Assembly of the Central African Republic is to be dissolved within a week with a year-long coalition government formed in its place and a new legislative election will be held within 12 months, a date that can possibly be pushed back.[55] The temporary coalition government will implement judicial reforms, amalgamate the rebel troops with soldiers in the Bozizé government to establish a new national military, set up the new legislative elections, as well as introduce other social and economic reforms.[55] Furthermore, Bozizé's government must free all political prisoners imprisoned during the conflict, and foreign troops must return to their countries of origin.[12] Under the agreement, Séléka Coalition rebels are not required to give up the cities they have taken or are currently occupying, to ensure that Bozizé will not renege on the agreement.[12] Bozizé, who will remain president until 2016 when there are new presidential elections, said, "...it's a victory for peace because from now on Central Africans in conflict zones will be finally freed from their suffering."[56]
On January 13, Bozizé signed a decree that removed Prime Minister Faustin-Archange Touadéra from power, as part of the agreement with the rebel coalition.[13] On January 17, Nicolas Tiangaye was appointed Prime Minister.[14]
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France – On 27 December, CAR President Francois Bozizé requested international assistance to help with the rebellion, in particular from France and the United States. French President Francois Hollande rejected the plea, saying that the 250 French troops stationed at Bangui M'Poko International Airport are there "in no way to intervene in the internal affairs". Separately, a Foreign Ministry statement condemned "the continued hostility by the rebel groups", adding that the only solution to the crisis was dialogue.[57]
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United States of America – On 24 December the State Department issued a warning to all American citizens, recommending against all but essential travel outside the capital Bangui. All non-essential personnel were evacuated, and the embassy switched to limited emergency consular services.[58] On 28 December, the United States Embassy in Bangui suspended operations due to the ongoing rebel attacks;[59] with Ambassador Wohlers and his diplomatic staff evacuating the country.[60]
- African Union – Yayi Boni, the chairman of the African Union, held a press conference in Bangui, stating, "I beg my rebellious brothers, I ask them to cease hostilities, to make peace with President Bozize and the Central African people ... If you stop fighting, you are helping to consolidate peace in Africa. African people do not deserve all this suffering. The African continent needs peace and not war."[61] Boni went on to call for dialogue between the current government and the rebels.[61]
European Union – On 21 December the High Representative for Foreign Affairs Catherine Ashton called on the armed rebel groups to "cease all hostilities and to respect the Libreville Comprehensive Peace Agreement". European Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid Kristalina Georgieva added that she was deeply worried over the situation in the country and that she strongly urged "all armed groups to respect international humanitarian law and the activities of humanitarians".[62] On 1 January Ashton once again expressed concern over the violence and urged all parties involved to "take all necessary measures to end, without delay, all exactions against populations in Bangui neighbourhoods that undermine chances of a peaceful dialogue".[63]
United Nations – On 26 December the U.N. announced it was pulling all non-essential personnel out of the country due to the worsening security situation. In a statement, U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon condemned the rebels' advance and warned that it had the potential to "gravely undermine the peace agreements in place". He also called on the government "to ensure the safety and security of U.N. personnel and its premises."[38][64]
- ^ a b "Central African Republic president says ready to share power with rebels", Reuters
- ^ a b "Seleka, Central Africa's motley rebel coalition", Radio Netherlands Worldwide
- ^ "Séléka rebels agree on unconditional talks". CAR govt.. 29 December 2012. http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2012/12/29/280646/car-govt-rebels-to-hold-talks/.
- ^ "Three rebel groups threaten to topple C.African regime". ReliefWeb (AFP). 18 December 2012. http://reliefweb.int/report/central-african-republic/three-rebel-groups-threaten-topple-cafrican-regime. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
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- ^ "Chad sends troops to back CAR army against rebels". Reuters. AlertNet. 18 December 2012. http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/chad-sends-troops-to-back-car-army-against-rebels. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
- ^ a b "Region sends troops to help embattled C. African army". Channel NewsAsia. 2 January 2013. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_world/view/1245475/1/.html.
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- ^ a b "South Africa to send 400 soldiers to CAR". Al Jazeera English. 6 January 2013. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/01/201316201622291808.html.
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- ^ Hancock, Stephanie (30 August 2007). "Feature - Bush war leaves Central African villages deserted". Reuters. ReliefWeb. http://reliefweb.int/report/central-african-republic/feature-bush-war-leaves-central-african-villages-deserted. Retrieved 2012-12-26.
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- ^ "Touadera names rebels in new Central African Republic govt". Agence France-Presse. Google News. 19 January 2009. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iDaBqt-PZaqJ6IPUfGowi9_x95Ag. Retrieved 2012-12-26.
- ^ "State of Anarchy: Rebellion and Abuses Against Civilians" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 15 September 2007. http://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/09/14/state-anarchy. Retrieved 2012-12-26.
- ^ "Le CPJP, dernier groupe rebelle actif en Centrafrique, devient un parti politique". Radio France Internationale. 26 August 2012. http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20120826-cpjp-groupe-rebelle-centrafrique. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
- ^ "Centrafrique/rébellion: un gendarme et deux civils tués dans une attaque proche de Bangui (gendarmerie)". ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse (Bangui, CAR). 14 November 2012. http://reliefweb.int/report/central-african-republic/centrafriquer%C3%A9bellion-un-gendarme-et-deux-civils-tu%C3%A9s-dans-une. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
- ^ "Central African Republic: Rebels attack 3 towns". The Big Story (Bangui, CAR). 17 September 2012. http://bigstory.ap.org/article/central-african-republic-rebels-attack-3-towns. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
- ^ "Centrafrique/rébellion: un gendarme et deux civils tués dans une attaque proche de Bangui (gendarmerie)". Agence France-Presse. Bangui, CAR: ReliefWeb. 14 November 2012. http://reliefweb.int/report/central-african-republic/centrafriquer%C3%A9bellion-un-gendarme-et-deux-civils-tu%C3%A9s-dans-une. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
- ^ "Centrafrique : un civil tué par des hommes armés dans l'est (militaires)". Agence France-Presse. Bangui, CAR: ReliefWeb. 13 November 2012. http://reliefweb.int/report/central-african-republic/centrafrique-un-civil-tu%C3%A9-par-des-hommes-arm%C3%A9s-dans-lest-militaires. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
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- ^ "A rebel attack on a Central African Republic town left at least four dead and 22 government troops captured by the rebels, sources said Saturday.", Radio Netherlands Worldwide
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- ^ Ngoupana, Paul-Marin (18 December 2012). "CAR rebels take diamond mining town, kill 15 soldiers". Reuters. AlertNet. http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/car-rebels-take-diamond-mining-town-kill-15-soldiers/. Retrieved 2012-12-26.
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- ^ CAR President Sacks Defense Minister (Voice Of America)
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- ^ "UN chief slams attacks on towns in Central African Republic". PressTV. 27 December 2012. http://presstv.com/detail/2012/12/27/280303/un-chief-slams-attacks-on-car-towns/. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
fr:Conflit centrafricain de 2012
pl:Konflikt w Republice Środkowoafrykańskiej pt:Guerra Civil na República Centro-Africana ru:Конфликт в Центральноафриканской Республике (2012-2013)
