Bos
Banteng (Bos javanicus )
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammal
Order:	Artiodactyla
Family:	Bovidae
Subfamily:	Bovinae
Genus:	Bos Linnaeus, 1758
Species
B. acutifrons † B. frontalis B. gaurus B. grunniens B. indicus B. javanicus B. palaesondaicus † B. planifrons † B. primigenius † B. sauveli B. taurus

Bos is the genus of wild and domestic cattle. Bos can be divided into four subgenera: Bos, Bibos, Novibos, and Poephagus, but these divisions are controversial. The genus has five extant species. However, this may rise to seven if the domesticated varieties are counted as separate species, and nine if the closely related genus Bison is also included.^[1] Modern species of cattle are believed to have originated from the extinct aurochs.

Anatomy and morphology[link]

Most species are grazers, with long tongues to twist the plant material they favor and large teeth to break up the plant material they ingest. They are ruminants, having a four-chambered stomach that allows them to break down plant material.

Range and distribution[link]

There are about 1.3 billion domestic cattle alive today, making them one of the world's most numerous mammals. Members of this genus are currently found in Africa, Asia, eastern and western Europe and parts of North America. Their habitats vary greatly depending on the particular species; they can be found in prairies, rain forests, wetlands, savannas and temperate forests.

Ecology, behavior and life history[link]

Most Bos species have a lifespan of 18–25 years in the wild, with up to 36 being recorded in captivity. They have a 9-11 month gestation, depending on the species and birth one, or rarely two young in the spring.

Most species travel in herds ranging in size from 10 members into the hundreds. Within most herds, there is one bull (male) for all the cows (female). Dominance is important in the herds; calves will usually inherit their mother's position in the hierarchy.^{[citation needed]}

They are generally diurnal, resting in the hot part of the day and being active morning and afternoon. In areas where humans have encroached on the territory of a herd, they may turn nocturnal. Some species are also migratory, moving with food and water availability.

Evolutionary history[link]

Modern species of Bos are thought to have evolved from a single ancestor, the aurochs (B. primigenius). This particular species survived until the early 17th century when it was hunted to extinction as the last aurochs, a female, died in Poland.

Systematics and taxonomy[link]

• Subgenus Bos
  • Bos primigenius (aurochs) †
  • Bos taurus (cattle, domesticated form of Bos primigenius)
  • Bos indicus (zebu, domesticated form of Bos primigenius)
  • Bos aegyptiacus (Egyptian cattle; name not recognized by ITIS) †
  • Bos acutifrons †
  • Bos planifrons †
• Subgenus Bibos
  • Bos gaurus (gaur or Indian bison)
  • Bos frontalis (gayal or mithun, domesticated form of Bos gaurus)
  • Bos javanicus (banteng)
  • Bos palaesondaicus (Pleistocene Banteng) †
• Subgenus Novibos
  • Bos sauveli (kouprey or Grey ox)
• Subgenus Poephagus
  • Bos grunniens (yak; also Bos mutus)

In 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature resolved a long-standing dispute about the naming of those species (or pairs of species) of Bos that contain both wild and domesticated forms. The commission "conserved the usage of 17 specific names based on wild species, which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic forms", confirming Bos primigenius for the aurochs and Bos gaurus for the gaur. If domesticated cattle and gayal are considered separate species, they are to be named Bos taurus and Bos frontalis; however, if they are considered part of the same species as their wild relatives, the common species are to be named Bos primigenius and Bos gaurus.

See also[link]

• Cattle
• Bovine genome
• Bull (mythology)

Bibliography[link]

• Briggs, H.M. and Briggs, D.M. (1980). Modern Breeds of Livestock. Macmillan Publishing.
• International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 2003. Opinion 2027 (Case 3010). Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved. Bull.Zool.Nomencl., 60:81-84.
• Van Vuure, Cis. 2003. De Oeros – Het spoor terug, Cis van Vuure, Wageningen University and Research Centrum / Ministry of the Flemish Community, Brussels & Wageningen.
• Zong, G. 1984. A record of Bos primigenius from the Quaternary of the Aba Tibetan Autonomous Region. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, Volume XXII No. 3 pp. 239–245. Translated by Jeremy Dehut, April 1991. Online pdf (62 kB)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bos

• Vasey, George 1862. A monograph of the genus Bos. Scan of a historic work

Fandi bin Ahmad (born 29 May 1962) is a Singaporean association football coach and former professional player. He mainly played as a striker, but could also play as a midfielder. He played for Malaysia Cup state sides Singapore FA, Kuala Lumpur FA and Pahang FA, and won titles with all three, including two Doubles in 1992 and 1994, and the Golden Boot in 1988. Fandi also played for Niac Mitra (Indonesia), FC Groningen (Netherlands), Geylang United (Singapore) and Singapore Armed Forces FC (SAFFC). With the Singapore national football team, Fandi won 101 caps, scored 52 goals, won three Southeast Asian Games (SEA Games) silver medals and was captain from 1993 to 1997. He managed SAFFC and Pelita Jaya (Indonesia), served as assistant national coach and runs the Fandi Ahmad Academy. As a 1994 winner of the Pingat Bakti Masyarakat (state medal), the first Singaporean footballer to play in Europe, the first Singaporean millionaire sportsperson and first Singaporean sportsperson to have a published biography, Fandi has been called a national legend.^{[foot 1]} Fandi has five children with his wife, South African model Wendy Jacobs, and his father is Ahmad Wartam, a former national goalkeeper.

Early years[link]

As a young child, Fandi was obsessed with football and spent much of his time kicking a ball. His family lived in two rooms in Woodbridge Hospital, and he had to sell nasi lemak to help support them.^[5][9] Fandi's father, Ahmad Wartam was then a goalkeeper for the national team.^[10] Fandi started playing as a goalkeeper, but was advised by a teacher to switch to midfield.^[11] When he was 12, his parents divorced, after which he lived with his father and paternal grandparents. At Serangoon Gardens Secondary School, Fandi played for the school football team, but neglected his studies and was retained. He then transferred to the Singapore Vocational Institute and obtained a National Trade Certificate 3. He played for Kaki Bukit Football Club in the amateur National Football League, where he was spotted by Singapore FA coach Sebastian Yap.^[12]

Club career[link]

Fandi joined Singapore FA in 1979 and became a regular midfield player, scoring four goals in his first Malaysia Cup season. The retirement of Arshad Khamis and Dollah Kassim prompted Jita Singh, the new Singapore FA coach, to play Fandi as a striker. During the 1980 Malaysia Cup season, Fandi scored eight goals, including the winning goal in the final against Selangor FA.^[13] He enlisted for National Service in September 1980 and was given light duties, such as collecting the camp garbage, so he could continue playing for Singapore FA. In 1981, Fandi won the FAS Footballer of the Year award for helping Singapore FA reach the Malaysia Cup final.^[10] The following year, Singapore FA did not play in the Malaysia Cup for political reasons, and Fandi underwent a shoulder operation; he could not play football for six weeks and was discharged early from National Service.^[14]

Selangor FA invited Fandi to play for them against Argentine club Boca Juniors in a friendly game, in which Fandi scored the only goal for Selangor FA; the score was 2–1. Fandi received offers from several Malaysia Cup teams, Indonesian side Niac Mitra, Swiss club Young Boys and Dutch side Ajax. After a three-week trial, Ajax offered Fandi a three-year contract,^[15] but Fandi instead signed a one-year contract with Niac Mitra, where he spent one season, helped them successfully defend their Galatama League title and was the third-highest scorer with 13 goals. In a friendly match between Niac Mitra and Arsenal, Fandi scored a goal in a 2–0 victory; however, he left Niac Mitra due to a sudden Galatama League ban on foreign players.^[16]

In 1983, Fandi moved to the Netherlands and signed a two-year contract with FC Groningen. A thigh injury acquired in a friendly match kept him off the field for ten weeks, but in his first Eredivisie game he scored twice in a 2–0 victory over Go Ahead Eagles. Three days later, he played in the first leg of a UEFA Cup second-round match against Italian side Internazionale, and scored the second goal in a 2–0 win, though in the second leg Groningen were defeated 1–5.^[17] The Groningen fans voted Fandi the most popular player and the most skillful player that season; he scored 10 goals in 29 games to help the Dutch club rise from ninth to fifth place in the Eredivisie. As an April Fools' Day joke, The Straits Times published a front-page story claiming that Manchester United had signed Fandi.^[18] However, his second season was marred by a recurrence of the thigh injury and a dispute with the coach. He played only two full games that season and Groningen did not offer him a new contract.^[19] During his time in the Netherlands, Fandi scored 11 league goals in 36 league games for Groningen.^[20]

The next club that Fandi played for was Malaysia Cup side Kuala Lumpur FA, which in 1987 won its first Malaysia Cup title. It was Malaysia Cup champions again the following season; Fandi won the Golden Boot, having scored 21 goals.^[21] After a third season at Kuala Lumpur FA, in which it won a third consecutive Malaysia Cup, Fandi signed a two-year contract with Greek club OFI Crete in 1990. However, problems with his International Transfer Certificate prevented him from playing for Crete, so he left Greece after two months.^[22] Fandi then joined Pahang FA, where he reverted to playing mainly in midfield due to his advancing age.^[23] Fandi missed several months of games because of heel and thigh injuries, and scored three goals to help Pahang FA win the Malaysia Cup and Malaysian League Double in 1992.^[24] That year, he also became the first Singaporean sportsperson to have career earnings exceeding a million Singapore dollars (not adjusted for inflation).^[5]

Fandi rejoined Singapore FA after it was relegated to the second tier of the Malaysian League. Singapore FA was promoted and reached the Malaysia Cup final in 1993, and finished the 1994 season as Malaysia Cup and Malaysian League champions. Captain Fandi played in 39 of Singapore FA's 41 games in the double-winning season, was the top scorer with 26 goals and was voted Player of the Season;^[25][26] he was also awarded a state medal, the Pingat Bakti Masyarakat (Public Service Medal).^[10] The following season, Singapore FA withdrew from the Malaysia Cup and a fully professional Singaporean league, the S.League, was formed. In its inaugural season in 1996, Fandi captained Geylang United and was the joint top scorer with 11 goals, including the equaliser that confirmed Geylang as league champions. The Asian Football Confederation declared him the Player of the Month of June 1996.^[27][28] Geylang was given special dispensation to pay Fandi thrice the S.League salary cap.^[9] His playing career concluded with three seasons at SAFFC, during which they won two S.League titles and two Singapore Cups. Because of injuries, Fandi was limited to mainly short substitute appearances, but he continued to score crucial goals, notably two against Cambodian side Royal Dolphins in the Asian Club Championship, until his retirement in 1999.^[29][30]

International career[link]

From 1979 to 1997, Fandi made 101 appearances for the Singapore national football team,^{[foot 2]} scored 52 goals and earned a place in the Asian Football Confederation Hall of Fame.^[6] He started as captain of the national youth team that won the Lion City Cup in 1976 and 1977,^[5] then joined the senior national team on a tour of Russia, where he played in two friendly games and scored two goals in the second.^[13] His first senior cap came at 17 years, 3 months and 23 days, making him Singapore's youngest-ever full international, until his record was broken by Hariss Harun in 2007.^[31] However, in his first international competition, the 1979 SEA Games, Fandi did not score in four matches. He scored against India and North Korea in the Olympic Games qualifiers, but did not score in three FIFA World Cup qualifying matches. In the 1981 Ovaltine Cup, Fandi scored all Singapore goals in the 3–2 aggregate victory over Malaysia.^[15] Fandi scored a goal in a 1–2 loss to Thailand in the 1981 King's Cup and a hat-trick against the Philippines at the 1981 SEA Games. In 1992, Fandi scored twice against Nepal and once against Thailand in the King's Cup, then scored when Singapore beat Malaysia 3–1 in the Ovaltine Cup.^[32]

The following year, Fandi helped Singapore win the first of three SEA Games silver medals, with two goals in a 3–0 group stage win over Brunei and two against Malaysia in the semi-final. Despite suffering an ankle injury in the 1–2 final defeat by Thailand,^[33] he played in the 1983 Merlion Cup, and scored in a 1–0 semi-final win against of China.^[18] The second SEA Games silver medal came in 1985, when Fandi scored against Malaysia and the Philippines in the group stage, then two goals against Brunei in the semi-final. At the 1989 SEA Games, Fandi scored in the 4–0 victory over Myanmar that took Singapore past the group stages, the last-minute winner in the semi-final against defending champions Indonesia and Singapore's single goal in the 1–3 final defeat by Malaysia. This completed the hat-trick of silver medals, though in 2007, he said that "not winning the SEA Games gold medal" was among "his biggest regrets".^[5] Fandi also played at the 1990 Asian Games and scored in the 6–1 win against Pakistan.^[32]

During the 1991 SEA Games, Fandi scored both Singapore goals against Myanmar in the group stage, but was substituted in the semi-final match, after Indonesian fullback Herry Setyawan elbowed him in the eye. That match ended goalless and the Lions lost on penalties.^[34] Fandi also missed Singapore's failed attempt to qualify for the 1992 Asian Cup, having sustained a heel injury.^[35] At the 1993 SEA Games, captain Fandi scored a hat-trick in the 7–0 defeat of the Philippines, followed by the second Singapore goal in the 3–3 semi-final draw with Myanmar and scored once in the 3–1 win over Indonesia that secured a bronze medal for Singapore. Fandi also played in the inaugural Tiger Cup, and scored an equaliser against Malaysia, a goal against Brunei and two against the Philippines. 1997 was a disappointing year for Fandi, who failed to score in the Dunhill Cup and the World Cup qualifiers. After the 1997 SEA Games, where his goal in the semi-final could not prevent a 1–2 defeat to Indonesia, Fandi retired from international football.^[32]

Coaching career[link]

After his retirement from playing, Fandi worked as a coach. He started as the assistant to Singapore's national coach, Vincent Subramaniam, for the 1999 SEA Games, where Singapore finished fourth.^[8] In 2000, Fandi became coach of SAFFC and guided them to the S.League title, and he won the S.League Coach of the Year Award.^[36] Under Fandi, SAFFC ended the 2001 season without winning a trophy and were 2002 S.League champions by a 20-point margin.^[37] Fandi then simultaneously served as assistant national coach,^[8] helping Singapore win the Tiger Cup in 2005,^[2] and coach of the Young Lions, which rose from the bottom of the S.League in 2003 to two third-place finishes in 2004 and 2006.^[38]

In November 2006, Fandi joined Indonesian side Pelita Jaya,^[4] where he adopted a youth policy that helped them win promotion from the second division,^[39] then guided the club to two mid-table finishes in the Indonesia Super League. Fandi left Pelita Jaya in March 2010.^[40] As of 2011^[update], Fandi is a scout for Italian club Vicenza Calcio, a regional project manager for the Genova International Soccer School,^[3] and runs the Fandi Ahmad Academy, which organises training programmes and overseas opportunities for talented young Singaporean footballers.^[1] Fandi is one of seven Singaporean coaches with a professional AFC coaching diploma,^[39] and is widely considered a future national coach; he declined an offer to manage the Singapore LIONSXII team in the Malaysian Super League.^[3]

Beyond football[link]

Fandi is a devout Muslim,^[9] avoids scandals, does not smoke or drink,^[41] and is often described as humble,^[7] filial and compassionate.^[4] He married South African model Wendy Jacobs in 1996 and the couple have five children;^[42] the eldest two are youth footballers who impressed at trials at Arsenal, Chelsea and AC Milan.^[43] He is the first Singaporean sportsperson to be the subject of a biography, which was released in 1993 and called The Fandi Ahmad Story. It sold 17,000 copies in two months and was translated into Malay.^[44]

Products Fandi has endorsed include Royal Sporting House sportswear,^[9] Uncle Tobys cereal, Carnation milk and energy drink Isomax.^[41] In 1996, he released an album of English and Malay songs and produced Meniti Pelangi, a television programme about disadvantaged Malay Singaporeans.^[9] Three years later, he opened a restaurant and a car dealership, but both closed down within two years.^[4] He has also served as an ambassador for national anti-smoking and anti-drug campaigns,^[7][18] raised funds for victims of the 2004 Indonesian tsunami and participated in a Northeast Community Development Council initiative to organise community service programmes.^[45]

Notes[link]

References[link]

Bibliography[link]