Kraut is a German word recorded in English from 1918 onwards as a derogatory term for a German, particularly a German soldier during World War I and World War II.^[1] Its earlier meaning in English was as a synonym for sauerkraut, a traditional German and central European food.

Etymological foundations[link]

In German, the term is rarely used alone. It means "herb", or designates the leaves and stem of a plant as opposed to the root. The term is more often used in compound nouns for herbs, and also for cabbage and cabbage products:

• Weißkraut = white cabbage (also called Weißkohl)
• Blaukraut or Rotkraut = red cabbage (also called Rotkohl)
• Sauerkraut = fermented white cabbage
• Unkraut = Weed
• Bohnenkraut = Savory
• Rübenkraut = thick sugar beet syrup

The plural Kräuter is commonly used, but when talking about spices, the singular is often replaced by Gewürz which can refer to any spice.

Slang[link]

Although recorded as a colloquial term for Germans by the mid-nineteenth century, it was during World War I that Kraut came to be used in English as a derogatory term for a German. In World War II it was used mainly by American soldiers and less so by British soldiers, who preferred the terms Jerry or Fritz. The stereotype of the sauerkraut-eating German dates back long before this time, and can be seen, for example, in Jules Verne's depiction of the evil German industrialist Schultz, an avid sauerkraut eater, in The Begum's Fortune.

Music[link]

Krautrock is a popularly accepted term for a form of highly experimental German post-Prog Rock of the late 1960s and 1970s. Krautrock was typified by acts such as Amon Düül, Kraftwerk, Neu!, Tangerine Dream, Faust, Can, David Bowie on his Berlin Trilogy Low, Heroes, and Lodger, as well as many others.

Kraut was the name of a New York punk rock band in the 1980s. Their song "All Twisted" was the first independent video to air on MTV.

"Magic Kraut" is the name of a song in the album Fresh by Teddybears.

"Krauts with Attitude" is the title of the record released in Germany in 1991 which is credited for playing a prominent role in establishing the German hip hop scene.

The Swedish indie rock band Peter Bjorn and John composed the track titled "School of Kraut".

See also[link]

Look up kraut in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Krautrock
• List of terms used for Germans
• List of ethnic slurs

References[link]

Laura Kraut

Personal information
Born	1965-11-14
Medal record Medal record Laura Kraut Equestrian Competitor for the  United States Olympic Games Gold 2008 Beijing Team jumping

Laura Kraut (born November 14, 1965 in Camden, South Carolina) is an American show jumping competitor and Olympic champion.^[1]

At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Kraut won the gold medal as part of the United States team with her horse Cedric in team jumping, together with McLain Ward, Will Simpson, and Beezie Madden.^[2]

In 2010 Kraut was featured in the television series A Rider's Story^[3] along with fellow Olympian McLain Ward.

Her accomplishments by year:

2009[link]

150,000 euro Grand Prix of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, 1st/Anthem
2010 Grand prix of Chantilly. Cedric. 2011 Finale Grand Prix Florida. Cedric

2008[link]

US Olympic Trials, Wellington, FL, 1st/Cedric
Beijing Olympics, Hong Kong, Team Gold/Cedric
$500,000 Grand Prix of Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 1st/Anthem
Masters Class, Antwerpen, Belgium, 1st/Miss Independent
Brussels Grand Prix, Brussels, Belgium, 1st/Miss Independent
Credit Suisse Grand Prix, Geneva, Switzerland, 1st/Miss Independent
Olympia, London, England, 1st/Miss Independent

2007[link]

CSIO *****Madrid, Madrid, Spain, 1st/Anthem
CSIO ***** Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 1st/Anthem
CSI *** Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, 1st/Anthem
CSI*** Hachenburg, Hachenburg, Germany, 1st/Cedric

2006[link]

World Equestrian Games Team Silver, Aachen, Germany Miss Independent
Samsung Super League Team Silver, Miss Independent

2005[link]

$75,000 Cosequin Florida Open, Wellington, FL, 1st/Miss Independent
$60,000 Lincoln Idle Dice Classic, Wellington, FL, 1st/Anthem
Samsung Super League Team Member, Baule, France, Aachen, Germany, team 1st
Rome, Italy, Hickstead, England, team 2nd/Anthem & Miss Independent
$100,000 Washington International President’s Cup, 1st/Anthem

2004[link]

$75,000 Grand Prix of Tampa CSI-W, Tampa, FL 10th/Allegiance
$25,000 WEG Challenge Cup Round 8, Tampa, FL 10th/Allegiance
$50,000 Samsung Nations Cup, Wellington, FL 2nd/Allegiance
$60,000 Idle Dice Challenge, Wellington, FL 6th/Allegiance
$25,000 WEF Challenge Series, Wellington, FL 6th/Allegiance
$25,000 National Speed Stake, Wellington, FL 4th/Liberty
Super League Team Member

2003[link]

Presidents Cup Grand Prix, Washington, DC 2nd/Quickstar II Z
Budweiser Grand Prix de Penn National, Harrisburg, PA 2nd/Anthem
Grand Prix of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 1st, 2nd/Wet Paint
$25,000 New Albany Classic, New Albany, Ohio 1st/Quickstar II Z
$150,000 Prudential Financial Grand Prix, Bridgehampton, NY 7th/Allegiance
$25,000 Sally Hansen Grand Prix, Bridgehampton, NY 2nd/Quickstar II Z
Russell Fortune Grand Prix, Zionsville, IN 1st/Quickstar II Z
$40,000 Kentucky Classic Grand Prix, Lexington, KY 3rd/Milano
$25,000 Lexington Classic, Lexington, KY 5th/Milano
$100,000 American Jumping Classic, Kings Mills, OH 4th/Anthem
BMO Financial Group Nations Cup, Calgary, Canada 3rd/Anthem
Pan American Games Selection Trial 4 4th/Anthem
$50,000 Commonwealth Grand Prix, Lexington, KY 4th/Anthem
$100,000 U.S. Open CH CSIO****, Wellington, FL 4th/Allegiance
$75,000 Florida Open CSI***/W, Wellington, FL 8th/Anthem
$75,000 Zada Enterprises Grand Prix CSI***, Wellington, FL 2nd/Anthem
$25,000 WEF Challenge Series, Wellington, FL 2nd/Allegiance
$50,000 Idle Dice Classic, Wellington, FL 5th/Anthem
$25,000 Kilkenny WEF Challenge Cup, Wellington, FL 3rd/Allegiance
$25,000 WEF Challenge Cup II CSI, Wellington, FL 4th/May
$25,000 WEF Challenge Cup I CSI**, Wellington, FL 6th/Liberty
7th/Anthem
USOC Jack Kelly Fair Play Award
World Cup Final, Las Vegas, NV Tie 5th/Anthem

2002[link]

World Cup Final, Leipzig, Germany 17th/Anthem
Grand Prix, Rome, Italy 2nd/Anthem
Bank of Montreal Nations Cup, Calgary, Canada 1st/Anthem
Pennsylvania Big Jump, Harrisburg, PA 1st/Allegiance
Grand Prix of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 1st/May
$200,000 Atco Power Queen Elizabeth ll Cup, Spruce Meadows,Calgary, Alberta, Canada 2nd /Liberty
Samsung Nations Cup, Lucerne, SUI 1st (tie)/Liberty
$105,705 Loro Piana Grand Prix, Rome, Italy 2nd/Anthem
Samsung Nations Cup, Wellington, FL Team 1st
$25,000 Jaguar/Land Rover WEF Challenge Cup 1st/Anthem
$200,000 Budweiser American Invitational, Tampa, FL 2nd/Anthem
$25,000 WEF Challenge IV, Wellington, FL 1st/Anthem

2001[link]

Samsung Nations Cup, Royal Winter Fair-Toronto, Ontario, Canada 1st/Anthem
Budweiser Grand Prix de Penn National, Harrisburg, PA 1st/Anthem
$50,000 Budweiser Grand Prix of Indianapolis, Zionsville, IN 1st/Liberty
$100,000 Cosequin US Open Jumper Championship, Wellington, FL 1st/Liberty
$75,000 American Jumping Classic, Kings Mills, OH 1st/Anthem
$50,000 Commonwealth Grand Prix, Lexington, KY 1st/Liberty

2000[link]

Olympic Games, Sydney, Australia Team 6th/Liberty
$125,000 Budweiser Grand Prix of New York, New York, NY 3rd/Anthem
$50,000 Budwesier Grand Prix De Penn National, Harrisburg, PA 1st/Anthem
$100,000 Rolex/U.S. Show Jumping Championship, Gladstone, NJ 1st/Liberty
$100,000 Cosequin Wellington Finale CSI-W, Wellington, FL 2nd/Liberty
Olympic Selection Trials, Gladstone, NJ, the Oaks/Blenheim & Del Mar, CA 3rd/Liberty
$100,000 Mayor’s Jewelers U.S. Open Jumper Championship, Miami, FL 2nd/Liberty
$50,000 Mary Rena Murphy Grand Prix, Lexington, KY 1st/Simba Run
$30,000 Kentucky Grand Prix, Lexington, KY 1st/Athletico

1998[link]

Nortel Queen Elizabeth II Cup, Calgary Alberta, Canada 1st/Simba Run

1997[link]

$30,000 Motor City Grand Prix, Detroit, MI 1st/Classified

1996[link]

$50,000 Budweiser Indianapolis Grand Prix 1st/Simba Run

1995[link]

$35,000 North American Grand Prix 1st/Felix
$30,000 Kentucky Spring Classic, Lexington, KY 1st/Simba Run

1992[link]

Alternate, Olympic Games, Barcelona, Spain/Simba Run

1988[link]

$50,000 Sweet Charity Farm Grand Prix, Carmel, IN 1st/Athletico

References[link]

• sports-reference

Jürgen Ehlers
At the award ceremony for the Charles University Medal in Potsdam, September 2007
Born	(1929-11-29)November 29, 1929 Hamburg
Died	May 20, 2008(2008-05-20) (aged 78) Potsdam, Germany
Residence	Germany
Nationality	German
Fields	Physics
Institutions	University of Hamburg Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics
Alma mater	University of Hamburg
Doctoral advisor	Pascual Jordan
Doctoral students	Thomas Buchert
Known for	General relativity Mathematical physics
Notable awards	Max Planck Medal (2002)

Jürgen Ehlers (December 29, 1929 – May 20, 2008) was a German physicist who made notable contributions to the current understanding of Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. From graduate and postgraduate work in Pascual Jordan's relativity group at Hamburg University, he moved on to various lecturer- and professorships before joining the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Munich as a director. In 1995, he became the founding director of the newly created Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute) in Potsdam, Germany.

Ehlers' research focused on the foundations of general relativity, as well as its applications to various areas astrophysics. In particular, he is notable for his work on the classification of exact solutions to Einstein's field equations, for the Ehlers-Geren-Sachs theorem that justifies the application of simple, general-relativistic model universes to modern cosmology, for a spacetime-oriented description of gravitational lensing, and for his work on the relationship between models formulated within the framework of general relativity and those of Newtonian gravity. In addition, Ehlers had a keen interest in both the history and philosophy of physics, and was an ardent popularizer of science.

Biography[link]

Early career[link]

Jürgen Ehlers was born in Hamburg. He attended public schools from 1936 to 1949, and went on to study physics, mathematics, and philosophy at Hamburg University from 1949 to 1955. In the winter term of 1955/56, he passed the high school teacher's examen, but went on to graduate research in the group of Pascual Jordan, with Jordan acting as his thesis advisor. His work on the construction and characterization of solutions of the Einstein field equations earned him a doctorate in 1958.^[1] While earlier, the main research of Jordan's group had been dedicated to a scalar-tensor modification of Einstein's theory of general relativity, now known as Jordan-Brans-Dicke theory, in which the gravitational constant is variable, Ehlers was instrumental in changing the group's focus to the structure and interpretation of Einstein's original theory.^[2] Other members of the group included Wolfgang Kundt, Engelbert Schücking, Otto Heckmann, Rainer Sachs, and Manfred Trümper.^[3]

In 1961, having become Jordan's assistant, Ehlers obtained his habilitation, the advanced degree that, by the rules of German academia, qualifies the bearer for a professorship. He then held teaching and research positions at the University of Kiel, Syracuse University, and Hamburg University, before once more moving to the United States: from 1964 to 1965, he was at the Graduate Research Center of the Southwest in Dallas, and from 1965 to 1971 at the University of Texas in Austin, joining Alfred Schild's group first as an associate professor and, from 1967 on, as a full professor of physics. During that time, he also held visiting professorships at the universities of Würzburg and Bonn.^[4]

Munich[link]

In 1970, Ehlers received an offer to join the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics in Munich, one of the institutes of Germany's major organization for basic research, the Max Planck Society, as the director of its gravitational theory department.^[5] Ehlers' name had been brought into play by Ludwig Biermann, the institute's director at the time. When he joined the institute in 1971, Ehlers also became an adjunct professor at Munich's Ludwig Maximilian University. In March 1991, the institute was split into the Max Planck Institute for Physics and the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, where Ehlers' department found a new home.^[6] Over the 24 years of his tenure, his research group was home to, among others, Gary Gibbons, John Stewart and Bernd Schmidt, as well as visiting scientists including Abhay Ashtekar, Demetrios Christodoulou, and Brandon Carter.^[7] One of Ehlers' post-docs in Munich was Reinhard Breuer, who would later go on to become the editor-in-chief of Spektrum der Wissenschaft, the German edition of the popular-science journal Scientific American.^[8]

Potsdam[link]

As German science institutions reorganized after German re-unification in 1990, Ehlers lobbied for the establishment of an institute of the Max Planck Society dedicated to research on Einstein's theories of gravity. He was successful, and on June 9, 1994, the Max Planck Society officially decided to found the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics in Potsdam. Ehlers became its founding director, as well as the leader of its department for the foundations and mathematics of general relativity, when the institute started operating on April 1, 1995.^[9] He also oversaw the founding of a second institute department devoted to gravitational wave research and headed by Bernard F. Schutz. On December 31, 1998, Ehlers retired to become founding director emeritus.^[10] He continued to work at the institute until his death on May 20, 2008.^[11]

Honours and awards[link]

In the course of his career, Ehlers received various awards and honours. He became a member of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, the Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz (1972), the Leopoldina in Halle (1975), and the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Munich (1979).^[12] From 1995 to 1998, he served as president of the International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation.^[13] He also received the 2002 Max Planck Medal of the German Physical Society, the Volta Gold Medal of Pavia University (2005), and the medal of the Faculty of Natural Sciences of Charles University, Prague (2007).^[14]

Work[link]

Ehlers' research was in the field of general relativity. In particular, he made important contributions to cosmology, the theory of gravitational lenses and gravitational waves. His principal concern was to clarify the theory's mathematical structure and its consequences, separating rigorous proofs from heuristic conjectures.^[15]

Exact solutions[link]

For his doctoral thesis, Ehlers turned to a question that was to shape his research far beyond his graduate studies. Exact solutions of Einstein's equations – in effect, universes consistent with the laws of general relativity which are simple enough to allow for an explicit description in terms of basic mathematical expressions – play a key role when it comes to building general-relativistic models. However, general relativity is a fully covariant theory – its laws are the same, independent of which coordinates are chosen to describe a given situation. One direct consequence is that two apparently different exact solutions to Einstein's equations could, in fact, correspond the same model universe, and differ only in the coordinates used in their description. Ehlers began to look for serviceable ways of characterizing exact solutions invariantly, that is, in ways that do not depend on the choice of coordinates. To this end, he examined ways of describing the intrinsic geometric properties of the known exact solutions.^[16]

During the 1960s, following up on the groundwork of research for his doctoral thesis, Ehlers published a series of seminal papers, all but one in collaboration with colleagues from the Hamburg group. The first, written with Jordan and Wolfgang Kundt, is a systematic exposition of the properties and characteristics of exact solutions to Einstein's field equations, using tools from differential geometry such as the Petrov classification of Weyl tensors (that is, those parts of the Riemann tensor describing the curvature of space-time which are not constrained by Einstein's equations), isometry groups, and conformal transformations. This work also includes the first definition of pp-waves, a class of especially simple gravitational waves, as well as their classification.^[17] There were also two treatises on gravitational radiation (one with Rainer Sachs, one with Manfred Trümper). The work with Sachs studies, among other things, vacuum solutions with special algebraic properties, using the 2-component spinor formalism. It also gives a systematic exposition of the geometric properties of bundles (congruences) of light beams in terms of their expansion (simply put, how the beams converge or diverge), twist and shear (how, apart from growing or shrinking, the cross section is deformed). One of the results is the Ehlers-Sachs theorem describing the properties of the shadow produced by a narrow beam of light passing an opaque object. The tools developed in that work would prove to be essential for the discovery by Roy Kerr of the Kerr solution, describing a rotating black hole – arguably the most important exact solution of all.^[18] The last of these seminal papers dealt with the general-relativistic treatment of the mechanics of continuous media.^[19]

Another part of Ehlers' exploration of exact solutions in his thesis led to a result that would later prove to be important. At the time Ehlers started his research on his doctoral thesis, the Golden age of general relativity had not quite begun, and the basic properties and concepts of black holes were not yet understood. In the work that led to his doctoral thesis, Ehlers proved important properties of the surface around a black hole that would later be identified as its horizon, in particular that the gravitational field inside cannot be static, but must change with time.^[20]

Ehlers group[link]

In his doctoral thesis, Ehlers pointed out a duality symmetry (a duality symmetry is said to exist whenever the laws of physics remain unchanged under the exchange of seemingly different physical quantities) between different components of the metric of a stationary vacuum spacetime, which maps solutions of Einstein's field equations to other solutions. This symmetry between the tt-component of the metric and a term known as the twist potential is analogous to the duality between the electric field E and the magnetic field field B in source-free electrodynamics, where the replacement E Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \to

–B, B Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \to
E leaves Maxwell's equations invariant.[21] This duality was later generalized to an Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): SL(2)
symmetry which became known as the Ehlers group. Further generalizations led to the discovery of the infinite-dimensional Geroch group (the Geroch group is generated by two non-commuting subgroups, one of which is the Ehlers group). These so-called hidden symmetries play an important role in the Kaluza-Klein reduction of both general relativity and its generalizations, such as eleven-dimensional supergravity. Other applications include their use as a tool in the discovery of previously unknown solutions, and their role in a proof that solutions in the stationary axi-symmetric case form an integrable system.[22]

Cosmology: Ehlers-Geren-Sachs theorem[link]

The inhomogeneities in the temperature of the cosmic background radiation recorded in this image from the satellite probe WMAP amount to no more than Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): 10^{-4} Kelvin.

The Ehlers-Geren-Sachs theorem, published in 1968 by Ehlers, P. Geren and Rainer Sachs, shows that if, in a given universe, all freely falling observers measure the cosmic background radiation to have exactly the same properties in all directions (that is, they measure the background radiation to be isotropic), then that universe is an isotropic and homogeneous FLRW spacetime.^[23]

Fundamental concepts in general relativity[link]

Throughout his research career, Ehlers never lost sight of the fundamental concepts of Einstein's theory. In the 1960s, he collaborated with Felix Pirani and Alfred Schild on a constructive-axiomatic approach to general relativity: a way of deriving Einstein's theory from a minimal set of elementary objects and axioms specifying their properties. The basic ingredients of their approach are primitive concepts such as event, light ray, particle, and freely falling particle. At the outset, spacetime is a mere set of events, without any further structure. By postulating the basic properties of light and freely falling particles as axioms, the differential topology, conformal structure and, finally, the metric structure of spacetime are constructed; key steps of the construction correspond to idealized measurements, such the standard range finding used in radar. As the final step, Einstein's equations are derived from the weakest possible set of additional axioms. The result is a formulation in which the assumptions underlying general relativity are clearly identified.^[24]

In the 1970s, in collaboration with Ekkart Rudolph, Ehlers addressed the problem of rigid bodies in general relativity. Rigid bodies are a fundamental concept in classical physics, but the fact that their different parts by definition move simultaneously is incompatible with the relativistic concept of the speed of light as a limiting speed for the propagation of signals and other influences. As early as 1909, Max Born had given a definition of rigidity that was compatible with relativistic physics. However, this definition depends on certain assumptions that are not satisfied in a general space-time, and are also overly restrictive. Ehlers and Rudolph generalized Born's definition to a more readily applicable definition they called "pseudo-rigidity", which represents a more satisfactory approximation to the rigidity of classical physics.^[25]

Gravitational lensing[link]

Most astrophysical modeling of gravitational lens systems makes use of the quasi-Newtonian approximation

With Peter Schneider, Ehlers embarked on an in-depth study of the foundations of gravitational lensing. One result of this work was an 1992 monograph co-authored with both Schneider and Emilio Falco: the first systematic exposition of the field that included both the theoretical foundations and observational results. From the viewpoint of astronomy, gravitational lensing is often described using a quasi-Newtonian approximation — assuming the gravitational field to be small and the deflection angles to be minute — which is perfectly sufficient for most situations of astrophysical relevance. In contrast, the monograph developed a thorough and complete description of gravitational lensing from a fully relativistic space-time perspective. This feature of the book has played a major part in the book's long-term positive reception.^[26] In the following years, Ehlers continued his research on the propagation of bundles of light in arbitrary spacetimes.^[27]

Frame theory and Newtonian gravity[link]

A basic derivation of the Newtonian limit of general relativity is as old as the theory itself, and was used by Einstein to derive predictions such as the anomalous perihelion precession of the planet Mercury. Later work by Élie Cartan, Kurt Friedrichs and others showed more concretely how a geometrical generalization of Newton's theory of gravity known as Newton-Cartan theory could be understood as a (degenerate) limit of general relativity, obtained by letting a specific parameter Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \lambda

go to zero. Ehlers extended this work by developing a frame theory, a mathematically precise way of constructing the Newton-Cartan limit not only of the physical laws of general relativity, but of any spacetime obeying those laws, that is, of any solution to Einstein's equations. For instance, this can be used to show that the Newtonian limit of a Schwarzschild black hole is a simple point particle; in addition, Newtonian versions of interesting exact solutions such as the Friedman-Lemaître models or the Gödel universe can be constructed.[28] 

Ehlers also took part in the discussion of how the back-reaction from gravitational radiation onto a radiating system could be systematically described in a non-linear theory such as general relativity, pointing out that the standard quadrupole formula for the energy flux for systems like the binary pulsar had not yet been rigorously derived: A priori, a derivation demanded the inclusion of higher-order terms than was commonly assumed, and in fact higher terms than were computed until then.^[29]

His work on the Newtonian limit, in particular in relation to cosmological solutions, also led Ehlers, together with his former doctoral student Thomas Buchert, to a systematic study of perturbations and inhomogeneities in a Newtonian cosmos. This laid the groundwork for Buchert's later general-relativistic generalization of this treatment of inhomogeneities, the basis of his attempt to explain what is currently seen as the cosmic effects of a cosmological constant or, in modern parlance, dark energy, as a non-linear consequence of inhomogeneities in general-relativistic cosmology.^[30]

History and philosophy of physics[link]

Complementing his interest in the foundations of general relativity and, more generally, of physics, Ehlers also did research on the history of physics. Up until his death, he collaborated in a project on the history of quantum theory at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin.^[31] In particular, he explored Pascual Jordan's seminal contributions to the development of quantum field theory between 1925 and 1928.^[32] Throughout his career, Ehlers had an interest in the philosophical foundations and implications of physics, and contributed to research on this topic by addressing questions such as the basic status of scientific knowledge in physics.^[33]

Communicating science[link]

Ehlers showed a keen interest in communicating his area of research to a general audience. He was a frequent public lecturer, at universities as well as at venues such as the Urania in Berlin. He is the author of a number of popular-science articles, including contributions to general-audience journals such as Bild der Wissenschaft. and also edited a compilation of articles on gravity from the German edition of Scientific American.^[34] Ehlers also directly addressed physics teachers, be it in talks or in journal articles on the teaching of relativity and related basic ideas of physics, such as on mathematics as the language of physics.^[35]

Selected publications[link]

• Börner, G.; Ehlers, J., eds. (1996), Gravitation, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, ISBN 3-86025-362-X 
• Ehlers, Jürgen (1973), "Survey of general relativity theory", in Israel, Werner, Relativity, Astrophysics and Cosmology, D. Reidel, pp. 1–125, ISBN 90-277-0369-8 
• Schneider, P.; Ehlers, J.; Falco, E. E. (1992), Gravitational lenses, Springer, ISBN 3-540-66506-4 

References[link]

External links[link]

• Jürgen Ehlers in the German National Library catalogue (German)
• Pages In Memoriam Jürgen Ehlers at the Albert Einstein Institute

This article incorporates information from the revision as of May 21, 2008 of the equivalent article on the German Wikipedia.