Samuel Louis "Sam" Warner (August 10, 1887 – October 5, 1927) was an American film producer who was the co-founder and chief executive officer of Warner Bros. Studios. He established the studio along with his brothers Harry, Albert, and Jack Warner. Sam Warner is credited with procuring the technology that enabled Warner Bros. to produce the film industry's first feature-length talking picture, The Jazz Singer.[1] He died in 1927, the day before the film's enormously successful premiere.[2]
Schmuel "Wonsal"[3] or "Wonskolaser",[4] later Samuel Louis Warner, was born in a part of the Poland that was under Russian Empire's occupaion, and possibly in the village of Krasnosielc,[5] He was the son of Benjamin "Wonsal" or "Wonskolaser" a shoe maker born in Krasnosielc, and Pearl Leah Eichelbaum. He came to Baltimore, Maryland with his mother and siblings in October 1889 on the steamship Hermann from Bremen, Germany. Their father had preceded them, immigrating to Baltimore in 1888 and following his trade in shoes and shoe repair. He changed the family name to Warner, which was used thereafter. As in many Jewish immigrant families, some of the children gradually acquired anglicized versions of their Yiddish-sounding names. Schmuel became Samuel.
In Baltimore, Benjamin Warner struggled to make enough money to provide for his growing family.[6] Following the advice of a friend, Benjamin relocated the family to Canada,[6] where he attempted to make a living by bartering tin wares to trappers in exchange for furs.[6] Sons Jacob and David Warner were born in London, Ontario.[6] After two arduous years in Canada, Benjamin and his family returned to Baltimore.[7] Two more children, Sadie and Milton, were added to the household there. In 1896, the family relocated to Youngstown, Ohio, following the lead of Harry Warner, who established a shoe repair shop in the heart of the emerging industrial town.[8] Benjamin worked with his son Harry in the shoe repair shop until he secured a loan to open a meat counter and grocery store in the city's downtown area.[9][10] As a child, Samuel found himself trying to find work through a range of various odd jobs.[11]
Samuel Warner, known as "Sam," was the first member of his family to move into the entertainment industry. In the early 1900s, he formed a business partnership with another Youngstown resident and "took over" the city's Old Grand Opera House, which he used as a venue for "cheap vaudeville and photoplays".[12] The venture failed after one summer.[12] Sam then secured a job as a projectionist at Idora Park, a local amusement park.[13] He persuaded the family of the new medium's possibilities and negotiated the purchase of a Model B Kinetoscope from a projectionist who was "down on his luck".[14] The purchase price was $1,000.[15] Sam's interest in film came after seeing Thomas Edison's The Great Train Robbery while working as an employee at Cedar Point Pleasure Resort in Sandusky, Ohio. During this time, Albert agreed to join Sam and together the two displayed showings of The Great Train Robbery at carnivals throughout the states of Ohio and Pennsylvania;[16] Sam would run the film projector and Albert would sell tickets.[16]
In 1905, Harry agreed to join his two brothers and sold his Youngstown bicycle shop.[17] Through the money Harry made by selling the bicycle shop, the three brothers were now able to purchase a building in New Castle, Pennsylvania;[18] The brothers named their new theater The Cascade Movie Palace.[19] The Cascade Movie was so successful, that the brothers were able to purchase a second theater in New Castle as well.[20] This makeshift theatre, called the Bijou, was furnished with chairs borrowed from a local undertaker.[21] They maintained the theater until moving into film distribution in 1907.[22] That year, the Warner brothers established the Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement Company,[20] and the three brothers rented an office in the Bakewell building in downtown Pittsburgh.[20] Harry then sent Sam to New York to purchase, and ship, films for their Pittsburgh exchange company,[20] while he and Albert remained in Pittsburgh to run the business.[20]
Their business, however, proved lucrative until the advent of Thomas Edison's Motion Picture Patents Company (also known as the Edison Trust), which charged distributors exorbitant fees.[23] In 1909, the brothers sold the Cascade Theater for $40,000, and decided to open a second film exchange in Norfolk, Virginia;[24] through this Norfolk company, younger brother Jacob, known as "Jack," following Sam's advice,[25] officially joined his three brothers' business and was sent to Norfolk by older brother Harry to serve as Sam's assistant;[24] In 1910, the Warners would sell the family business, to the General Film Company, for "$10,000 in cash, $12,000 in preferred stock, and payments over a four-year period for a total of $52,000".[26]
In 1910, the Warner brothers pooled their resources and moved into film production.[27] After they sold their business,[28] the brothers lent their support to filmmaker Carl Laemmle's Independent Motion Picture Company, which challenged the monopolistic control of the Edison Trust;[29] the brothers served as distributors for Laemmle's films in Pittsburgh.for Carl Laemmle's Independent Fillm Company.[28] In 1912, Sam would help the brothers earn a $1,500 profit with his film Dante's Interno.[30] In the wake of this success, Harry Warner, seeing Edison's monopoly threat grow, decided to break with Laemmle[28] and had the brothers start their own film production company, Warner Features.[31] After this occurred Harry Warner, who now had an office in New York with brother Albert,[32] sent Sam and Jack to establish film exchanges in Los Angeles and San Francisco;[29] Sam would run the company's Los Angeles division while Jack ran the company's San Francisco division.[32] The brothers were soon poised to exploit the expanding California movie market.[29] Their first opportunity to produce a major film came in 1918, when they purchased the film rights for My Four Years in Germany, a bestselling novel that condemned German wartime atrocities.[33] In the wake of the successful profits My Four Years in Germany gave the Warner's, the four brothers were now able to establish a studio in the area near Hollywood, California.[34] In the new Hollywood studio, Sam became co-head of production along with his younger brother, Jack.[35] In this capacity, the two brothers secured new scripts and story lines, managed film production, and looked for ways to reduce production costs.[33]
Between the years 1919 and 1920, unfortunately, the studio was not able to garnish any profits.[36] During this time, banker Motley Flint-who was, unlike most bankers at the time, not antisemitic-.[37] helped the Warners pay off their debts.[37] The brothers then decided to relocate their production studio from Culver City to Sunset Boulevard.[38] The studio would also rebound in 1921, after the success of the studio's film Why Girls Leave Home.[39] As a result of the film's success, director Harry Rapf was appointed the studio's new head producer.[38] On April 4, 1923, following the studio's successful film The Gold Diggers,[40] Warner Brothers, Inc. was officially established.[41]
One of the new company's first big stars would be the dog Rin Tin Tin.[42] By directing Rin Tin Tin, newcomer director Daryl Zanuck's career would be greatly pushed forward too.[43] In addition to Rin Tin Tin, the studio was also able to gain more success with German film director Lubitsch, whose first film with the studio-The Marriage Circle- reached the New York Times Ten Best List for the 1924;[44] the film was also the studio's most successful film of the year,[44] and it helped establish Lubitsch as the studio's top director at this point in time.[45] The Warners were also able to add another film to New York Times Top Ten Films of The Year 1924 List with Beau Brummell as well.[46] Despite success the studio had, the Warners were unable to compete with the Big Three Studios (Paramount, Universal, First National) at the time,[47] and were soon threatened to be bought out by the end of 1924.[48]
During this time, Harry would add more relief for the studio after he was able purchase Brooklyn's Vitagraph theater company.[49] In 1925, Sam Warner had also acquired a radio station, KWBC,[50] After acquiring his radio station, Sam decided to make an attempt to use synchronized sound in future Warner Bros. Pictures.[51] After a visit to Western Electric's Bell Labritories headquarters,[52] Sam urged his brother, Harry, to sign an agreement with Western Electric to develop a series of "talking" shorts using the newly-upgraded Sound-on-film technology, a sound-on-disc system for motion pictures.[53] Harry, however, did not want to use synchronized sound in the studio's films.[54]
By February 1926, the studio had suffered a reported net loss of $333,413.00.[55] Harry, after a long period of refusing to accept Sam's demands, then agreed to use synchronized sound in Warner Bros. shorts, as long as it just for usage of background music,[56] Harry then made a visit to Western Electric's Bell Laboratories in New York,[57] and was impressed.[57] on problem that occurred for the Warners though was the fact that the high-ups at Western Electric were anti-Semitic.<ref=thomas5354 /> Sam, though, was able to convince the high-ups to sign with the studio after his wife Lina wore a gold cross at a dinner he attended with the Western Electric.[57] After which, Harry signed a partnership agreement with Western Electric to use Bell Laboratories to test the sound-on-film process.[58] Sam and younger brother Jack then decided to take a big step forward make Don Juan.[59]
In May 1926,[60] through the company's partnership with Western Electric, Sam formed a subsidiary known as Vitaphone,[61] Through Vitaphone, the studio released a series of musical shorts and the feature-length "Don Juan" (which had a synchronized music track); upon establishing Vitaphone, Sam was also made Vice President of Warner Bros. as well.[60] Despite the money Don Juan was able to draw at the box office, it still could not match the expensive budget the brothers put into the film's production.[62] These vehicles received further tepid responses, and Harry grew increasingly opposed to the venture.
Around this time, Paramount head Adolph Zukor offered Sam a deal as an executive producer for his studio if he brought Vitaphone with him;[63] during the year, Harry had also become the company president.[64] Sam, not wanting to take any more of brother Harry's refusal to move forward with using sound in future Warner films, agreed to accept Zukor's offer,[63] but the deal died after Paramount lost money in the wake of Rudolph Valentino's death.[63] By April 1927, the Big Five studios (First National, Paramount, MGM, Universal, and Producers Distributing) had put the Warners in financial ruin,[65] and Western Electric renewed the Warner's Vitaphone contract with terms that it was no longer exclusive and that other film companies could test sound with Western Electric as well.[65] Harry eventually agreed to accept Sam's demands,[66] and Sam pushed ahead with a new Vitaphone feature, based on a Broadway play and starring Al Jolson. The Jazz Singer broke box-office records, established Warner Bros. as a major player in Hollywood, and single-handedly launched the talkie revolution.
Sam died the day before The Jazz Singer made its debut in New York City, which he planned to attend.[67] At age 40, he succumbed to complications from a sinus infection;[2] According to Hollywood Be Thy Name, the 1993 memoir of Jack Warner, Jr., and Cass Warner Sperling, late character actor William Demarest claimed that Sam Warner was murdered by his own brothers.[68] This allegation, leveled in 1977, was never corroborated, and Demarest's reliability was questioned because of his long dependence on alcohol;[68] the last time that Sam would meet with his entire family was at his parent's wedding anniversary in 1926.[69] In September, Jack—who was working nonstop with Sam on production of The Jazz Singer—noticed that Sam started having severe headaches and nosebleeds.[67] By the end of the month, Sam was unable to walk straight.[67] Sam was then hospitalized and was diagnosed with a sinus infection.[70] Unfortunately, the sinus infection soon developed into an acute mastoid infection.[70] The untreated infection then became systemic in Warner's body.[71] Sam's infection soon developed into pneumonia,[71] and on October 5, 1927, Sam died from a cerebral hemorrhage as doctors were trying to remove infected cells from his brain.[72]
As the family grieved over Sam's sudden passing, the success of The Jazz Singer helped establish Warner Bros. as a major studio. While Warner Bros. invested only $500,000 in the film, the studio reaped $3 million in profits.[73] Hollywood's five major studios, which controlled most of the nation's movie theaters, initially attempted to block the growth of "talking pictures".[73] In the face of such organized opposition, Warner Bros. produced 12 "talkies" in 1928 alone.[73] The following year, the newly formed Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences recognized Warner Bros. for "revolutionizing the industry with sound".[74]
In 1925, after years of bachelorhood,[75] Sam met eighteen-year-old Ziegfeld Follies actress Lina Basquette while spending time in New York visiting the Bell Laboratories [76] and began an intense love affair with her.[76] On July 4, 1925, the two were married.[77] While Sam's younger brother Jack did not object to Lina's Catholicism, the rest of the Warner family did.[78] They refused to have any part in Lina's life,[78] and did not acknowledge her as a member of the Warner clan.[78] On October 6, 1926, the couple's only child, daughter Lita, was born.[79] In 1930, the now-widowed Lina went broke, and shortly afterwards lost custody of Lita to Sam's older brother Harry.[79]
For all Sam Warner's reputation as pioneer, he envisioned sound in movies not for dialogue but for music and effects only, in order to cut the costs of having live musicians in Warner theatres.[citation needed] And within a few years his Vitaphone was replaced by the technically superior Movietone (sound-on-film) system, which became the industry standard. Nevertheless, his determination forever changed the way motion pictures are made.
Crowds of movie stars gathered at the Bresse Brothers funeral parlor to pay homage to Sam.[72] A private memorial service was then held in the Warner Bros. studio on October 9, 1927.[72] He is interred in the Warner family mausoleum at Home of Peace Cemetery in East Los Angeles, California.[72] His tombstone[80] shows his birth year to be 1885. For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Sam Warner has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6201 Hollywood Boulevard.
- ^ Thomas (1990), pp. 52–62.
- ^ a b "Warner, Movie Magnate, Dies: Sam Warner, Former Youngstown Man, Rose from Obscurity to Leader in Field". The Youngstown Daily Vindicator. October 5, 1927.
- ^ Sinclair, Doug. "The Family of Benjamin and Pearl Leah (Eichelbaum) Warner: Early Primary Records". Doug Sinclair's Archives. http://dougsinclairsarchives.com/benjaminwarnerfamily.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
- ^ According to Bette-Ann Warner, a second cousin to the Warner brothers, in The Brothers Warner, 2008 documentary written and directed by Cass Warner, viewed on Turner Classic Movies March 8, 2010. Bette-Anne Warner's grandfather was a brother of the Warner brothers' father.
- ^ Doug Sinclair, "The Family of Benjamin and Pearl Leah (Eichelbaum) Warner: Early Primary Records," (2008), published at Doug Sinclair's Archives (http://dougsinclairsarchives.com/benjaminwarnerfamily.htm)
- ^ a b c d Thomas, Bob (1990). Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner. McGraw-Hill. pp. 11. ISBN 0-07-064259-1.
- ^ Warner and Jennings (1964), pp. 23–24.
- ^ Warner and Jennings (1964), pp. 24–25.
- ^ Thomas (1990), pp. 12–13.
- ^ Thomas (1990), p. 12.
- ^ Thomas (1990), pp. 15–16.
- ^ a b "Heard on the Corner: How the Warner Brothers, Movie Producers, Got Their Start". The Youngstown Daily Vindicator. December 30, 1923.
- ^ Warner and Jennings (1964), p. 49.
- ^ Warner and Jennings (1964), p. 50.
- ^ Trebilcock, Bob (March 1985). "A Warner Brothers Production: They parlayed Youngstown nickelodeon into a Hollywood empire". Ohio Magazine: pp. 24–25.
- ^ a b Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 32.
- ^ Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 33.
- ^ Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 34.
- ^ Warner and Jennings (1964), pp. 54–55.
- ^ a b c d e Thomas, Bob (1990). Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner. McGraw-Hill. pp. 22. ISBN 0-07-064259-1.
- ^ "Jack L. Warner's Death Closes Out Pioneer Clan of 'Talkies'". Variety: p. 2. September 13, 1978.
- ^ Warner and Jennings (1964), pp. 55–57.
- ^ Warner and Jennings (1964), pp. 65–66.
- ^ a b Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 42
- ^ Thomas, Bob (1990). Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner. McGraw-Hill. pp. 18. ISBN 0-07-064259-1.
- ^ Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 45-46
- ^ Warner and Jennings (1964), p. 73.
- ^ a b c Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 46
- ^ a b c Thomas (1990), p. 29.
- ^ Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 47-48
- ^ Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 51
- ^ a b Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 54
- ^ a b Thomas (1990), pp. 34–35.
- ^ Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 66
- ^ Warner and Jennings (1964), pp. 100–101.
- ^ Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 71
- ^ a b Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 72
- ^ a b Thomas (1990), pp. 38.
- ^ Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 73
- ^ Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 76
- ^ Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 77
- ^ Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 81
- ^ Thomas, Bob (1990). Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner. McGraw-Hill. pp. 45. ISBN 0-07-064259-1.
- ^ a b Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 83
- ^ Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 82
- ^ Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 84
- ^ ""Theatre Owners Open War on Hays"". New York Times. May 12, 1925. pp. 14.
- ^ Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), Hollywood Be Thy Name p. 84-85, Prima Publishing, ISN:1559583436
- ^ Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), Hollywood Be Thy Name p. 86, Prima Publishing, ISN:1559583436
- ^ Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 89.
- ^ Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 90.
- ^ Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 92.
- ^ Thomas (1990), 52–55;
- ^ Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 94.
- ^ Freedland, Michael. The Warner Brothers. St. Martin's Press. pp. 119. ISBN 0-312-85620-2.
- ^ Warner-Sperling, Cass; Millner, Cork; Warner, Jack; Warner, Jack Jr.. Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 94. ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.
- ^ a b c Thomas, Bob (1990). Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner. McGraw-Hill. pp. 54. ISBN 0-07-064259-1.
- ^ Warner-Sperling, Cass; Millner, Cork; Warner, Jack; Warner, Jack Jr.. Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 94–95. ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.
- ^ Warner-Sperling, Cass; Millner, Cork; Warner, Jack; Warner, Jack Jr.. Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 102. ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.
- ^ a b "Milestones: Oct. 17, 1927". Time. October 17, 1927. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,731079,00.html. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
- ^ Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 95.
- ^ Warner-Sperling, Cass; Millner, Cork; Warner, Jack; Warner, Jack Jr.. Hollywood Be Thy Name: The Warner Brothers Story. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 113. ISBN 0-8131-0958-2.
- ^ a b c Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 114.
- ^ "Milestones". Time. 1958-08-04. pp. 2. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,863684-1,00.html.
- ^ a b Thomas (1990), p. 59.
- ^ Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 116.
- ^ a b c Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 132.
- ^ a b "Warner brothers book covers Valley roots, Hollywood highs". The Vindicator. October 24, 1993.
- ^ Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 112.
- ^ a b Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 133.
- ^ a b Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 134.
- ^ a b c d Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 135.
- ^ a b c Thomas (1990), p. 63.
- ^ Thomas (1990), p. 66.
- ^ Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 33-98.
- ^ a b Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 97.
- ^ Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 98.
- ^ a b c Thomas, Bob (1990). Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner. McGraw-Hill. pp. 48, 49. ISBN 0-07-064259-1.
- ^ a b Sperling, Millner, and Warner (1998), p. 115.
- ^ Find A Grave - Millions of Cemetery Records and Online Memorials at www.findagrave.com
- Thomas, Bob (1990). Clown Prince of Hollywood: The Antic Life and Times of Jack L. Warner. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. ISBN 0-07-064259-1
- Warner, Jack; Jennings, Dean (1964). My First Hundred Years in Hollywood. New York: Random Books.
