Royal Sporting Club Anderlecht, usually known as Anderlecht (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃dəʁˈlɛkt], Flemish: [ˈɑn.dər.ˌlɛçt], German: [ˈan.dɐ.ˌlɛçt]) or RSCA (French pronunciation: [ˌɛʁ ɛs se ˈɑ], Flemish: [ˌɛr ɛs seː ˈaː], German: [ˌɛr ɛs tseː ˈaː]), is a Belgian professional football club based in Anderlecht in the Brussels Capital Region. Anderlecht plays in the Belgian Pro League and is the most successful Belgian football team in European competitions (with 5 trophies) as well as in the Belgian Pro League (31 championship wins). They also have won 9 Belgian Cups. They hold the record of the most consecutive Belgian championship titles, as they are the only side to have won 5 consecutive Belgian championships between 1963–64 and 1967–68.

The club was founded in 1908, first reached the highest level in Belgian football in 1921–22, and have been playing in the first division since 1935–36. They won their first major trophy after World War II, with a championship win in 1946–47. Since then, they have never finished outside the top six of the Belgian first division. They are #12 in the all time List of UEFA club competition winners and #10 in the IFFHS continental Clubs of the 20th Century European ranking. Anderlecht are currently ranked 45th in the 2010 UEFA team ranking. In 1986, they achieved their best UEFA ranking with a joint first place with Juventus F.C..