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Resonance 104.4 FM is a London based non-profit community radio station run by the London Musicians' Collective (LMC).

The station is staffed by four permanent staff members, including programme controller Ed Baxter^[1] and over 300 volunteer technical and production staff.

Until September 2007, ResonanceFM was based in Denmark Street. The studios are now next to Borough High Street, the station has a coverage area designated as a 5 kilometres (3 mi) radius^[2] from the transmitter in London Bridge.^[3]

Station ethos[link]

ResonanceFM describes itself as 'the world’s first radio art station' with a brief to provide a radical alternative to the universal formulae of mainstream broadcasting. Resonance 104.4 fm features programmes made by musicians, artists and critics who represent the diversity of London’s arts scenes, with regular weekly contributions from nearly two hundred musicians, artists, thinkers, critics, activists and instigators; plus numerous unique broadcasts by artists on the weekday “Clear Spot”.

The station presents material ranging from a programme presented by the staff of the experimental music magazine The Wire to Calling All Pensioners[2], which aims to inform the elderly about local events and benefits entitlement. Live music sessions are featured on shows such as Hello Goodbye, You Are Hear, Hooting Yard on the Air, and Glass Shrimp. Other shows include foreign-language programmes aimed at communities in London who are not served by other broadcasters.

In addition to locally produced programming, Resonance is a member of Radia and a rebroadcaster of Democracy Now!.

A Resonance FM outside broadcast from the Serpentine Gallery, summer 2005

Resonance FM has received a Sony Award nomination for The Good Drugs Guide, a documentary series presented by Piers Gibbon and David McCandless. The station has been profiled in the pages of The Guardian,^[4] The Independent on Sunday,^[5] The Daily Telegraph^[6] and the Morning Star^[7] amongst others.^[8][9][10]

The station won the Radio Academy Nations and Regions Award for London for three consecutive years between 2009 and 2011 [3]

Mission statement[link]

Imagine a radio station like no other. A radio station that makes public those artworks that have no place in traditional broadcasting. A radio station that is an archive of the new, the undiscovered, the forgotten, the impossible. That is an invisible gallery, a virtual arts centre whose location is at once local, global and timeless. And that is itself a work of art. Imagine a radio station that responds rapidly to new initiatives, has time to draw breath and reflect. A laboratory for experimentation, that by virtue of its uniqueness brings into being a new audience of listeners and creators. All this and more, Resonance104.4fm aims to make London’s airwaves available to the widest possible range of practitioners of contemporary art.

—Resonance FM, Resonance's FAQ page

History[link]

Beginnings[link]

The London Musicians' Collective originally put together a four-week programme of radio art as part of 1998's Meltdown festival at the South Bank Centre, curated by John Peel. The station operated from the Royal Festival Hall on a month long Restricted Service Licence on 107.3 FM.^[11][12]

Phil England, an organiser of the original broadcast, described the origins of the station in a text written to accompany the printed programme. The aim, he wrote, was "to raise the specter of radio art in a country where the notion has no common currency".^[12]

Rebirth[link]

After a four year hiatus, the station returned on 1 May 2002 as part of the Ofcom Access Radio Pilot Scheme from studios on Denmark Street in the Soho area of London's West End.^[13]

With the trial at an end, Professor Anthony Everitt, who was appointed by Ofcom to evaluate the Access Radio Pilot Scheme - said the following: "The extraordinary range of musical genres outspans the output of any other radio station in the United Kingdom - and very probably in the world. While maintaining a broad editorial reach, Resonance FM has uncovered a rich, little-known stratum of avant-garde practice and made it generally accessible, without diluting the necessary ingredients of challenge, surprise, difficulty, irritation and delight. It is a genuine discovery channel."

Permanent licences[link]

Resonance was awarded a five-year Community Radio licence in December 2005,^{[citation needed]} enabling the station to broadcast 24/7. Ofcom extended the station's FM broadcasting licence in July 2010.^[14]

Returning to its roots[link]

Resonance FM resumed scheduled broadcasting in September 2007 after a short hiatus whilst moving into a new studio building on Borough High Street, Southwark; a short walk from the area where they launched in 1998.

Broadcasting[link]

The station is broadcast from a transmitter situated on the roof of Guy's Hospital at London Bridge on 104.4 MHz FM. The transmission power is low compared with London's main radio stations due to the terms of its community radio licence. It can be received throughout central London but does not cover the whole Greater London area. Interference from local pirate radio stations, particularly at weekends, has been and is a problem in some areas. It can also be streamed from the station's web site.

Programming[link]

The radio station is home to a wide range of independent and (somewhat) avant-garde recordings, including:^[15]

• The Bike Show: a "weekly radio show […] about cycling";^[16] broadcast in the summer and autumn months.

• Hogmaal: a programme "principally concerned with Somali culture in the UK and Somalia."

• Calling All Pensioners: recorded weekly by the Deptford Action Group for the Elderly (DAGE)

• Little Atoms: a talk/discussion show based around ideas of enlightenment.

• "One Life Left": a videogames FM radio show.

• Flomotion: a programme by Nick Luscombe, interviewing "emerging artists and […] established cutting-edge musicians".^[17]

• Deep Fried Planet: discussions regarding "current environmental affairs",^[18] presented in the first series by Ben Stewart and Joss Garman and, in the second series, by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Thomas_(Journalist) Pat Thomas.

• Henry Scott-Irvine presents…: an interview series broadcast on Sunday afternoons, with Scott-Irvine hosting.

• sicknotes (typeset in lowercase): a teenager-targeted production venturing into London's underground music scene

• Atlantic Waves: a exploratory world music programme, produced and presented by Miguel Santos^[19]

• Hooting Yard on the air: A humorous literature program written and presented by writer/performer Frank Key.

Resonance carries broadcasts from the international Radia network and, during the night, archival material in the form of The Nightloop. Democracy Now! is also syndicated on Resonance FM.

References[link]

1. ^ "The IoS Happy List 2009 - the 100 - This Britain, UK". London: The Independent. 2009-04-19. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-iiosi-happy-list-2009--the-100-1671055.html. Retrieved 2010-02-09. 
2. ^ Unknown author. More about Resonance. Resonance FM. Accessed 2011-01-16.
3. ^ Community radio licence: key commitments for Resonance FM at Ofcom
4. ^ Stubbs, David (2006-07-15). "Sounds eccentric | Music". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2006/jul/15/worldmusic.electronicmusic. Retrieved 2010-02-09. 
5. ^ "The 'world's best radio station' that you've never heard - Media, News". London: The Independent. 2004-10-11. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/the-worlds-best-radio-station-that-youve-never-heard-543311.html. Retrieved 2010-02-09. 
6. ^ Rupert Christiansen Published: 12:01AM BST 14 Jul 2004 (2004-07-14). "The arts column: riotous radio". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3620647/The-arts-column-riotous-radio.html. Retrieved 2010-02-09. 
7. ^ "Reason on the radio". Morning Star. http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/index.php/news/content/view/full/22703. Retrieved 2010-02-10. 
8. ^ "Putting the broad into broadcasting". New Statesman. http://www.newstatesman.com/radio/2007/06/resonance-station-london-peel. Retrieved 2010-02-09. 
9. ^ "collective - resonance fm". BBC. 2006-09-11. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/collective/A832619. Retrieved 2010-02-09. 
10. ^ "Mute magazine - Culture and politics after the net". Metamute.org. 2002-05-09. http://www.metamute.org/en/Radio-Playtime. Retrieved 2010-02-09. 
11. ^ "Will Hodgkinson joins London's strangest radio statio, Resonance FM | Media | The Guardian". Arts.guardian.co.uk. 2003-01-15. http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,11710,874840,00.html. Retrieved 2009-07-22. 
12. ^ ^{a b} "Xebec Sound Arts 16 - Resonance 107.3". Sukothai.com. 1998-07-05. http://www.sukothai.com/X.SA.16/X.16.Resonance.html. Retrieved 2009-07-22. 
13. ^ Tilden, Imogen (2002-05-01). "New arts-based radio station for London". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2002/may/01/arts.artsnews1. Retrieved 2010-02-09. 
14. ^ resonancefm.com blog, 'Licence news'
15. ^ But the bulleted list written here is by no means complete.
16. ^ The Bike Show: Resonance FM's bicycle radio show
17. ^ Quote sourced from http://podcasts.resonancefm.com/archives/630
18. ^ resonancefm.com, blog post on premiere of Deep Fried Planet
19. ^ Resonance programme listings; Atlantic Waves, 3rd August 2010

External links[link]

• Resonance FM
• Resonance FM official Twitter
• It's radio, but not as we know it, 19 September 2002, BBC Collective
• Get A Haircut And Disappear: The London Musicians’ Collective 1975-2008, 23 July 2008, The Wire

Coordinates: 51°30′10″N 0°05′33″W / 51.50278°N 0.0925°W / 51.50278; -0.0925

A bounty hunter captures fugitives for a monetary reward (bounty). Other names, mainly used in the United States, include bail enforcement agent and fugitive recovery agent.

Laws in the U.S.[link]

In the United States legal system, the 1873 U.S. Supreme Court case Taylor v. Taintor, 16 Wall (83 U.S. 366, 21 L.Ed. 287), is cited as having established that the person into whose custody an accused is remanded as part of the accuser's bail has sweeping rights to that person (although this may have been accurate at the time the decision was reached, the portion cited was obiter dictum and has no binding precedential value). Most bounty hunters are employed by bail bondsmen: the bounty hunter is paid about 10% of the bail the fugitive initially paid. If the fugitive eludes bail, the bondsman, not the bounty hunter, is responsible for the remainder of the fugitive's bail. This is a way of ensuring his clients arrive at trial. In the United States, bounty hunters claim to catch 31,500 bail jumpers per year, about 90% of people who jump bail.^[1]

Bounty hunters are sometimes called "skiptracers", but this usage can be misleading. While bounty hunters are often skiptracers as well, skiptracing generally refers to the process of searching for an individual through less direct methods than active pursuit and apprehension, such as spies or debt collectors. It is a civil matter and does not always imply criminal conduct on the part of the individual being traced.

In the United States of America, bounty hunters have varying levels of authority in their duties with regard to their targets depending on which states they operate in. As opined in Taylor v. Taintor, and barring restrictions applicable state by state, a bounty hunter can enter the fugitive's private property without a warrant in order to execute a re-arrest. They cannot, however, enter the property of anyone other than the fugitive without a warrant or the owner's permission.

In some states, bounty hunters do not undergo any formal training, and are generally unlicensed, only requiring sanction from a bail bondsman to operate. In other states, however, they are held to varying standards of training and license. State legal requirements are often imposed on out-of-state bounty hunters, meaning a suspect could temporarily escape rearrest by entering a state in which the bail agent has limited or no jurisdiction.

Connecticut[link]

The State of Connecticut has a detailed licensing process which requires any person who wants to engage in the business as a bail enforcement agent (bounty hunter) must first obtain a professional license from the Commissioner of Public Safety; specifically detailing that "No person shall, as surety on a bond in a criminal proceeding or as an agent of such surety, engage in the business of taking or attempting to take into custody the principal on the bond who has failed to appear in court and for whom a re-arrest warrant or capias has been issued unless such person is licensed as a bail enforcement agent". Connecticut has strict standards which require Bail Enforcement Agents to pass an extensive background check and, while engaging in fugitive recovery operations, be uniformed, notify the local police barrack, wear a badge, and only carry licensed and approved firearms, including handguns and long guns which are permitted. Recently Connecticut State Police converted their Bail Enforcement Agent licensing unit to reflect the important role Bail Enforcement Agents play in the Connecticut criminal justice system; placing them in the newly defined Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection.^[2]

Several schools in Connecticut have obtained certification by the Connecticut State Police to pre-license Bail Enforcement Agents in a minimum of 20 hours of Criminal Justice training and a minimum of eight hours of firearms training. Some of the more advanced schools offer specialized training in the area of tactical firearms to prepare BEA's for conducting dangerous recovery operations.^[3]

Kentucky[link]

Kentucky prohibits bounty hunting in any form. Only a peace officer may make an arrest on a warrant that is issued in NCIC.^[4] This is because the state does not have a system of bail bondsmen.

Louisiana[link]

Louisiana requires bounty hunters to wear clothing identifying them as such.^[4]

Texas[link]

A Texas bounty hunter is required to be a peace officer, Level III (armed) security officer, or a private investigator.^{[citation needed]}

Florida[link]

In Florida you must obtain a "limited surety agent" license from the Florida Department of Financial Services, Bureau of Agent and Agency Licensing, in order to legally apprehend bail fugitives.

International laws and legal protection[link]

Bounty hunters will run into serious legal problems if they try to get fugitives from other countries. Laws in nearly all countries outside the U.S. will judge the re-arrest of any fugitive by private persons as kidnapping, or the bail agent may incur the punishments of some other serious crime if local and international laws are broken by them.^{[clarification needed]} While the United States government generally allows the activities of bounty hunters in the United States, the government in other sovereign nations is not as tolerant of these activities when they are legally a felony.^[5]

Noted bounty hunter Duane "Dog" Chapman (star of the TV series Dog the Bounty Hunter) was arrested in Mexico after he apprehended the multi-millionaire rapist and fugitive Andrew Luster. Chapman was subsequently released and returned to the U.S.^[1] Chapman himself was later declared a fugitive by a Mexican prosecutor and was subsequently arrested in the United States to be extradited back to Mexico. Chapman maintains that under Mexico's citizen arrest law, he and his crew acted under proper policy.

Daniel Kear of Fairfax, Virginia pursued and apprehended Sidney Jaffe at a residence in Canada and returned him to Florida to face trial. Kear was extradited to Canada in 1983, and convicted of kidnapping.^[5]

Several bounty hunters have also been arrested for killing the fugitive or apprehending the wrong individuals, mistaking innocent people for fugitives.^[6]

Unlike police officers, they have no legal protections against injuries to non-fugitives and few legal protections against injuries to their targets.

In a Texas case, bounty hunters Richard James and his partner DG Pearson were arrested in 2001 for felony charges during an arrest. The charges were levied by the fugitive and his family, but were later dismissed against the hunters after the fugitive's wife shot a deputy sheriff in another arrest attempt of the fugitive by the county sheriff's department. The hunters sued the fugitive and family, winning the civil suit for malicious prosecution with a judgment amount of $1.5 million.^{[citation needed]}

Bounty hunting in Rhodesia[link]

During the Rhodesian Bush War, cattle rustling reached epidemic proportions in the late 1970s. This was part of a twofold strategy of the guerrillas against the white minority government in Salisbury. First, it led to starvation in the Tribal Trust Lands; second, it negatively affected the economy of Rhodesia. Since the Army and the British South Africa Police were overstretched on three fronts, soon mercenaries were hired to confront the rustlers. They were called Range Detectives, and most of them were Vietnam veterans, some of them members of The Crippled Eagles. Payment was roughly 7 Rhodesian dollars a day, and a 750 Rhodesian dollar bonus for each rustler caught.^[7]

In fiction[link]

Bounty hunting has been adopted by several action-oriented vehicles, including Westerns, science fiction, fantasy and stories set in modern times. Typically, hunters are depicted as assisting law enforcement agencies in the apprehension of wanted criminals, but also as mercenaries who give their services to powerful criminal figures rather than the proper authorities. Such characters have appeared in books, TV series, movies, comics and games from around the world. These include characters like Rick Deckard from Blade Runner; Boba Fett from the "Star Wars" movies; Reno Raines in the TV series Renegade; Rally Vincent of the manga Gunsmith Cats; Jubal Early from the Firefly franchise; Samus Aran from the Metroid video game series; and several characters in Cowboy Bebop.

• In Westerns, bounty hunters are commonly depicted as loners, cynical yet romantic. The first depiction of the occupation in film was André de Toth's The Bounty Hunter^{[citation needed]} in 1954 starring Randolph Scott.

• Steve McQueen played bounty hunter Josh Randall in the television series Wanted: Dead or Alive for three seasons, making him a star.^[8] The series was followed many years later by a film sequel — Wanted: Dead or Alive (1987) — in which Rutger Hauer played Nick Randall, Josh Randall's grandson. McQueen's final film was The Hunter, a biography of modern day bounty hunter Ralph "Papa" Thorsen.

• The Sergio Leone film For a Few Dollars More starred Clint Eastwood and Lee Van Cleef as bounty hunters chasing the same criminal, but with different motivations for pursuing their target.

• In the Philip K. Dick novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968), the character Rick Deckard is a bounty hunter who is tasked with "retiring" escaped androids. In the film adaptation, which was retitled Blade Runner (1982), the bounty hunters are called blade runners.

• Chasseur de primes (French for "bounty hunter") is a Belgian comics adventure in the popular Lucky Luke series which is set in the Old West. It was published in book form in 1972. In this story, bounty hunters are presented as being shunned and despised by society since their motivation to capture outlaws is based more on greed than an actual love for justice. An example is when a bounty hunter orders a drink at the saloon and the barman contemptuously pours it out on the bar rather than in a glass. The book has been published in English.

• Bounty hunting is depicted as a common trade in the Star Wars franchise, with such characters as Jango and Boba Fett, Greedo, IG-88, Zam Wesell and Cad Bane. Another is Valance the Hunter, a cyborg, who played an important role in the early Marvel Comics adaptations of the series in the late 1970s, confronting, and almost defeating, both Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader. "Bounty Hunter" is also one of four playable classes for the Imperials's faction in BioWare's MMO, Star Wars: The Old Republic.

• Strontium Dog is a British science fiction comic series set in the future in which physically deformed mutated humans work as bounty hunters for the Search/Destroy Agency, which answers to the galactic police force.

• In the television series The Fall Guy, Lee Majors played a Hollywood stunt man who takes bounty hunting assignments on the side (which is the focus of each episode).

• The television show MacGyver features a family of bounty hunters (brothers Jesse, Frank and Billy) as recurring characters.

• In the 1988 film Midnight Run, Robert De Niro plays a modern day bounty hunter, who is trying to bring in a mob accountant played by Charles Grodin.

• In the 1993 film Bounty Tracker, Lorenzo Lamas is a bounty hunter trying to avenge his brother's murder by catching the hitman.

• In the 1994 anime OVA Iria: Zeiram the Animation, the protagonist Iria is an apprentice bounty hunter, as are her brother Glen, their partner Bob, and Iria's rival Fujikuro.

• In the Stephanie Plum novels, written by Janet Evanovich, the main character is a bounty hunter described as "incredibly average and yet heroic if necessary" by the author. There are 15 full length novels and 4 holiday edition novellas. Each book revolves around Stephanie trying to catch her main bounty while destroying cars, getting help from love interests, and dealing with her abnormal family.

• In the Japanese manga One Piece, the character Roronoa Zoro is a bounty hunter who later became a pirate.

• In the Japanese manga Black Cat, the story revolves around assassins and bounty hunters (called sweepers). The main character Train Heartnet, is an assassin with the Chrono Numbers. He is later convinced by woman who guides him to leave them to be a sweeper (bounty hunter) with Sven Vollfied and then later a 11 year old girl cloned weapon named Eve, and other sweepers.

• In the thriller Scarecrow, written by Matthew Reilly, the main character, Schofield, is pursued by bounty hunters and is fiercely protected by Aloysius Knight, the "Black Knight", who is himself a bounty hunter.

• In Ben 10, the main antagonist called Vilgax, send some bounty hunters to take an powerful technology device called "The Omnitrix"; they are Sixsix, Kraab, and Tetrax. However, Tetrax decided to protect the device.

• In 2005, the real-life bounty hunter Domino Harvey was portrayed by Keira Knightley in the film Domino. Although the film was only loosely based on the life of Harvey, making it partially fictitious, it helped to illustrate the rising popularity of bounty hunters in modern U.S. culture.^{[citation needed]}

• In the animated series Avatar: The Last Airbender, June is a bounty hunter hired by Zuko (during the first season) to hunt down Avatar Aang.

• In the video game Need for Speed: Carbon, former Sgt. Cross (from Need for Speed: Most Wanted) returns as a bounty hunter to arrest the player.

• In the Simpsons episode Sex, Pies and Idiot Scrapes Homer Simpson and Ned Flanders work as bounty hunters.

• In the 2008 Transformers Animated series, the former Autobot Lockdown quit the Elite Guard and became a bounty hunter for both factions.

• In the 2010 movie The Bounty Hunter the main character Milo must chase down his ex-wife Nicole after she assaults a police officer.

See also[link]

• Skiptrace
• Thief-taker
• False arrest
• United States Marshals Service#Fugitive programs

Notes[link]

External links[link]

• National Association of Fugitive Recovery Agents (NAFRA™)
• National Association of Bail Bond Investigators (NABBI™)
• Bounty Hunters Bounty Huners - TSI Swiss National TV Documentary on Bail Agent/Bounty Hunters
• Epstein, Edward "House OKs ban on licenses for illegal immigrants; Bill also encourages bounty hunters to track down those ordered deported" San Francisco Chronicle February 11, 2005
• Bounty Hunting at HowStuffWorks

Beenie Man
Beenie Man performing in August 2008
Background information
Birth name	Anthony Moses Davis
Also known as	Ras Moses, The Doctor, The Girls Dem Sugar[1]
Born	(1973-08-22) August 22, 1973 (age 38)
Origin	Kingston, Jamaica
Genres	Reggae, dancehall, reggae fusion, ragga-soca
Occupations	Musician, songwriter, deejay, producer
Years active	late 1970s–present
Labels	Brookland Universal Republic Island Jamaica/PolyGram Records Virgin/EMI Records
Associated acts	Don Omar, Snow (musician), Talib Kweli, Memphis Bleek, YoungBloodZ, Pastor Troy, Johnny J , T.I.
Website	www.beeniemanmusic.com

Anthony Moses Davis (August 22, 1973),^[2] better known by his stage name Beenie Man, is a Grammy award winning Jamaican reggae artist. He is the self-proclaimed "King of the Dancehall".

Biography[link]

Davis was born in the Waterhouse district of Kingston in 1973.^[2][3][4] He was involved in the music industry from a young age, starting toasting at the age of five, and was encouraged by his uncle Sydney Wolfe, who played drums for Jimmy Cliff.^[5][6] He won the Tastee Talent contest in 1981,^[3][7] and Radio DJ Barry G introduced him to local sound system operators, who helped to establish the popularity of the young deejay, who became known as Beenie Man.^[5] He recorded his debut single, "Too Fancy", with record producer Henry "Junjo" Lawes in 1981, with Lawes also including him on the 1983 album Junjo Presents Two Big Sounds alongside established stars such as Dillinger, Fathead, and Ringo.^[3] His debut album, The Invincible Beenie Man: The Ten Year Old DJ Wonder was produced by Bunny Lee and released in 1983,^[8] his first hit single following the same year with the Winston Holness-produced "Over the Sea".^[3] In 1984 Beenie Man recorded some material with Barrington Levy (released ten years later), but his music career was put on hold while he finished school, and spent time travelling to the United Kingdom, United States, and Canada.^[3]

1990s return[link]

Beenie Man continued performing and honed his craft beside the then dominant dancehall figures including Ninjaman, Admiral Bailey and Shabba Ranks. He found his artistic home at the Shocking Vibes studio where he continued to record singles with only moderate success in the early 1990s. His career gained momentum after a performance at the Reggae Sunsplash festival in 1992, and a rivalry with Bounty Killer began the following year after Beenie Man was accused of stealing Bounty Killer's style and catch phrases.^[3] The rivalry was captured on the 1994 album Guns Out, with the two artists settling the feud with a soundclash.^[3] Beenie Man had his first number one single in Jamaica in 1993 with "Matie", and he won the DJ of the Year Award the same year, the first of eight consecutive awards.^[7]

International stardom[link]

Partially as a result of prodding from his producers, Sly and Robbie, with whom he recorded cover versions of Bob Marley's "Crazy Baldhead" and "No Woman No Cry" in 1994, the latter a Jamaican chart-topper, Beenie Man converted to the Rastafari movement, as did several of his contemporaries at the time, although in 2005 he stated "I have not converted. I was baptised an Ethiopian Orthodox and at the age of 10 I became a Judah Coptic."^[3][6] In 1994, he was signed by Island Records and released the critically acclaimed album Blessed, which established his reputation internationally.^[3] In 1995 he toured the UK and joined up again with Barrington Levy to record an updated jungle version of Levy's "Under Mi Sensi".^[3]

In 1995, Beenie Man collaborated with Dennis Brown and Triston Palmer to release Three Against War and Mad Cobra and Lieutenant Stitchie on Mad Cobra Meets Lt. Stitchie & Beenie Man. He also collaborated with Lady Saw on "Healing", Sanchez on "Refugee", and Michael Prophet on "Gun 'n' Bass", further establishing his reputation.^[3] He took another step up the ladder in 1996, releasing the seminal Maestro, produced by Patrick Roberts and shot him to UK fame. During the period from the mid to late 1990s, Beenie Man dominated the Jamaican charts to the extent that he perhaps had a good claim to the crown of "Dancehall King", a title only bestowed previously on Yellowman in the early 1980s. Beenie Man's first real break into the United States came in 1997. He heard an instrumental rhythm by an unknown producer named Jeremy Harding, and demanded to add his voice to the rhythm. So this was the birth of his first international hit; he recorded "Who Am I" and the single quickly went Gold. It opened the doors for the world to see a new reggae star in the pages of Newsweek and other major media outlets. The same year, Beenie Man topped the Jamaican singles chart with seven different singles.^[3]

Beenie Man appeared as himself in the 1997 film Dancehall Queen.

In 1998, Beenie Man headlined Reggae Sunsplash and signed to Virgin Records to release albums in the United States. His first American offering was The Doctor (1998). During the late 1990s, Beenie Man began his conquest of America with the hits, "Romie", "Who Am I", and "Girls Dem Sugar", which featured American R&B singer, Mýa. During this time he received an impressive number of international music awards including a MOBO Award for Best International Reggae Act in 1998,^[9] while remaining at the top of the local charts. In 2000, Beenie Man released Art & Life, which featured Arturo Sandoval and Wyclef Jean (The Fugees), for which received a Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album.^[3] In the same year he co-produced (with Wyclef Jean) the debut album by actor Steven Seagal.^[3] Beenie Man, like many dancehall artists is outspoken on a number of social issues, as exemplified by songs such as "Steve Biko" and "Murderer".^[10][11][12]

In 2002, he had a sizeable hit with a duet with Janet Jackson called "Feel It Boy", but his biggest break in America came in early 2004 with the release of a remix of "Dude", featuring guest vocals by fellow Jamaican Ms. Thing, as well as rhymes by Shawnna. He thus cemented his fan base on both sides of the Atlantic.

He had hits in the UK in 1998 with "Who am I" (#10), in 2003 with "Street Life" (#13) and "Feel It Boy" (UK #9), a duet with Janet Jackson, and in 2004 with "Dude" (#7) and "King of the Dancehall" (#14).^[13]

He was also a judge for the 6th annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers.^[14]

In April 2008 it was announced that Beenie Man was to co-write and star in the film Kingston.^[15] In October 2010 Beenie Man came out with the EP "I'm Drinking Rum and Red Bull", which included 4 songs, "Im drinking Rum and Red Bull", "I'm Okay", and two versions of "Stack and Pile". He later relaased the full album on February 28, 2011. "Im Drinking Rum and Red Bull" features Future Fambo. In September 2008 Beenie Man was cleared of charges of tax evasion.^[16][17]

In April 2009, Beenie Man signed with Brookland Entertainment, a new record label formed by Eric Nicks and The Trackmasters, in preparation to release his new album, "The Legend Returns". The music video for the release of his new single “Gimme Gimme” will be shot in Canada on April 18, 2009. The song "Let's Go" was released on the Overproof Riddim compilation album in 2011.

Personal life[link]

Beenie Man married Michelle "D'Angel" Downer on August 22, 2006. Downer was previously known as long-time girlfriend to Bounty Killer. They have a son together, Marco Dean,^[18] born in November 2006. In June 2007, Beenie Man separated from his wife due to her alleged infidelity. In March 2010, they released a duet single titled "You Are My First", although at the time they were separated.^[18] The couple divorced in 2011.^[19]

Controversy[link]

The lyrics to some of his songs have been criticized for inciting the murder of homosexuals.^[20] He was removed from the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards after protests by gay-rights activists.^[21] That same year, Beenie Man was stopped by police at Heathrow Airport in London, after the cancellation of a concert in England.^[22] He then issued an apology for the lyrics through his record company.^[23] In 2005, gay rights group OutRage! suspended their opposition to Beenie Man after he agreed not to play songs featuring homophobic lyrics, and he performed in London that year.^[24] The following year, he claimed his lyrics were anti-pedophilia, not against consensual homosexual relationships.^[25]

In 2007, it was reported that Beenie Man, along with several other artists, had signed the Reggae Compassionate Act, an agreement to cease performances of anti-gay material.^[26] He later denied that he had signed the act.^[27] As of 2010, protests have continued to cause cancellations of his concerts in some countries, including New Zealand, Belgium and the Netherlands.^[28][29][30]

In 2012, Beenie Man apologized to the gay community for his earlier 'homophobic' lyrics: "Let me make this clear and straight.^[31] I have nothing against no one. I respect each and every human being, regardless of which race or creed, regardless of which religious belief you believe in, and regardless of which sexual preference you are, including gays and lesbian people. I respect all human...Please I am begging you do not have me up for some songs I wrote a long time ago. I love each and every one and am just begging each and everyone to do the same."^[32][33]

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

Studio albums[link]

• 1983: The Invincible Beenie Man: The Incredible Ten Year Old DJ Wonder - Bunny Lee
• 1992: Cool Cool Rider - VP
• 1994: Dis Unu Fi Hear - High Tone
• 1994: Defend It VP
• 1994: Guns Out with Bounty Killer - Greensleeves
• 1995: Blessed - Island
• 1995: Maestro - Greensleeves & VP
• 1995: Mad Cobra Meets Lt. Stitchie & Beenie Man - VP
• 1997: Many Moods Of Moses - VP
• 1999: Y2K - Artists Only
• 1999: Ruff n Tuff
• 1999: The Doctor - VP
• 2000: Art and Life - Virgin
• 2001: Black Liberty
• 2001: Youth Quake
• 2002: Tropical Storm
• 2004: Back to Basics
• 2006: Concept of Life
• 2006: Hundred Dollar Bag
• 2006: Undisputed
• 2007: Monsters of Dancehall
• 2009: The Legend Returns
• 2012: TBA

Compilations[link]

• 1995: All the Best
• 2000: Best of Beenie Man
• 2002: Gold - The Very Best of - Charm
• 2005: Kingston to King of the Dancehall
• 2005: Greatest Hits So Far

Live albums[link]

• 2004: Live in San Francisco

Mixtapes and unofficial releases[link]

• 2000: Trendsetter
• 2004: Cool Cool Rider - The Roots of a Dancehall Don
• 2006: Its Ah! Beenie (riddim mixtape)
• 2007: Monsters of Dancehall

Singles[link]

• 1981: "Too Fancy"
• 1983: "Over the Sea"
• 1993: "Matie" (PROD by Dave and Donovan Mills and Efraim Barrett on the Shelly Power label)
• 1995: "Slam"
• 1995: "Romie"
• 1995: "Old Dog"
• 1995: "Healing" (with Lady Saw)
• 1997: "Dancehall Queen" (with Chevelle Franklin)
• 1998: "Who Am I (Sim Simma)"
• 1998: "Tell Me"
• 2000: "Jungle Boogie" (featuring Sly and Robbie)
• 2000: "Love Me Now" (featuring Wyclef Jean)
• 2000: "Girls Dem Sugar" (featuring Mýa)
• 2002: "Fresh from Yard" (featuring Lil' Kim)
• 2002: "Feel It Boy" (featuring Janet Jackson)
• 2002: "Red Red Red" (with Robyn)
• 2003: "Street Life" (featuring Assia)
• 2003: "Bossman" (featuring Sean Paul and Lady Saw)
• 2004: "Dude" (featuring Ms. Thing and Shawnna)
• 2004: "King of the Dancehall"
• 2005: "Specialists" (featuring Vybz Kartel)
• 2006: "Girls" (featuring Akon)
• 2006: "Hmm Hmm"
• 2006: "Dreaming of You" (featuring Alaine)
• 2007: "Give It Up" (featuring Barbee)
• 2008: "Wine Gyal"
• 2008: "Pickney Nah Hold Yah Dung"
• 2008: "Gimme Gimme"
• 2010: "I'm Drinking/Rum & Red Bull"
• 2012: "Let's Go"

Featured singles[link]

• 1996: "Sound Clash" (Dream Warriors featuring Beenie Man)
• 1996: "Hands In the Air" (Doug E. Fresh featuring Beenie Man)
• 1999: "Outa Space (UFOs)" (Machel Montano featuring Beenie Man); album Any Minute Now
• 2000: "Money" (Jamelia featuring Beenie Man)
• 2001: "I'm Serious" (T.I. featuring Beenie Man)
• 2004: "Compton" (Guerilla Black featuring Beenie Man)
• 2005: "Soul on Fire" (KMC featuring Beenie Man)
• 2006: "Belly Danza" (Don Omar featuring Beenie Man)
• 2006: "Zingy" (Ak'Sent featuring Beenie Man)
• 2006: "Flow Natural" (Tito El Bambino featuring Deevani and Beenie Man)
• 2006: "Heaven Baby" (Brooke Hogan featuring Beenie Man)
• 2007: "Back It Up"
• 2008: "Better than Dem" (Natasja featuring Beenie Man)
• 2008: "Scorpion" (Nisha B. featuring Beenie Man)
• 2008: "Burnin' Burnin" (Ms. Triniti featuring Beenie Man)
• 2009: "Get It On" (Rasun featuring Beenie Man)
• 2009: "Giggle" (Busta Rhymes featuring Beenie Man)
• 2009: "Woman"
• 2009: "International" (Chali 2na featuring Beenie Man)
• 2009: "Pleasure" (2G featuring Beenie Man and Chris S)
• 2012: "Gun Shot" (Nicki Minaj featuring Beenie Man)

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Thompson, Dave (2002). Reggae & Caribbean Music. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 0-87930-655-6. 
• Larkin, Colin (1998). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae. Virgin Books. ISBN 0-7535-0242-9. 

Further reading[link]

• Wray, Milton: Who Am I?: The Untold Story of Beenie Man, 2008, Great House/Omnimedia, Kingston, Jamaica, ISBN 978-9769519930

External links[link]

• Official website
• Beenie Man discography at MusicBrainz

Chris Cutler
Chris Cutler with the Peter Blegvad Trio performing at a RIO Festival in Southern France, April 2007
Background information
Birth name	Chris Cutler
Born	(1947-01-04) 4 January 1947 (age 65) Washington, D.C., United States
Genres	Avant-rock, cyber jazz, experimental, free improvisation
Occupations	Musician, Lyricist, Music theorist, Record company executive
Instruments	Percussion
Years active	1960s–present
Labels	Recommended
Associated acts	Henry Cow, Art Bears, Cassiber, News from Babel, The Science Group, Fred Frith, Lutz Glandien, Peter Blegvad, Brainville 3
Website	www.ccutler.com

Chris Cutler (born 4 January 1947) is an English percussionist, composer, lyricist and music theorist. Best known for his work with English avant-rock group Henry Cow, Cutler was also a member and drummer of a number of other bands, including Art Bears, News from Babel, Pere Ubu and (briefly) Gong/Mothergong. He has collaborated with many musicians and groups, including Fred Frith, Lindsay Cooper, Zeena Parkins, Peter Blegvad and The Residents, and has appeared on over 100 recordings. Cutler's career spans over three decades and he still performs actively throughout the world.

Cutler created and runs the British independent record label Recommended Records and is the editor of its sound-magazine, RēR Quarterly. He has given a number of public lectures on music, published numerous articles and papers, and written a book on the political theory of contemporary music, File Under Popular (1984).^[1] Cutler also assembled and released The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set (2009), a collection of over 10 hours of previously unreleased recordings by the band.

Biography[link]

Chris Cutler was born in January 1947 in Washington, D.C. to a British foreign correspondent and his Austrian wife. In 1948 the family moved to England where Cutler was brought up.^[2] He never studied music but tried his hand at banjo, guitar, trumpet and flute while at school. He finally settled for drums "because I wanted to be in a band and drummers were scarcest."^[3] Cutler formed his first band in 1963, playing Shadows and Ventures instrumental covers, then played in several R&B and soul bands. In 1966 he joined a band called Louise which performed on the London psychedelic club circuit for three years before breaking up. Looking for work, Cutler placed a series of advertisements in Melody Maker over a period of nine months in 1970. This put him in touch with a number of musicians which led to Cutler and keyboardist Dave Stewart of Egg forming The Ottawa Music Company, a 26 piece rock composer's orchestra, in 1971. Soon afterwards, Henry Cow, looking to replace the drummer who had just left them, responded to one of Cutler's adverts and invited him to a rehearsal.^[4]

Henry Cow[link]

Henry Cow had been formed in 1968 by Cambridge University students Fred Frith (guitar) and Tim Hodgkinson (woodwind and keyboards). By 1971 the band had gone through a number of personnel changes and it was only when Cutler joined them in September 1971 that the group stabilised. Frith, Hodgkinson and Cutler became Henry Cow's permanent core until the band split up in 1978.^[5]

Henry Cow's prominence in progressive rock circles ^[6] launched the careers of many of its members, including Cutler's. Their music was uncompromising and this eventually put them at odds with the mainstream music business, forcing the band to do everything themselves: from recording, manufacturing and releasing their own albums, to organising their own tours and being their own management and agency. All this proved invaluable experience for Cutler that would assist him greatly in his future endeavours. The group spent most of its last three years touring Europe and many of Cutler's future collaborations resulted from contact made with musicians on these tours. In Henry Cow's last few months they initiated Rock in Opposition (RIO), a collective of like-minded bands they had encountered through Europe that were united in their opposition to the music industry.^[7]

Recommended Records[link]

After Henry Cow disbanded in 1978, Cutler created Recommended Records in London, an independent label and distribution network for RIO artists. The record label quickly filled the gap left by commercial labels and soon began to also release non-RIO bands and musicians.^[8] Recommended Records's aim was to produce records of high technical and musical quality, placing the musicians' interests first and profits second. This strategy, however, led to the label experiencing financial difficulties from time to time, but it stuck to its principles and has survived for over 25 years. There are a number of musicians whose work would never have seen the light of day had it not been for Cutler's label.^[8]

Cutler also founded November Books in 1982, the publishing wing of Recommended Records.

Other bands and projects[link]

Cutler's first post-Henry Cow project was Art Bears (1978–1981), a group formed by Cutler, Fred Frith (guitar and keyboards) and Dagmar Krause (vocals, from Henry Cow) six months before Henry Cow split up (see Henry Cow for details). Art Bears were a song-oriented group that recorded three studio albums. Cutler's main contributions were the songs' texts and (with Frith) the album productions. Art Bears (in the wake of Henry Cow) were well received by critics ^[9] which further boosted Cutler's reputation in "progressive" circles.

In 1982, Cutler co-founded the Anglo-German group Cassiber (1982–1992) with German musicians Heiner Goebbels, Alfred Harth and Christoph Anders. Over the next ten years Cassiber produced five albums and toured Europe, Asia, South and North America. Their music was very experimental and often involved spontaneously improvising pre-existing structured and arranged material.^[10]

Chris Cutler at the Hyperion Ensemble Spectrum XXI festival in Paris, 3 November 2007.

In 1983, Cutler formed News from Babel (1983–1986), another song-orientated group with core members Cutler, Lindsay Cooper (from Henry Cow), Zeena Parkins (a United States harpist) and Dagmar Krause. With guest musicians (including Robert Wyatt and Sally Potter) they made two critically acclaimed studio albums, but did not perform live.^[11]

Cutler was a member of the United States experimental rock band Pere Ubu between 1987 and 1989. He had first encountered them in Washington DC in 1978 while exploring the possibility of Henry Cow touring America (which never materialised as Henry Cow disbanded soon after). Cutler kept in touch with Pere Ubu until they split in the early 1980s and their singer, David Thomas began a solo career. Cutler and Lindsay Cooper joined Thomas in 1982 to form David Thomas and the Pedestrians, and for the next three years they toured Europe and North America and made two albums. Over the next few years, some of the ex-Pere Ubu members began joining Thomas's Pedestrians. Cooper left in 1985 and by 1987 the group (now called David Thomas and the Wooden Birds) was effectively Pere Ubu again. As Pere Ubu, the band (with Cutler) made two albums. Cutler left in 1989.

In 1991, Cutler and German composer Lutz Glandien recorded the critically acclaimed song project Domestic Stories. Cutler wrote the song texts and played drums, while Glandien composed and performed the music with samplers and computers. The supporting musicians were Dagmar Krause (vocals), Fred Frith (bass and guitar) and Alfred Harth (saxophone and clarinet). Cutler collaborated with Glandien again in 1994 to record Scenes from no Marriage and to participate in P53, a commission for the 25th Frankfurt Jazz Festival with Zygmunt Krauze, Marie Goyette, Otomo Yoshihide.

The (ec) Nudes were a band Cutler, Wädi Gysi (guitar) and Amy Denio (vocals, bass, saxophone, accordion) formed in 1993. The trio recorded Vanishing Point, a CD of songs with texts by Cutler and music by Gysi and Denio, and toured all over Europe and visited Brasil.^[12] Bob Drake later joined the group on bass and as a quartet they toured all over Europe, Canada and Brazil, but did not record. Cutler left the group in 1994.

Cutler and Yugoslav keyboardist and composer Stevan Tickmayer formed The Science Group in 1997 to record A Mere Coincidence (1999), an album of songs on science topics, including quantum mechanics. Cutler wrote the texts, Tickmayer composed the music, and the rest of the group comprised Bob Drake (bass guitar, vocals) and Claudio Puntin (bass clarinet), with guests Amy Denio (vocals) and Fred Frith (guitar). In 2003 Cutler and Tickmayer reconstituted The Science Group as a quartet with Bob Drake (bass guitar) and Mike Johnson (guitars), and released an instrumental album, Spoors. In 1998, he joined John Wolf Brennan's sextet "HeXtet" to record a series of poetry settings, from Edgar Allan Poe to contemporary Irish poets like Theo Dorgan and Paula Meehan, together with legendary singer Julie Tippetts, saxophonist Evan Parker, trombonist Paul Rutherford and clarinetist Peter Whyman.

Other collaborations[link]

Fred Frith (left) and Chris Cutler performing in Austria in November 2009.

The ex-Henry Cow members have always maintained close contact with each other and Cutler still collaborates with many of them.^[5] Cutler and Fred Frith have been touring Europe, Asia and the Americas since 1978 and have given over 100 duo performances. Four albums from some of these concerts have been released. In December 2006, Cutler, Frith and Tim Hodgkinson performed together at The Stone in New York City, only their second concert performance since Henry Cow's demise in 1978.^[13][14]

On 4 November 2006 Cutler, Jon Rose (violin) and Zeena Parkins (harp) performed with the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra conducted by Ilan Volkov, at the Glasgow City Halls in Glasgow, Scotland. The concert was recorded and later broadcast by BBC Radio 3 on 24 March 2007.^[15]

Other musicians and bands Cutler has performed and recorded with over the years include Tim Hodgkinson, Lindsay Cooper, Peter Blegvad, John Greaves, René Lussier, Jean Derome, Tom Cora, Aksak Maboul, The Residents, The Work, Duck and Cover, Les 4 Guitaristes de l'Apocalypso-Bar, Kalahari Surfers, Hail, Biota and Brainville 3.

In 2009, Cutler toured North America with avant-garde Czech violinist Iva Bittová.

Solo performances[link]

Since the late 1990s, Cutler began giving solo electrified percussion performances to audiences across the world. His first was in Tokyo in June 1998, which was recorded in a documentary film, At the Edge of Chaos, by award winning film director Shinji Aoyama. The first part of the film is equipment set-up and sound-checks, plus interviews with Cutler, while the second part is the improvised concert itself.

In 2001 Cutler released Solo: A Descent Into the Maelstrom, an album of solos on his electrified drum kit taken from live performances in Europe and the United States between August 2000 and May 2001. In 2005 he released Twice Around the World, an album of real-time recordings made from all over the world between 23.30 and midnight GMT. The material was taken from a daily half-hour radio programme Cutler ran for Resonance FM: Out Of The Blue Radio between July 2001 and July 2002. A companion album, There and Back Again, comprising 44 environmental recordings, was released by Cutler in 2006.

Electrified drum kit[link]

Chris Cutler never studied music and taught himself drumming on makeshift drum kits assembled with whatever was on hand. He slowly developed a technique using a "top-down" approach as opposed to the traditional "bottom-up" approach used by schooled drummers. Drummers are first taught basic patterns which are later combined into more complex patterns. Cutler learned the opposite way, hearing or imagining a sound and then disciplining his hands and feet to reproduce it. This "top-down" approach resulted in a unique style of drumming that pervades all of Cutler's performances and recordings.

By the time Cutler was drumming for Henry Cow in 1971, he had become a perfectly competent, albeit unconventional, drummer. The nature of Henry Cow was to experiment and explore and it was here that Cutler developed and refined his drumming techniques. It was also here that he started to electrify his drum kit. He began by attaching old telephone mouthpieces to drums and cymbals, and connecting them to an amplifier and a reverb unit. He later added a small mixer for four independent inputs. The effect was very basic: a few low-grade inputs with only equalisation and reverberation to manipulate.

By 1982, Cutler had added another small mixer, a pitch shifter and a delay unit. He had also begun using cheap guitar transducers and a table full of additional wired objects (pans, metal trays, small tambours and egg-slicers).

Cutler experimented briefly with drum pads triggered to play sampled or synthesized sounds, but quickly dismissed this option because he found them unresponsive and inflexible. They reduced a drum to nothing more than a switch: hit it and a pre-programmed sound is emitted, irrespective of how hard or in what manner the drum is struck. Cutler preferred real-time processing: amplifying and modifying actual sounds produced by the drum, making it a kind of an electroacoustic instrument, immediate and responsive, and retaining all the qualities of an acoustic drum kit.

Cutler went on to wire his entire drum kit, using a 16 channel mixer with multi-effect processors, a "Space pedal", a "Whammy pedal", a PDS 8000 and an old Boss pitch shifter/delay unit. In addition to transducers, he also attached miniature microphones to some of the drums and sticks. Cutler introduced feedback into the mix by placing a monitor speaker near the kit.

The electrified drum kit continues to evolve and to Cutler it is "satisfyingly unpredictable", responsive to all his old techniques while continuing to generate new ones. It has a unique "voice" that Cutler still has not plumbed the depths of. This is what prompted him to start giving solo performances because it tested his skill at playing an instrument he had to treat as an equal and evolve with.^[16]

Writings and talks[link]

Talks[link]

In the early 1980s, Chris Cutler became active in the International Association for the Study of Popular Music (IASPM) and started giving talks and participating in symposia throughout the world. Some of the talks he has given are:

• "Composing with Other People's Music – Creativity or Theft?", British Council, Belgrade.
• "Electrification and Experimentation, the Development of New Musical Resources in the Popular Field", Union of Composers, Moscow.
• "Improvisation: Motives and Methods", IASPM, University of Leeds.
• "Rock In Opposition, a case study". Academy of Science, Berlin.
• "Studio Composition and Visualisation" – a case study IASPM, University, Montreal
• "Sonic and Structural Convergence at the fringes of Musical Genres". The Royal College of Art, London.
• "On The Impact of Recording Technology on Popular music." Pomeriggi Musicali do Milano.
• "Punderphonics and Postmodernism", Dissonanten, Rotterdam.
• "Sampling and Plunderphonics", Museum School, Boston.
• "The Recording Studio as a Compositional Instrument", The Royal College of Art, London.

Essays[link]

Cutler has written and published a number of essays on music, including:

• "Necessity and Choice in Musical Forms: Concerning Musical and Technical Means and Political Needs" (1990) – an essay on the evolution of recorded music, published in The Cassette Mythos.^[17]
• "Plunderphonia" (1994) – an essay on plunderphonics, published in Musicworks 60.^[18]
• "Scale" (1997) – an essay on the scale of sounds in music, published in The Gramophone Special Edition "Perspectives on Contemporary Music".^[19]
• "Thoughts on Music and the Avant Garde" (2005) – an essay commissioned for a book dedicated to Professor Gunther Mayer, published in Perfect Sound Forever.^[20]
• "Locality" (2006) – published in Resonance Magazine.
• "The Road to Plunderphonia" (2011) – published by Quaderns d'àudio/Ràdio Web MACBA.^[21]

Books[link]

Cutler has also published two books:

• The Henry Cow Book (co-authored with Tim Hodgkinson) (1981) – a collection of documents and information about the band.
• File Under Popular (1984) – a collection of theoretical and critical writings on music, also published in Polish, German and Japanese.

Discography[link]

Here is a selection of albums Chris Cutler has performed on, showing the year they were first released:

Bands and projects[link]

With Henry Cow

• Legend (1973, LP, Virgin Records, UK)
• Unrest (1974, LP, Virgin Records, UK)
• Henry Cow Concerts (1976, 2xLP, Caroline Records, UK)
• Western Culture (1979, LP, Broadcast, UK)
• The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set (2009, 9xCD+DVD, Recommended Records, UK)

With Henry Cow/Slapp Happy

• Desperate Straights (1975, LP, Virgin Records, UK)
• In Praise of Learning (1975, LP, Virgin Records, UK)

With Art Bears

• Hopes and Fears (1978, LP, Recommended Records, UK)
• Winter Songs (1979, LP, Recommended Records, UK)
• The World as It Is Today (1981, LP, Recommended Records, UK)

With Aksak Maboul

• Un Peu de l'Âme des Bandits (1980, LP, Crammed Discs, Belgium)

With Cassiber

• Man or Monkey? (1982, 2xLP, Riskant, Germany)
• Beauty and the Beast (1984, LP, Recommended Records, UK)
• Perfect Worlds (1986, LP, Recommended Records, UK)
• A Face We All Know (1990, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
• Live in Tokyo (1998, 2xCD, Recommended Records, UK)

With The Work

• Live in Japan (1982, LP, Recommended Records, Japan)

With Fred Frith

• Live in Prague and Washington, (1983, LP, Recommended Records, UK)
• Live in Trondheim, Berlin, Limoges (1994, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
• 2 Gentlemen in Verona (2000, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
• The Stone: Issue Two (2007, CD, Tzadik Records, US)

With Lindsay Cooper, Bill Gilonis, Tim Hodgkinson and Robert Wyatt

• The Last Nightingale (1984, LP, Recommended Records, UK)

With News from Babel

• Work Resumed on the Tower (1984, LP, Recommended Records, UK)
• Letters Home (1986, LP, Recommended Records, UK)

With David Thomas and the Pedestrians

• Winter Comes Home (1983, LP, Recommended Records, UK)
• Variations on a Theme (1983, LP, Rough Trade Records, UK)
• More Places Forever (1985, LP, Rough Trade Records, UK)

With Duck and Cover

• Re Records Quarterly Vol.1 No.2 (1985, LP, Recommended Records UK)

Les 4 Guitaristes de l'Apocalypso-Bar

• Tournée Mondiale/Été '89 (1987, LP, Ambiances Magnétiques, Canada)
• Fin de Siècle (1989, LP, Ambiances Magnétiques, Canada)

With Peter Blegvad

• Downtime (1988, LP, Recommended Records, UK)
• Just Woke Up (1995, LP, Recommended Records, UK)
• Hangman's Hill (1998, LP, Recommended Records, UK)

With Pere Ubu

• The Tenement Year (1988, LP, Fontana Records)
• Cloudland (1989, LP, Fontana Records)

With Hail

• Kirk (1992, CD, Recommended Records, UK)

With Lutz Glandien

• Domestic Stories (1993, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
• Scenes From No Marriage (1994, CD, Recommended Records, UK)

With The (ec) Nudes

• Vanishing Point (1994, LP, Recommended Records, UK)

With P53

• P53 (1996, CD, Recommended Records, UK)

With Biota

• Object Holder (1995, CD, Recommended Records, UK)

With Zeena Parkins

• Shark! (1996, CD, Recommended Records, UK)

With René Lussier and Jean Derome

• Three Suite Piece (1996, CD, Recommended Records, UK)

With John Wolf Brennan

• HeXtet: Through the Ear of a Raindrop (1998, CD, Leo Records, UK)

With Thomas Dimuzio

• Quake (1999, CD, Recommended Records, UK)

With The Science Group

• A Mere Coincidence (1999, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
• Spoors (2003, CD, Recommended Records, UK)

With Vril

• Effigies in Cork (2003, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
• The Fatal Duckpond (2009, CD, Recommended Records, UK)

With Brainville 3

• Trial by Headline (2008, CD, Recommended Records, UK)

With Thomas Dimuzio and Fred Frith

• Golden State (2010, LP, Recommended Records, UK)^{[nb 1]}

Solo[link]

• Solo: A Descent Into the Maelstrom (2001, CD, Recommended Records)
• Twice Around the World (2005, CD, Recommended Records)
• There and Back Again (2006, CD, Recommended Records)

Bibliography[link]

• Cutler, Chris; Hodgkinson, Tim (1981). The Henry Cow Book. Third Step Printworks. ISBN 0-9508870-0-5. 
• Cutler, Chris (1984). File Under Popular: Theoretical and Critical Writings on Music. November Books. ISBN 0-946423-01-6. 
• Cutler, Chris, ed. (2009). The Road: Volumes 1–5 (book from The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set). Recommended Records.
• Cutler, Chris, ed. (2009). The Road: Volumes 6–10 (book from The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set). Recommended Records.
• Cutler, Chris (2011). The Road to Plunderphonia. Quaderns d'àudio/Ràdio Web MACBA. ISSN: 2013-4681.^[21]

Films[link]

• At the Edge of Chaos (2001, DVD) – 65 minute documentary by Shinji Aoyama on a Chris Cutler solo percussion concert in Tokyo, June 1998.
• Roulette TV Volume 8 (2003, DVD, Roulette) – live TV recording back-to-back with Shelley Hirsch, March 2001.

Footnotes[link]

See also[link]

• Henry Cow
• Art Bears
• Rock in Opposition
• Recommended Records

References[link]

• Jones, Andrew (1995). "Chris Cutler". In Jones, Andrew. Plunderphonics, 'pataphysics & pop mechanics: an introduction to musique actuelle. SAF Publishing Ltd. pp. 14–27. ISBN 0-946719-15-2. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4PXRoyRqUDQC&pg=PA14. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chris Cutler

• Chris Cutler homepage.
• Chris Cutler biography. The Canterbury Website.
• Chris Cutler at Allmusic.
• "On Chris Cutler". Article by Patrick Wright published in The Guardian, November 1995.
• Perfect Sound Forever interview (03/1997)
• Interview (1998)
• Interview/Performance