It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Yehud-Monosson. (Discuss) Proposed since June 2010.

Yehud
Hebrew transcription(s)
• Hebrew	יְהוּד
• ISO 259	Yhud
War memorial in Yehud
Yehud Location within Israel's Center District
Coordinates: 32°2′0″N 34°53′0″E / 32.033333°N 34.883333°E / 32.033333; 34.883333Coordinates: 32°2′0″N 34°53′0″E / 32.033333°N 34.883333°E / 32.033333; 34.883333
District	Center
Founded	1953
Government
• Type	City
• Mayor	Yossi Ben-David (Yehud-Monosson)
Area
• Total	4,100 dunams (4.1 km2 or 1.6 sq mi)
Population (2007)
• Total	25,600
Name meaning	Named for Biblical location

Natan Yonatan Square, in Yehud

Yehud (Hebrew: יְהוּד‎‎) is a city in the Center District in Israel that is part of the joint municipality of Yehud-Monosson. In 2007, Yehud's population was approximately 25,600 (not including Neve Monosson - see below).

History [link]

Yehud is mentioned in the Bible in a list of towns in the area ("and Yehud and Bnei Brak and Gat Rimon" - Book of Joshua 19, 45). The Aramaic term Yehud refers to a province under the Persian empire (see Yehud Medinata), in the area of what was roughly the Kingdom of Judah which issued small silver coins inscribed with the three letters Yehud. The actual size of Yehud during this time remains debated by scholars (e.g., did it occupy the entirety of the previous kingdom, or was it much smaller). Yehud's constituency also remains debated (e.g., was it composed only of those Judeans who returned from Babylon, or did these intermix with "the people (already) in the land" - עם הארץ). In later centuries Yehud became the Arab town of Al-Yehudiya (in literal Arabic: "place of the Jews"), also called Al-'Abbasiyya, but the Arab population left in its entirety during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The town was repopulated in the early 1950s by Ladino-speaking Jews of Turkish extraction and subsequently also by Jews from Bialystok, Poland and other parts of the Diaspora. The town greatly expanded in later years, developed an industrial and hi-tech area with companies such as IAI and Mercury Interactive and attracted thousands of academics and professionals in new, highly-invested neighborhoods such as Givat Avia and Kiryat HaSavyonim.

In June 2011, the city's officials announced they would undertake a massive construction project to replicate the old town square of the Swiss city of Lugano in the center of their city, to reinvigorate commerce and tourism. The replica will be replete with neoclassical columns and colonnades^[1].

Government and politics[link]

In 2003 the Yehud-Monosson Municipality was formed to provide municipal services to Yehud and the neighboring community of Neve Monosson (pop. 2,600). Under the terms of the merger, Neve Monosson remains with a high level of autonomy under the Neve Monosson Local Administration (minhelet). The Neve Monosson Local Administration was granted municipal status as an autonomous borough (vaad rova ironi) by the Interior Minister in 2005 within the implementation of the merger plan. In a practical sense, the Yehud-Monosson Municipality really functions as the municipality of Yehud whilst providing basic statutory municipal services to Neve Monosson on an outsourcing basis.

Demographics[link]

According to CBS, in 2001 the ethnic makeup of the city was all Jewish. See Population groups in Israel.

According to CBS, in 2001 there were 10,500 males and 11,100 females. The population of the city was spread out with 33.4% 19 years of age or younger, 16.1% between 20 and 29, 19.9% between 30 and 44, 18.8% from 45 to 59, 2.9% from 60 to 64, and 8.8% 65 years of age or older. The population growth rate in 2001 was 2.6%.

Income [link]

According to CBS, as of 2000, in the city there were 8,479 salaried workers and 831 are self-employed. The mean monthly wage in 2000 for a salaried worker in the city is ILS 6,679, a real change of 8.4% over the course of 2000. Salaried males have a mean monthly wage of ILS 8,549 (a real change of 7.8%) versus ILS 4,889 for females (a real change of 8.5%). The mean income for the self-employed is 8,327. There are 396 people who receive unemployment benefits and 479 people who receive an income guarantee.

Economy[link]

Yehud serves as the base of the large Africa Israel Investments company majority owned by Lev Leviev.

Education[link]

According to CBS, there are 10 schools and 5,159 students in the city. They are spread out as 6 elementary schools and 2,252 elementary school students, and 5 high schools and 2,907 high school students. 54.2% of 12th grade students were entitled to a matriculation certificate in 2001.

Sport[link]

Hapoel Yehud spent several seasons in the top division of Israeli football during the late 1970s and early 1980s, and won the State Cup in 1982. However, after several relegations the club folded in 1998.

A new club, Hapoel Ironi Yehud, was established in 2004 and currently plays in Liga Gimel.

Yehud was also the city in which "Yehud Hold'em" poker was invented.

References [link]

See also[link]

• Yehud Medinata (The Province of Judah)

Silver fox or Silver Fox may refer to:

Animals[link]

• Silver fox (animal), the melanin-related discoloration of Vulpes vulpes, a genetically-determined color phase of the common red fox in which the fur is black tipped with white
• Domesticated silver fox, a domesticated form of the above animal
• Silver fox rabbit, a rare North American breed of domestic rabbit, with distinctive silvering on its coat

Arts and entertainment[link]

• Silver Fox (comics), a Marvel comics character
• "Silver Fox", a song by RJD2 from his 2002 album Deadringer

Transport and military[link]

• Silver Fox UAV, an unmanned aerial vehicle that can conduct autonomous aerial surveillance
• Operation Silver Fox, a World War II military campaign codename
• Silver Fox, an LNER Class A4 steam locomotive (LNER 2512, British Railways 60017), featured in the film Elizabethan Express.

People[link]

"Silver Fox" or "the Silver Fox" is a nickname for:

• Kansas State University head football coach Bill Snyder
• Korean martial artist and film actor Hwang Jang Lee
• Country music star Charlie Rich
• Professional poker player Peter Costa
• Professional poker player Mel Judah
• NHL G.M. Cliff Fletcher
• Hockey player Lester Patrick
• Anglican Bishop Ian Brackley
• NASCAR driver David Pearson
• CNN reporter Anderson Cooper
• Actor John Slattery
• Minnesota Vikings quarterback Brett Favre
• Snooker player David Taylor
• Baseball player Duke Snider
• Professional BASE Jumper Collin Scott

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

From the film Stage Door Canteen, 1943

Signature of Yehudi Menuhin

Yehudi Menuhin, Baron Menuhin, OM, KBE (22 April 1916 – 12 March 1999) was an American violinist and conductor who spent most of his performing career in the United Kingdom. He was born to Russian Jewish parents in the United States, but became a citizen of Switzerland in 1970, and of the United Kingdom in 1985. He is often considered to be one of the greatest violinists of the 20th century.

Early life and career[link]

Yehudi Menuhin with Bruno Walter (1931). According to Henry A. Murray, Menuhin wrote: "Actually, I was gazing in my usual state of being half absent in my own world and half in the present. I have usually been able to 'retire' in this way. I was also thinking that my life was tied up with the instrument and would I do it justice?" (Yehudi Menuhin, personal communication, 31 October 1993).

Yehudi Menuhin was born in New York City, United States, to Bielorussian Jewish parents from what is now Belarus. His sisters were the concert pianist and human rights worker Hephzibah Menuhin and the pianist, painter, and poet Yaltah Menuhin. Through his father Moshe Menuhin, a former rabbinical student and anti-Zionist writer, Menuhin was descended from a distinguished rabbinical dynasty.

Menuhin began violin instruction at age four under violinist Sigmund Anker; his parents had wanted Louis Persinger to be his teacher, but Persinger refused.^[1] Menuhin displayed extraordinary talents at an early age. His first solo violin performance was at the age of seven with the San Francisco Symphony in 1923. Persinger then agreed to take Menuhin as a student. When the Menuhins went to Paris, Persinger suggested Yehudi go to his own teacher, Eugène Ysaÿe. He did have one lesson with Ysaÿe, but did not like his method or the fact that he was very old.^[1] Instead, he went to the Romanian composer and violinist George Enescu, after which he made several recordings with his sister Hephzibah. He was also a student of Adolf Busch. In 1929 he played in Berlin, under Bruno Walter's baton, three concerti by Bach, Brahms and Beethoven. In 1932 he recorded Edward Elgar's Violin Concerto in B minor for HMV in London, with the composer himself conducting, and between 1934 and 1936 he made the first integral recording of Johann Sebastian Bach's Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin.

World War II musician[link]

Yehudi Menuhin performed for Allied soldiers during World War II, and accompanied English composer Benjamin Britten to perform for inmates of Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, after its liberation in April 1945. He returned to Germany in 1947 to perform with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra under the baton of conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler as an act of reconciliation, becoming the first Jewish musician to do so following the Holocaust. He said to critics within the Jewish community that he wanted to rehabilitate Germany's music and spirit. After building early success on richly romantic and tonally opulent performances, he experienced considerable physical and artistic difficulties caused by overwork during the war as well as unfocused and unstructured early training (reportedly he said "I watched myself on film and realized that for 30 years I'd been holding the bow wrong").^{[citation needed]} Careful practice and study combined with meditation and yoga helped him overcome many of these problems. His profound and considered musical interpretations are nearly universally acclaimed. When he finally resumed recording, he was known for practicing by deconstructing music phrases one note at a time.

He and Louis Kentner (brother-in-law of his wife, Diana) gave the first performance of William Walton's Violin Sonata, at Zürich on 30 September 1949.

Menuhin continued to perform to an advanced age, becoming known for profound interpretations of an austere quality, as well as for his explorations of music outside the classical realm.

World interactions[link]

Menuhin credited German-Jewish philosopher Constantin Brunner with providing him with "a theoretical framework within which I could fit the events and experiences of life".^[2]

In 1952 Menuhin met and befriended the influential yogi B. K. S. Iyengar before he had come to prominence outside India. Menuhin arranged for Iyengar to teach abroad in London, Switzerland, Paris and elsewhere. This was the first time that many Westerners had been exposed to yoga.

Following his role as a member of the awards jury at the 1955 Queen Elisabeth Music Competition, Menuhin secured a Rockefeller Foundation grant for the financially strapped Grand Prize winner at the event, Argentine violinist Alberto Lysy. Menuhin made Lysy his first and only personal student, and the two toured extensively throughout the concert halls of Europe. The young protégé later established the International Menuhin Music Academy in Gstaad, in his honor.^[3]

Menuhin made several recordings with the German conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler, who had been criticized for conducting in Germany during the Nazi era. Menuhin defended Furtwängler, noting that the conductor had helped a number of Jewish musicians to flee Nazi Germany.

In 1962, he established the Yehudi Menuhin School in Stoke d'Abernon, Surrey. He also established the music program at The Nueva School in Hillsborough, California, sometime around then. In 1965 he received an honorary knighthood from the British monarchy. In the same year, Australian composer Malcolm Williamson wrote a violin concerto for Menuhin. He performed the concerto many times and recorded it at its premiere at the Bath Festival in 1965. Originally known as the Bath Assembly,^[4] the festival was first directed by the impresario Ian Hunter in 1948. After the first year the city tried to run the festival itself, but in 1955 asked Hunter back. In 1959 Hunter invited Yehudi Menuhin to become artistic director of the Festival. Menuhin accepted, and retained the post until 1968.^[5]

Menuhin also had a long association with Ravi Shankar, which began with their 1966 album West Meets East. During this time, he commissioned composer Alan Hovhaness to write a concerto for violin, sitar, and orchestra to be performed by himself and Shankar. The resulting work, entitled Shambala (c. 1970), with a fully composed violin part and space for improvisation from the sitarist, is the earliest known work for sitar with western symphony orchestra, predating Shankar’s own sitar concertos, but Menuhin and Shankar never recorded it. Menuhin also worked with famous jazz violinist Stéphane Grappelli in the 1970s on Jalousie, an album of pop music of the 1930s arranged in chamber style.

At the Edinburgh Festival in 1957 Menuhin premiered Priaulx Rainier's violin concerto Due Canti e Finale, which he had commissioned Rainier to write. He also commissioned her last work, Wildlife Celebration, which he performed in aid of Gerald Durrell's Wildlife Conservation Trust.

In 1983 Menuhin and Robert Masters founded the Yehudi Menuhin International Competition for Young Violinists. Now one of the world's leading competitions for young violinists, many of its prizewinners have gone on to become prominent violinists, including Tasmin Little, Nikolaj Znaider, Ilya Gringolts, Julia Fischer, Daishin Kashimoto and Lara St. John.

In 1991 Menuhin was awarded the prestigious Wolf Prize by the Israeli Government. In the Israeli Knesset he gave an acceptance speech in which he criticised Israel's continued occupation of the West Bank:

"This wasteful governing by fear, by contempt for the basic dignities of life, this steady asphyxiation of a dependent people, should be the very last means to be adopted by those who themselves know too well the awful significance, the unforgettable suffering of such an existence. It is unworthy of my great people, the Jews, who have striven to abide by a code of moral rectitude for some 5,000 years, who can create and achieve a society for themselves such as we see around us but can yet deny the sharing of its great qualities and benefits to those dwelling amongst them."^[6]

In 1997 Menuhin and Ian Stoutzker founded the charity Live Music Now, the largest outreach music project in the UK. Live Music Now pays and trains professional musicians to work in the community, bringing the experience to those who rarely get an opportunity to hear or see live music performance.

Menuhin's pupils included Nigel Kennedy, Nicola Benedetti, and the violists Paul Coletti and Csaba Erdélyi. He owned and played several notable instruments; arguably the most famous of which is the Lord Wilton Guarneri del Gesù (1742).

In the 1980s Menuhin wrote and oversaw the creation of a "Music Guides" series of books; each covered a musical instrument, with one on the human voice. Menuhin wrote some, while others were edited by different authors.

Later career[link]

Menuhin with Stéphane Grappelli taken by Allan Warren, 1976

Menuhin regularly returned to the San Francisco Bay Area, sometimes performing with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra. One of the more memorable later performances was of Edward Elgar's Violin Concerto, which Menuhin had recorded with the composer in 1932.

On 22 April 1978, along with Stéphane Grappelli, Yehudi played Pick Yourself Up, taken from the Menuhin & Grappelli Play Berlin, Kern, Porter and Rodgers & Hart album as the interval act at the 23rd Eurovision Song Contest for TF1. The performance came direct from the studios of TF1 and not that of the venue (Palais des Congrès), where the contest was being held.

Menuhin hosted the PBS telecast of the gala opening concert of the San Francisco Symphony from Davies Symphony Hall in September 1980.

During the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, Menuhin made jazz recordings with Stéphane Grappelli, classical recordings with L. Subramaniam and albums of Eastern music with the great sitarist Ravi Shankar. In 1983 he founded the Yehudi Menuhin International Competition for Young Violinists in Folkestone, Kent.

His recording contract with EMI lasted almost 70 years and is the longest in the history of the music industry. He made his first recording at age 13 in November 1929, and his last in 1999, when he was nearly 83 years old. He recorded over 300 works for EMI, both as a violinist and as a conductor. In 2009 EMI released a 51-CD retrospective of Menuhin's recording career, titled Yehudi Menuhin: The Great EMI Recordings.

In 1990 Menuhin was the first conductor for the Asian Youth Orchestra which toured around Asia, including Japan, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong with Julian Lloyd Webber and a group of young talented musicians from all over Asia.

Personal life[link]

Violinist Yehudi Menuhin and author Paulo Coelho captured at the Annual Meeting 1999 of the World Economic Forum held in Davos, Switzerland

Yehudi Menuhin was married twice. He married Nola Nicholas, daughter of an Australian industrialist, and sister of Hephzibah Menuhin's first husband Lindsay Nicholas. They had two children, Krov and Zamira (who married pianist Fou Ts'ong). Following their 1947 divorce he married the British ballerina and actress Diana Gould, whose mother was the pianist Evelyn Suart (who had played with artists such as Eugène Ysaÿe and Karel Halíř), and whose stepfather was Admiral Sir Cecil Harcourt. Menuhin and Gould had two sons, Gerard and Jeremy, a pianist. A third child died shortly after birth.

The name Yehudi means 'Jew' in Hebrew. In an interview republished in October 2004, he recounted to New Internationalist magazine the story of his name:

Obliged to find an apartment of their own, my parents searched the neighbourhood and chose one within walking distance of the park. Showing them out after they had viewed it, the landlady said: "And you'll be glad to know I don't take Jews." Her mistake made clear to her, the antisemitic landlady was renounced, and another apartment found. But her blunder left its mark. Back on the street my mother made a vow. Her unborn baby would have a label proclaiming his race to the world. He would be called "The Jew."^[7]

Menuhin died in Martin Luther Hospital,^[8] Berlin, Germany, from complications of bronchitis.

Soon after his death, the Royal Academy of Music acquired the Yehudi Menuhin Archive, one of the most comprehensive collections ever assembled by an individual musician.

Violins[link]

Menuhin used a number of famous violins including the Giovanni Bussetto 1680, the Giovanni Grancino 1695, the Guarneri filius Andrea 1703, the Soil Stradivarius, the Prince Khevenhüller 1733 Stradivari, the Guarneri del Gesù 1739, and the Lord Wilton 1742 Guarneri del Gesù.

Awards and honours[link]

• Freedom of the City (Edinburgh, Scotland, 1965)
• In 1965, while he was still an American citizen, Menuhin was made an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire, which entitled him to use the postnominal letters KBE, but not to style himself Sir Yehudi. After Menuhin gained British citizenship in 1985, his knighthood was upgraded to a substantive one, and he became Sir Yehudi Menuhin KBE.
• The Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding (1968).^[9]
• The Léonie Sonning Music Prize (Denmark, 1972)
• Nominated as president of the Elgar Society (1983)
• The Ernst von Siemens Music Prize (1984)
• The Kennedy Center Honors (1986)
• Appointed a member of the Order of Merit (1987)
• His recording of Edward Elgar's Cello Concerto in E minor with Julian Lloyd Webber won the 1987 BRIT Award for Best British Classical Recording (BBC Music Magazine named this recording "the finest version ever recorded").
• The Glenn Gould Prize (1990), in recognition of his lifetime of contributions
• Ambassador of Goodwill (UNESCO, 1992)
• In 1993 Menuhin was made a life peer, as Baron Menuhin of Stoke d'Abernon in the County of Surrey.^[10]
• The Konex Decoration (Konex Foundation, Argentina, 1994)
• Honorary Doctorates from 20 universities, including Oxford, Cambridge, St Andrews, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and the University of Bath (1969).^[11]
• In the European Parliament in Brussels, the room in which concerts and performances are held is called the "Yehudi Menuhin Space".
• Menuhin was honored as "a Freeman" of the cities of Edinburgh, Bath, Reims and Warsaw.
• He held the Gold Medals of the cities of Paris, New York and Jerusalem.

Cultural references[link]

The catchphrase "Who's Yehoodi?" popular in the 1930s and 1940s was inspired by Menuhin's guest appearance on a radio show, where Jerry Colonna turned "Yehoodi" into a widely recognized slang term for a mysteriously absent person. It eventually lost all of its original connection with Menuhin.

Yehudi Menuhin was also 'meant' to appear on The Morecambe and Wise Show but could not do so as he was 'opening at the Argyl Theatre, Birkenhead in Old King Cole'. He was replaced by Eric Morecambe in the famous "Grieg's Piano Concerto by Grieg" sketch featuring the conductor André Previn.

A picture of Menuhin as a child is sometimes used as part of a Thematic Apperception Test.^[12]

Bibliography[link]

• Menuhin, Diana (1984). Fiddler's Moll. Life With Yehudi. New York: St Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-28819-0. 
• Menuhin, Yehudi (1977). Unfinished Journey. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-394-41051-3. 
• Menuhin, Yehudi (1997). Unfinished Journey: Twenty Years Later. New York: Fromm Intl. ISBN 0-88064-179-7. 
• L. Subramaniam, Y. Menuhin; Directed by Jean Henri Meunier (1999) (documentary film). Violin From the Heart (DVD). 
• Bailey, Philip (2008). Yehudiana – Reliving the Menuhin Odyssey|Book One. Australia: Fountaindale Press. ISBN 978-0-9804499-0-7. 
• Bailey, Philip (2010). Yehudiana - Reliving the Menuhin Odyssey Book Two. Australia: Fountaindale Press. ISBN 978-0-9804499-1-4. 
• Burton, Humphrey (2000). Yehudi Menuhin: a life. Northeastern. ISBN 978-1-55553-465-3. 

Films[link]

• 1943 – Menuhin was a featured performer in the 1943 film, Stage Door Canteen. Introduced only as "Mr. Menuhin," he performed two violin solos, "Ave Maria" and "Flight of the Bumble Bee" for an audience of servicemen, volunteer hostesses and celebrities from stage and screen.
• 1979 – The Music of Man (television series)
• The Mind of Music

References[link]

External links[link]

• The Official website for Yehudi Menuhin
• Yehudi Menuhin International Competition for Young Violinists
• Text and pictures from Yehudi Menuhin by french film director Bruno Monsaingeon
• Yehudi Menuhin Center Saanen/Gstaad Schweiz
• Yehudiana, Reliving the Menuhin Odyssey. A book, by Philip Bailey
• International Yehudi Menuhin Foundation
• The International Music School Founded by Yehudi Menuhin
• Live Music Now – Charity founded by Yehudi Menuhin
• PBS Series American Masters Yehudi Menuhin
• YouTube-Elgar Performance
• From the Sitar to the Guitar – The 1995 concerts featuring Yehudi Menuhin and Ravi Shankar
• Youtube Paganini Concerto: Third Movement
• Youtube: Paganini's Moto Perpetuo
• Yehudi Menuhin playing duos in the parc des Buttes Chaumont, Paris
• New biography (Yehudiana, a Menuhin family biography).
• Yehudi Menuhin's life in Alma
• Yehudi Menuhin interview by Bruce Duffie, January 31, 1987