Prince Edward Island
Île-du-Prince-Édouard (French) |
|
|
Motto: Latin: Parva sub ingenti
(The small protected by the great) |
 |
| Capital |
Charlottetown |
| Largest city |
Charlottetown |
| Largest metro |
Charlottetown |
| Official languages |
English (de facto) |
| Demonym |
Prince Edward Islander, Islander |
| Government |
|
| Type |
|
| Lieutenant Governor |
Frank Lewis |
| Premier |
Robert Ghiz (Liberal) |
| Legislature |
Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island |
| Federal representation |
In Canadian parliament |
| House seats |
4 of 308 (1.3%) |
| Senate seats |
4 of 105 (3.8%) |
| Confederation |
July 1, 1873 (8th) |
| Area |
Ranked 13th |
| Total |
5,683.91 km2 (2,194.57 sq mi) |
| Land |
5,683.56 km2 (2,194.43 sq mi) |
| Water (%) |
0 km2 (0 sq mi) (0%) |
| Proportion of Canada |
0.1% of 9,984,670 km2 |
| Population |
Ranked 10th |
| Total (2011) |
140,204 [1] |
| Density (2011) |
24.67 /km2 (63.9 /sq mi) |
| GDP |
Ranked 10th |
| Total (2009) |
C$4.75 billion[2] |
| Per capita |
C$31,278 (13th) |
| Abbreviations |
|
| Postal |
PE |
| ISO 3166-2 |
CA-PE |
| Time zone |
UTC-4 |
| Postal code prefix |
C |
| Flower |
Pink Lady's Slipper |
| Tree |
Red Oak |
| Bird |
Blue Jay |
| Website |
www.gov.pe.ca |
| Rankings include all provinces and territories |
Prince Edward Island (PEI or P.E.I.; French: Île-du-Prince-Édouard, pronounced: [il dy pʁɛ̃s edwaːʁ], Mi'kmaq: Epekwitk, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean a' Phrionnsa) is a Canadian province consisting of an island of the same name, as well as other islands. The maritime province is the smallest in the nation in both land area and population. The island has a few other names: "Garden of the Gulf" referring to the pastoral scenery and lush agricultural lands throughout the province; and "Birthplace of Confederation", referring to the Charlottetown Conference in 1864, although PEI did not join the confederation until 1873, when it became the seventh Canadian province.
According to the 2009 estimates, Prince Edward Island has 141,000 residents. It is located in a rectangle defined roughly by 46°–47°N, and 62°–64°30′W and at 5,683.91 km2 (2,194.57 sq mi) in size,[3] it is the 104th-largest island in the world, and Canada's 23rd-largest island.
The island was named for Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (1767–1820), the fourth son of King George III and the father of Queen Victoria.
Prince Edward Island is located in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, west of Cape Breton Island, north of the Nova Scotia peninsula, and east of New Brunswick. Its southern shore bounds the Northumberland Strait. The island has two urban areas. The largest surrounds Charlottetown Harbour, situated centrally on the island's southern shore, and consists of the capital city Charlottetown, and suburban towns Cornwall and Stratford and a developing urban fringe. A much smaller urban area surrounds Summerside Harbour, situated on the southern shore 40 km (25 mi) west of Charlottetown Harbour, and consists primarily of the city of Summerside. As with all natural harbours on the island, Charlottetown and Summerside harbours are created by rias.
The island's landscape is pastoral. Rolling hills, woods, reddish white sand beaches, ocean coves and the famous red soil have given Prince Edward Island a reputation as a province of outstanding natural beauty. The provincial government has enacted laws to preserve the landscape through regulation, although there is a lack of consistent enforcement, and an absence of province-wide zoning and land-use planning.[citation needed]. Under the Planning Act of the province, municipalities have the option to assume responsibility for land-use planning through the development and adoption of official plans and land use bylaws. Thirty-one municipalities have taken responsibility for planning. In areas where municipalities have not assumed responsibility for planning, the Province remains responsible for development control.
The island's lush landscape has a strong bearing on its economy and culture. The author Lucy Maud Montgomery drew inspiration from the land during the late Victorian Era for the setting of her classic novel Anne of Green Gables (1908). Today, many of the same qualities that Montgomery and others found in the island are enjoyed by tourists who visit year-round. They enjoy a variety of leisure activities, including beaches, various golf courses, eco-tourism adventures, touring the countryside, and enjoying cultural events in local communities around the island.
The smaller, rural communities as well as the towns and villages throughout the province, retain a slower-paced, old-world flavour. Prince Edward Island has become popular as a tourist destination for relaxation. The economy of most rural communities on the island is based on small-scale agriculture. Industrial farming has increased as businesses buy and consolidate older farm properties.
The coastline has a combination of long beaches, dunes, red sandstone cliffs, salt water marshes, and numerous bays and harbours. The beaches, dunes and sandstone cliffs consist of sedimentary rock and other material with a high iron concentration, which oxidises upon exposure to the air. The geological properties of a white silica sand found at Basin Head are unique in the province; the sand grains cause a scrubbing noise as they rub against each other when walked on, and have been called the "singing sands".
Large dune fields on the north shore can be found on barrier islands at the entrances to various bays and harbours. The magnificent sand dunes at Greenwich are of particular significance. The shifting, parabolic dune system is home to a variety of birds and rare plants; it is also a site of significant archeological interest.
The coast of Prince Edward Island around Cavendish
The climate in Prince Edward Island is varied. During July and August, the average daytime high is 23 degrees celsius; however, the temperature may exceed 30 degrees during these months. PEI has the warmest beaches north of the Carolinas. In the winter months of January and February, the average daytime high is -3.3 degrees Celsius. The Island receives an average yearly rainfall of 855 mm and an average yearly snowfall of 285 cm.
Winters are moderately cold, with clashes of cold Arctic air and milder Atlantic air causing frequent temperature swings. From December to April, the island usually has many storms (which may produce rain as well as snow) and blizzards. Springtime temperatures typically remain cool until the sea ice has melted, usually in late April or early May. Summers are moderately warm, but rarely uncomfortable, with the daily maximum temperature only occasionally reaching as high as 30 °C (86 °F). Autumn is a pleasant season, as the moderating Gulf waters delay the onset of frost, although storm activity increases compared to the summer. There is ample precipitation throughout the year, although it is heaviest in the late autumn and early winter and mid spring.
| Climate data for Charlottetown |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Record high °C (°F) |
15.1
(59.2) |
13.3
(55.9) |
16.3
(61.3) |
22.9
(73.2) |
31.2
(88.2) |
32.2
(90.0) |
33.9
(93.0) |
34.4
(93.9) |
31.5
(88.7) |
24.4
(75.9) |
21.3
(70.3) |
16.7
(62.1) |
34.4
(93.9) |
| Average high °C (°F) |
−3.3
(26.1) |
−3.3
(26.1) |
0.9
(33.6) |
6.7
(44.1) |
14.1
(57.4) |
19.6
(67.3) |
23.2
(73.8) |
22.6
(72.7) |
18
(64) |
11.8
(53.2) |
5.7
(42.3) |
−0.1
(31.8) |
9.7
(49.5) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
−12.6
(9.3) |
−12.4
(9.7) |
−7.1
(19.2) |
−1.4
(29.5) |
4
(39) |
9.6
(49.3) |
13.8
(56.8) |
13.5
(56.3) |
9.1
(48.4) |
3.8
(38.8) |
−1.1
(30.0) |
−8.1
(17.4) |
0.9
(33.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) |
−30.5
(−22.9) |
−29.8
(−21.6) |
−23.9
(−11.0) |
−13.6
(7.5) |
−6.7
(19.9) |
−1.1
(30.0) |
4.4
(39.9) |
2
(36) |
−0.6
(30.9) |
−6.7
(19.9) |
−15
(5) |
−28.1
(−18.6) |
−30.5
(−22.9) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) |
106.4
(4.189) |
85.5
(3.366) |
91.8
(3.614) |
87.8
(3.457) |
97.7
(3.846) |
93.2
(3.669) |
85.8
(3.378) |
87.3
(3.437) |
95.4
(3.756) |
108.6
(4.276) |
110.8
(4.362) |
123.1
(4.846) |
1,173.3
(46.193) |
| Rainfall mm (inches) |
42.1
(1.657) |
30.1
(1.185) |
38.8
(1.528) |
59
(2.32) |
93.8
(3.693) |
93.2
(3.669) |
85.8
(3.378) |
87.3
(3.437) |
95.4
(3.756) |
105.2
(4.142) |
87.1
(3.429) |
62.6
(2.465) |
880.4
(34.661) |
| Snowfall cm (inches) |
71.1
(27.99) |
60.2
(23.7) |
53.4
(21.02) |
28.9
(11.38) |
3.8
(1.5) |
0
(0) |
0
(0) |
0
(0) |
0
(0) |
3.1
(1.22) |
23.0
(9.06) |
68.4
(26.93) |
311.9
(122.8) |
| Avg. precipitation days |
18.8 |
16.1 |
16 |
15.4 |
14.7 |
12.8 |
12.4 |
11.3 |
13.7 |
15 |
17.5 |
20.6 |
184.3 |
| Avg. rainy days |
6.8 |
5.1 |
7.4 |
11.1 |
14.5 |
12.8 |
12.4 |
11.3 |
13.7 |
14.4 |
12.8 |
8.5 |
130.8 |
| Avg. snowy days |
16.2 |
14.1 |
12.2 |
7.4 |
0.9 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1.2 |
7.5 |
16.2 |
75.7 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours |
105.3 |
115.2 |
142.7 |
150.8 |
197.1 |
225.5 |
248.2 |
223.2 |
175.7 |
123.3 |
77.1 |
74.5 |
1,858.6 |
| Source: Environment Canada [4] |
Between 250 to 300 million years ago, freshwater streams flowing from ancient mountains brought silt, sand and gravel into what is now the Gulf of St. Lawrence. These sediments accumulated to form a sedimentary basin, and make up the island's bedrock. When Pleistocene glaciers receded about 15,000 years ago, glacial debris such as till was left behind to cover most of the area that would become the island. This area was connected to the mainland by a strip of land, but when ocean levels rose as the glaciers melted this land strip was flooded, forming the island. As the land rebounded from the weight of the ice, the island rose up to elevate it further from the surrounding water.[5][6][7]
Before the influx of Europeans, the Mi'kmaq people inhabited Prince Edward Island. They named the Island Epekwitk, meaning "resting on the waves"; Europeans represented the pronunciation as Abegweit.[8] The natives believed that the island was formed by the Great Spirit placing on the Blue Waters some dark red crescent-shaped clay.
In 1534, Jacques Cartier was the first European to see the island.[8] As part of the French colony of Acadia, the island was called "Île Saint-Jean".
After the Siege of Louisbourg (1745) during King George's War, the New Englanders also captured Île Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island). An English detachment landed at Port-la-Joye. Under the command of Joseph de Pont Duvivier, the French had a garrison of 20 French troops at Port-la-Joye.[9] The troops fled and New Englanders burned the capital to the ground. Duvivier and the twenty men retreated up the Northeast River (Hillsborough River), pursued by the New Englanders until the French troops received reinforcements from the Acadian militia and the Mi'kmaq.[10] The French troops and their allies were able to drive the New Englanders to their boats, nine New Englanders killed, wounded or made prisoner. The New Englanders took six Acadian hostages, who would be executed if the Acadians or Mi'kmaq rebelled against New England control.[10] The New England troops left for Louisbourg. Duvivier and his 20 troops left for Quebec. After the fall of Louisbourg, the resident French population of Ile Royal were deported to France. The Acadians of Ile Saint-Jean lived under the threat of deportation for the remainder of the war.[11]
The New Englanders had a force of two war ships and 200 soldiers stationed at Port-La-Joye. To regain Acadia, Ramezay was sent from Quebec to the region to join forces with the Duc d'Anville Expedition. Upon arriving at Chignecto, he sent Boishebert to Ile Saint-Jean on a reconnaissance to assess the size of the New England force.[12] After Boishebert returned, Ramezay sent Joseph-Michel Legardeur de Croisille et de Montesson along with over 500 men, 200 of whom were Mi'kmaq, to Port-La-Joye.[13] In July 1746, the battle happened near York River.[14] Montesson and his troops killed forty New Englanders and captured the rest. Montesson was commended for having distinguished himself in his first independent command.[15]
Roughly one thousand Acadians lived on the island, many of whom had fled to the island from mainland Nova Scotia during the first wave of the British-ordered expulsion in 1755, reaching a population of 5,000.[16] However, many more were forcibly deported during the second wave of the expulsion after the Siege of Louisbourg (1758). In the Ile Saint-Jean Campaign (1758) General Jeffery Amherst ordered Colonel Andrew Rollo to capture the island. Many Acadians died in the expulsion enroute to France: on December 13, 1758, the transport ship Duke William sank and 364 died. A day earlier the Violet sank and 280 died; several days later the Ruby sank with 213 on board.[17]
Great Britain obtained the island from France under the terms of the Treaty of Paris in 1763 which settled the Seven Years' War. The British called their new colony St. John's Island (also the Island of St. John's).
The first British governor of St. John's Island, Walter Patterson, was appointed in 1769. Assuming office in 1770, he had a controversial career during which land title disputes and factional conflict slowed the initial attempts to populate and develop the island under a feudal system. In an attempt to attract settlers from Ireland, in one of his first acts (1770) Patterson led the island's colonial assembly to rename the island "New Ireland", but the British Government promptly vetoed this as exceeding the authority vested in the colonial government; only the Privy Council in London could change the name of a colony.[18]
During the American Revolutionary War Charlottetown was raided in 1775 by a pair of American-employed privateers.[19] Two armed schooners, Franklin and Hancock, from Beverly, Massachusetts, made prisoner of the attorney-general at Charlottetown, on advice given them by some Pictou residents after they had taken eight fishing vessels in the Gut of Canso.[20]
During and after the American Revolutionary War, from 1776 to 1783, the colony's efforts to attract exiled Loyalist refugees from the rebellious American colonies met with some success. Walter Patterson's brother, John Patterson, one of the original grantees of land on the island, was a temporarily exiled Loyalist and led efforts to persuade others to come.
The 1787 dismissal of Governor Patterson and his recall to London in 1789 dampened his brother's efforts, leading John to focus on his interests in the United States (one of John's sons, Commodore Daniel Patterson, became a noted United States Navy hero, and John's grandsons, Rear Admiral Thomas H. Patterson and Lt. Carlile Pollock Patterson USN, achieved success).
Edmund Fanning, also a Loyalist exiled by the Revolution, took over as the second governor, serving until 1804. His tenure was more successful than Patterson's.[citation needed]
On November 29, 1798, during Fanning's administration, Great Britain granted approval to change the colony's name from St. John's Island to Prince Edward Island to distinguish it from similar names in the Atlantic, such as the cities of Saint John, New Brunswick and St. John's in Newfoundland. The colony's new name honoured the fourth son of King George III, Prince Edward Augustus, the Duke of Kent (1767–1820), who subsequently led the British military forces on the continent as Commander-in-Chief, North America (1799–1800), with his headquarters in Halifax. (Prince Edward later became the father of the future Queen Victoria.)
During the 19th century the colony of Prince Edward Island began to attract "adventurous Victorian families looking for elegance on the sea. Prince Edward Island became a fashionable retreat in the nineteenth century for British nobility."[21]
The island is known in Scottish Gaelic as Eilean a' Phrionnsa (lit. "the Island of the Prince", the local form of the longer 'Eilean a' Phrionnsa Iomhair/Eideard') or Eilean Eòin for some Gaelic speakers in Nova Scotia though not on PEI (lit. "John's Island" in reference to the island's former name of St. John's Island: the English translation of Île Saint Jean); in Míkmaq as Abegweit or Epekwitk roughly translated "land cradled in the waves".
In September 1864, Prince Edward Island hosted the Charlottetown Conference, which was the first meeting in the process leading to the Articles of Confederation and the creation of Canada in 1867. Prince Edward Island did not find the terms of union favourable and balked at joining in 1867, choosing to remain a colony of the United Kingdom. In the late 1860s, the colony examined various options, including the possibility of becoming a discrete dominion unto itself, as well as entertaining delegations from the United States, who were interested in Prince Edward Island joining the United States of America.[citation needed]
Prince Edward Island map 1874
In 1871, the colony began construction of a railway and, frustrated by Great Britain's Colonial Office, began negotiations with the United States.[citation needed] In 1873, Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald, anxious to thwart American expansionism and facing the distraction of the Pacific Scandal, negotiated for Prince Edward Island to join Canada. The Dominion Government of Canada assumed the colony's extensive railway debts and agreed to finance a buy-out of the last of the colony's absentee landlords to free the island of leasehold tenure and from any new immigrants entering the island (accomplished through the passage of the Land Purchase Act, 1875).[22] Prince Edward Island entered Confederation on July 1, 1873.[23]
As a result of having hosted the inaugural meeting of Confederation, the Charlottetown Conference, Prince Edward Island presents itself as the "Birthplace of Confederation" with several buildings, a ferry vessel, and the Confederation Bridge (constructed 1993 to 1997). The most prominent building in the province with this name is the Confederation Centre of the Arts, presented as a gift to Prince Edward Islanders by the 10 provincial governments and the Federal Government upon the centenary of the Charlottetown Conference, where it stands in Charlottetown as a national monument to the "Fathers of Confederation". The Centre is one of the 22 National Historic Sites of Canada located in Prince Edward Island.[24][25]
According to the 2001 Canadian Census,[26] the largest ethnic group consists of people of Scottish descent (38.0%), followed by English (28.7%), Irish (27.9%), French (21.3%), German (4.0%), and Dutch (3.1%) descent. Prince Edward Island is mostly a white community and there are few visible minorities. Almost half of respondents identified their ethnicity as "Canadian."
Population of Prince Edward Island since 1851
| Year |
Population |
Mean annual |
5-year |
10-year |
Rank* |
| |
Percentage change |
|
| 1851 |
62,678 |
– |
– |
– |
5 |
| 1861 |
80,857 |
2.6 |
– |
29.0 |
| 1871 |
94,021 |
1.5 |
– |
16.3 |
| 1881 |
108,891 |
1.5 |
– |
15.8 |
| 1891 |
109,078 |
0.017 |
– |
0.2 |
6 |
| 1901 |
103,259 |
−0.55 |
– |
−5.3 |
7 |
| 1911 |
93,728 |
−0.96 |
– |
−9.2 |
9 |
| 1921 |
88,615 |
−0.56 |
– |
−5.4 |
| 1931 |
88,038 |
−0.065 |
– |
−0.7 |
| 1941 |
95,047 |
0.77 |
– |
8.0 |
| 1951 |
98,429 |
0.35 |
– |
3.6 |
10 |
| 1956 |
99,285 |
0.17 |
0.9 |
– |
| 1961 |
104,629 |
1.1 |
5.4 |
6.3 |
| 1966 |
108,535 |
0.74 |
3.7 |
9.3 |
| 1971 |
111,635 |
0.56 |
2.9 |
6.7 |
| 1976 |
118,225 |
1.2 |
5.9 |
8.9 |
| 1981 |
122,506 |
0.7 |
3.6 |
9.7 |
| 1986 |
126,640 |
0.67 |
3.4 |
7.1 |
| 1991 |
129,765 |
0.49 |
2.5 |
5.9 |
| 1996 |
134,557 |
0.73 |
3.7 |
6.3 |
| 2001 |
135,294 |
0.11 |
0.5 |
4.2 |
| 2006 |
135,851 |
NA |
0.4 |
NA |
* among provinces.
† Preliminary 2006 census estimate.
Source: Statistics Canada[27][28]
Mother tongue in Prince Edward Island (red: English, blue: French).
Rolling hills characterise a significant portion of the island's landscape.
The 2006 Canadian census showed a population of 135,851. Of the 133,570 singular responses to the census question concerning 'mother tongue' the most commonly reported languages were:
In addition, there were also 105 responses of both English and a 'non-official language'; 25 of both French and a 'non-official language'; 495 of both English and French; 10 of English, French, and a 'non-official language'; and about 1,640 people who either did not respond to the question, or reported multiple non-official languages, or else gave another unenumerated response. (Figures shown are for the number of single language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses.)[29]
Traditionally the population has been evenly divided between Catholic and Protestant affiliations. The 2001 census indicated number of adherents for the Roman Catholic Church with 63,240 (47%) and various Protestant churches with 57,805 (43%). This included the United Church of Canada with 26,570 (20%); the Presbyterian Church with 7,885 (6%) and the Anglican Church of Canada with 6,525 (5%); those with no religion were among the lowest of the provinces with 8,705 (6.5%).[30]
Fisheries form one of the major industries of Prince Edward Island.
The provincial economy is dominated by the seasonal industries of agriculture, tourism, and the fishery. The province is limited in terms of heavy industry and manufacturing. Although commercial deposits of minerals have not been found, exploration for natural gas beneath the eastern end of the province has resulted in the discovery of an undisclosed quantity of gas.
Agriculture remains the dominant industry in the provincial economy, as it has since colonial times. During the 20th century, potatoes replaced mixed farming as the leading cash crop, accounting for one-third of provincial farm income. The province currently accounts for a third of Canada's total potato production, producing approximately 1.3 billion kilograms annually.[31] Comparatively, the state of Idaho produces approximately 6.2 billion kilograms annually, with a population approximately 9.5 times greater.[32] The province is a major producer of seed potatoes, exporting to more than twenty countries around the world.[31]
Farmland on Prince Edward Island.
The island's economy has grown significantly over the last decade in key areas of innovation. Aerospace, Bioscience, ICT and Renewable energy have been a focus for growth and diversification. Aerospace alone now accounts for over 25% of the province's international exports and is the island's fourth largest industry at $355 million in annual sales.
As a legacy of the island's colonial history, the provincial government enforces extremely strict rules for non-resident land ownership. Residents and corporations are limited to maximum holdings of 400 and 1,200 hectares respectively. There are also restrictions on non-resident ownership of shorelines.
Many of the province's coastal communities rely upon shellfish harvesting, particularly lobster fishing[33] as well as oyster fishing and mussel farming.
The provincial government provides consumer protection in the form of regulation for certain items, ranging from apartment rent increases to petroleum products including gas, diesel, propane and heating oil. These are regulated through the Prince Edward Island Regulatory and Appeals Commission (IRAC).[34] IRAC is authorised to limit the number of companies who are permitted to sell petroleum products.
The sale of carbonated beverages such as beer and soft drinks in non-refillable containers, such as aluminum cans or plastic bottles, was banned in 1976 as an environmental measure in response to public concerns over litter. Beer and soft drink companies opted to use refillable glass bottles for their products which were redeemable at stores and bottle depots. The introduction of recycling programs for cans and plastic bottles in neighbouring provinces in recent years (also using a redemption system) has seen the provincial government introduce legislation to reverse this ban with the restriction lifted on May 3, 2008.[35][36][37]
Prince Edward Island has Canada's highest provincial retail sales tax rate, currently (2008) established at 10%. The tax is applied to almost all goods and services except some clothing, food and home heating fuel. The tax is also applied to the Federal Goods and Services Tax.
At present, approximately fifteen percent of electricity consumed on the island is generated from renewable energy (largely wind turbines); the provincial government has set renewable energy targets as high as 30-50% for electricity consumed by 2015. Until wind generation, the province relied entirely on electricity imports on a submarine cable from New Brunswick. A thermal oil-fired generating station in Charlottetown is also available.
The average family income on Prince Edward Island is $62,110/year,[38] and the minimum wage of $9.60/hour as of October 1, 2011.[39]
Prince Edward Island has a high level of political representation, with four Members of Parliament, four Senators, 27 Members of the Legislative Assembly and two cities, seven towns and sixty incorporated rural communities yielding over five hundred municipal councillors and mayors. This gives a total of 566 elected officials for a population (as of 2006) of 135,851.
There are five registered political parties in Prince Edward Island: the Green Party, Island Party, Liberal, New Democratic and Progressive Conservative parties. At the federal level, Prince Edward Island is represented by four members of parliament in the House of Commons and four senators in the Senate. Also, as part of a constitutional monarchy, the province has a lieutenant governor, who is Her Majesty The Queen’s provincial representative.
The Mi’kmaq Confederacy of PEI is the tribal council and provincial territorial organization in the province that reprepsents both the Lennox Island and Abegweit First Nations.
The provincial government is responsible for such areas as health and social services, education, economic development, labour legislation and civil law. These matters of government are carried out in the provincial capital, Charlottetown. The federal government has jurisdiction over such areas as defence, currency, postal service, navigation, weights and measures, and criminal law.
Charlottetown is home to the headquarters of Veterans Affairs Canada, the only head office of a federal government department located outside the national capital region.
Ten largest Communities by population
| Community |
2011 |
2001 |
| Charlottetown |
32,545a |
32,455 |
| Summerside |
15,654b |
14,433 |
| Stratford |
8,043 |
6,314 |
| Cornwall |
5,375 |
4,412 |
| Montague |
5,134 |
2,014 |
| Kensington |
1,385 |
1,379 |
| Souris |
1,232 |
1,238 |
| Alberton |
1,081 |
975 |
| Tignish |
998 |
846 |
| Georgetown |
678 |
680 |
aCensus agglomeration population: 58,358.
bCensus agglomeration population: 16,200. |
Prince Edward Island's transportation network has traditionally revolved around its seaports of Charlottetown, Summerside, Borden, Georgetown, and Souris —linked to its railway system, and the two main airports, Charlottetown and Summerside, for communication with mainland North America. The railway system was abandoned by CN in 1989 in favour of an agreement with the federal government to improve major highways.
Until 1997, the province was linked by two passenger-vehicle ferry services to the mainland: one, provided by Marine Atlantic, operated year-round between Borden and Cape Tormentine, New Brunswick; the other, provided by Northumberland Ferries Limited, operates seasonally between Wood Islands and Caribou, Nova Scotia. A third ferry service provided by CTMA operates seasonally between Souris and Cap-aux-Meules, Quebec, in the Magdalen Islands.
On June 1, 1997, the Confederation Bridge opened, connecting Borden-Carleton to Cape Jourimain, New Brunswick. The longest bridge over ice covered waters in the world,[40] it replaced the Marine Atlantic ferry service. Since then, the Confederation Bridge's assured transportation link to the mainland has altered the province's tourism and agricultural and fisheries export economies.
Several airlines service the Charlottetown Airport (CYYG); the Summerside Airport (CYSU) is an additional option for general aviation.
The Island has the highest concentration of roadways in Canada. The provincially-managed portion of the network consists of 3,824 kilometres of paved roadways and 1,558 kilometres of non-paved or clay roads.
The province has very strict laws regarding use of road-side signs. Billboards and the use of portable signs are banned. There are standard direction information signs on roads in the province for various businesses and attractions in the immediate area. Some municipalities' by-laws also restrict the types of permanent signs that may be installed on private property.
There is an extensive bicycling / hiking trail that spans the island. The Confederation Trail is a 470 kilometre recreational trail system. The land once was owned and used by Canadian National Railway (CN) as a rail line on the island.
Prince Edward Island is home to one university, the University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), located in the city of Charlottetown. The university was created by the Island legislature to replace Prince of Wales College and St. Dunstan's University. UPEI is also home to the Atlantic Veterinary College, which offers the region's only veterinary medicine program.
Prince Edward Island is also home to Maritime Christian College, the only Bible college in the Maritimes. It is also home to Immanuel Christian School, a private Christian School in Charlottetown.
Holland College is the provincial community college, with campuses across the province, including specialised facilities such as the Atlantic Police Academy, Marine Training Centre, and the Culinary Institute of Canada.
Prince Edward Island's public school system has two English language school districts, Eastern and Western, as well as a Francophone district, the Commission scolaire de langue française. The English language districts have a total of 10 secondary schools and 54 intermediate and elementary schools while the Francophone district has 6 schools covering all grades. 22 per cent of the student population is enrolled in French immersion. This is one of the highest levels in the country.
Today 23.5 per cent of residents aged 15 to 19 have bilingual skills, an increase of 100 per cent in a decade. Prince Edward Island, along with most rural regions in North America, is experiencing an accelerated rate of youth emigration. The provincial government has projected that public school enrollment will decline by 40% during the 2010s.
Panorama of the banks of the River Clyde in
New Glasgow
The province has a single health administrative region (or district health authority) called Health PEI. Health PEI receives funding for its operations and is regulated by the Department of Health and Wellness. There are eight hospitals in the province.
Prince Edward Island offers programs and services in areas such as acute care, primary care, home care, palliative care, public health, chronic disease prevention, and mental health and addictions, to name a few. The provincial government has opened several family health centres in recent years in various rural and urban communities. A provincial cancer treatment centre at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital provides support to those dealing with various types of cancer-related illnesses. A family medicine residency program was established in 2009 with the Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine as a means to encourage new physicians to work in Prince Edward Island.
Long-term-care services are also available with several programs in place to support seniors wishing to remain independent in their communities. Many medications for seniors are subsidized through a provincial pharmaceutical plan, however, Prince Edward Island remains one of the only provinces lacking a catastrophic drug coverage program for its residents.
The provincial government has several programs for early illness detection, including mammography and pap screening clinics. There are also asthma education and diabetes education programs, as well as prenatal programs, immunization programs and dental health risk prevention programs for children. The government is also attempting to implement a comprehensive integrated Electronic Health Record system.
The provincial government has recently committed to enhancing primary care and home care services and has invested in health care facilities in recent capital budgets; mostly replacements and upgrades to provincial government operated nursing homes and hospitals.
Some specialist services require patients to be referred to clinics and specialists in neighbouring provinces. Specialist operations and treatments are also provided at larger tertiary referral hospitals in neighbouring provinces such as the IWK Health Centre and Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre in Nova Scotia or the Saint John Regional Hospital, Moncton Hospital, and Dr. Georges-L.-Dumont University Hospital Centre in New Brunswick.
Ground ambulance service in Prince Edward Island is provided under contract by Island EMS. Air ambulance service is provided under contract by LifeFlight.
In recent decades, Prince Edward Island's population has shown statistically significant and abnormally high rates of diagnosed rare cancers, particularly in rural areas. Health officials, ecologists and environmental activists point to the use of pesticides for industrial potato farming as a primary contaminant.[41]
Prince Edward Island is the only province in Canada that does not provide abortion services through its hospitals. The last abortion was performed in the province in 1982 prior to the opening of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital which saw the closure of the Roman Catholic-affiliated Charlottetown Hospital and the non-denominational Prince Edward Island Hospital; a condition of the "merger" being that abortions not be performed in the province. In 1988 following the court decision R. v. Morgentaler, the then-opposition Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island tabled a motion demanding that the ban on abortions be upheld at the province's hospitals; the then-governing Prince Edward Island Liberal Party under Premier Joe Ghiz acquiesced and the ban was upheld.[42] The Government of Prince Edward Island will fund abortions for women who travel to another province. Women desiring an abortion in Prince Edward Island must have one physician referral (PEI physician), PEI physicians may not refuse this referral, if they do, patients can file a complaint with the Medical Society. Then women must travel to Halifax, to the The Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre. While the procedure at this hospital is funded by the PEI government, travel expenses are not. Women from Prince Edward Island may also travel to the nearest private user-pay Morgentaler Clinic in Fredericton, New Brunswick where they must pay for the procedure using their own funds.[43][44][45][46][47]
The island's cultural traditions of art, music and creative writing are supported through the public education system. There is an annual arts festival, the Charlottetown Festival, hosted at the Confederation Centre of the Arts.
Lucy Maud Montgomery, who was born in Clifton (now New London) in 1874, wrote some 20 novels and numerous collections and anthologies. Her first Anne book Anne of Green Gables was published in 1908. The musical play Anne of Green Gables has run every year at the Charlottetown festival for more than four decades. The sequel, Anne & Gilbert, premiered in the Playhouse in Victoria in 2005. The actual location of Green Gables, the house featured in Montgomery's Anne books, is in Cavendish, on the north shore of PEI.
Elmer Blaney Harris founded an artists colony at Fortune Bridge and set his famous play Johnny Belinda on the island. Robert Harris was a well-known artist.
Prince Edward Island's documented music history begins in the 19th century with religious music, some written by the local pump and block maker and organ-importer, Watson Duchemin. Several big bands including the Sons of Temperance Band and the Charlottetown Brass Band were active. Today, Acadian, Celtic, folk, and rock music prevail, with exponents including Gene MacLellan, his daughter Catherine MacLellan, Al Tuck, Lennie Gallant and Two Hours Traffic. The celebrated singer-songwriter Stompin' Tom Connors spent his formative years in Skinners Pond. A March 4/4 for bagpipes was composed in honour of Prince Edward Island.[48]
There is also an annual jazzfestival, the P.E.I. Jazz and Blues Festival.[49] The one week long series of concerts takes place at a multitude of venues including Murphy's Community Center, outdoor stages and churches at Charlotteville. The moving of its date to mid August caused in 2011 a serious loss in funding from Ottawa's regional development agency ACOA.[50] The musician's line up in 2011 included Oliver Jones, Sophie Milman, Matt Dusk, Jack de Keyzer, Jack Semple, Meaghan Smith, Meaghan Blanchard, Hupman Brothers, Alex Dean, Charlie A'Court, Sean Ferris, Jimmy Bowskill, West End Blues Band, Bad Habits, Brian McConnell and Mellotones.
- In 1991, Prince Edward Island hosted the Jeux Du Canada Winter Games.
- In 2009, Prince Edward Island hosted the Jeux Du Canada Summer Games.
- Prince Edward Island Rocket play in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League.
- In 2008, and 2009 Prince Edward Island Hosted the "Tour de PEI" a province wide cycling race consisting of women from around the world.
- Milton Acorn - 20th century poet, Named by his peers 'The People's Poet'
- Alex Campbell – 20th century politician, the longest serving premier of the province.
- Amber MacArthur - television and Internet broadcasting personality, author
- David (Eli) MacEachern – world-champion bobsledder and Olympic gold medalist at 1998 games in Nagano, Japan
- Martha MacIsaac – actress most notable for her role in Superbad
- Adam McQuaid – professional ice hockey player, defenceman for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL), 2009–present
- Claire Rankin - actress, performed at Charlottetown Festival, Stratford Shakespeare Festival, and numberous tv shopws and films. ( House, The Mentalist, Drew Carey, Charmed, Stargate Atlantis, Star Trek, John Q., Ally Macbeal)
- Brad Richards – professional ice hockey player, Centre for the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League (NHL), 2000–present
- James Jeffrey Roche – 19th century Irish-American poet and diplomat
- Jacob Gould Schurman – American educator and diplomat, who served as President of Cornell University and U.S. Ambassador to Germany.
- Mark Strand - poet, former U.S. Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry
- Jonathan Torrens – actor and star of the Canadian TV series, The Trailer Park Boys
- Steve Ott - professional ice hockey player, Centre for the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL), 2002-present
- Lucy Maud Montgomery - author, famous for her novel Anne of Green Gables
Hainan Province, China, has been the sister province of Prince Edward Island since 2001. This came about after Vice-Governor Lin Fanglue stayed for two days to hold discussions about partnership opportunities and trade.[51]
Lists:
- ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2011 and 2006 censuses". Statcan.gc.ca. February 8, 2012. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=101&S=50&O=A. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
- ^ "Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province and territory". 0.statcan.ca. November 4, 2010. http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/econ15.htm. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
- ^ Statistics Canada (March 2007). "2006 Census population and dwelling counts". http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/profiles/community/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=11&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Prince%20Edward%20Island&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=&GeoCode=11. Retrieved March 13, 2007.
- ^ "Canadian Climate Normals 1971-2000". Environment Canada. http://www.climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?Province=PEI%20&StationName=&SearchType=&LocateBy=Province&Proximity=25&ProximityFrom=City&StationNumber=&IDType=MSC&CityName=&ParkName=&LatitudeDegrees=&LatitudeMinutes=&LongitudeDegrees=&LongitudeMinutes=&NormalsClass=A&SelNormals=&StnId=6526&. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
- ^ Prince Edward Island - The Canadian Encyclopedia Retrieved: April 6, 2011
- ^ Russel, F. The Atlantic Coast. The Illustrated Natural History of Canada. Natural Science of Canada Ltd. Toronto. 1970. pp. 30-31. LCCCN 70109048
- ^ Parks Canada, Teacher Resource Centre, Prince Edward Island National Park of Canada Retrieved: April 6, 2011
- ^ a b Island Information: Quick Facts, website of the Government of Prince Edward Island, 2010-04-27. Retrieved on October 25, 2010.
- ^ Harvey, p. 110
- ^ a b Harvey, p. 111
- ^ Harvey, p. 112
- ^ Boishebert Canadian Biography On Line
- ^ John Clarence Webster's, "Memorial on Behalf of Sieur de Boishebert" (Saint John: Historical Studies No. 4, Publications of the New Brunswick Museum, 1942) at p. 11.
- ^ "Mi'kmaw History - Timeline (Post-Contact)". Muiniskw.org. 2011-08-04. http://www.muiniskw.org/pgHistory2.htm. Retrieved 2012-05-19.
- ^ "LEGARDEUR DE CROISILLE ET DE MONTESSON, JOSEPH-MICHEL - Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online". Biographi.ca. 2007-10-18. http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?BioId=36129. Retrieved 2012-05-19.
- ^ The Canadian Enclyclopedia, Hurtig Publishers Ltd., Edmonton, Alberta, (1988) p 1753.
- ^ Earl Lockerby. The Deportation of the Acadians from Prince Edward Island.
- ^ Brendan O'Grady, Exiles and Islanders: The Irish Settlers of Prince Edward Island, p. 15)
- ^ PEI Provincial Government. "Historical Milestones". http://www.gov.pe.ca/infopei/index.php3?number=12183&lang=E. Retrieved August 17, 2007.
- ^ Julian Gwyn. Frigates and Foremasts. University of British Columbia. 2003. p. 58
- ^ PEI history Government of Canada
- ^ "Assembly Timeline". Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island. Government of Prince Edward Island. http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/assemblytimelin.pdf. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- ^ Library and Archives Canada. "Canadian Confederation, Provinces and Territories, Prince Edward Island". http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-3110-e.html#h. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- ^ "Prince Edward Island". Directory of Designations of National Historic Significance of Canada. Parks Canada. http://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/lhn-nhs/page3_E.asp?locateinp=&nhsprov=Prince+Edward+Island&nhschoice=nhsdesig&list4=Generate+List. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
- ^ Confederation Centre of the Arts National Historic Site of Canada. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
- ^ Statistics Canada (2002). "Population of Canada's Provinces". http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo26c.htm. Retrieved April 3, 2007.
- ^ PEI population trend (Statistics Canada).
- ^ Population urban and rural, by province and territory (Statistics Canada, 2005).
- ^ "Detailed Mother Tongue (186), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) (2006 Census)". 2.statcan.ca. December 7, 2010. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89201&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=701&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&GID=837934. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
- ^ "Religions in Canada". 2.statcan.ca. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/Religion/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&View=1a&Code=11&Table=1&StartRec=1&Sort=2&B1=11&B2=All. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
- ^ a b "PEI Potato". PEI Potato. http://www.peipotato.org/english/consumer_whypeipotatoes.asp. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
- ^ "Idaho Potato Production". Potatopro.com. November 12, 2008. http://www.potatopro.com/Newsletters/20081112.htm. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
- ^ Lobster Fishing (PEIonline)
- ^ Island Regulatory and Appeals Commission (PEI Government).
- ^ Government of PEI. "PEI Bans the Can". Archived from the original on May 28, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070528095759/http://www.gov.pe.ca/infopei/onelisting.php3?number=43924. Retrieved April 3, 2007.
- ^ CBC (April 26, 2007). "End to can ban receives full support of legislature". CBC News. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/prince-edward-island/story/2007/04/26/canban-legislature.html. Retrieved April 27, 2007.
- ^ Government of PEI. "Government to lift "can-ban" May 3 beverage container management system encourages returns and recycling". http://www.gov.pe.ca/news/getrelease.php3?number=5670. Retrieved April 26, 2008.
- ^ "Summary Tables". 0.statcan.ca. http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/famil108a-eng.htm. Retrieved 2012-05-19.
- ^ Government of PEI. "Minimum Wage Order". Archived from the original on May 5, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070505064716/http://www.gov.pe.ca/cca/index.php3?number=49717. Retrieved May 1, 2008.
- ^ The Confederation Bridge[dead link] (official website).
- ^ The Globe and Mail (December 06). "Pesticides are what's killing our kids". http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20061206.wxcancerenviro06/BNStory/cancer/Atlantic/. Retrieved April 3, 2007.
- ^ National Post (November 11). "P.E.I.'s status as pro-life 'sanctuary' challenged". http://www.nationalpost.com/news/status+life+sanctuary+challenged/5716723/story.html. Retrieved November 16, 2011.
- ^ The Guardian (July 08). "Abortion policy to remain same: Ghiz". http://www.theguardian.pe.ca/index.cfm?sid=150146&sc=98. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ CBC News (July 00). "P.E.I. won't change abortion policy". http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/2000/07/19/abortion19jul00.html. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ CBC News (January 07). "Abortion information line disconnected". http://www.cbc.ca/canada/prince-edward-island/story/2008/01/29/abortion-line.html. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ Pro-Choice Action Network (November 00). "Canada Health Act Violates Abortion Services: Five Basic Principles Not Met". http://www.prochoiceactionnetwork-canada.org/articles/healthact.shtml. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ Life Canada Inc. (2003). "Your province and tax-funded abortions". http://www.lifecanada.org/html/defunded%20abortion/province.html. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- ^ Archie Cairns - Book 1 Pipe Music 'Prince Edward Island' March 4/4, 1995
- ^ "P.E.I. Jazz and Blues Festival". http://www.jazzandblues.ca/. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
- ^ "Jazz festival loses ACOA funding". CBC news (cbc.ca). Aug 9, 2011. http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/story/2011/08/09/pei-jazz-festival-acoa-funding-584.html. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
- ^ "Ilê-du-Prince-Edouard: Communiqué (Vice-Governor from Chinese Sister Province Visits Prince Edward Island)". Gov.pe.ca. http://www.gov.pe.ca/news/getrelease.php3?headerLanguage=F&number=6642. Retrieved 2012-05-19.
- Arsenault, Georges (1989). The Island Acadians, 1720–1980. Charlottetown: Ragweed Press. ISBN 978-0-920304-81-5. OCLC 42887917.
- Baglole, Harry (1977). Exploring Island History: A Guide to the Historical Resources of Prince Edward Island. Belfast, P.E.I.: Ragweed Press. ISBN 0-920304-01-X. OCLC 4114534.
- Bolger, Francis (1973). Canada's Smallest Province: A History of Prince Edward Island. Charlottetown: Prince Edward Island 1973 Centennial Commission. OCLC 1031515. Also under OCLC 223434609
- Beck, E Boyde; Burden, P John (1996). Prince Edward Island : an (un)authorized history. Charlottetown: Acorn Press. ISBN 978-0-9698606-1-7. OCLC 36817364.
- Bumsted, JM (1987). Land, settlement, and politics on eighteenth-century Prince Edward Island. Kingston, ON: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-0566-7. OCLC 17199722. http://books.google.com/books?id=nxXRjL-d6ewC. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
- Clark, Andrew Hill (1959). Three Centuries and the Island. A Historical Geography of Settlement and Agriculture in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. OCLC 203962. A very broad look at the historical geography of P.E.I.
- Ives, Edward D (1999). Drive Dull Care Away: Folksongs from Prince Edward Island. Charlottetown: Institute of Island Studies. ISBN 978-0-919013-34-6. OCLC 123276052. http://books.google.com/books?id=WNNwgB4d7PgC. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
- MacKinnon, Frank (1995). Church politics and education in Canada : the P.E.I. experience. Calgary: Detselig Enterprises. ISBN 978-1-55059-104-0. OCLC 35292426.
- MacKinnon, Wayne (1973). The Life of the Party: A History of the Liberal Party in Prince Edward Island. Summerside, P.E.I.: Prince Edward Island Liberal Party.
- Sharpe, Errol (1976). A people's history of Prince Edward Island. Toronto: Steel Rail. ISBN 0-88791-003-3. OCLC 2893908.
- Smitheram, Verner; Milne, David; Dasgupta, Satadal (1982). The Garden transformed: Prince Edward Island, 1945-1980. Charlottetown: Ragweed Press. ISBN 978-0-920304-10-5. OCLC 9469420.
- Livingston, Walter Ross (1931). Responsible Government in Prince Edward Island: A Triumph of Self-Government under the Crown. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press. OCLC 1678512. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=29232556. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
- Weale, David; Baglole, Harry (1973). The Island and Confederation: the end of an era. Summerside, P.E.I.: Williams and Crue. OCLC 1340051.
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Coordinates: 46°20′N 63°30′W / 46.333°N 63.5°W / 46.333; -63.5
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