Two judicial trials directly concerning the Treblinka extermination camp have been held after World War II, both of them in Düsseldorf, Germany. These Treblinka trials belong to similar trials held during the early 1960's, such as the Jerusalem Adolf Eichmann trial (1961) and the Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials (1963-1965), as a result of which the general public came to realize the full extent of the crimes that some twenty years earlier had been perpetrated in occupied Poland by Nazi bureaucrats and their executioners. In the same and in subsequent years, separate trials dealt with personnel of the Bełżec (1963-1965), Sobibor (1966), and Majdanek (1975-1981) extermination camps.

Although not focused on Treblinka from the beginning and not serving as an upbeat to the later Treblinka trials, the Hirtreiter trial is by some viewed as being part of these. In 1946 Josef Hirtreiter was arrested in the course of investigations into the killing of disabled persons in the Hadamar euthanasia clinic. Even if he could not be shown to have been criminally involved at Hadamar, Hirtreiter did confess to having worked in a camp near the Polish village of Malkinia where Jews were killed in a gas chamber. Further investigations showed that Hirtreiter had been stationed at the Treblinka extermination camp, where he supervised the victims' disrobement prior to their gassing. He was charged with participation in the mass-murder of Jews, particularly the killing of more than 10 persons, including infants. On 3 March 1951 Hirtreiter was sentenced to life imprisonment.

Jankiel (or Yankel)-Yaakov Wiernik (in Hebrew: יעקב ויירניק; born 1889, Biala Podlaska, Poland - died 1972, Rishon Lezion, Israel) was a Polish-Jewish Holocaust survivor who was an influential figure in the Treblinka extermination camp uprising of August 1943. Following his escape during the uprising, he published his account of his time in the camp titled: ‘A Year in Treblinka', of his experiences and eyewitness testimony of that death camp where he witnessed the tragic loss of anywhere from 700,000 to 1,400,000 innocent lives. Wiernik also testified in the Ludwig Fischer's trial in 1947, Eichmann Trial in 1961, and was present at the opening of the Treblinka Memorial in 1964. After World War II, Wiernik immigrated to Sweden and later moved to Israel where he died in 1972 at the age of 83.

Jankiel Wiernik was a janitor and carpenter living in Warsaw, Poland before his time in Treblinka. When World War II began, he was 50 years old.

Jankiel Wiernik published Rok w Treblince (A Year in Treblinka) in 1944 as a clandestine booklet printed through the efforts of Jewish National Committee, Bund (underground organisations of the remnants of Polish Jews) and Polish Council to Aid Jews Żegota by an underground printer Ferdynand Arczyński. The circulation is estimated by Władysław Bartoszewski as 2000 copies. It has been sent through Polish underground channels to London, translated into English and printed by American Representation of the General Jewish Workers Union of Poland. The book recounts his experiences in the Treblinka concentration camp between 1942 and 1943.

John Demjanjuk (born Ivan Mykolaiovych Demianiuk; Ukrainian: Іван Миколайович Дем'янюк; 3 April 1920 – 17 March 2012) was a Ukrainian-American convicted for war crimes as an accessory to the murder of 27,900 Jews while acting as a guard at the Sobibor Nazi German extermination camp. Since his conviction was pending appeal at the time of his death, Demjanjuk remains "presumed innocent" under German law, and his earlier conviction is invalidated. According to the Munich state court, Demjanjuk does not have a criminal record.

Demjanjuk was born in Ukraine, and during World War II was drafted into the Soviet Red Army, where he was captured as a German prisoner of war. In 1952 he emigrated from Germany to the United States, and was granted citizenship in 1958 whereupon he formally anglicized his name from "Ivan" to "John".

In 1986 he was deported to Israel to stand trial for war crimes, after being falsely identified by Israeli Holocaust survivors as "Ivan the Terrible", a notorious guard at the Treblinka and Sobibor extermination camps. Demjanjuk was accused of committing murder and acts of extraordinarily savage violence against camp prisoners during 1942–43. He was convicted of having committed crimes against humanity and sentenced to death there in 1988. The verdict was overturned by the Israeli Supreme Court in 1993, based on new evidence casting doubt on whether Demjanjuk was "Ivan the Terrible". After the trial, in September 1993, he returned to his home in Ohio. In 1998 his citizenship was restored after a United States federal appeals court ruled that prosecutors had suppressed exculpatory evidence concerning his identity.

David John Cawdell Irving (born 24 March 1938) is an English writer, best known for his denial of the Holocaust, who specialises in the military and political history of World War II, with a focus on Nazi Germany. He is the author of 30 books on the subject, including The Destruction of Dresden (1963), Hitler's War (1977), Uprising! (1981), Churchill's War (1987), and Goebbels: Mastermind of the Third Reich (1996).

His work on Nazi Germany became controversial because of his sympathy for the Third Reich, antisemitism and racism. He has associated with far right and neo-Nazi causes, famously during his student days seconding British Union of Fascists founder Oswald Mosley in a University College London debate on immigration. He has been described as "the most skillful preacher of Holocaust denial in the world today".

Irving's reputation as an historian was widely discredited after he brought an unsuccessful libel case against the American historian Deborah Lipstadt and Penguin Books. The court found that Irving was an active Holocaust denier, antisemite, and racist, who "associates with right-wing extremists who promote neo-Nazism," and that he had "for his own ideological reasons persistently and deliberately misrepresented and manipulated historical evidence."