The Wayback Machine - http://web.archive.org./web/20131104205128/http://wn.com:80/Spruce
Loading...
Spruce - Castles (Live studio sessions)
Spruce - One Little Thing
Plant a Blue Spruce Tree
Spruce Diseases
Choosing Red Spruce Tonewood
COLOR FOOTAGE OF HOWARD HUGHES' SPRUCE GOOSE FLIGHT 1947
The first flight of the Spruce Goose
Minecraft 360: How to Build a Spruce Wood House - House 1
How To Make Spruce Pitch Gum
Pieter Devos (BEL) wins the 2013 CN International at Spruce Meadows
Cordoba C12 Demo: Comparing solid Canadian Cedar and solid European Spruce tops #2
1135 Spruce Ridge_Paul Rushforth Real Estate

Spruce

  • Loading...
Loading suggestions ...

Make changes yourself !


Send this Playlist by SMS Email this Page
Spruce - Castles (Live studio sessions)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:26
  • Updated: 12 Jul 2013

Spruce - Castles (Live studio sessions)

"Castles" -- Music and Lyrics by Spruce, recorded in Musiikkitalo, Helsinki 2012. Watch in HD! Go Like us on Facebook!! www.facebook.com/sprucetheband Vocals...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131104205128/http://wn.com/Spruce - Castles (Live studio sessions)
Spruce - One Little Thing
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:15
  • Updated: 17 Jul 2013

Spruce - One Little Thing

"One Little Thing" -- By Spruce. Watch in HD! Go Like us on Facebook!! http://www.facebook.com/sprucetheband Music -- Joakim Nyström and Valter Huldén Lyrics -- Joakim Nyström Arrangement -- Spruce Vocals and Acoustic Guitar -- Joakim Nyström Vocals -- Jessica Thurin Lead Guitar -- Valter Huldén Bass -- Erik Roos Piano and keyboard -- Alex Lundqvist Drums and percussions -- Martin Fellman Recorded and mixed by Pontus Borg Mastered by Ludde Nylund and Pontus Borg Directed by Emil and Artur Sallinen Produced by Clutch Productions http://www.clutch-productions.net Spruce has been making music since 2010, and you didn't know you loved us. Got interested? Like us on Facebook! http://www.facebook.com/sprucetheband Visit our website http://www.spruce.fi Contact us contact@spruce.fi
  • published: 17 Jul 2013
  • views: 1952
http://web.archive.org./web/20131104205128/http://wn.com/Spruce - One Little Thing
Plant a Blue Spruce Tree
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:53
  • Updated: 16 Jul 2013

Plant a Blue Spruce Tree

http://www.digatree.com/Phila/Blue-Spruce.html Plant a Blue Spruce Tree http://digatree.com/CL/Big-Trees.html http://digatree.com/CL/Big-Trees_on-Sale.html h...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131104205128/http://wn.com/Plant a Blue Spruce Tree
Spruce Diseases
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:52
  • Updated: 25 Jun 2013

Spruce Diseases

UNL Extension Assistant Plant Pathologist Kevin Korus shows us three different spruce diseases and talks about how to avoid them.
  • published: 07 Jul 2012
  • views: 1774
  • author: bucslim
http://web.archive.org./web/20131104205128/http://wn.com/Spruce Diseases
Choosing Red Spruce Tonewood
  • Order:
  • Duration: 10:04
  • Updated: 01 Aug 2013

Choosing Red Spruce Tonewood

A film about the practice of sustainable forestry at Windhorse Farm in Nova Scotia and the careful selection and harvesting of Red Spruce tone wood for makin...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131104205128/http://wn.com/Choosing Red Spruce Tonewood
COLOR FOOTAGE OF HOWARD HUGHES' SPRUCE GOOSE FLIGHT 1947
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:21
  • Updated: 13 Aug 2013

COLOR FOOTAGE OF HOWARD HUGHES' SPRUCE GOOSE FLIGHT 1947

Rare footage from the archives that dates to November 2, 1947. Shot by amateur cameraman Leo Caloia, it shows the Hughes H-4 Hercules (also known as the "Spr...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131104205128/http://wn.com/COLOR FOOTAGE OF HOWARD HUGHES' SPRUCE GOOSE FLIGHT 1947
The first flight of the Spruce Goose
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:28
  • Updated: 15 Aug 2013

The first flight of the Spruce Goose

The Hughes H-4 Hercules (also known as the "Spruce Goose"; registration NX37602) is a prototype heavy transport aircraft designed and built by the Hughes Air...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131104205128/http://wn.com/The first flight of the Spruce Goose
Minecraft 360: How to Build a Spruce Wood House - House 1
  • Order:
  • Duration: 34:26
  • Updated: 12 Aug 2013

Minecraft 360: How to Build a Spruce Wood House - House 1

GT: c0me at me qt Interested in a youtube partnership? CLICK HERE : http://awe.sm/jEUXm You voted and here you have it. house numer uno. Royalty free music b...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131104205128/http://wn.com/Minecraft 360: How to Build a Spruce Wood House - House 1
How To Make Spruce Pitch Gum
  • Order:
  • Duration: 14:44
  • Updated: 26 Jul 2013

How To Make Spruce Pitch Gum

Lonnie shows the best method he has found for purifying spruce or pine pitch to use as gum as he does in the video or to use for something else such as adhes...
  • published: 23 Mar 2013
  • views: 2676
  • author: phreshayr
http://web.archive.org./web/20131104205128/http://wn.com/How To Make Spruce Pitch Gum
Pieter Devos (BEL) wins the 2013 CN International at Spruce Meadows
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:19
  • Updated: 08 Sep 2013

Pieter Devos (BEL) wins the 2013 CN International at Spruce Meadows

Belgium's Pieter Devos aboard Candy wins the 2013 CN International on the final day of the Spruce Meadows 'Masters' Tournament. Devos was the only double clear of the day. Swiss rider Steve Guerdat finished in second with just one time fault. Eric Lamaze aboard Power Play was the top Canadian finishing eighth.
  • published: 08 Sep 2013
  • views: 3505
http://web.archive.org./web/20131104205128/http://wn.com/Pieter Devos (BEL) wins the 2013 CN International at Spruce Meadows
Cordoba C12 Demo: Comparing solid Canadian Cedar and solid European Spruce tops #2
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:08
  • Updated: 21 Jul 2013

Cordoba C12 Demo: Comparing solid Canadian Cedar and solid European Spruce tops #2

Listen closely to decipher the tonal differences between the solid European spruce and solid Canadian cedar top on the C12. The Cordoba C12 features a solid ...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131104205128/http://wn.com/Cordoba C12 Demo: Comparing solid Canadian Cedar and solid European Spruce tops #2
1135 Spruce Ridge_Paul Rushforth Real Estate
  • Order:
  • Duration: 5:10
  • Updated: 08 Aug 2013

1135 Spruce Ridge_Paul Rushforth Real Estate

Sunflake Film Production Video Luxury Home Ottawa.
http://web.archive.org./web/20131104205128/http://wn.com/1135 Spruce Ridge_Paul Rushforth Real Estate
Combo Corner: Taylor 714CE Cedar & Spruce Top Guitars
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:48
  • Updated: 31 Jul 2013

Combo Corner: Taylor 714CE Cedar & Spruce Top Guitars

Steve makes special guest, Brian, do a blindfold test to see if he can guess which guitar is which.
http://web.archive.org./web/20131104205128/http://wn.com/Combo Corner: Taylor 714CE Cedar & Spruce Top Guitars
Jean Sibelius - The Spruce
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:01
  • Updated: 08 Aug 2013

Jean Sibelius - The Spruce

Performer: Dina Kurapova, Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre http://pianolog.ru.
http://web.archive.org./web/20131104205128/http://wn.com/Jean Sibelius - The Spruce
  • Spruce - Castles (Live studio sessions)
    4:26
    Spruce - Castles (Live studio sessions)
  • Spruce - One Little Thing
    4:15
    Spruce - One Little Thing
  • Plant a Blue Spruce Tree
    1:53
    Plant a Blue Spruce Tree
  • Spruce Diseases
    3:52
    Spruce Diseases
  • Choosing Red Spruce Tonewood
    10:04
    Choosing Red Spruce Tonewood
  • COLOR FOOTAGE OF HOWARD HUGHES' SPRUCE GOOSE FLIGHT 1947
    1:21
    COLOR FOOTAGE OF HOWARD HUGHES' SPRUCE GOOSE FLIGHT 1947
  • The first flight of the Spruce Goose
    2:28
    The first flight of the Spruce Goose
  • Minecraft 360: How to Build a Spruce Wood House - House 1
    34:26
    Minecraft 360: How to Build a Spruce Wood House - House 1
  • How To Make Spruce Pitch Gum
    14:44
    How To Make Spruce Pitch Gum
  • Pieter Devos (BEL) wins the 2013 CN International at Spruce Meadows
    2:19
    Pieter Devos (BEL) wins the 2013 CN International at Spruce Meadows
  • Cordoba C12 Demo: Comparing solid Canadian Cedar and solid European Spruce tops #2
    2:08
    Cordoba C12 Demo: Comparing solid Canadian Cedar and solid European Spruce tops #2
  • 1135 Spruce Ridge_Paul Rushforth Real Estate
    5:10
    1135 Spruce Ridge_Paul Rushforth Real Estate
  • Combo Corner: Taylor 714CE Cedar & Spruce Top Guitars
    2:48
    Combo Corner: Taylor 714CE Cedar & Spruce Top Guitars
  • Jean Sibelius - The Spruce
    4:01
    Jean Sibelius - The Spruce

Spruce - Castles (Live studio sessions)

"Castles" -- Music and Lyrics by Spruce, recorded in Musiikkitalo, Helsinki 2012. Watch in HD! Go Like us on Facebook!! www.facebook.com/sprucetheband Vocals...

4:26
Spruce - Cas­tles (Live stu­dio ses­sions)
"Cas­tles" -- Music and Lyrics by Spruce, record­ed in Musi­ikki­ta­lo, Helsin­ki 2012. Watch in...
pub­lished: 26 Dec 2012
4:15
Spruce - One Lit­tle Thing
"One Lit­tle Thing" -- By Spruce. Watch in HD! Go Like us on Face­book!! http://​www.​facebook...
pub­lished: 17 Jul 2013
1:53
Plant a Blue Spruce Tree
http://​www.​digatree.​com/​Phila/​Blue-Spruce.​html Plant a Blue Spruce Tree http://​digatree.​co...
pub­lished: 01 Mar 2013
au­thor: Tallerthantall
3:52
Spruce Dis­eases
UNL Ex­ten­sion As­sis­tant Plant Pathol­o­gist Kevin Korus shows us three dif­fer­ent spruce dise...
pub­lished: 07 Jul 2012
au­thor: buc­slim
10:04
Choos­ing Red Spruce Tonewood
A film about the prac­tice of sus­tain­able forestry at Wind­horse Farm in Nova Sco­tia and the...
pub­lished: 24 Jun 2012
1:21
COLOR FOOTAGE OF HOWARD HUGH­ES' SPRUCE GOOSE FLIGHT 1947
Rare footage from the archives that dates to Novem­ber 2, 1947. Shot by am­a­teur cam­era­man L...
pub­lished: 12 Aug 2013
au­thor: Periscope­Film
2:28
The first flight of the Spruce Goose
The Hugh­es H-4 Her­cules (also known as the "Spruce Goose"; reg­is­tra­tion NX37602) is a prot...
pub­lished: 30 Jan 2013
34:26
Minecraft 360: How to Build a Spruce Wood House - House 1
GT: c0me at me qt In­ter­est­ed in a youtube part­ner­ship? CLICK HERE : http://​awe.​sm/​jEUXm Yo...
pub­lished: 12 Jun 2013
14:44
How To Make Spruce Pitch Gum
Lon­nie shows the best method he has found for pu­ri­fy­ing spruce or pine pitch to use as gum...
pub­lished: 23 Mar 2013
au­thor: phre­shayr
2:19
Pieter Devos (BEL) wins the 2013 CN In­ter­na­tion­al at Spruce Mead­ows
Bel­gium's Pieter Devos aboard Candy wins the 2013 CN In­ter­na­tion­al on the final day of the...
pub­lished: 08 Sep 2013
2:08
Cor­do­ba C12 Demo: Com­par­ing solid Cana­di­an Cedar and solid Eu­ro­pean Spruce tops #2
Lis­ten close­ly to de­ci­pher the tonal dif­fer­ences be­tween the solid Eu­ro­pean spruce and sol...
pub­lished: 05 Mar 2013
5:10
1135 Spruce Ridge_­Paul Rush­forth Real Es­tate
Sun­flake Film Pro­duc­tion Video Lux­u­ry Home Ot­tawa....
pub­lished: 17 Apr 2013
2:48
Combo Cor­ner: Tay­lor 714CE Cedar & Spruce Top Gui­tars
Steve makes spe­cial guest, Brian, do a blind­fold test to see if he can guess which gui­tar ...
pub­lished: 28 Mar 2013
4:01
Jean Sibelius - The Spruce
Per­former: Dina Ku­rapo­va, Es­to­ni­an Acade­my of Music and The­atre http://​pianolog.​ru....
pub­lished: 21 Nov 2009
Youtube results:
5:48
Rid­ing Spruce Lake with Jeff Lenosky
Fab is joined by Jeff Lenosky for a visit to Cana­da, and they fly to re­mote trails ac­cesse...
pub­lished: 06 Sep 2013
7:43
Tay­lor GS Mini Ma­hogany vs Spruce - A/B Com­par­i­son and Demo
So, I bought a sec­ond GS Mini (a 'hog top to go with the spruce top) and I thought this mi...
pub­lished: 28 Aug 2012
1:46
Reed Kessler - Mika - NC Spruce Mead­ows 2013
Reed Kessler - Mika in Na­tions Cup Spruce Mead­ows 2013. 2nd round....
pub­lished: 21 Jun 2013
au­thor: War­wick­Rex
9:01
Clas­si­cal Gui­tar Sounds: Spruce ver­sus Cedar (20111104­gui­tar)
More songs played with them: http://​www.​youtube.​com/​playlist?​list=PLE090EBC03F12C22D A bas...
pub­lished: 05 Nov 2011
au­thor: wei­desvideo
×
photo: US Army / Specialist Michelle C. Lawrence
File - Sgt. Kevin Fischer, Sight Security Team 1st Battalion 161st Field Artillery, signals his security team to fill in the security perimeter, August 22, 2011, in the deserts of Djibouti.
Edit WorldNews.com
02 Nov 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "Our country! In her intercourse with foreign nations may she always be in the right; but. our country, right or wrong!" -Stephen Decatur, U.S. Naval Officer. In the First U.S.-Barbary States War, on October 31, 1803, Commodore Stephen Decatur devised a secret plan to sail into Tripoli's harbor and either salvage or set ablaze the USS Philadelphia ... U.S ... As the U.S ... slavery and the slave trade....(size: 7.6Kb)
photo: AP / Ishtiaq Mehsud
File - In this photo taken Sunday, Oct. 4, 2009, new Pakistani Taliban chief Hakimullah Mehsud, right, holds a rocket launcher with his comrades in Sararogha of Pakistani tribal area of South Waziristan along the Afghanistan border.
Edit The Independent
02 Nov 2013
The Pakistan Taliban is expected to announce a new chief after its leader for the past four years was killed in a CIA drone strike – a move that will likely complicate efforts to hold peace between Pakistan’s government and the militant outfit ... Mr Mehsud’s cousin, uncle and one of his guards were among those said to have also been killed ... Mr Mehsud was widely reported to have been killed in 2010, only for him to later emerge alive ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
photo: AP
In this photo provided to the AP, which has been authenticated based on its contents and other AP reporting, police officers stand near an unidentified weapon in Terminal 3 of the Los Angeles International Airport on Friday, Nov. 1, 2013.
Edit The Guardian
02 Nov 2013
TAMI ABDOLLAH. Associated Press= LOS ANGELES (AP) — A man carrying a note that said he wanted to "kill TSA" pulled a semi-automatic rifle from a bag and shot his way past a security checkpoint at Los Angeles International Airport on Friday, killing one Transportation Security Administration officer and wounding two others, authorities said ... His condition was not disclosed ... He had apparently been living in Los Angeles ... --- ... World news....(size: 6.1Kb)
photo: AP / Michael Sohn
Opposition Greens lawmaker Hans-Christian Stroebele, shows a letter he received from Edward Snowden to the media prior to a press conference in Berlin, Germany, Friday, Nov. 1, 2013.
Edit The Guardian
03 Nov 2013
Obama adviser and heads of House and Senate intelligence signal hard line despite European support for whistleblower. Edward Snowden with Hans-Christian Stroebele. Photo. Irina Oho/HO/EPA. The White House and leading lawmakers have rejected Edward Snowden's plea for clemency and said he should return to the United States to face trial ... He also asked for international help to lobby the US to drop the charges against him ... Photo ... He added ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)




Edit Independent online (SA)
04 Nov 2013
Velizy, France - Installation art, interactive walls and a robot doorman; the flagship branches of the world’s top banks have come a long way from the iron grilles and potted plants of old ... “They want customers to come back.”. The reason is clear ... Banks are under pressure to cut costs and are balancing the need to pare back branch networks by sprucing up select outlets ... Gauging their success is tricky ... ....(size: 4.1Kb)
Edit The Washington Times
04 Nov 2013
An 88-foot-tall Engelmann spruce was loaded onto a truck from the Colville National Forest in eastern Washington state on Friday and will eventually make its way the National Mall, according to the Spokane Spokesman-Review....(size: 1.7Kb)
Edit China Daily
04 Nov 2013
Primary schools in a district of Wuhan have introduced a course on the work of China's much-maligned urban patrol officers, or chengguan, eliciting mixed reactions from parents and academics. Twenty-eight schools introduced the course last month in Wuhan and will hold them four to five times a semester, authorities said. Children will use a textbook compiled by Jianghan district education commission and the urban patrol bureau....(size: 3.3Kb)
Edit Chicago Sun-Times
04 Nov 2013
Chicago’s Christmas tree arrives Friday in Daley Plaza — a 57-foot Colorado blue spruce donated by the Moore family of South Holland. It will be lighted at the 100th anniversary of Chicago’s Christmas Tree Lighting Ceremony on Nov. 26....(size: 1.1Kb)
Edit Hartford Courant
04 Nov 2013
1, at 1 pm ... The farm contains 77 acres of forests and three acres are used for growing white spruce trees ... X ....(size: 0.8Kb)
Edit Syracuse
04 Nov 2013
Salina Street from Genesee to Water streets is expected to be closed for the next hour while the tree is hoisted into place. The street closed around 2 p.m ... The Norway Spruce measures about 60 feet tall, city workers said.   ... 29. ....(size: 1.2Kb)
Edit MSNBC
04 Nov 2013
COLVILLE, WA - An 88-foot Engelmann Spruce tree from Eastern Washington is headed to Washington D.C. to serve as the Christmas tree in front of the U.S. Capitol. The Forest Service held a tree cutting ceremony in the Colville National Forest on Friday. The tree then began its several week tour across the country ... in time for Thanksgiving ... Advertise ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
Edit noodls
04 Nov 2013
... 7.45 41 $175,000/acre 52% 19 Lacombe -0.2% 6.90 37 $250,000/acre 60% 20 Leduc 5.6% 6.21 34 $350,000/acre 57% 21 Lloydminster 3.6% 7.50 32 $200,000/acre 55% 22 Sherwood Park (Strathcona County) 5.1% 4.45 39 $407,000/acre 67% 23 Spruce Grove 6.2% 5.59 34 $389,000/acre 61% 1.6% 3.53 42 $350,000/acre 58% 2.0% 7.27 41 $225,000/acre 47%....(size: 1.7Kb)
Edit The Examiner
04 Nov 2013
The Minnesota Timberwolves matched their longest undefeated start in franchise history Sunday night, beating the New York Knicks 109-100 in a sold out Madison Square Garden to improve their record to 3-0 ... Large leads in danger of evaporating has caused some agitation among locals, but the relatively healthy Wolves have spruced up ball movement and resistance against adversity, piquing the hopes of a restless fan base. ....(size: 2.7Kb)
Edit Business Wire
04 Nov 2013
HERNDON, Va ... Using its satellite-based tracking solution, SkyBitz will provide tracking data, complete with a detailed street-level map of the tree’s current location ... The tree will arrive at the U.S ... “We look forward to people coming out to enjoy the majestic 88-foot tall Engelmann spruce we have gifted to the nation as part of ’Sharing Washington’s Good Nature’,” said Jennifer Knutson, Capitol Christmas Tree Coordinator, U.S ... ....(size: 7.5Kb)
Edit Kansas City Star
04 Nov 2013
NEW YORK — Firefighters rescued a 19-year-old New York University student who became trapped between two buildings in lower Manhattan. More News. Read more Weird News ... Comments ... Insta-reaction Chiefs make up for mistakes by making the big plays Chiefs survive another scare with narrow win over Buffalo KansasCathedral of the Plains sprucing up stained-glass windows 'Saturday Night Live' pokes fun at diversity issue Report ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
Edit Kansas City Star
04 Nov 2013
FAYETTEVILLE, Ark.Arkansas had four players score in double figures and held off Missouri Southern 70-61 in a women's college basketball exhibition game. More News ... All rights reserved ... Insta-reaction 'Saturday Night Live' pokes fun at diversity issue KansasCathedral of the Plains sprucing up stained-glass windows Chiefs survive another scare with narrow win over Buffalo Mauk leads MU to 31-3 win over Tennessee Report ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
Edit PR Newswire
04 Nov 2013
Home furnishings and decorative accessories top holiday wish lists this year. Download image ... (PRNewsFoto/Wayfair.com). BOSTON, Nov ... "In addition to sprucing up their homes for holiday entertaining with tabletop items and decorative accents, shoppers are looking for home furnishings they can enjoy with their family and friends year-round," noted Catie Parrish, chief homemaker at Wayfair.com ... About Wayfair.com ...  . SOURCE Wayfair.com ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
Spruce
Norway Spruce (Picea abies)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Pinales
Family: Pinaceae
Subfamily: Piceoideae
Frankis
Genus: Picea
Mill.
Species

About 35; see text.

A spruce is a tree of the genus Picea (play /pˈsə/),[1] a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the Family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the earth. Spruces are large trees, from 20–60 metres (66–200 ft) tall when mature, and can be distinguished by their whorled branches and conical form. The needles, or leaves, of spruce trees are attached singly to the branches in a spiral fashion, each needle on a small peg-like structure called a pulvinus. The needles are shed when 4–10 years old, leaving the branches rough with the retained pulvinus (an easy means of distinguishing them from other similar genera, where the branches are fairly smooth).

Spruces are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species; see list of Lepidoptera that feed on spruces. They are also used by the larvae of gall adelgids (Adelges species).

In the mountains of western Sweden scientists have found a Norway Spruce tree, nicknamed Old Tjikko, which by reproducing through layering has reached an age of 9,550 years and is claimed to be the world's oldest known living tree.[2]

Contents

Classification[link]

DNA analyses[3][4] have shown that traditional classifications based on the morphology of needle and cone are artificial. A recent study[3] found that P. breweriana had a basal position, followed by P. sitchensis, and the other species were further divided into three clades, suggesting that Picea originated in North America.

Species[link]

There are thirty-five named species of spruce in the world.

P. glauca sapling, Kluane National Park, Canada
Immature P. mariana cones, Ouimet Canyon, Ontario, Canada
P. pungens cone and foliage
  • Clade I
  • Clade II
  • Clade III
  • Clade IV
  • Clade V

Uses[link]

Timber[link]

P. abies wood

Spruce is useful as a building wood, commonly referred to by several different names including North American timber, SPF (spruce, pine, fir) and whitewood. Spruce wood is used for many purposes, ranging from general construction work and crates to highly specialised uses in wooden aircraft, and as a tonewood in many musical instruments, including guitars, mandolins, cellos, violins, and the soundboard at the heart of a piano and the harp. The Wright brothers' first aircraft, the Flyer, was built of spruce.[5]

Because this species has no insect or decay resistance qualities after logging, it is generally recommended for construction purposes as indoor use only (ex. indoor drywall framing). Spruce wood, when left outside can not be expected to last more than 12–18 months depending on the type of climate it is exposed to.

Pulpwood[link]

Spruce is one of the most important woods for paper uses, as it has long wood fibres which bind together to make strong paper. The fibres are thin walled and collapses to thin bands upon drying. Spruces are commonly used in mechanical pulping as they are easily bleached. Together with northern pines northern spruces are commonly used to make NBSK. Spruces are cultivated over vast areas as pulpwood.

Food and medicine[link]

The fresh shoots of many spruces and pines are a natural source of vitamin C.[6] Captain Cook made alcoholic sugar-based spruce beer during his sea voyages in order to prevent scurvy in his crew.[7][8] The leaves and branches, or the essential oils, can be used to brew spruce beer.

The tips from the needles can be used to make spruce tip syrup[clarification needed]. Native Americans in New England also used the sap to make a gum which was used for various reasons, and which was the basis of the first commercial production of chewing gum.[9] In survival situations spruce needles can be directly ingested or boiled into a tea.[10] This replaces large amounts of vitamin C. Also, water is stored in a spruce's needles, providing an alternative means of hydration[clarification needed]. Spruce can be used as a preventive measure for scurvy in an environment where meat is the only prominent food source[clarification needed].

Other uses[link]

The resin was used in the manufacture of pitch in the past (before the use of petrochemicals); the scientific name Picea is generally thought to be derived from Latin pix, pitch (though other etymologies have been suggested).

Native Americans in North America use the thin, pliable roots of some species for weaving baskets and for sewing together pieces of birch bark for canoes. See also Kiidk'yaas for an unusual golden Sitka Spruce sacred to the Haida people.

Spruces are also popular ornamental trees in horticulture, admired for their evergreen, symmetrical narrow-conic growth habit. For the same reason, some (particularly Picea abies and P. omorika) are also extensively used as Christmas trees.

Spruce branches are also used at Aintree racecourse, Liverpool, to build several of the fences on the Grand National course. It is also used to make sculptures and Christmas trees.

Etymology[link]

Picea used in coat-of-arms of Kuhmo, Finland

The word "spruce" entered the English language from Old French Pruce, the name of Prussia. Spruce was a generic term for commodities brought to England by Hanseatic merchants and the tree was believed to have come from Prussia.[11] According to a different theory, some suggest that it may however be a direct loanword from a Polish expression [drzewo / drewno] z Prus which literally means "[tree / timber] from Prussia". That would suggest that the late mediaeval Polish-speaking merchants would import the timber to England and the English would pick up the expression from them.

References[link]

  1. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  2. ^ Swedish Spruce Is World's Oldest Tree: Scientific American Podcast
  3. ^ a b Jin-Hua Ran, Xiao-Xin Wei, Xiao-Quan Wang (2006). "Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Picea (Pinaceae): implications for phylogeographical studies using cytoplasmic haplotypes" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41 (2): 405–419. DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.039. PMID 16839785. http://lseb.ibcas.ac.cn/oldzjxx/wangxq/pdf/Picea.pdf. 
  4. ^ Aðalsteinn Sigurgeirsson & Alfred E. Szmidt (1993). "Phylogenetic and biogeographic implications of chloroplast DNA variation in Picea". Nordic Journal of Botany 13 (3): 233–246. DOI:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1993.tb00043.x. 
  5. ^ "Milestones of Flight - 1903 Wright Flyer" - Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
  6. ^ "Tree Book - Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)". British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/library/documents/treebook/sitkaspruce.htm. Retrieved July 29, 2006. 
  7. ^ Crellin, J. K. (2004). A social history of medicines in the twentieth century: to be taken three times a day. New York: Pharmaceutical Products Press. p. 39. ISBN 0789018446. http://books.google.com/books?id=P1Oy7Qz1tewC&pg=PA39&dq=Spruce+beer+Captain+Cook#v=onepage&q=Spruce%20beer%20Captain%20Cook&f=false. Retrieved 2009-10-08. 
  8. ^ Stubbs, Brett J. (June 2003). "Captain Cook's beer: the antiscorbutic use of malt and beer in late 18th century sea voyages". Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition (apjcn.nhri.org.tw) 12 (2): 129–137. http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/volume12/vol12.2/fullArticles/index.htm#Nicholas. Retrieved 2009-10-08. 
  9. ^ History of Vending Machines and Chewing Gum
  10. ^ The healing trees / Spruce
  11. ^ Harper, Douglas. spruce. Online Etymology Dictionary. Accessed 8 May 2010.

External links[link]

vep:Kuz'

http://wn.com/Spruce




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruce

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.


Howard Hughes
Born Howard Robard Hughes, Jr.
(1905-12-24)December 24, 1905
Humble, Texas, US
Died April 5, 1976(1976-04-05) (aged 70)
Houston, Texas, US
Alma mater Rice University (dropped out in 1924)
Occupation Chairman of Hughes Aircraft
Years active 1926–1976
Net worth USD $1.5 billion at the time of his death (approximately 1/1190th of US GNP)[1]
Spouse

Ella Rice (m. 1925–1929) «start: (1925)–end+1: (1930)»"Marriage: Ella Rice to Howard Hughes" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Howard_Hughes)
Terry Moore (m. 1949–1976) «start: (1949)–end+1: (1977)»"Marriage: Terry Moore to Howard Hughes" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Howard_Hughes) (alleged)

Jean Peters (m. 1957–1971) «start: (1957)–end+1: (1972)»"Marriage: Jean Peters to Howard Hughes" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Howard_Hughes)
Signature
Aviation career
Known for Hughes Aircraft
Famous flights Transcontinental airspeed record from Los Angeles to New York City (1937), round the world airspeed record (1938)
Awards Harmon Trophy (1936 and 1938)
Collier Trophy (1938)
Octave Chanute Award (1940)
Congressional Gold Medal (1939)

Howard Robard Hughes, Jr. (December 24, 1905[2] – April 5, 1976) was an American business magnate, investor, aviator, engineer, film producer, director, and philanthropist. He was one of the wealthiest people in the world. He gained prominence from the late 1920s as a maverick film producer, making big-budget and often controversial films like The Racket (1928), Hell's Angels (1930), Scarface (1932), and The Outlaw (1943). Hughes was one of the most influential aviators in history; he set multiple world air-speed records, built the Hughes H-1 Racer and H-4 "Hercules" (better known to history as the "Spruce Goose" aircraft), and acquired and expanded Trans World Airlines which would later on merge with American Airlines. Hughes is also remembered for his eccentric behavior and reclusive lifestyle in later life, caused in part by a worsening obsessive–compulsive disorder and chronic pain. His legacy is maintained through the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

Contents

Early years[link]

Hughes' birthplace is recorded as either Humble or Houston, Texas. The date is also uncertain, though Hughes claimed his birthday was Christmas Eve. A 1941 affidavit birth certificate of Hughes signed by his aunt Annette Gano Lummis and Estelle Boughton Sharp states he was born on December 24, 1905, in Harris County, Texas.[N 1] However, his baptismal record of October 7, 1906, in the parish register of St. John's Episcopal Church, in Keokuk, Iowa, has his birth listed as September 24, 1905, without reference to the place of birth.[N 2]

His parents were Allene Stone Gano (a descendant of Owen Tudor, second husband of Catherine of Valois, Dowager Queen of England)[3][4] and Howard R. Hughes, Sr. from Missouri of English descent,[5] who patented the two-cone roller bit, which allowed rotary drilling for petroleum in previously inaccessible places. Howard R. Hughes, Sr. made the shrewd and lucrative decision to commercialize the invention by leasing the bits instead of selling them, and founded the Hughes Tool Company in 1909.

Showing great aptitude in engineering at an early age, Hughes built Houston's first radio transmitter when he was 11 years old.[6] At 12, he was photographed in the local newspaper as being the first boy in Houston to have a "motorized" bicycle, which he had built himself from parts taken from his father's steam engine.[7] He was an indifferent student with a liking for mathematics, flying, and things mechanical, taking his first flying lesson at 14 and later auditing math and aeronautical engineering courses at Caltech.[6][7]

Allene Hughes died in March 1922 from complications of an ectopic pregnancy. In January 1924, Howard Hughes Sr. died of a heart attack. Their deaths apparently inspired Hughes to include the creation of a medical research laboratory in his will that he signed in 1925, at age 19. Because Howard Sr.'s will had not been updated since Allene's death, Hughes inherited 75 percent of the family fortune.[8] On his 19th birthday, Hughes was declared an emancipated minor, enabling him to take full control of his legacy.[9]

Hughes was an outstanding and enthusiastic golfer from a young age, often scoring near par figures, and held a handicap of three during his twenties. He played frequently with top players, including Gene Sarazen.[10] Hughes rarely played competitively, and gradually gave up his interest in the sport.

Hughes dropped out of Rice University shortly after his father's death. On June 1, 1925, he married Ella Botts Rice (1925–1929), daughter of David Rice and Martha Lawson Botts of Houston, Texas. They moved to Los Angeles, where he hoped to make a name for himself making movies.

Hollywood years[link]

His first two films, Everybody's Acting (1927) and Two Arabian Knights (1928), were financial successes, the latter winning the first Academy Award for Best Director of a comedy picture. The Racket (1928) and The Front Page (1931) were also nominated for Academy Awards. Hughes spent US$3.8 million to make the flying film Hell's Angels (1930). He produced another hit, Scarface (1932), a production delayed by censors' concern over its violence. The Outlaw (1943), completed in 1941, which featured Jane Russell, also received considerable attention from industry censors, this time owing to Russell's revealing costumes. Hughes designed a special bra for his leading lady, although Russell decided against wearing the bra because of a mediocre fit.

Hughes' wife returned to Houston in 1929 and filed for divorce. Hughes dated many famous women, including Billie Dove, Bette Davis, Ava Gardner, Olivia de Havilland, Katharine Hepburn, Ginger Rogers and Gene Tierney. He also proposed to Joan Fontaine several times, according to her autobiography No Bed of Roses. Bessie Love was a mistress during his first marriage. Jean Harlow accompanied him to the premiere of Hell's Angels, but Noah Dietrich wrote many years later that the relationship was strictly professional—Hughes personally disliked Harlow. In his 1971 book, Howard: The Amazing Mr. Hughes, Dietrich said that Hughes genuinely liked and respected Jane Russell but never sought romantic involvement with her. According to Russell's autobiography, however, Hughes once tried to bed her after a party. Russell (who was married at the time) refused him and Hughes promised it would never happen again. The two maintained a professional and private friendship for many years. Hughes remained good friends with Tierney who was quoted after his failed attempts to seduce her "I don't think Howard could love anything that did not have a motor in it." Later, when Tierney's daughter Daria was born deaf and blind and with a severe learning disability, due to Tierney's being exposed to rubella during her pregnancy, Hughes saw to it that Daria received the best medical care and paid all expenses.[11]

On July 11, 1936, Hughes struck and killed a pedestrian named Gabriel S. Meyer with his car, at the corner of 3rd Street and Lorraine in Los Angeles.[12] Although Hughes was certified as sober at the hospital to which he was taken after the accident, an attending doctor made a note that Hughes had been drinking. A witness to the accident told police that Hughes was driving erratically and too fast, and that Meyer had been standing in the safety zone of a streetcar stop. Hughes was booked on suspicion of negligent homicide and held overnight in jail until his attorney, Neil McCarthy, obtained a writ of habeas corpus for his release pending a coroner's inquest.[13][14] By the time of the coroner's inquiry, however, the witness had changed his story and claimed that Meyer had moved directly in front of Hughes's car. Nancy Bayly (Watts), who was in the car with Hughes at the time of the accident, corroborates this version. On July 16, 1936, Hughes was held blameless by a coroner's jury at the inquest into Meyer's death.[15] Hughes told reporters outside the inquiry, "I was driving slowly and a man stepped out of the darkness in front of me."

On January 12, 1957, Hughes married actress Jean Peters. The couple met in the 1940s, before Peters became a film actress.[16] They had a highly publicized romance in 1947 and there was talk of marriage, but she said she could not combine it with her career.[17] It was later claimed that Peters was "the only woman [Hughes] ever loved",[18] and he reportedly had his security officers follow her everywhere even when they were not in a relationship. This was confirmed by actor Max Showalter, who became a close friend of Peters during shooting of Niagara (1953).[19] Showalter told in an interview that because he frequently met with Peters, Hughes' men threatened to ruin his career if he did not leave her alone.[19]

Aviation[link]

Hughes was a lifelong aircraft enthusiast and pilot. At Rogers Airport in Los Angeles, he learned to fly from pioneer aviators, including Moye Stephens. He set many world records and commissioned the construction of custom aircraft to be built for himself while heading Hughes Aircraft at the airport in Glendale. Operating from there, the most technologically important aircraft he commissioned was the Hughes H-1 Racer. On September 13, 1935, Hughes, flying the H-1, set the landplane airspeed record of 352 mph (566 km/h) over his test course near Santa Ana, California (Giuseppe Motta reached 362 mph in 1929 and George Stainforth reached 407.5 mph in 1931, both in seaplanes). A year and a half later, on January 19, 1937, flying a redesigned H-1 Racer featuring extended wings, Hughes set a new transcontinental airspeed record by flying non-stop from Los Angeles to Newark in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds (beating his own previous record of 9 hours, 27 minutes). His average ground speed over the flight was 322 mph (518 km/h).[20]

The H-1 Racer featured a number of design innovations: it had retractable landing gear (as Boeing Monomail had five years before) and all rivets and joints set flush into the body of the aircraft to reduce drag. The H-1 Racer is thought to have influenced the design of a number of World War II fighters such as the Mitsubishi Zero, the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 and the F8F Bearcat;[21] although that has never been reliably confirmed. The H-1 Racer was donated to the Smithsonian in 1975 and is on display at the National Air and Space Museum.

On July 10, 1938, Hughes set another record by completing a flight around the world in just 91 hours (3 days, 19 hours), beating the previous record by more than four hours. Taking off from New York City, he continued to Paris, Moscow, Omsk, Yakutsk, Fairbanks, Minneapolis, and continued to New York City. For this flight he flew a Lockheed Super Electra (a twin-engine transport with a four-man crew) fitted with all of the latest radio and navigational equipment. Hughes wanted the flight to be a triumph of technology, illustrating that safe, long-distance air travel was possible. In 1938, the William P. Hobby Airport in Houston, Texas, known at the time as Houston Municipal Airport, was renamed Howard Hughes Airport, but the name was changed back after people objected to naming the airport after a living person.

He also had a role in the design and financing of both the Boeing 307 Stratoliner and Lockheed L-049 Constellation.[22]

Hughes received many awards as an aviator, including the Harmon Trophy in 1936 and 1938, the Collier Trophy in 1938, the Octave Chanute Award in 1940, and a special Congressional Gold Medal in 1939 "in recognition of the achievements of Howard Hughes in advancing the science of aviation and thus bringing great credit to his country throughout the world." According to his obituary in The New York Times, Hughes never bothered to come to Washington to pick up the Congressional Gold Medal. It was eventually mailed to him by President Harry S. Truman.

Hughes D-2 and XF-11[link]

The Hughes D-2 was conceived in 1939 as a bomber with five crew members, powered by 42-cylinder Wright R-2160 Tornado engines. In the end it appeared as two-person fighter-reconnaissance aircraft designated the D-2A, powered by two Pratt & Whitney R-2800-49 engines. The aircraft was constructed using the Duramold process. The prototype was brought to Harper's Dry Lake California in great secrecy in 1943 and first flew on June 20 of that year.[23] In November 1944, the hangar containing the D-2A was hit by lightning and the aircraft was destroyed. The design of the D-2 led to the Hughes XF-11. The XF-11 was an all-metal, two place reconnaissance aircraft, powered by two Pratt & Whitney R-4360-31 engines, each driving a set of contra-rotation propellers.

Near-fatal crash of the Sikorsky S-43[link]

In the spring of 1943 Hughes spent nearly a month in Las Vegas, test flying his Sikorsky S-43 amphibian aircraft, practicing touch-and-go landings on Lake Mead in preparation for flying the H-4 Hercules. The weather conditions at the lake during the day were ideal and he enjoyed Las Vegas at night. On May 17, 1943, Hughes flew the Sikorsky from California carrying two CAA aviation inspectors, two of his employees and actress Ava Gardner. Hughes dropped Gardner off in Las Vegas and proceeded to Lake Mead to conduct qualifying tests in the S-43. The test flight did not go well. The Sikorsky crashed killing CAA inspector Ceco Cline and Hughes employee Richard Felt. Hughes suffered a severe gash on the top of his head when he hit the upper control panel and had to be rescued by one of the others on board.[24] Hughes paid divers $100,000 to raise the aircraft and later spent more than $500,000 restoring the aircraft.[25]

Near-fatal crash of the XF-11[link]

1946-07-11 Hughes Plane Crash.ogv
1946 newsreel

Hughes was involved in a near-fatal aircraft accident on July 7, 1946, while piloting the experimental U.S. Army Air Force reconnaissance aircraft, the XF-11, over Los Angeles. An oil leak caused one of the contra-rotating propellers to reverse pitch, causing the aircraft to yaw sharply. Hughes tried to save the craft by landing it at the Los Angeles Country Club golf course, but just seconds before he could reach his attempted destination, the XF-11 started to drop dramatically and crashed in the Beverly Hills neighborhood surrounding the country club.[26]

When the XF-11 finally came to a halt after destroying three houses, the fuel tanks exploded, setting fire to the aircraft and a nearby home at 808 North Whittier Drive, owned by Lt Col. Charles E. Meyer.[27] Hughes managed to pull himself out of the flaming wreckage but lay beside the aircraft until he was rescued by Marine Master Sergeant William L. Durkin, who happened to be in the area visiting friends. Hughes sustained significant injuries in the crash, including a crushed collar bone, multiple cracked ribs,[28] crushed chest with collapsed left lung, shifting his heart to the right side of the chest cavity, and numerous third-degree burns. A oft-told story said that Hughes sent a check to the Marine weekly for the remainder of his life as a sign of gratitude. However, Durkin's daughter denied that he took any money for the rescue.[29]

However, Hughes was proud that his mind was still working. As he lay in his hospital bed, he decided that he did not like the bed's design. He called in plant engineers to design a "tailor-made" bed, equipped with hot and cold running water, built in six sections, and operated by 30 electric motors, with push-button adjustments.[30] The hospital bed was designed by Hughes specifically to alleviate the pain caused by moving with severe burn injuries. Despite the fact that he never had the chance to use the bed that he designed, Hughes's bed served as a prototype for the modern hospital bed in common usage today.[31] Hughes's recovery was considered by his doctors to be almost miraculous. Hughes, however, believed that neither miracle nor modern medicine contributed to his recovery. Instead he vigorously believed that the natural life-giving properties of fresh squeezed orange juice (Hughes would only drink orange juice that had been squeezed before his eyes) were responsible for his rapid recovery.[31]

Many attribute his long-term addiction to opiates to his use of codeine[32] as a painkiller during his convalescence. The trademark mustache he wore afterward was used to hide a scar on his upper lip resulting from the accident.[33]

H-4 Hercules[link]

The Hughes H-4 Hercules with Howard Hughes at the controls
The Spruce Goose test plane in Brazoria County Airport in Texas
Brazoria County Airport Texas: The S-43 Sikorsky test plane
File:HughesAircraftCo.png
Hughes Aircraft Company logo until 1985.

The Hughes H-4 Hercules was originally contracted by the U.S. government for use during World War II to transport troops and equipment across the Atlantic as an alternative to sea-going troop transport ships that were vulnerable to German U-boats. However the aircraft was not completed until after the end of World War II. The concept for the Hercules was originally conceived by industrialist Henry J. Kaiser, who teamed with Hughes to build the aircraft.

The Hercules was the world's largest flying boat, the largest aircraft made from wood,[34] and, at 319 feet 11 inches (97.51 m), had the longest wingspan of any aircraft (the next largest wingspan is about 30 ft (9 m) shorter). (The Hercules is no longer the longest or heaviest aircraft ever built; both of those titles are currently held by the Antonov An-225.)

The Hercules flew only once for one mile (1.6 km), and 70 feet (21m) above the water, with Hughes at the controls, on November 2, 1947.

The Hercules was nicknamed the "Spruce Goose" by critics, but was actually made largely from birch (not from spruce), rather than of aluminum, because the contract required the aircraft to be built of "non-strategic materials." It was built in Hughes's Westchester, California facility. Howard Hughes was summoned to testify before the Senate War Investigating Committee to explain why the aircraft had not been delivered to the United States Army Air Forces during the war, but the committee disbanded without releasing a final report. After display at the Long Beach, California harbor, the aircraft was moved to McMinnville, Oregon, where it is now part of the Evergreen Aviation Museum.[35]

Hughes Aircraft[link]

Hughes Aircraft Company, a division of Hughes Tool Company, was originally founded by Hughes in 1932, in a rented corner of a Lockheed Aircraft Corporation hangar in Burbank, California, to build the H-1 racer. During and after World War II, Hughes fashioned his company into a major defense contractor. The Hughes Helicopters division started in 1947 when helicopter manufacturer Kellett sold their latest design to Hughes for production.

In 1948, Hughes created a new division of the company, the Hughes Aerospace Group. The Hughes Space and Communications Group and the Hughes Space Systems Division were later spun off in 1948 to form their own divisions and ultimately became the Hughes Space and Communications Company in 1961. In 1953, Howard Hughes gave all his stock in the Hughes Aircraft Company to the newly formed Howard Hughes Medical Institute, thereby turning the aerospace and defense contractor into a tax-exempt charitable organization. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute sold Hughes Aircraft in 1985 to General Motors for US$5.2 billion. In 1997, General Motors sold Hughes Aircraft to Raytheon and in 2000, sold Hughes Space & Communications to Boeing. A combination of Boeing, GM and Raytheon acquired the Hughes Research Laboratories.

Airlines[link]

In 1939, at the urging of Jack Frye, president of TWA, Hughes quietly purchased a majority share of TWA stock for nearly US$7 million and took control of the airline. Upon assuming ownership, Hughes was prohibited by federal law from building his own aircraft. Seeking an aircraft that would perform better than TWA's fleet of Boeing 307 Stratoliners, Hughes approached Boeing's competitor, Lockheed. Hughes had a good relationship with Lockheed since they had built the aircraft he used in his record flight around the world in 1938. Lockheed agreed to Hughes's request that the new aircraft be built in secrecy. The result was the revolutionary Constellation and TWA purchased the first 40 of the new airliners off the production line.

In 1956, Hughes placed an order for 63 Convair 880s for TWA at a cost of US$400 million. Although Hughes was extremely wealthy at this time, outside creditors demanded that Hughes relinquish control of TWA in return for providing the money. In 1960, Hughes was ultimately forced out of TWA, although he owned 78% of the company and battled to regain control.

Before Hughes' removal, the TWA jet financing issue precipitated the end of Hughes' relationship with Noah Dietrich. Dietrich claimed Hughes developed a plan by which Hughes Tool Company profits were to be inflated in order to sell the company for a windfall that would pay the bills for the 880s. Dietrich agreed to go to Texas to implement the plan on the condition that Hughes agreed to a capital gains arrangement he had long promised Dietrich. When Hughes balked, Dietrich resigned immediately. "Noah," Dietrich quoted Hughes as replying, "I cannot exist without you!" Dietrich stood firm and eventually had to sue to retrieve personal possessions from his office after Hughes ordered it locked.

In 1966, Hughes was forced by a U.S. federal court to sell his shares in TWA because of concerns over conflict of interest between his ownership of both TWA and Hughes Aircraft. The sale of his TWA shares netted him a profit of US$547 million. During the 1970s, Hughes went back into the airline business, buying the airline Air West and renaming it Hughes Airwest.

RKO[link]

In 1948, Hughes gained control of RKO, a struggling major Hollywood studio, by acquiring 25 percent of the outstanding stock from Floyd Odlum's Atlas Corporation. Within weeks of taking control, he dismissed three-quarters of the work force and production was shut down for six months in 1949 while he undertook the investigation of the politics of all remaining studio employees. Completed pictures would be sent back for re-shooting if he felt his star (especially female) was not properly presented, or if a film's anti-communist politics were not sufficiently clear. In 1952, an abortive sale to a Chicago-based group with no experience in the industry disrupted studio operations even further.

Hughes sold the RKO theaters in 1953 as settlement of the United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. antitrust case. With the sale of the profitable theaters, the shaky status of the film studio became increasingly apparent. A steady stream of lawsuits from RKO's minority shareholders, charging him with financial misconduct and corporate mismanagement, became an increasing nuisance, especially because Hughes wanted to focus on his aircraft-manufacturing and TWA holdings during the Korean War years. Eager to be rid of the distraction, Hughes offered to buy out all other stockholders.

By the end of 1954, at a cost of nearly US$24 million, he had gained near total control of RKO, becoming the closest thing to a sole owner of a Hollywood studio seen in three decades. Six months later, Hughes sold the studio to the General Tire and Rubber Company for US$25 million. Hughes retained the rights to pictures he had personally produced, including those made at RKO. He also retained Jane Russell's contract. For Howard Hughes, this was the virtual end of his 25-year involvement in motion pictures; though he had all but destroyed a major Hollywood studio, his reputation as a financial wizard emerged unscathed. He reportedly walked away from RKO having made US$6.5 million in personal profit.[36]

General Tire was interested mainly in exploiting the value of the RKO library for television programming, though it made some attempts to continue producing films. After a year and a half of mixed success, General Tire shut down film production at RKO for good at the end of January 1957. The studio lots in Hollywood and Culver City were sold to Desilu Productions later that year for US$6.15 million.

Howard Hughes Medical Institute[link]

In 1953, Hughes launched the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Miami, Florida, and currently located in Chevy Chase, Maryland, formed with the express goal of basic biomedical research, including trying to understand, in Hughes' words, the "genesis of life itself." Hughes' first will, which he signed in 1925 at the age of 19, stipulated that a portion of his estate should be used to create a medical institute bearing his name.[37] When a major battle with the IRS loomed ahead, Hughes gave all his stock in the Hughes Aircraft Company to the institute, thereby turning the aerospace and defense contractor into a for-profit entity of a fully tax-exempt charity. Hughes' internist, Dr. Verne Mason, who treated Hughes after his 1946 plane crash, was chairman of the institute's medical advisory committee.[38] The Howard Hughes Medical Institute's new board of trustees sold Hughes Aircraft in 1985 to General Motors for US$5.2 billion, allowing the institute to grow dramatically.

The deal was the topic of a protracted legal battle between Hughes and the Internal Revenue Service, which Hughes ultimately won. After his death in 1976, many thought that the balance of Hughes' estate would go to the institute, although it was ultimately divided among his cousins and other heirs, given the lack of a will to the contrary. The HHMI was the 4th largest private organization as of 2007[39] and the largest devoted to biological and medical research, with an endowment of US$16.3 billion as of June 2007.

Nixon scandal[link]

Shortly before the 1960 Presidential election, Richard Nixon was harmed by revelations of a US$205,000 loan from Hughes to Nixon's brother Donald. It has long been speculated that Nixon's drive to learn what the Democrats were planning in 1972 was based in part on his belief that the Democrats knew about a later bribe that his friend Bebe Rebozo had received from Hughes after Nixon took office.

In late 1971, Donald Nixon was collecting intelligence for his brother in preparation for the upcoming presidential election. One of Donald's sources was John H. Meier,[40] a former business adviser of Hughes who had also worked with Democratic National Chairman Larry O'Brien.

However, Meier, in collaboration with former Vice President of the United States Hubert Humphrey and others, wanted to feed misinformation to the Nixon campaign. Meier told Donald that he was sure the Democrats would win the election because Larry O’Brien had a great deal of information on Richard Nixon’s illicit dealings with Howard Hughes that had never been released;[41][42] O’Brien didn’t actually have any such information, but Meier wanted Nixon to think he did. Donald told his brother that O’Brien was in possession of damaging Hughes information that could destroy his campaign.[43] Terry Lenzner, who was the chief investigator for the Senate Watergate Committee, speculates that it was Nixon's desire to know what O'Brien knew about Nixon's dealings with Hughes that may have partially motivated the Watergate break-in.[44]

[edit] Glomar Explorer

In 1972, Hughes was approached by the CIA to help secretly recover Soviet submarine K-129 which had sunk near Hawaii four years earlier. Thus, the special-purpose salvage vessel Glomar Explorer was born. Hughes' involvement provided the CIA with a plausible cover story, having to do with civilian marine research at extreme depths and the mining of undersea manganese nodules. In the summer of 1974, Glomar Explorer attempted to raise the Soviet vessel.[45]

However, during the recovery a mechanical failure in the ship's grapple caused half of the submarine to break off and fall to the ocean floor. This section is believed to have held many of the most sought-after items, including its code book and nuclear missiles. Two nuclear-tipped torpedoes and some cryptographic machines were recovered, along with the bodies of six Soviet submariners who were subsequently given formal burial at sea in a filmed ceremony. The operation, known as Project Azorian (but incorrectly referred to by the press as Project Jennifer), became public in February 1975 because burglars had obtained secret documents from Hughes' headquarters in June 1974.[46] Though he lent his name to the operation, Hughes and his companies had no actual involvement in the project.

Mental illness and physical decline[link]

As early as the 1930s, Hughes displayed signs of mental illness, primarily obsessive-compulsive disorder. Close friends reported that he was obsessed with the size of peas, one of his favorite foods, and used a special fork to sort them by size.

While directing The Outlaw, Hughes became fixated on a minor flaw in one of Jane Russell's blouses, claiming that the fabric bunched up along a seam and gave the appearance of two nipples on each breast. He was reportedly so upset by the matter that he wrote a detailed memorandum to the crew on how to fix the problem. Richard Fleischer, who directed His Kind of Woman with Hughes as executive producer, wrote at length in his autobiography about the difficulty of dealing with the tycoon. In his book, Just Tell Me When to Cry, Fleischer explained that Hughes was fixated on trivial details and was alternately indecisive and obstinate. He also revealed that Hughes' unpredictable mood swings made him wonder if the film would ever be completed.

In December 1957, Hughes told his aides that he wanted to screen some movies at a film studio near his home. Hughes stayed in the studio's darkened screening room for more than four months, never leaving. He subsisted exclusively on chocolate bars, chicken, and milk, and relieved himself in the empty bottles and containers. He was surrounded by dozens of Kleenex boxes, which he continuously stacked and re-arranged. He wrote detailed memos to his aides on yellow legal pads giving them explicit instructions not to look at him, to respond when spoken to, but otherwise not speak to him. Throughout this period, Hughes sat fixated in his chair, often naked, continuously watching movies, reel after reel, day after day. When he finally emerged in the spring of 1958, his hygiene was terrible, as he had not bathed or cut his hair and nails for weeks (although this may have been due to allodynia - pain upon being touched[32]). The Screening Room was located at Sunset Boulevard and Doheny Drive in Los Angeles; it was owned by Martin Nosseck and was called the "Martin Nosseck Projection Theatre" - Martin Nosseck was the full time projectionist for Hughes during that time.

After the screening room incident, Hughes moved into a bungalow at the Beverly Hills Hotel. He also rented out several other rooms for his aides, his wife, and his numerous girlfriends. His erratic behavior continued, however, as he would sit naked in his bedroom with a pink hotel napkin placed over his genitals, watching movies. In one year, he spent an estimated $11 million at the hotel.

In a bout of obsession with his home state, Hughes began purchasing all restaurant chains and four star hotels that had been founded within the borders of Texas. This included, if for only a short period, many unknown franchises currently out of business. Ownership of the restaurants was placed in the hands of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and all licenses were resold shortly after.

Another time, he became obsessed with the 1968 film Ice Station Zebra and had it running on a continuous loop in his home. According to his aides, he watched it 150 times.[47]

Hughes insisted on using tissues to pick up objects, so that he could insulate himself from germs. He would also notice dust, stains or other imperfections on people's clothes and demand that they take care of it.

Once one of the most visible men in America, Hughes ultimately vanished from public view, although the tabloids continued to follow rumors of his behavior and whereabouts. He was reported to be terminally ill, mentally unstable or even dead.

As a result of numerous plane crashes, Hughes spent much of his later life in pain, eventually becoming severely addicted to codeine, which he injected intramuscularly.[32] Hughes only had his hair cut and nails trimmed once a year. He may have been in severe chronic pain from his extensive injuries, so much so that even the act of tooth brushing was painful, so he avoided it.[32]

A retrospective case study suggests that Hughes' drug situation is more reminiscent of "pseudoaddiction" than true addiction; he suffered chronic pain and used narcotic medicine to control it.[32] He did not inject it intravenously for immediate effect, rather, he injected it into muscle, where it would have more of an effect on pain,[32] however it should be noted that codeine, when injected intravenously, leads to life threatening symptoms and is not by any means a safe route of administration, under any circumstance.[48] He did not use tobacco or other drugs, and rarely consumed alcohol.[32] He used diazepam to control the symptoms of withdrawal when he had not taken enough codeine.[32] At the time, the field of pain management was small and there were few options for long-term pain control.[32] As codeine is a relatively weak narcotic, his pain was probably not controlled effectively.[32]

Toward the end of his life, his inner circle was largely composed of Mormons, as they were the only people he considered trustworthy, even though Hughes himself was not a member of their church.

Hughes equipped this 1954 Chrysler New Yorker with an aircraft-grade air filtration system which took up the entire trunk

Las Vegas baron and recluse[link]

The wealthy and aging Howard Hughes, accompanied by his entourage of personal aides, began moving from one hotel to another, always taking up residence in the top floor penthouse. During the last ten years of his life, from 1966 to 1976, Hughes lived in hotels in Beverly Hills, Boston, Las Vegas, Nassau, Freeport, Vancouver,[49] London, Managua, Acapulco, and others.

On November 24, 1966 (Thanksgiving Day),[50] Hughes arrived in Las Vegas by railroad car and moved into the Desert Inn. Because he refused to leave the hotel and to avoid further conflicts with the owners of the hotel, Hughes bought the Desert Inn in early 1967. The hotel's eighth floor became the nerve center of his empire and the ninth-floor penthouse became Hughes' personal residence. Between 1966 and 1968, Hughes bought several other hotels/casinos such as the Castaways, New Frontier, The Landmark Hotel and Casino, and the Sands. He bought the small Silver Slipper casino only to reposition the hotel's trademark neon silver slipper, visible from Hughes bedroom, which apparently had been keeping him up at night. An unusual incident marked an earlier Hughes connection to Las Vegas: during his 1954 engagement at the Last Frontier hotel in Las Vegas, flamboyant entertainer Liberace mistook Howard Hughes for his lighting director, instructing him to instantly bring up a blue light should he start to play Clair de lune. Hughes nodded in compliance. Then the hotel's entertainment director arrived to properly introduce Hughes to Liberace.[51]

Hughes wanted to change the image of Las Vegas to something more glamorous than it was. As Hughes wrote in a memo to an aide, "I like to think of Las Vegas in terms of a well-dressed man in a dinner jacket and a beautifully jeweled and furred female getting out of an expensive car." Hughes bought several local television stations (including KLAS-TV).

Hughes' considerable business holdings were overseen by a small panel unofficially dubbed "The Mormon Mafia" because of the many Latter-day Saints on the committee, led by Frank William Gay.[52] In addition to supervising day-to-day business operations and Hughes' health, they also went to great pains to satisfy Hughes' every whim. Hughes once became fond of Baskin-Robbins' Banana Ripple ice cream, so his aides sought to secure a bulk shipment for him—only to discover that Baskin-Robbins had discontinued the flavor. They put in a request for the smallest amount the company could provide for a special order, 200 gallons (750 L), and had it shipped from Los Angeles. A few days after the order arrived, Hughes announced he was tired of Banana Ripple and wanted only Chocolate Marshmallow ice cream. The Desert Inn ended up distributing free Banana Ripple ice cream to casino customers for a year. In a 1996 interview, ex-Howard Hughes communicator Robert Maheu said "There is a rumor that there is still some Banana Ripple ice cream left in the freezer. It is most likely true."

As an owner of several major businesses in Las Vegas, Hughes wielded enormous political and economic influence in Nevada and elsewhere. During the 1960s and early 1970s, Hughes disapproved of the underground nuclear testing taking place at the Nevada Test Site. Hughes was concerned about the risk posed by the residual nuclear radiation from the tests, and so attempted to halt the tests. When the tests finally went through despite Hughes' efforts, the detonations were powerful enough that the entire hotel in which he was staying trembled with the shock waves.[53] In two separate, last-ditch maneuvers, Hughes instructed his representatives to offer million-dollar bribes to both presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon.[54] His aides, however, never offered the bribes, instead reporting to Hughes that Johnson declined the offer and they were unable to contact Nixon.[citation needed]

In 1971, Jean Peters filed for divorce; the two had not lived together for many years. Peters requested a lifetime alimony payment of US$70,000 a year, adjusted for inflation, and waived all claims to Hughes' estate. Hughes offered her a settlement of over a million dollars, but she declined it. Hughes did not insist upon a confidentiality agreement from Peters as a condition of the divorce; aides reported that Hughes never spoke ill of her. She refused to discuss her life with Hughes and declined several lucrative offers from publishers and biographers. Peters would state only that she had not seen Hughes for several years before their divorce and had only dealt with him by phone.

Hughes was living in the Intercontinental Hotel near Lake Managua in Nicaragua, seeking privacy and security,[55] when a magnitude 6.5 earthquake damaged Managua in December 1972. As a precaution, Hughes moved to the Nicaraguan National Palace and stayed there as a guest of Anastasio Somoza Debayle before leaving for Florida on a private jet the following day.[56] He subsequently moved into the Penthouse at the Xanadu Princess Resort on Grand Bahama Island, which he had recently purchased. He lived almost exclusively in the penthouse of the Xanadu Beach Resort & Marina for the last four years of his life. Hughes had spent a total of US$300 million on his many properties in Las Vegas.[50]

Memoir hoax[link]

In 1972, author Clifford Irving created a media sensation when he claimed to have co-written an authorized autobiography of Hughes. Hughes was such a reclusive figure that he did not immediately publicly refute Irving's statement, leading many people to believe Irving's book was a genuine autobiography. Before the book's publication, however, Hughes finally denounced Irving in a teleconference and the entire project was eventually exposed as a hoax. Irving was later convicted of fraud and spent 17 months in prison. In 1974, the Orson Welles film F for Fake included a section dealing with the entire Hughes biography hoax. In 1977, The Hoax by Clifford Irving was published in England; it is the story of these events. The 2007 film The Hoax, starring Richard Gere, is based on these events.[57]

Death[link]

File:HowardHughesGravestone.jpg
Howard Hughes's gravestone

Hughes was reported to have died on April 5, 1976, at 1:27 pm on board an aircraft owned by Robert Graf and piloted by Jeff Abrams, en route from his penthouse at the Acapulco Fairmont Princess Hotel in Mexico to The Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas. Alternatively, other accounts indicate that he died in the flight from Freeport Grand Bahamas to Houston.[58] His reclusive activities (and possibly his drug use) made him practically unrecognizable; his hair, beard, fingernails, and toenails were long (possibly due to allodynia making him averse to touch[32]), his tall 6 ft 4 in (193 cm) frame now weighed barely 90 lb (41 kg), and the FBI had to resort to fingerprints to identify the body.[59] Howard Hughes' alias, John T. Conover, was used upon the arrival of his body at a morgue in Houston on the day of his death. There, his body was received by Dr. Jack Titus.[60]

A subsequent autopsy noted kidney failure as the cause of death. Hughes was in extremely poor physical condition at the time of his death. He suffered from malnutrition. While his kidneys were damaged, his other internal organs, including his brain, were deemed perfectly healthy.[32] X-rays revealed five broken-off hypodermic needles in the flesh of his arms.[32] To inject codeine into his muscles, Hughes used glass syringes with metal needles that easily became detached.[32] Phenacetin, used for chronic pain, may have been the cause of his kidney failure.[32]

Hughes is buried in the Glenwood Cemetery in Houston, Texas, next to his parents.[61]

Estate[link]

Approximately three weeks after Hughes' death, a handwritten will was found on the desk of an official of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Salt Lake City. The so-called "Mormon Will" gave US$1.56 billion to various charitable organizations (including US$625 million to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute); nearly US$470 million to the upper management in Hughes' companies and to his aides; US$156 million to first cousin William Lummis; and US$156 million split equally between his two ex-wives Ella Rice and Jean Peters.

A further US$156 million was endowed to a gas-station owner named Melvin Dummar. Dummar told reporters that late one evening in December 1967, he found a disheveled and dirty man lying along U.S. Highway 95, 150 miles (240 km) north of Las Vegas. The man asked for a ride to Las Vegas. Dropping him off at the Sands Hotel, Dummar said the man told him he was Hughes. Dummar then claimed that days after Hughes's death, a "mysterious man" appeared at his gas station, leaving an envelope containing the will on his desk. Unsure if the will was genuine, and unsure of what to do, Dummar left the will at the LDS Church office. In a trial lasting seven months, the Mormon Will was eventually rejected by the Nevada court in June 1978 as a forgery. The court declared that Hughes had died intestate.

Hughes' US$2.5 billion estate was eventually split in 1983 among 22 cousins, including William Lummis who serves as a trustee of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Dummar was largely discounted by the public as a phony and an opportunist. Jonathan Demme's film Melvin and Howard (starring Jason Robards and Paul Le Mat), was based on Dummar's tale.

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Hughes Aircraft was owned by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, which sold it to General Motors in 1985 for US$5.2 billion. Suits brought by the states of California and Texas claiming they were owed inheritance tax were both rejected by the court. In 1984, Hughes's estate paid an undisclosed amount to Terry Moore, who claimed to have been secretly married to Hughes on a yacht in international waters off Mexico in 1949 and never divorced. Although Moore never produced proof of a marriage, her book, The Beauty and the Billionaire, became a bestseller.

Awards[link]

Popular culture[link]

Howard Hughes has now emerged as one of the 20th century's most iconic business and aviation figures spawning a wide range of cultural references.

Audio[link]

  • Howard Hughes flying boat maiden test run and flight, Parts 1 & 2. [soundrecording] (1947). LCCN 20-646215, LCCN 20-646218
  • The American rock band Kansas recorded a song entitled, "Closet Chronicles", on their 1977 album, "Point of Know Return". This song, written by Steve Walsh and Kerry Livgren, is an allegory about Howard Hughes.[citation needed]
  • The British comedy musical duo Pig With The Face Of A Boy recorded a song named "Howard Hughes Blues" for their debut album, "La La Haha". The song contains humorous lyrics concerning Howard Hughes' eccentricities.[citation needed]

Film[link]

(Chronological)

  • Willard Whyte, a billionaire from the 1971 James Bond movie, Diamonds Are Forever, is based on Howard Hughes. Hughes, a friend of producer Albert Broccoli, allowed his hotel and casino to be used in the filming.
  • The Amazing Howard Hughes (1977), directed by William A. Graham. Tommy Lee Jones stars as Howard Hughes.
  • Melvin and Howard (1980), directed by Jonathan Demme and starring Jason Robards (a distant cousin) as Howard Hughes and Paul Le Mat as Melvin Dummar. The film won Academy Awards for Best Original Screenplay and Best Supporting Actress (Mary Steenburgen). The film focuses on Melvin Dummar's claims of meeting Hughes in the Nevada desert and subsequent estate battles over his inclusion in Hughes's will. Critic Pauline Kael called the film "an almost flawless act of sympathetic imagination."[62]
  • Hughes was portrayed by Terry O'Quinn in Disney's The Rocketeer (1991), substituting for the "mystery inventor" (Doc Savage) in the original comic book version.
  • "Howard Hughes Documentary", broadcast in 1992 as an episode of the Time Machine documentary series, was introduced by Peter Graves, later released by A&E Home Video.[63]
  • Before The Aviator (2004), there were several attempts to create a biopic based on the life of Hughes. For years, director-actor Warren Beatty wanted to play Hughes and direct a big-screen film of the mogul. It was to be released alongside Beatty's film Reds, but due to the lack of the right script, the project was abandoned. In the 1990s, producers with Touchstone Pictures wanted to do it with John Malkovich, Edward Norton, or Johnny Depp as Hughes, but, due to climbing costs, that venture was abandoned. Castle Rock Entertainment also tried to develop a biopic called Mr. Hughes with Jim Carrey starring and with Christopher Nolan directing and re-writing a script originated by David Koepp and Brian De Palma. When The Aviator began production, the idea was scrapped, and Nolan went on to direct Batman Begins. Some of the details of Hughes as an adult were confirmed in A. Scott Berg's memoir of Katharine Hepburn, Kate Remembered.
  • The Aviator (2004), directed by Martin Scorsese and starring Leonardo DiCaprio as Hughes. Nominated for 11 Academy Awards, and winning five, the acclaimed film focuses primarily on Hughes' achievements in aviation and in the movies and on the increasing handicaps imposed on him by his obsessive–compulsive behavior, and ends shortly after the successful flight of the Hercules in 1947.
  • Iron Man, directed by Jon Favreau is an adaptation of a comic book about a wealthy weapons manufacturer, Tony Stark. According to creator Stan Lee, the character's personality and playboy lifestyle were inspired by Hughes,[64] explaining, "Howard Hughes was one of the most colorful men of our time. He was an inventor, an adventurer, a multi-billionaire, a ladies' man and finally a nutcase".[65]
  • Howard Hughes: The Real Aviator documentary was broadcast in 2004, and went on to win the Grand Festival Award for Best Documentary at the 2004 Berkeley Video & Film Festival.[66]
  • The American Aviator: The Howard Hughes Story was broadcast in 2006 on the Biography Channel. It was later released to home media as a DVD with a copy of the full length film The Outlaw starring Jane Russell.[67]

Games[link]

  • In BioShock, Andrew Ryan, founder of the dystopian underwater city, Rapture, was based between Howard Hughes and Ayn Rand.[citation needed]
  • In Fallout: New Vegas, one of the major characters, Mr. House is based upon Hughes' personality and achievements as a prodigal engineer.[citation needed]
  • In L.A. Noire, Hughes makes an appearance presenting his Hercules H-4 aircraft in the opening introduction of the game.[68]


References[link]

Notes[link]

  1. ^ No time of birth is listed. Record nr. 234358, of December 29, 1941, filed January 5, 1942, Bureau of Vital Statistics of Texas Department of Health.
  2. ^ The handwriting of the baptismal record is a rather trembling one. The clerk was an aged person and there is a good chance that, supposedly, being hard in the pants they misheard "December 24" as "September 24" instead. This is speculative.

Citations[link]

  1. ^ Klepper and Gunther 1996, p. xiii.
  2. ^ Hack 2002, pp. 21–22.
  3. ^ Tombo do Guarda-Mór Guarda-Mór-Edição de Publicações Multimédia, Lda Lisboa, 2000.
  4. ^ "Howard Robard Hughes Jr." Geneall.net, December 24, 1905. Retrieved: March 17, 2009.
  5. ^ Barlett and Steele 2004, p. 15.
  6. ^ a b "Howard Hughes." MSN Encarta online. October 21, 2009. Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
  7. ^ a b "Howard Hughes." century-of-flight., 2003. Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
  8. ^ "Howard Hughes." about.com. Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
  9. ^ "Golf's Bizarre Billionaire." golfonline.com. Retrieved: September 4, 2007.
  10. ^ Barkow 1986, p. 13.
  11. ^ Tierney and Herskowitz 1978, p. 97.
  12. ^ "Howard Hughes' auto kills man in Hollywood." Chicago Tribune, July 12, 1936. Retrieved: December 13, 2009.
  13. ^ "Sportsman Arrested After Traffic Death." Los Angeles Times, July 13, 1936. Retrieved: December 13, 2009.
  14. ^ "Howard Hughes facing hearing in auto death." Chicago Tribune, July 12, 1936. Retrieved: December 13, 2009.
  15. ^ "Millionaire Flyer and Society Girl testify at Inquest." Los Angeles Times, July 13, 1936. Retrieved: December 13, 2009.
  16. ^ The Delta Democrat-Times (Greenville, Mississippi), September 29, 1946, p.4.
  17. ^ "Interview with Louella Parsons." Waterloo Daily Courier (Waterloo, Iowa), October 12, 1947, p. 19.
  18. ^ Anderson, Jack with Les Whitten. "Hughes and Jean Peters." The Gadsden Times, April 13, 1976, p. 4.
  19. ^ a b Weaver 2004, p. 9.
  20. ^ Onkst, David H. "Howard R. Hughes, Jr. – The Record Setter." centennialofflight.gov, 2003. Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
  21. ^ "Aviator Howard Hughes H-1 Racer History." wrightools.com. Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
  22. ^ Rumerman, Judy. "Hughes Aircraft." centennialofflight.gov, 2003. Retrieved: August 5, 2008.
  23. ^ Aircraft Ha to Hy Retrieved 31 July 2011.
  24. ^ Hughes Las Vegas Retrieved 31 July 2011.
  25. ^ Brown and Broeske 1996
  26. ^ "Crash of the XF-11." check-six.com. Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
  27. ^ Barlett and Steele 2004, p. 140.
  28. ^ "Howard Hughes: XF-11." UNLV Libraries' Howard Hughes Collection. Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
  29. ^ "William Durkin; rescued Howard Hughes in crash." Boston.com, May 2, 2006. Retrieved: January 17, 2012.
  30. ^ "Hughes Designs Hospital Bed." Associated Press wire article, August 14, 1946.
  31. ^ a b Barlett and Steele 2004, p. 143.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Tennant, F. (2007). Howard Hughes and pseudoaddiction. Practical Pain Management 7:6 12.
  33. ^ Schwartz, Bill, dir. Howard Hughes – The Real Aviator (DVD). Los Angeles, California: Shout! Factory, 2004.
  34. ^ "Largest Plane in the World." Aerospaceweb.org . Retrieved: March 18, 2009.
  35. ^ "Spruce Goose." Evergreen Aviation Museum. Retrieved: December 14, 2011.
  36. ^ Lasky 1989, p. 229.
  37. ^ Brown and Broeske 1996, p. 34.
  38. ^ "Dr. Verne Mason. Miami Physician. Howard Hughes aide dies. Also treated Pershing." The New York Times, November 17, 1965.
  39. ^ "2007 Annual Report". Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Retrieved: March 13, 2010.
  40. ^ "Records of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force." archives.gov. Retrieved: February 25, 2012.
  41. ^ "Campaign Contributions Task Force #804 - Hughes/Rebozo Investigation." archives.gov. Retrieved: February 25, 2012.
  42. ^ "Hughes Nixon and the C.I.A." Playboy Magazine, September 1976.
  43. ^ Bellett 1995, pp. 32, 36, 160.
  44. ^ Stahl, Lesley. "Watergate: 'Aviator' Connection?, Lesley Stahl Talks To Watergate Investigator About Motive For Break-In." CBS News. Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
  45. ^ Burleson 1997, p. 33.
  46. ^ Burleson 1997, pp. 157–158.
  47. ^ Doviak, Scott Von. "Howard Hughes: His Women and His Movies (2000)." culturevulture.net, 2000. Retrieved: April 11, 2009.
  48. ^ "Howard Hughes." Onlinelibrary.wiley.com, April 7, 1992. Retrieved: January 5, 2012.
  49. ^ "News." Vancourier.com. Retrieved: March 17, 2009.
  50. ^ a b Levitan, Corey. "Top 10 Scandals: Gritty City." Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved: March 3, 2008.
  51. ^ Thomas 1987, p. 41.
  52. ^ "The Keepers of the King." Time Magazine. Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
  53. ^ Vartabedian, Ralph. "Howard Hughes and the atomic bomb in middle of Nevada." latimes, June 28, 2009. Retrieved: July 25, 2009.
  54. ^ Carlson, Michael. "Obituary: Robert Maheu: FBI agent and CIA fixer who became Howard Hughes's bagman." The Guardian, August 20, 2008, p. 33.
  55. ^ Mallin, Jay. The Great Managua Earthquake
  56. ^ "Howard Hughes: A Chronology." Channel 4. Retrieved: January 5, 2008.
  57. ^ Irving 1999 pp. 3–309.
  58. ^ Lisheron, Mark. "Obituary for Lex Dale Owens, owner of Air Ambulance, Inc." Statesman.com, January 3, 2009. Retrieved: March 17, 2009.
  59. ^ Hack 2002, pp. 16–18.
  60. ^ "Howard Hughes Revealed". hulu.com, via National Geographic Channel, Inside (series), Season 7, episode 2. Retrieved: September 24, 2009.
  61. ^ "Howard Hughes". Academy Award-winning producer and director, aviator and businessman. Find a Grave. Jan 01, 2001. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=521. Retrieved Aug 18, 2011. 
  62. ^ Shannon, Jeff. "Melvin and Howard (1980) – Movie Preview." RopeofSilicon, 2008. Retrieved: August 5, 2008.
  63. ^ "Howard Hughes Documentary." Amazon. Retrieved: August 22, 2011.
  64. ^ "Mask of the Iron Man." Game Informer, vol. 1, no. 177, January 2008, p. 81.
  65. ^ Lee, Stan (December 1997). "Stan's Soapbox" from Bullpen Bulletins: Marvel Comics.
  66. ^ "Howard Hughes: The Real Aviator." Amazon. Retrieved: August 22, 2011.
  67. ^ "The American Aviator: The Howard Hughes Story." Vision Films. Retrieved: August 22, 2011.
  68. ^ "New L.A. Noire Screens from the "Nichsolson Electroplating" Arson Case." Rockstargames.com, June 9, 2011. Retrieved: January 5, 2012.

Bibliography[link]

  • Barkow, Al. Gettin' to the Dance Floor: An Oral History of American Golf. Short Hills, New Jersey: Burford Books, 1986. ISBN 1-58080-043-2.
  • Barton, Charles. Howard Hughes and his Flying Boat. Fallbrook, CA: Aero Publishers, 1982. Republished in 1998, Vienna, VA: Charles Barton, Inc. ISBN 0-9663175-0-5.
  • Barlett, Donald L. and James B. Steele. Empire: The Life, Legend and Madness of Howard Hughes. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1979. ISBN 0-393-07513-3, republished in 2004 as Howard Hughes: His Life and Madness.
  • Bellett, Gerald. Age of Secrets: The Conspiracy that Toppled Richard Nixon and the Hidden Death of Howard Hughes. Stillwater, Minnesota: Voyageur Press, 1995. ISBN 0-921842-42-2.
  • Brown, Peter Harry and Pat H. Broeske. Howard Hughes: The Untold Story. New York: Penguin Books, 1996. ISBN 0-525-93785-4.
  • Burleson, Clyde W. The Jennifer Project. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-89096-764-4.
  • Dietrich, Noah and Bob Thomas. Howard: The Amazing Mr. Hughes. New York: Fawcett Publications, 1972. ISBN 00449025651.
  • Drosnin, Michael. Citizen Hughes: In his Own Words, How Howard Hughes Tried to Buy America. Portland, Oregon: Broadway Books, 2004. ISBN 0-7679-1934-3.
  • Hack, Richard. Hughes: The Private Diaries, Memos and Letters: The Definitive Biography of the First American Billionaire. Beverly Hills, California: New Millennium Press, 2002. ISBN 1-893224-64-3.
  • Irving, Clifford. The Hoax. New York: E. Reads Ltd., 1999. ISBN 978-0-7592-3868-8.
  • Klepper, Michael and Michael Gunther. The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates—A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present. Secaucus, New Jersey: Carol Publishing Group, 1996. ISBN 978-0-8065-1800-8
  • Marrett, George J. Howard Hughes: Aviator. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2004. ISBN 1-59114-510-4.
  • Kistler, Ron. I Caught Flies for Howard Hughes. Chicago: Playboy Press, 1976. ISBN 0-87223-447-9.
  • Lasky, Betty. RKO: The Biggest Little Major of Them All, 2d ed . Santa Monica, California: Roundtable, 1989. ISBN 0-915677-41-5.
  • Maheu, Robert and Richard Hack. Next to Hughes: Behind the Power and Tragic Downfall of Howard Hughes by his Closest Adviser. New York: Harper Collins, 1992. ISBN 0-06-016505-7.
  • Moore, Terry. The Beauty and the Billionaire. New York: Pocket Books, 1984. ISBN 0-671-50080-5.
  • Moore, Terry and Jerry Rivers. The Passions of Howard Hughes. Los Angeles: General Publishing Group, 1996. ISBN 1-881649-88-1.
  • Phelan, James. Howard Hughes: The Hidden Years. New York, Random House, 1976. ISBN 0-394-41042-4.
  • Real, Jack. The Asylum of Howard Hughes. Philadelphia: Xlibris Corporation, 2003. ISBN 1-4134-0875-3.
  • Thomas, Bob. Liberace: The True Story. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. ISBN 0-312-01469-4.
  • Tierney, Gene with Mickey Herskowitz. Self-Portrait. New York: Peter Wyden, 1979. lSBN 0-883261-52-9.
  • Weaver, Tom. Science Fiction and Fantasy Film Flashbacks: Conversations with 24 Actors, Writers, Producers and Directors from the Golden Age. New York: McFarland & Company, 2004. ISBN 0-7864-2070-7.

Additional resources[link]

  • Photograph collections related to Hughes: Houston Public Library; University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum; Charles Barton, Inc.

External links[link]

http://wn.com/Howard_Hughes




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.


Portrait of Jean Sibelius from 1913

Jean Sibelius (About this sound pronunciation ; 8 December 1865 – 20 September 1957) was a Finnish composer of the later Romantic period. His music played an important role in the formation of the Finnish national identity. His mastery of the orchestra has been described as "prodigious."[1]

The core of Sibelius's oeuvre is his set of seven symphonies. Like Beethoven, Sibelius used each successive work to further develop his own personal compositional style. His works continue to be performed frequently in the concert hall and are often recorded.

In addition to the symphonies, Sibelius's best-known compositions include Finlandia, the Karelia Suite, Valse triste, the Violin Concerto in D minor and The Swan of Tuonela (one of the four movements of the Lemminkäinen Suite). Other works include pieces inspired by the Finnish national epic, the Kalevala; over 100 songs for voice and piano; incidental music for 13 plays; the opera Jungfrun i tornet (The Maiden in the Tower); chamber music; piano music; Masonic ritual music;[2] and 21 separate publications of choral music.

Sibelius composed prolifically until the mid-1920s. However, after completing his Seventh Symphony (1924), the incidental music to The Tempest (1926), and the tone poem Tapiola (1926), he produced no large scale works for the remaining thirty years of his life. Although he is reputed to have stopped composing, he in fact attempted to continue writing, including abortive efforts to compose an eighth symphony. He wrote some Masonic music and re-edited some earlier works during this last period of his life, and retained an active interest in new developments in music, although he did not always view modern music favorably.

The Finnish 100 mark bill featured his image until it was taken out of circulation in 2002.[3] Since 2011, Finland celebrates a Flag Day on 8 December, the composer's birthday, also known as the 'Day of Finnish Music'.[4]

Contents

Life and work[link]

Johan Julius Christian Sibelius was born in Hämeenlinna in the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland, the son of Swedish-speaking MD Christian Gustaf Sibelius and Maria Charlotta Sibelius née Borg. Although known by a typical Finnish and Swedish name "Janne" to his family, during his student years he began using the French form of his name, "Jean", inspired by the business card of his seafaring uncle.[5] He is now universally known as Jean Sibelius.

Jean´s younger brother Christian Sibelius (1869-1922), MD, University Professor and head of Lapinlahti Asylum, was a psychiatrist and founder of modern psychiatry in Finland.

The rapid rise of Romantic Nationalism in Europe was inspired by the philosophy of Hegel and had a profound effect on educational systems in Europe. The gradual demise of Latin was accompanied by opportunities to study more native languages. In Finland this meant either Finnish or Swedish, which became part of the syllabus, from elementary school up to university. Young Janne Sibelius went to the Finnish-speaking Hämeenlinnan normaalilyseo, which he attended from 1876 to 1885. His home language remained though Swedish all his life. Romantic Nationalism was to become a crucial element in Sibelius' artistic output and his political leanings. From around the age of 15, he set his heart on becoming a great violin virtuoso, and he did become quite an accomplished player of the instrument, even publicly performing the last two movements of the Mendelssohn Violin Concerto in Helsinki.

Sibelius in 1889.

After Sibelius graduated from high school in 1885, he began to study law at the Imperial Alexander University of Finland (now the University of Helsinki). However, he was more interested in music than in law, and he soon quit his studies. From 1885 to 1889 Sibelius studied music in the Helsinki music school (now the Sibelius Academy). One of his teachers there was Martin Wegelius. Sibelius continued studying in Berlin (from 1889 to 1890 with Albert Becker) and in Vienna (from 1890 to 1891). It was around this time that he finally abandoned his cherished violin playing aspirations: "It was a very painful awakening when I had to admit that I had begun my training for the exacting career of a virtuoso too late".

According to Sibelius's biographer Erik Tawaststjerna, he was an enthusiastic Wagnerian at the beginning of the 1890s but then began to feel disgust for his music, calling it pompous and vulgar.

On 10 June 1892, Jean Sibelius married Aino Järnefelt (1871–1969) at Maxmo. Their home, called Ainola, was completed at Lake Tuusula, Järvenpää in 1903. They had six daughters: Eva, Ruth, Kirsti (who died at a very young age), Katarina, Margareta and Heidi. Eva married an industrial heir Arvi Paloheimo and became later herself the CEO of the Paloheimo Corporation. Ruth Snellman was a prominent actress, Katarina Ilves wife of a banker, and Heidi Blomstedt a designer, her husband Aulis Blomstedt being an architect. Margareta married the conductor Jussi Jalas, previously Blomstedt, Aulis Blomstedt´s brother.

In 1908, Sibelius underwent a serious operation for suspected throat cancer. The impact of this brush with death has been said to have inspired works that he composed in the following years, including Luonnotar and the Fourth Symphony.

Sibelius spent long periods abroad studying in Vienna and Berlin 1889-91 and 1900-1901 with family in Italy. He composed, conducted and socialized actively in Scandinavian Countries, UK, France and Germany. In 1914 he was the composer of the year in Norfolk Music Festival in USA, Conn., premiering there his symphonic poem The Oceanids commissioned by the millionaire Carl Stoeckel.[6] Sibelius met the Ex President Taft in Washington DC and visited also shortly Canada. He had five tours in England 1905-1922. After 1930 he did not travel abroad any more. Instead he became a representative figure of the Finnish Music and received a constant flow of dignitaries and delegations in Ainola until his last days.

When freemasonry was revived in Finland, having been forbidden during the Russian sovereignty, Sibelius was one of the founding members of Suomi Lodge Nr 1 in 1922 and later the Grand Organist of the Grand Lodge of Finland. He composed the ritual music used in Finland (op 113) in 1927 and added two new pieces composed 1946. The new revision of the ritual music of 1948 is one of his last works.[7]

Sibelius loved nature, and the Finnish landscape often served as material for his music. He once said of his Sixth Symphony, "[It] always reminds me of the scent of the first snow." The forests surrounding Ainola are often said to have inspired his composition of Tapiola. On the subject of Sibelius's ties to nature, one biographer of the composer, Erik W. Tawaststjerna, wrote the following:

Even by Nordic standards, Sibelius responded with exceptional intensity to the moods of nature and the changes in the seasons: he scanned the skies with his binoculars for the geese flying over the lake ice, listened to the screech of the cranes, and heard the cries of the curlew echo over the marshy grounds just below Ainola. He savoured the spring blossoms every bit as much as he did autumnal scents and colours.[8]
Sibelius in 1939
The grave in the garden of Ainola. Bronze memorial by the son-in-law of Sibelius, Aulis Blomstedt.

The year 1926 saw a sharp and lasting decline in Sibelius's output: after his Seventh Symphony he only produced a few major works in the rest of his life. Arguably the two most significant were incidental music for Shakespeare's The Tempest and the tone poem Tapiola. For most of the last thirty years of his life, Sibelius even avoided talking about his music publicly.

There is substantial evidence that Sibelius worked on an eighth numbered symphony. He promised the premiere of this symphony to Serge Koussevitzky in 1931 and 1932, and a London performance in 1933 under Basil Cameron was even advertised to the public. However, the only concrete evidence for the symphony's existence on paper are a 1933 bill for a fair copy of the first movement and short draft fragments first published and played 2011.[9][10] Sibelius had always been quite self-critical; he remarked to his close friends, "If I cannot write a better symphony than my Seventh, then it shall be my last." Since no manuscript survives, sources consider it likely that Sibelius destroyed most traces of the score, probably in 1945, during which year he certainly consigned a great many papers to the flames.[11] His wife Aino recalled,

"In the 1940s there was a great auto da fé at Ainola. My husband collected a number of the manuscripts in a laundry basket and burned them on the open fire in the dining room. Parts of the Karelia Suite were destroyed – I later saw remains of the pages which had been torn out – and many other things. I did not have the strength to be present and left the room. I therefore do not know what he threw on to the fire. But after this my husband became calmer and gradually lighter in mood."[1]

On 1 January 1939, Sibelius participated in an international radio broadcast which included the composer conducting his Andante Festivo. The performance was preserved on transcription discs and later issued on CD. This is probably the only surviving example of Sibelius interpreting his own music.[12]

Since 1903 Sibelius had lived in the country, but 1939-1944 Jean and Aino had again a residence in Helsinki. After the war he came to the city only a couple of times. The so called "Silence of Ainola" appears a myth, knowing that in addition to countless official vistors and visiting colleagues also his grandchildren and great grandchildren spent their holidays in Ainola.

Sibelius avoided public statements of other composers, but Tawaststjerna and Sibelius´secretary Santeri Levas have documented his private conversations in which he considered Bartók and Schostakowich the most talented composers of the younger generations. In 1950´ he promoted actively the young Finnish composer Einojuhani Rautavaara.

His 90th birthday, in 1955, was widely celebrated and both the Philadelphia Orchestra under Eugene Ormandy and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra under Sir Thomas Beecham gave special performances of his music in Finland. The orchestras and their conductors also met the composer at his home; a series of memorable photographs were taken to commemorate the occasions. Both Columbia Records and EMI released some of the pictures with albums of Sibelius's music. Beecham was honored by the Finnish government for his efforts to promote Sibelius both in the United Kingdom and in the United States.

Tawaststjerna also related an endearing anecdote regarding Sibelius's death:

[He] was returning from his customary morning walk. Exhilarated, he told his wife Aino that he had seen a flock of cranes approaching. "There they come, the birds of my youth," he exclaimed. Suddenly, one of the birds broke away from the formation and circled once above Ainola. It then rejoined the flock to continue its journey. Two days afterwards Sibelius died of a brain hemorrhage, at age 91 (on 20 September 1957), in Ainola, where he is buried in the garden. Another well-known Finnish composer, Heino Kaski, died that same day. Aino lived there for the next twelve years until she died on 8 June 1969; she is buried with her husband.[8]

In 1972, Sibelius's surviving daughters sold Ainola to the State of Finland. The Ministry of Education and the Sibelius Society of Finland opened it as a museum in 1974. In 2011, a fragment was discovered of what appeared to be an early draft of the missing eighth symphony.[13]

Musical style[link]

Like many of his contemporaries, Sibelius was initially enamored of the music of Wagner. A performance of Parsifal at the Bayreuth Festival had a strong effect on him, inspiring him to write to his wife shortly thereafter, "Nothing in the world has made such an impression on me, it moves the very strings of my heart." He studied the scores of Wagner's operas Tannhäuser, Lohengrin, and Die Walküre intently. With this music in mind, Sibelius began work on an opera of his own, entitled Veneen luominen (The Building of the Boat).

However, his appreciation for Wagner waned and Sibelius ultimately rejected Wagner's Leitmotif compositional technique, considering it to be too deliberate and calculated. Departing from opera, he later used the musical material from the incomplete Veneen luominen in his Lemminkäinen Suite (1893). He did, however, compose a considerable number of songs for voice and piano, whose early interpreters included Aino Ackté and particularly Ida Ekman.

More lasting influences included Ferruccio Busoni, Anton Bruckner and Tchaikovsky. Hints of Tchaikovsky's music are particularly evident in works such as Sibelius's First Symphony (1899) and his Violin Concerto (1905). Similarities to Bruckner are most strongly felt in the 'unmixed' timbral palette and sombre brass chorales of Sibelius's orchestration, a fondness for pedal points, and in the underlying slow pace of the music.

Sibelius progressively stripped away formal markers of sonata form in his work and, instead of contrasting multiple themes, he focused on the idea of continuously evolving cells and fragments culminating in a grand statement. His later works are remarkable for their sense of unbroken development, progressing by means of thematic permutations and derivations. The completeness and organic feel of this synthesis has prompted some to suggest that Sibelius began his works with a finished statement and worked backwards, although analyses showing these predominantly three- and four-note cells and melodic fragments as they are developed and expanded into the larger "themes" effectively prove the opposite.[14]

Portrait of Sibelius from 1894 by Eero Järnefelt

This self-contained structure stood in stark contrast to the symphonic style of Gustav Mahler, Sibelius's primary rival in symphonic composition. While thematic variation played a major role in the works of both composers, Mahler's style made use of disjunct, abruptly changing and contrasting themes, while Sibelius sought to slowly transform thematic elements. In November 1907 Mahler undertook a conducting tour of Finland, and the two composers had occasion to go on a lengthy walk together. Sibelius later reported that during the walk:

I said that I admired [the symphony's] severity of style and the profound logic that created an inner connection between all the motifs... Mahler's opinion was just the reverse. 'No, a symphony must be like the world. It must embrace everything.'[15]

However, the two rivals did find common ground in their music. Like Mahler, Sibelius made frequent use both of folk music and of literature in the composition of his works. The Second Symphony's slow movement was sketched from the motive of Il Commendatore in Don Giovanni, while the stark Fourth Symphony combined work for a planned "Mountain" symphony with a tone poem based on Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven". Sibelius also wrote several tone poems based on Finnish poetry, beginning with the early En Saga and culminating in the late Tapiola (1926), his last major composition.

Over time, he sought to use new chord patterns, including naked tritones (for example in the Fourth Symphony), and bare melodic structures to build long movements of music, in a manner similar to Joseph Haydn's use of built-in dissonances. Sibelius would often alternate melodic sections with noble brass chords that would swell and fade away, or he would underpin his music with repeating figures which push against the melody and counter-melody.

Sibelius's melodies often feature powerful modal implications: for example much of the Sixth Symphony is in the (modern) Dorian mode. Sibelius studied Renaissance polyphony, as did his contemporary, the Danish composer Carl Nielsen, and Sibelius's music often reflects the influence of this early music. He often varied his movements in a piece by changing the note values of melodies, rather than the conventional change of tempi. He would often draw out one melody over a number of notes, while playing a different melody in shorter rhythm. For example, his Seventh Symphony comprises four originally sketched movements fused into telescopical and partly parallel functions without pause, where every important theme is in C major or C minor; the variation comes from the time and rhythm. His harmonic language was often restrained, even iconoclastic, compared to many of his contemporaries who were already experimenting with musical Modernism. As reported by Neville Cardus in the Manchester Guardian newspaper in 1958,

Sibelius justified the austerity of his old age by saying that while other composers were engaged in manufacturing cocktails he offered the public pure cold water.[16]

Reception[link]

Sibelius exerted considerable influence on symphonic composers and musical life, at least in English-speaking and Nordic countries. Finnish symphonist Leevi Madetoja was a pupil of Sibelius. In Britain, Vaughan Williams and Arnold Bax both dedicated their 5th symphonies to Sibelius. Furthermore, Tapiola is prominently echoed in both Bax's Sixth Symphony and Moeran's Symphony in G Minor. The influence of Sibelius's compositional procedures is also strongly felt in the First Symphony of William Walton.[17] When these and several other major British symphonic essays were being written in and around the 1930s, Sibelius's music was very much in vogue, with conductors like Beecham and Barbirolli championing its cause both in the concert hall and on record. Walton's composer friend Constant Lambert even claimed that Sibelius was "the first great composer since Beethoven whose mind thinks naturally in terms of symphonic form".[18] Earlier, Granville Bantock had championed Sibelius (the esteem was mutual: Sibelius dedicated his Third Symphony to the English composer, and in 1946 he became the first President of the Bantock Society). More recently, Sibelius was also one of the composers championed by Robert Simpson. Malcolm Arnold acknowledged his influence, and Arthur Butterworth continues to see Sibelius's music as a source of inspiration in his own work.[19]

Eugene Ormandy and, to a lesser extent, his predecessor Leopold Stokowski, were instrumental in bringing Sibelius's music to American audiences by programming his works often; the former developed a friendly relationship with Sibelius throughout his life. Later in life he was championed by critic Olin Downes, who wrote a biography of the composer.

In 1938 Theodor Adorno wrote a critical essay about the composer, notoriously charging that "If Sibelius is good, this invalidates the standards of musical quality that have persisted from Bach to Schoenberg: the richness of inter-connectedness, articulation, unity in diversity, the 'multi-faceted' in 'the one'."[20] Adorno sent his essay to Virgil Thomson, then music critic of the New York Herald Tribune, who was also critical of Sibelius; Thomson, while agreeing with the essay's sentiment, declared to Adorno that "the tone of it [was] more apt to create antagonism toward [Adorno] than toward Sibelius".[1] Later, the composer, theorist and conductor René Leibowitz went so far as to describe Sibelius as "the worst composer in the world" in the title of a 1955 pamphlet.[21]

Sibelius has sometimes been criticized[by whom?] as a reactionary or even incompetent figure in 20th century classical music. Despite the innovations of the Second Viennese School, he continued to write in a strictly tonal idiom. Although Sibelius's music is considered by some critics to be insufficiently complex, he was immediately respected even by some of his more progressive peers.[who?] Critics[who?] who have sought to re-evaluate Sibelius's music have cited its self-contained internal structure, which distills everything down to a few motivic ideas and then permits the music to grow organically, as evidence of a previously under-appreciated radical bent to his work. The severe nature of Sibelius's orchestration is often noted[by whom?] as representing a "Finnish" character, stripping away the superfluous from music.

Evaluating Sibelius for The Washington Post, music critic Tim Page opined, "There are two things to be said straightaway about Sibelius. First, he is terribly uneven (much of his chamber music, a lot of his songs and most of his piano music might have been churned out by a second-rate salon composer from the 19th century on an off afternoon). Second, at his very best, he is often weird."[22] Perhaps one reason Sibelius has attracted both the praise and the ire of critics is that in each of his seven symphonies he approached the basic problems of form, tonality, and architecture in unique, individual ways. On the one hand, his symphonic (and tonal) creativity was novel, but others thought that music should be taking a different route. Sibelius's response to criticism was dismissive: "Pay no attention to what critics say. No statue has ever been put up to a critic."

In the latter decades of the twentieth century, Sibelius began to be re-assessed more favourably: Milan Kundera dubbed the composer's approach to be that of "antimodern modernism", standing outside the perpetual progression of the status quo.[1] In 1990, the composer Thea Musgrave was commissioned by the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra to write a piece in honour of the 125th anniversary of Sibelius's birth: Song of the Enchanter was premiered on 14 February 1991.[23] In 1984, American avant-garde composer Morton Feldman gave a lecture in Darmstadt, Germany, wherein he stated that "the people you think are radicals might really be conservatives – the people you think are conservatives might really be radical," whereupon he began to hum Sibelius' Fifth Symphony.[1]

Sibelius has fallen in and out of fashion, but remains one of the most popular 20th century symphonists, both in the concert hall and on record. Sibelius had spent much time producing profitable chamber music for home use, salon music, occasional works for the stage and other incidental music, all of which has now been systematically recorded on BIS Records' complete Sibelius Edition. This major editorial project to record every note Sibelius left us also encompasses surviving sketches and early versions of the major works.

Selected works[link]

These are ordered chronologically; the date is the date of composition rather than publication or first performance.

Orchestral works[link]

  • Kullervo, Symphonic Poem for soprano, baritone, chorus and orchestra, Op. 7 (1892)
  • En Saga, Tone Poem for orchestra, Op. 9 (1892/1902)
  • Karelia Overture for orchestra, Op. 10 (1893)
  • Karelia Suite for orchestra, Op. 11 (1893)
  • Rakastava (The Lover) for male voices and strings or strings and percussion, Op. 14 (1893/1911)
  • Lemminkäinen Suite (Four Legends from the Kalevala) for orchestra, Op. 22 (1893) – these legends, which include The Swan of Tuonela, are often performed separately
  • Skogsrået (The Wood Nymph), Tone Poem for orchestra, Op. 15 (1894)
  • Vårsång for orchestra, Op. 16 (1894)
  • Kung Kristian (King Christian), Suite from the incidental music for orchestra, Op. 27 (1898)
  • Sandels, Improvisation for chorus and orchestra, Op. 28 (1898)
  • Finlandia for orchestra and optional chorus, Op. 26 (1899)
  • Snöfrid for reciter, chorus and orchestra, Op. 29 (1899)
  • Tulen Synty (The Origin of Fire), Op. 32 (1902)
  • Symphony No. 1 in E minor for orchestra, Op. 39 (1899/1900)
  • Symphony No. 2 in D major for orchestra, Op. 43 (1902)
  • Violin Concerto in D minor, Op. 47 (1903/1905)
  • Kuolema (Valse triste and Scene with Cranes) for orchestra, Op. 44 (1904/06)
  • Dance Intermezzo for orchestra, Op. 45/2 (1904/07)
  • Pelléas et Mélisande, Incidental music/Suite for orchestra, Op. 46 (1905)
  • Pohjolan tytär (Pohjola's Daughter), Tone Poem for orchestra, Op. 49 (1906)
  • Symphony No. 3 in C major for orchestra, Op. 52 (1907)
  • Svanevit (Swan-white), Suite from the incidental music for orchestra, Op. 54 (1908)
  • Nightride and Sunrise, Tone Poem for orchestra, Op. 55 (1909)
  • Dryadi (The Dryad) for orchestra, Op. 45/1 (1910)
  • Two Pieces from Kuolema for orchestra, Op. 62 (1911)
  • Symphony No. 4 in A minor for orchestra, Op. 63 (1911)
  • Scenes Historiques, Suite No. 2, Op. 66 (1912)
  • Two Serenades for violin and orchestra, Op. 69 (1912)
  • Barden (The Bard), Tone Poem for orchestra and harp, Op. 64 (1913/14)
  • Luonnotar, Tone Poem for soprano and orchestra, Op. 70 (1913)
  • Aallottaret (The Oceanides), Tone Poem for orchestra, Op. 73 (1914)
  • Impromptu, Op. 78 (1915)
  • Symphony No. 5 in E flat major for orchestra, Op. 82 (1915, revised 1916 and 1919)
  • Oma Maa (Our Fatherland) for chorus and orchestra, Op. 92 (1918)
  • Jordens sång (Song of the Earth) for chorus and orchestra, Op. 93 (1919)
  • Valse Lyrique, Op. 96 (1920)
  • Symphony No. 6 in D minor for orchestra, Op. 104 (1923)
  • Symphony No. 7 in C major for orchestra, Op. 105 (1924)
  • The Tempest, Incidental music for soloists, chorus and orchestra, Op. 109 (1925)
  • Väinön virsi (Väinö's song) for chorus and orchestra, Op. 110 (1926)
  • Tapiola, Tone Poem for orchestra, Op. 112 (1926)
  • Andante Festivo (for string quartet 1922; string orchestra and timpani 1938)
  • Suite for violin and strings, Op 117

Other works[link]

Media[link]

See also[link]

Notes[link]

  1. ^ a b c d e Ross, Alex (2009) [2007]. "5". The Rest Is Noise: Listening to the Twentieth Century (3rd ed.). Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-1-84115-476-3 
  2. ^ "Brother Sibelius". http://www.masonmusic.org/sibelius.html. Retrieved 16 October 2011. 
  3. ^ "Setelit.com". Setelit.com. http://www.setelit.com/raha/347. Retrieved 30 January 2012. 
  4. ^ "Ministry of Interior-Days the Finnish flag is flown". http://www.intermin.fi/intermin/home.nsf/pages/C3E0FA94667D1B19C2256B640061558B?opendocument. 
  5. ^ Ekman 1972, p. 11.
  6. ^ http://www.sfsymphony.org/music/ProgramNotes.aspx?id=42132
  7. ^ http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/vapaamuurari.htm
  8. ^ a b Tawaststjerna, Erik; Robert Layton (Translator) (1976–1986). Sibelius. London: Faber & Faber.  Vol. I, 1865–1905. ISBN 0-571-08832-5; Vol. II, 1904–1914. ISBN 0-571-08833-3
  9. ^ Kari Kilpeläinen. "Sibelius Eight. What happened to it?". Finnish Music Quarterly 4/1995. http://www.fimic.fi/fimic/fimic.nsf/mainframe?readform&B17F0B92F76C013CC2256825004FBD08. 
  10. ^ http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Is+this+the+sound+of+Sibeliuss+lost+Eighth+Symphony/1135269867060
  11. ^ "The war and the destruction of the eighth symphony 1939–1945". Sibelius.fi. http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_kahdeksannen_tuhoaminen.htm. 
  12. ^ "INKPOT CLASSICAL MUSIC REVIEWS: SIBELIUS Karelia Suite. Luonnotar. Andante Festivo. The Oceanides. King Christian II Suite. Finlandia. Gothenburg SO/Järvi (DG)". Inkpot.com. http://inkpot.com/classical/sibjarvi.html. Retrieved 30 January 2012. 
  13. ^ Lebrecht, Norman. Discovered – first fragments of Sibelius’s destroyed 8th symphony, artsjournal.com, 15 November 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
  14. ^ Pike
  15. ^ Burnett-James, p. 41
  16. ^ Burnett-James, p. 94
  17. ^ Freed, William (1995). William Walton, Symphony No. 1 in B-flat minor [1968 version], Program note. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  18. ^ In: Lambert, Constant (1934). Music Ho!. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  19. ^ Walker, Lynne (2008). King Arthur. Classical Music / MusicWeb International. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  20. ^ Adorno, Theodor (1938). "Törne, B. de, Sibelius; A Close Up". Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung 7: 460–463  Later reprinted as "Glosse über Sibelius". Cited and translated in Jackson, Timothy L. (2001). "Preface". In Jackson, Timothy L.; Murtomäki, Veijo. Sibelius Studies. Cambridge University Press. xviii. ISBN 0-521-62416-9. http://books.google.com/?id=6p9lAkbz7fAC&pg=PR18&vq=%22if+sibelius+is+good%22&dq=%22sibelius+studies%22 
  21. ^ Leibowitz, René (1955). Sibelius, le plus mauvais compositeur du monde. Liège, Belgium: Éditions Dynamo. OCLC 28594116. 
  22. ^ "The Pulitzer Prizes | Finn de Siecle". Pulitzer.org. 29 September 1996. http://www.pulitzer.org/archives/5944. Retrieved 30 January 2012. 
  23. ^ Song of the Enchanter, Thea Musgrave.

References[link]

Further reading[link]

External links[link]

http://wn.com/Jean_Sibelius




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.


Jeff Lenosky
Personal information
Nickname J-Lo
Born (1971-04-19) April 19, 1971 (age 41)
 United States
Height 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)
Weight 99.79 kg (220.0 lb)
Team information
Discipline Freeride and Trials
Major wins
Teva Mountain Games Champion (2006)
Infobox last updated on
January 21, 2008

Jeff Lenosky (Born April 19, 1971) is an American world class professional Freeride and Trials Mountain Bicycle Rider.

Among his many athletic high points is the world record for the Bunny hop, a high jump event using a full size mountain bicycle. Lenosky competes in events world wide and performs demonstrations of his athletic riding skills along with products manufactured by his many sponsors. He has a signature frame and pedals developed with his design input. Mountain bike events world wide have been designed and constructed with his planning, design, and organizational skills. A review of mountain biking periodicals will reveal regular featured columns written by Lenosky featuring, how to, adventures, motivational and news to the novice and experienced enthusiast. Many DVD and VHS films are on the market from locations worldwide along with his many friends included in the screenplays. Lenosky used to ride for Sram but now rides for Shimano (Saint), Pro Components and Fox Racing Shox. He also rides for Teva, Giant, Mavic, Maxxis, Bell Helmets and Skull Candy.[1]

He lives in Sparta Township, New Jersey with his wife Amy and their children, Jack and Kaitlyn.[2] He is a graduate of East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania.

References[link]

  1. ^ "Freeridin’ the Web with Jeff Lenosky". http://bicycling.com/blogs/mbword/2008/12/30/freeridin-the-web-with-jeff-lenosky/. Retrieved 2009-07-28. 
  2. ^ Freud, Chris. "Smutok slides through in freeride finals at Vail Teva Games", Vail Daily, June 4, 2011. Accessed June 28, 2011. "Jeff Lenoski [sic], of Sparta, N.J., has been designing the freeride course at the Mountain Games for years and, each year, he tries to do something different."

http://wn.com/Jeff_Lenosky




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Lenosky

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.




Who do you love
I wanna know, I wanna know
Who do you love
I wanna know, I wanna know
Where did you go
When you kissed me good-night
You didn't walk home
The same way you did last-night
Where did you go
I wanna know, I wanna know
Where did you go
I wanna know, I wanna know
You were dancing with me
But I saw you flirting with her
Were all the pretty words you whispered to me
meant for her, meant for her
So Tell me
Who do you love
I wanna know, I wanna know
Who do you love
I wanna know, I wanna know
Mama said you were bad (this repeats)
And I should leave you alone
You had a playboys reputation
With all the girls you know
So I got to know
Just where I belong
Am I just another girl
Are you leading me on, leading me on
So tell me
Who do you love
I wanna know, I wanna know
Who do you love
I wanna know I wanna know
REPEAT
FADE
James J. Pastirak

Chorus 1
Who do you love?
I wanna know, I wanna know
Where did you go,
When you kissed me goodnight?
You didn't walk home,
The same way you did last night.
Chorus 2
Where did you go?
I wanna know, I wanna know
You were dancing with me,
But I saw you flirting with her.
Were all those pretty words you whispered to me,
Meant for her, meant for her?
So tell me.
Mama said you were bad,
And I should leave you alone.
You had a playboy reputation,
With all the girls youve known.
So I've got to know,
Just where I belong.
Am I just another girl,
Are you leading me on, leading me on?
So tell me
Chorus 1

Flailing under the auspices of a broken kingdom
Stuttering up the stairs of a broken house
The golden mansion
The hanging boudoir
The flowers, thick and heavy.
Blown away by rusting debris
In the belly of the gutted tower
Rapunzel dies today, Rapunzel dies
Cinched tight by her own hair
Golden self-destruct, miles long,
Neverending, neverending.
Passes over your skin soft as angel's breath
Help me. Help me. Help me.
I found myself choking on golden stardust
Coming up from my gut
My innermost nucleus
But then I realized
I was choking on the ashes of a dead sun.

When Isreal was in Egypt's land
Let me people go
Oppressed so hard the could not stand
Let my people go
Go down, Moses, way down in Egypt's land
Tell old Pharaoh, let my people go
So Moses went to Egypt's land
Let my people go
To make old Pharaoh understand
Let my people go
Thus spake the Lord, bold Moses said,
Let my people go
If not, I'll strike your firstborn dead

Whispers on the back porch
The don't want you anymore
He beat you till were raw
Then he took something more
Christine
At school the girls call you a whore
Your lunch money on the floor
But they look you up and down
You found that you were weak
At forgiving enemies
So much darkness in that room
No one gets you, no one could
Never giving in

10 a.m. and I'm drunk again
Bitter cognac, sweet relief
I held your mother before she floated away
Sweet baby skin
Broken window latch
Your nail lash, your warm flesh
The only way I'll ever love is by force
I'm asleep in the chasm.
The only way I'll ever love is by force
I run from hell through golden aloe
Everything moves so slow

Walk just behind me
In my shadow
Walk just behind me
Never stray
The sun is setting
Mountains on fire
We're so alone here
Don't go far
Sing a lullaby, sleep now
It's just a dream, sleep now
This can't be real, sleep now
The starlight marks
The path of the fearful
The ice caves glitter
In the dark
They're coming fast now
Blood on the snow
He holds her hand
Shuts her lifeless eyes
It's just a dream, sleep now
This can't be real, sleep now
The cold invites, sleep now
Open wide the gates
Horns sound from the bay
Open wide the gates
Don't look back in vain
You are like a swan
Trapped in ice
Beautiful, strong
And now I'm alone
This can't be real, sleep now
The cold invites, sleep now

Look how far I've come today
I feel I could go forever this way
My back is strong, my legs are long
My coat is warm, my shoes not worn.
But it grows colder, colder still.
It grows cold, it grows cold, it grows colder, colder.
I mark my day on the widow's walk
I watch the sea, hear the sailors talk;
I pined away on my deathbed,
Can you blame me for the things I did?
You grew colder, colder still.
You grew cold, you grew cold, you grew colder (your memory),
You grew cold, you grew cold, you grew colder, colder.
I broke the trust I had with you;
I broke your heart, I wasn't true.
I denied myself of pretty things;
I lied to myself to go on breathing.
I grew colder, colder still;
I grew cold, I grew cold, I grew colder, colder still,

Midnight
Harvest moon
We'll catch the coach
Not a moment too soon,
My love. let's fly away from here.
Autumn blush
Your first touch
Indian summer begins at dusk,
My love.
Our love will never die,
Our love will never die.
Winter pale
Killing frost
The doctor says prepare for loss,
My love.
Let's fly away from here.
Steel ground,
Fresh grave,
They laid us together, we'll make our way,
My love.

I took the safe road, I took the easy road
It looked so safe and comforting
There wasn't any trouble as far as I could see.
Avoided the twisty road,
Avoided the unknown,
My daddy said that was the devil's way
And God don't work in mystery noways.
Though I keep on trying to believe that there's an end to all this pain
I just keep moving on, I can't stop to think too long, oh no.
Though I keep on trying to believe that there's a way to be set free
I just keep losin' hold of the things that once gave me relief.
Got married in the winter, gave birth in the summer
In five years' time I had five young ones
But there was something missing, there was something wrong.
One day my husband came back from town
Said honey, you better sit down
There's been another woman for all this time
She's my one true love, can't get her from my mind
Now I break my back from crack of dawn
It's midnight when I get home
There never seems to be enough to eat
And I listen to my children cry themselves to sleep.
Though I keep on trying to believe that there's an end to all this pain
I just keep moving on, I can't stop to think too long, oh no.
Though I keep on trying to believe that there's an end to all this pain
I just look in the mirror and I know I only have myself to blame.
I took the safe road, I took the easy road
But I learned there is no safety there

Oh mother
Oh father
You gave me lief
You gave me death
Oh mother
Oh father
You loved me well
You can´t help me now
There is no escape
Dark water all around
On the broken bridge
Revere is bound
A dead-end maze
Dark passageways
Synapse collapse
Reality break
It's morning
Twelve hours of sleep
You won't believe the hours I keep
A veil is placed before my eyes
I can't see myself
I can't see their lies
I'm buried in this bag of skin
With sham circuitry
Where do I begin?
Oh mother
Oh father
You gave me life

We´ll scour the ghettos
For the trash of the earth
Put em on the frontline
They won't be missed
Step into my crucible
Warm yourself in my crucible
Burn and die in my crucible
We'll bribe their grieving families
With the fat of the land
Spread distorted visions
Till they eat from our hand
The victims of the system
Are the first to be served
To propagate that system
They're meat in our mill
Cast into the futile battle
In the caste system
Of feudal lords
Crying from the
Bottom of the pile
In the voice of a number
We're paragons of virtue
And you are the same
When you die in our turnstile

Fixed bayonets in the crisp autumn air
And I have to wonder why I don't even care
Scarlet epaulets and well-oiled hair
I have to wonder, really have to wonder
I invade the nations of the poor
But I can't fight my own battles, can't find a cure
I'll make them feel my rod till they can't take anymore
Can't find a cure, can't find a cure
A cry of war is heard throughout the land
But all I have is self-blame on hand
I'll crush their kingdom with a fistful of sand
Self-blame on hand, self-blame on hand.
I'll subject you to horror
I'll subject you cause I can't rule myself
I rule a nation
I rule a nation but I can't rule myself
Fixed bayonets in the crisp autumn air
And I have to wonder why I don't even care
I have to wonder why I don't even care

Watcher in the North
Regulus estate
Watcher in the South
Fomalhaut inverno
Watcher in the East
Aldebaran
Watcher in the West
Antares autunno
O Strega
Beneath the walnut tree
O Strega
Between the moon and the sea
Royal stars
Watchers
Four points in the star
Take me in your arms
Diana Dainus
Stag and Wolf
Kiss me, bless me

Heads on spikes, symbols on skulls*
Give me a reason to go on
The winter sky is full of ash
Broken homes, endless trash
But in the darkness he holds his son
He's all that's left, the only one
In the hills, the people hide
Join together, rot inside
In this land, the only hope
Is to die young, to not get old
But in the darkness he holds his son
He's all that's left, the only one
In the darkness he holds his son
There is no God, there is no love
Stripped to the marrow,
Their empty platitudes can't
Clothe them, feed them, heal them
They shuck them off like a thin, useless skin
That they've outgrown when hunger calls
How long must my journey go?

Oh, my Sally's done gone
And it's all my fault
Oh, my Sally's done gone
I never listened to a word she said
The purple hills
Seem to call out her name
Like the whippoorwill
I didn't listen to the warning she gave
I know there's no turning back
She tried to share
All her worries with me
But I was bowed down with care
I didn't see the trap I was in
One look in her eyes
Full of knowledge and pain
Oh, my pack of lies
Melted fast as my alibis
I know there's no turning back
And one day I'll be like a bird in flight
Floating over this valley so wide
And one day I'll be like a bird in flight

Mountains swallow you*
I separated myself from the earth
I separated myself from the sky
I separated myself from the crowd
Then I separated myself into two selves
O Lord
Then I turned myself against myself
I waged a war within myself
I turned myself against myself
I waged a war against myself

He´s a long way from home
And the shots cut him him down
I saw it in a dream I had last night
I saw the shots cut him down
And smoke all around
And his broken body lying in the sand
Though I know that my son died for a new day
And for all the millions that would pass this way
If God himself should knock on my door
I'd turn him away, say I ain't got no more to give
Well, the prince keeps us down
Steals our money for his crown
And the lies he tells us never go away
In the darkest night
We had to stand up and fight
It was that or die forever on our knees
The day he left for war,
Silhouetted against the door,

No one ever sees the puppet strings
No one ever sees the dark country
I know you're coming for me now
I feel you coming for me now
No one ever feels
The heavy weight of lies revealed
No one ever feels
The burning towns, the burning fields
I know you're coming for me now
I feel you coming for me now
I see that black horse coming now

Oh, it's good to die when you don't want to live no more
It's good to die when you don't want to live no more
When the happy moments of your life seem like tiny isolated islands
And the pieces of your soul are reaching up and choking you like liquid violence
Oh, it's good to die when you don't want to live no more

It's been 18 years in this prison cell
Separated from my best friend
He lives out in the men's wing
I send him pictures in my head.
How long must I suffer, Lord?
How much can I take?
How long must I languish, Lord,
Before they come take me away,
Take me away?
Gonna get free,
Gonna get free tonight.
I send the blueprints from my thoughts
And we plan our escape.
We ain't goin' nowhere without our friends,
So we tell them all the date.
Bessy's got the sledgehammer
And Marvin's got the screw.
Sally's got the heart of the guard,
She knows just what to do.
Gonna get free,
Gonna get free tonight.
We make our way in the moonlight,
It helps us on our way,
By the time they find our empty beds,
We're 18 miles away,
18 miles away.
Hold me tight.

Well met, well met, my own true love
Well met, well met, cried she
I've just returned from the salt, salt sea
And it's all for the love of thee
I could have married a King's daughter there
She would have married me
But I have forsaken my King's daughter there
And it's all for the love of thee
Well, if you could have married a King's daughter there
I'm sure you're the one to blame
For I am married to a house carpenter
And I'm sure he's a fine young man
Forsake, forsake your house carpenter
And come away with me
I'll take you where the green grass grows
On the shores of sunny Italy
So up she picked her babies three
And gave them kisses one, two, three
Saying, "Take good care of your daddy while I'm gone
And keep him good company"
Well, they were sailin' about two weeks
I'm sure it was not three
When the younger of the girls, she came on deck
Sayin' she wants company
"Well, are you weepin' for your house and home?
Or are you weepin' for your babies three?"
"Well, I'm not weepin' for my house carpenter
I'm weepin' for my babies three"
What are those hills yonder, my love
They look as white as snow
Those are the hills of heaven, my love
That you and I'll never know
What are those hills yonder, my love
They look as dark as night
Those are the hills of hellfire, my love
Where you and I will unite
Twice around went the gallant ship
I'm sure it was not three
When the ship all of a sudden, it sprung a leak

Subgenus lace
A chain-linked fate
The bees fly North
They can feel the hangman coming
Millions of machines
Never before seen
Unstitched, unraveling
Laid to rest in a dying world
Oh sister/brother, we're all burning high
I see white dust against the sky
This genocide rivals Dachau
In it's endless march of victims
They say the meek
Shall inherit the earth
But all I see are the helpless
Crushed by the wheel of man
They look away
They hide their face
Black market backwash
You see, in this world, money kills

Out on the quay
Trash for the day
I've got a feeling
I can't explain
Is it my future
Buried in my past?
All that I know is
It might just last
Black Joan
This begging life keeps
On dragging me down
I'm sick of small change
I'm sick of this town
Gotta find a new way
To make things right
Gotta write my own story;
It begin's tonight.
Black Joan
I hear my train a-comin
Black wheels like thunder rollin
Won't you help me pack my backs?
I'm leavin and I'm not comin back.
Dissatisfaction
Plagued me all long
But I never felt my lack

I know a path in the woods
Don't be afraid; they're only shadows
It's safer here when there's two
I thought I heard her calling
I thought I saw her falling
(I swear I saw her falling)
You look so levely in the shadows
I've forgotten why I ever angered
I see your eyes in the shallows
Her reflection lies in dirty water
And now her body's like an angel
Now her body's like an angel

They laugh at me, I'm all alone
They question me in jagged tones
They try to tell me what's true
And what's not true
As if they knew, as if they knew
They tell me how to feel
They tell me what I'm worth
They tell me how I've failed
All in their own words
They tell me how to love and how to get along
Passion's all right as long as it's not too strong
Here's how you play the game
Here's how you play your part
Here's how you go along
Here's how to neglect your heart
Fixed life
Like the stars

Don't tread the path of the enlightened*
Don't swallow their sugared seeds of poison
Their Da'ath leads to that black moonrise
Where the bodies stack up to the rafters
We touch the planets yet we're no closer to the heavens
We gaze at the stars from our pig trough
We map the silver depths of the ocean
While we bathe in the blood of the hated
Spare me from your kingdom
Born without a coin in my mouth
I still crawl toward the sun
Hands in the cracks of the walls of your mind
I dismantle your thoughts
Eating grapes in dens of steel
Buffing that old carnage wheel
Sitting safe on marble thrones