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Charon coming to ferry souls to Hell, in Canto 10 of The Divine Comedy. The engraving is by Doré.

Year 1300 (MCCC) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events[link]

January–December[link]

• February 22 – The Jubilee of Pope Boniface VIII is celebrated. It is at this celebration that Giovanni Villani decides to write his universal history of Florence, the Cronica.
• March 10 – Wardrobe accounts of King Edward I of England (aka Edward Longshanks) include a reference to a game called creag being played at the town of Newenden in Kent. It is generally agreed that creag was an early form of cricket (see also History of cricket to 1696).
• June 15 – The city of Bilbao receives a royal foundation charter.

Date unknown[link]

• Money from Florence, Italy becomes the first international currency.
• Philip IV of France begins his attempt to annex Flanders.
• Wenceslas II of Bohemia becomes King of Poland.
• A census in Imperial China finds that it has roughly 60 million inhabitants (having lost 20 million after nearly a century of Mongolian conquests).
• The Tuareg establish a state centered on Agadez.
• Amsterdam is officially declared a city.
• Jacob ben Machir is appointed dean of the medical school at Montpellier.
• Aztec culture starts in Mesoamerica (approximate date).

Births[link]

• March 21 – Henry Suso, German mystic (d. 1366)
• June 1 – Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk, son of Edward I of England (d. 1338)
• September 27 – Adolf, Count Palatine of the Rhine (d. 1327)
• date unknown
  • John III, Duke of Brabant (d. 1355)
  • Jean Buridan, French philosopher and religious skeptic (d. 1358)
  • Khutughtu Khan, Emperor Mingzong of Yuan, emperor of the Yuan Dynasty (d. 1329)
  • Chihab Addine Abul-Abbas Ahmad ben Fadhl Al-Umari, Arab historian (d. 1384)
  • Robert, Count of Burgundy (d. 1315)
• probable
  • Dionigi di Borgo San Sepolcro, Augustinian monk (d. 1342)
  • Geoffroi de Charny, French knight and chivalric writer (d. 1356)
  • Richard FitzRalph, Archbishop of Armagh (d. 1360)
  • Taddeo Gaddi, Italian painter and architect (d. 1366)
  • John of Winterthur, Swiss historian
  • Laurence Minot, English poet (d. 1352)

Deaths[link]

• May 2 – Blanche of Artois, regent of Navarre
• July 18 – Gerard Segarelli, founder of the Apostolic Brethren (burned at stake)
• August 29 – Guido Cavalcanti, Italian poet (b. 1250)
• September – Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall (approximate date; b. 1249)
• December – Jean de Montfort-Castres, Count of Squillace
• date unknown
  • Tsar Chaka, Mongol ruler of Bulgaria
  • Tran Hung Dao, Vietnamese general
  • Jacob van Maerlant, Flemish poet
  • Richard Middleton, English theologian and philosopher
  • William of Nangis, French chronicler
  • Munio de Zamora, General of the Dominican Order

In fiction[link]

• March 25 (Good friday) – The date of Dante's journey as the protagonist in his own epic poem, The Divine Comedy. Beginning with the Inferno, he made many cultural references to his time.

References[link]

• Alexandra Gajewski & Zoë Opacic (ed.), The Year 1300 and the Creation of a New European Architecture (Architectura Medii Aevi, 1), Turnhout: Brepols, 2007. ISBN 978-2-503-52286-9

Lee Harvey Oswald
180px Dallas Police Department color mugshot, November 23, 1963
Born	(1939-10-18)October 18, 1939 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
Died	November 24, 1963(1963-11-24) (aged 24) Parkland Memorial Hospital Dallas, Texas, U.S.
Cause of death	Murdered by Jack Ruby
Body discovered	Dallas Police Headquarters basement 32°46′53″N 96°47′36″W / 32.781484°N 96.793282°W / 32.781484; -96.793282 (1963 Site of Dallas Police Headquarters)
Resting place	Rose Hill Cemetery Fort Worth, Texas 32°43′57″N 97°12′12″W / 32.732455°N 97.203223°W / 32.732455; -97.203223 (Burial site of Lee Harvey Oswald)
Nationality	American
Other names	Alek J. Hidell O. H. Lee
Spouse	Marina Prusakova (m. 1961–1963, his death)
Signature

Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was, according to four government investigations,^{[n 1]} the sniper who assassinated John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963.

A former U.S. Marine who had briefly (October 1959 – June 1962) defected to the Soviet Union, Oswald was initially arrested for the murder of police officer J. D. Tippit, on a Dallas street approximately 40 minutes after Kennedy was shot. Suspected in the assassination of Kennedy as well, Oswald denied involvement in either of the killings. Two days later, while being transferred from police headquarters to the county jail, Oswald was shot and killed by nightclub owner Jack Ruby in full view of television cameras broadcasting live.

In 1964, the Warren Commission concluded that Oswald acted alone in assassinating Kennedy, firing three shots, a conclusion also reached by prior investigations carried out by the FBI and Dallas Police Department. In 1979, the House Select Committee on Assassinations concluded that Oswald fired the shots which killed Kennedy, but differed from previous investigations in concluding he 'probably' did not act alone. The evidence used to form this conclusion has since been disputed.

Early life[link]

Childhood[link]

Oswald was born in New Orleans on October 18, 1939,^[1] to Marguerite Frances (née Claverie; New Orleans, Louisiana, July 19, 1907 – Fort Worth, Texas, January 17, 1981) and Robert Edward Lee Oswald, Sr. (New Orleans, Louisiana, March 4, 1896 – New Orleans, August 19, 1939). Oswald had two older siblings – brother Robert Edward Lee Oswald, Jr. and half-brother John Edward Pic.^[2] His ancestry included English, Irish, French, Dutch, and German (Bavarian).^[3][4]

As a child, Oswald was withdrawn and temperamental.^[5] In August 1952, while living with half-brother John Pic, at the time a U.S. Coast Guardsman stationed in New York City, Oswald and Marguerite were asked to leave after Oswald allegedly threatened Pic's wife with a knife and struck their mother, Marguerite.^[2][6][7]

Charges of truancy, in the Bronx (NYC), led to psychiatric assessment^[2] at a juvenile reformatory, the psychiatrist, Dr. Renatus Hartogs, describing Oswald's "vivid fantasy life, turning around the topics of omnipotence and power, through which he tries to compensate for his present shortcomings and frustrations." Finding a "personality pattern disturbance with schizoid features and passive-aggressive tendencies," Dr. Hartogs recommended continued treatment.^[8] However, in January 1954, Oswald's mother Marguerite returned with him to New Orleans.^[2][9] At the time, there was a question pending before a New York judge as to whether Oswald should be removed from the care of his mother to finish his schooling,^[10] although his behavior appeared to improve during his last months in New York.^[11][12]

In New Orleans, in October 1955, Oswald left the 10th grade after one month.^[13] He worked as an office clerk or messenger around New Orleans, rather than attend school. Planning for his enlistment,^[2] the family returned to Fort Worth in July 1956, and he re-enrolled in 10th grade for the September session at Arlington Heights High School in Fort Worth, but quit in October to join the Marines (see below);^[2] he never received a high school diploma. By the of age 17, he had resided at 22 different locations and attended 12 different schools.^{[n 2]}

Though he had trouble spelling^[2] and writing coherently^[14] he read voraciously, and by age 15 claimed to be a Marxist, writing in his diary, "I was looking for a key to my environment, and then I discovered socialist literature. I had to dig for my books in the back dusty shelves of libraries." At 16 he wrote to the Socialist Party of America for information on their Young People's Socialist League, saying he had been studying socialist principles for "well over fifteen months."^[15] However, Edward Voebel, "whom the Warren Commission had established was Oswald's closest friend during his teenage years in New Orleans...said that reports that Oswald was already 'studying Communism' were a 'lot of baloney.' " Voebel said that "Oswald commonly read 'paperback trash.'"^[16][17]

While a teenager Oswald attended Civil Air Patrol meetings in New Orleans, in 1955. Other cadets recall him attending "three or four" times, or "10 or 12 times" over a one- or two-month period.^[18][19][20]

Marine Corps[link]

Oswald when he served in the US Marine Corps

Oswald enlisted in the United States Marine Corps on October 24, 1956, just after his seventeenth birthday. He idolized his older brother Robert and a photograph, after his arrest by Dallas police, shows Lee wearing his brother's Marines ring.^[21] One witness testified to the Warren Commission that Oswald's enlistment may also have been an escape from his overbearing mother.^[22]

Oswald's primary training was as a radar operator, a position requiring a security clearance. A May 1957 document states that he was "granted final clearance to handle classified matter up to and including CONFIDENTIAL after careful check of local records had disclosed no derogatory data."^[23] In the Aircraft Control and Warning Operator Course he finished seventh in a class of thirty. The course "...included instruction in aircraft surveillance and the use of radar."^[24] He was assigned first to Marine Corps Air Station El Toro in July 1957,^[25] then to Naval Air Facility Atsugi in Japan in September as part of Marine Air Control Squadron 1.

Like all Marines, Oswald was trained and tested in shooting, scoring 212 in December 1956^[13] (slightly above the minimum for qualification as a sharpshooter) but in May 1959 scoring only 191^[13] (barely earning the lower designation of marksman).^[26]

Oswald was court-martialed after accidentally shooting himself in the elbow with an unauthorized handgun, then court-martialed again for fighting with a sergeant he thought responsible for his punishment in the shooting matter. He was demoted from private first class to private and briefly imprisoned. He was later punished for a third incident: while on night-time sentry duty in the Philippines, he inexplicably fired his rifle into the jungle.^[27]

Slightly built, Oswald was nicknamed Ozzie Rabbit after the cartoon character, or sometimes Oswaldskovich because of his pro-Soviet sentiments. In December 1958 he transferred back to El Toro,.^[28] where his unit's function "...was to serveil [sic] for aircraft, but basically to train both enlisted men and officers for later assignment overseas." An officer there said that Oswald was a "very competent" crew chief.^[29]

While in the Marines, Oswald made an effort to teach himself rudimentary Russian. Although an unusual accomplishment, in February 1959 he was invited to take a Marine proficiency exam in written and spoken Russian. His effort at the time was rated "poor".^[30]

Adult life and early crimes[link]

Defection to the Soviet Union[link]

In October 1959, just before turning 20, Oswald traveled to the Soviet Union, the trip planned well in advance. On September 11, 1959, he received a hardship discharge from active service, claiming his mother needed care, and was put on reserve.^[13][31][32] Along with his self-taught Russian, he had saved $1,500 of his Marine Corps salary,^{[n 3]} obtained a passport, and submitted several fictional applications to foreign universities in order to obtain a student visa.^{[clarification needed]} Oswald spent two days with his mother in Fort Worth, then embarked by ship from New Orleans on September 20 to Le Havre, France, then immediately proceeded to England. Arriving in Southampton on October 9, he told officials he had $700 and planned to remain in the United Kingdom for one week before proceeding to a school in Switzerland. But on the same day, he flew to Helsinki, where he was issued a Soviet visa on October 14. Oswald left Helsinki by train on the following day, crossed the Soviet border at Vainikkala, and arrived in Moscow on October 16.^[33]

Almost immediately, Oswald told his Intourist guide of his desire to become a Soviet citizen,^[34] but was told on October 21 that his application had been refused. Oswald then inflicted a minor but bloody wound to his left wrist in his hotel room bathtub, after which the Soviets put him under psychiatric observation at a hospital.^[35][36]

On October 31, Oswald appeared at the United States embassy in Moscow, declaring a desire to renounce his U.S. citizenship.^[37][38] Oswald told the interviewing officer at the U.S. embassy, Richard Snyder, "...that he had been a radar operator in the Marine Corps and that he had voluntarily stated to unnamed Soviet officials that as a Soviet citizen he would make known to them such information concerning the Marine Corps and his specialty as he possessed. He intimated that he might know something of special interest."^[39] (Such statements led to Oswald's hardship/honorable military discharge being changed to undesirable.)^[40] The Associated Press story of the defection of a U.S. Marine to the Soviet Union was reported on the front pages of some newspapers in 1959.^[41]

Though Oswald had wanted to attend Moscow University, he was sent to Minsk to work as a lathe operator at the Gorizont (Horizon) Electronics Factory, a facility producing radios, televisions, and military and space electronics. While working there, he interacted with Stanislau Shushkevich, future head of state of Belarus, who worked at the time on this factory. Stanislau Shushkevich was assigned to teach Lee Harvey Oswald Russian.^[42] Oswald also received a subsidized,^{[clarification needed]} fully furnished studio apartment in a prestigious building and an additional supplement to his factory pay—all in all, an idyllic existence by Soviet working-class standards,^[43] although he was under constant surveillance.^[44]

But Oswald grew bored in Minsk.^[45] He wrote in his diary in January 1961: "I am starting to reconsider my desire about staying. The work is drab, the money I get has nowhere to be spent. No nightclubs or bowling alleys, no places of recreation except the trade union dances. I have had enough."^[46] Shortly afterwards, Oswald (who had never formally renounced his U.S. citizenship) wrote to the U.S. Embassy in Moscow requesting return of his American passport, and proposing to return to the U.S. if any charges against him would be dropped.^[47]

In March 1961, Oswald met Marina Nikolayevna Prusakova, a 19-year-old pharmacology student; they married less than six weeks later in April.^{[n 4][48]} The Oswalds' first child, June, was born on February 15, 1962. On May 24, 1962, Oswald and Marina applied at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow for documents enabling her to immigrate to the U.S. and, on June 1, the U.S. Embassy gave Oswald a repatriation loan of $435.71.^[49] Oswald, Marina, and their infant daughter left for the United States, where they received no attention from the press, much to Oswald's disappointment.^{[clarification needed][50]}

Dallas[link]

The Oswalds soon settled in the Dallas/Fort Worth area, where his mother and brother Robert lived, and Oswald began a memoir on Soviet life. Though he eventually gave up the project, his search for literary feedback put him in touch with anti-Communist Russian émigrés in the area.^{[citation needed]} In testimony to the Warren Commission, Alexander Kleinlerer said that the Russian émigrés sympathized with Marina, while merely tolerating Oswald, whom they regarded as rude and arrogant.^{[51][n 5]}

Although the Russian émigrés eventually abandoned Marina when she made no sign of leaving Oswald,^[52] Oswald found an unlikely friend in 51-year-old Russian émigré George de Mohrenschildt, a well-educated petroleum geologist with intelligence connections.^[53] (A native of Russia, de Mohrenschildt told the Warren Commission that Oswald had a "...remarkable fluency in Russian.")^[54] Marina, meanwhile, befriended Ruth Paine,^[55] a Quaker who was trying to learn Russian, and her husband Michael who worked for Bell Helicopter.^[56] (Ruth Paine said that she first met the Oswalds at a party arranged by de Mohrenschildt.)^[57]

In July 1962, Oswald was hired by Dallas' Leslie Welding Company; he disliked the work and quit after three months. (Warren Commission exhibit CE 1891^[58] states that Mrs. Virginia Hale of Fortune Road, employed in the Fort Worth office of the Texas Employment Commission, sent Oswald out on the job to the Leslie Welding Company.) In October, he was hired by the graphic-arts firm of Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall as a photoprint trainee.^{[n 6]} (George de Mohrenschildt's wife and daughter said that it was George de Mohrenschildt who secured the job at Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall for Oswald.)^[59] Oswald's inefficiency and rudeness at his new job were such that fights threatened to break out,^{[n 7][clarification needed]} and he was seen^{[by whom?]} reading a Russian publication, Krokodil.^{[n 8]} He was fired during the first week of April 1963.^[60] He may have used equipment at the firm to forge identification documents.^{[61][clarification needed]}

Edwin Walker assassination attempt[link]

In March 1963, Oswald purchased a 6.5 mm caliber Carcano rifle by mail-order, using the alias A. Hidell,^[62] as well as a .38 Smith & Wesson Model 10 revolver by the same method.^[63]

Marina Oswald testified to the Warren Commission that Lee Harvey Oswald confessed to her on the night of April 10, 1963, that he shot at General Edwin Walker with his rifle, and buried the rifle that night.^[64] The Warren Commission concluded that on April 10, 1963, Oswald attempted to kill retired U.S. Major General Edwin Walker,^[65] an outspoken anti-communist, segregationist, and member of the John Birch Society. In 1961, Walker had been relieved of his command of the 24th Division of the U.S. Army in West Germany for distributing right-wing literature to his troops.^[66][67] Walker's later actions in opposition to racial integration at the University of Mississippi led to his arrest on insurrection, seditious conspiracy, and other charges. He was temporarily held in a mental institution on orders from President Kennedy's brother, Attorney General Robert Kennedy, but a grand jury refused to indict him.^[68] Oswald's wife, Marina told the Warren Commission that Oswald considered Walker the leader of a "fascist organization."^[69]

The Warren Commission concluded that Oswald fired at Walker through a window, from less than 100 feet (30 m) away, as Walker sat at a desk in his home; the bullet struck the window-frame and Walker's only injury was bullet fragments to the forearm. Marina testified to the Warren Commission that Oswald told her that he had shot at Walker.^[69] (The United States House Select Committee on Assassinations stated that the "evidence strongly suggested" that Oswald carried out the shooting.)^[70]

Before the Kennedy assassination, Dallas police had no suspects in the Walker shooting,^[71] but Oswald's involvement was suspected within hours of his arrest following the assassination.^[72] (A note Oswald left for Marina on the night of the attempt, telling her what to do if he did not return, was not found until early December 1963.)^[73][74][75] The Walker bullet was too damaged to run conclusive ballistics studies on it,^[76] but neutron activation analysis later showed that it was "extremely likely" that it was made by the same manufacturer and for the same rifle make as the two bullets which later struck Kennedy.^{[n 9]}

George de Mohrenschildt, friend of the Oswalds when they were in Dallas, told the Warren Commission that he strongly suspected that Oswald took a 'pot shot' at General Walker, because the following weekend, on the night of Easter Sunday, April 14, 1963, George and Jeanne De Mohrenschildt brought an Easter bunny to baby June Oswald, and when Marina was showing Jeanne their new apartment, Oswald's dug-up rifle appeared in a closet. Jeanne exclaimed to George that Lee had a rifle, and George joked to Lee, "Were you the one who took a pot-shot at General Walker?" At this point Lee and Marina both became stunned for an uncomfortable moment of silence, and then George broke the ice by laughing, and they all laughed. George de Mohrenschildt testified that this was the last time he ever saw Oswald, and that he had a strong feeling that Oswald was guilty of shooting at General Walker.^{[citation needed]}

New Orleans[link]

Oswald rented an apartment in this building in Uptown New Orleans c. May–September 1963

Oswald passing out "Fair Play for Cuba" leaflets in New Orleans, August 16, 1963

Oswald returned to New Orleans on April 24, 1963.^[77] Marina's friend, Ruth Paine, drove her by car from Dallas to join Oswald in New Orleans the next month in May.^[78] On May 10, Oswald was hired by the Reily Coffee Company whose owner (William Reily) was a backer of the Crusade to Free Cuba Committee, an anti-Castro organization.^[79] Oswald worked as a machinery greaser at Reily, but he was fired in July "...because his work was not satisfactory and because he spent too much time loitering in Adrian Alba's garage next door, where he read rifle and hunting magazines."^[80][81]

On May 26, Oswald wrote to the New York City headquarters of the pro-Castro Fair Play for Cuba Committee, proposing to rent "...a small office at my own expense for the purpose of forming a FPCC branch here in New Orleans."^[82] Three days later, the FPCC responded to Oswald's letter advising against opening a New Orleans office "at least not ... at the very beginning."^[83] In a follow-up letter, Oswald replied, "Against your advice, I have decided to take an office from the very beginning."^[84]

As the sole member of the New Orleans chapter of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee, Oswald ordered the following items from a local printer: 500 application forms, 300 membership cards, and 1,000 leaflets with the heading, "Hands Off Cuba."^[85] According to Lee Oswald's wife Marina, Lee told her to sign the name "A.J. Hidell" as chapter president on his membership card.^[86]

On August 5 and 6, according to anti-Castro militant Carlos Bringuier, Oswald visited him at a store he owned in New Orleans. Bringuier was the New Orleans delegate for the Student Revolutionary Directorate (DRE), an anti-Castro organization. Bringuier would later tell the Warren Commission that he believed Oswald's visits were an attempt by Oswald to infiltrate his group.^[87] On August 9, Oswald turned up in downtown New Orleans handing out pro-Castro leaflets. Bringuier confronted Oswald, claiming he was tipped off about Oswald's leafleting by a friend. A scuffle ensued and Oswald, Bringuier, and two of Bringuier's friends were arrested for disturbing the peace.^[88] Before leaving the police station, Oswald asked to speak with an FBI agent. Agent John Quigley arrived and spent over an hour talking to Oswald.^[89]

A week later, on August 16, Oswald again passed out Fair Play for Cuba leaflets with two hired helpers, this time in front of the International Trade Mart. The incident was filmed by WDSU – the local TV station.^[90] The next day, Oswald was interviewed by WDSU radio commentator William Stuckey, who probed Oswald's background.^[91][92] A few days later, Oswald accepted Stuckey's invitation to take part in a radio debate with Carlos Bringuier and Bringuier's associate Edward Butler, head of the right-wing Information Council of the Americas (INCA).^[91][93]

One of Oswald's Fair Play for Cuba leaflets had the address "544 Camp Street" hand-stamped on it, apparently by Oswald himself.^[94] The address was in the "Newman Building" which, from October 1961 to February 1962, housed the militant anti-Castro group, the Cuban Revolutionary Council.^[95][96] Around the corner but located in the same building, with a different entrance, was the address 531 Lafayette Street—the address of "Guy Banister Associates", a private detective agency run by former FBI agent Guy Banister. Banister's office was involved in anti-Castro and private investigative activities in the New Orleans area. In September 1960, the CIA had considered using Guy Banister Associates for the collection of foreign intelligence, but decided against it.^[97][98]

In the late-1970s, the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) investigated the possible relationship of Oswald to Banister's office. While the committee was unable to interview Guy Banister (who died in 1964), the committee did interview his brother Ross Banister. Ross "...told the committee that his brother had mentioned seeing Oswald hand out Fair Play for Cuba literature on one occasion. Ross theorized that Oswald had used the 544 Camp Street address on his literature to embarrass Guy."^[99]

Guy Banister's secretary, Delphine Roberts, told author Anthony Summers that she saw Oswald at Banister's office, and that he filled out one of Banister's "agent" application forms. She said, "Oswald came back a number of times. He seemed to be on familiar terms with Banister and with the office."^[100] The House Select Committee on Assassinations investigated Roberts' claims and said that "because of contradictions in Roberts' statements to the committee and lack of independent corroboration of many of her statements, the reliability of her statements could not be determined."^[101]

Oswald's mid-1963 New Orleans activities were later investigated by New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison, as part of his prosecution of Clay Shaw in 1969. Garrison was particularly interested in an associate of Guy Banister—a man named David Ferrie^[102] and his possible connection to Oswald, which Ferrie himself denied.^[103] Ferrie died before Garrison could complete his investigation.^[104] Charged with conspiracy in the JFK assassination, Shaw was found not guilty.

In 1993, the PBS television program Frontline obtained a photograph, taken eight years before the assassination, showing Oswald and Ferrie at a Civil Air Patrol cookout with other C.A.P. cadets.^{[clarification needed][105]}

Mexico[link]

Marina's friend, Ruth Paine, transported Marina and her child by car from New Orleans to the Paine home in Irving, Texas, near Dallas, on September 23, 1963.^[78][106] Oswald stayed in New Orleans at least two more days to collect a $33 unemployment check. It is uncertain when he left New Orleans: he is next known to have boarded a bus in Houston—bound for the Mexican border, rather than Dallas, and telling other passengers he planned to travel to Cuba via Mexico.^[107] In Mexico City, he applied for a transit visa at the Cuban Embassy,^[108] claiming he wanted to visit Cuba on his way back to the Soviet Union. Cuban officials insisted Oswald would need Soviet approval, but he was unable to get prompt co-operation from that embassy.

After five days of shuttling between consulates, a heated argument with the Cuban consul, impassioned pleas to KGB agents, and at least some CIA scrutiny,^[109] Oswald was told by the Cuban consul that he was disinclined to approve the visa, saying "a person like [Oswald] in place of aiding the Cuban Revolution, was doing it harm."^[110] Nonetheless, on October 18, the Cuban embassy indeed approved the visa, but Oswald did not in fact embark for Cuba.^{[citation needed]} (Eleven days before the assassination of Kennedy, Oswald wrote to the Soviet embassy in Washington, D.C., saying, "Had I been able to reach the Soviet Embassy in Havana as planned, the embassy there would have had time to complete our business.")^{[clarification needed][111][112]}

Return to Dallas[link]

Texas School Book Depository, where Oswald was an employee

Instead, on October 3, 1963, Oswald left by bus for Dallas. According to the Warren Commission, on October 14, a neighbor told Ruth Paine that there was a job opening at the Texas School Book Depository, an opening reported by her son Wesley Buell Frazier, who had a job there. Mrs. Paine informed Oswald, who was interviewed at the Depository and was hired there on October 16.^[113] Oswald's supervisor Roy Truly, said that Oswald "did a good day's work" and was an above average employee.^[114] During the week, Oswald stayed in a Dallas rooming house (under the name O.H. Lee),^[115] but he spent his weekends with Marina at the Paine home in Irving. Oswald did not drive, but commuted to and from Dallas on Mondays and Fridays with Wesley Frazier. On October 20, the Oswalds' second daughter was born.

FBI agents twice visited the Paine home in early November, when Oswald was not present, looking for information on Marina, whom they suspected of being a Soviet agent.^[116] Oswald visited the Dallas FBI office about 7 to 10 days before the assassination, asking to see Special Agent James Hosty; told Hosty was unavailable, Oswald left a note that, according to the receptionist, read: "Let this be a warning. I will blow up the FBI and the Dallas Police Department if you don’t stop bothering my wife. Signed—Lee Harvey Oswald." The note allegedly contained some sort of threat, but accounts varied widely as to whether Oswald threatened to "blow up the FBI" or merely "report this to higher authorities".^[117] Hosty testified that the note said, "If you have anything you want to learn about me, come talk to me directly. If you don't cease bothering my wife, I will take the appropriate action and report this to the proper authorities." Agent Hosty reported he destroyed the note after Oswald was named the suspect in the JFK assassination, as he was ordered to do by his superiors.

In the days before Kennedy's arrival, several newspapers described the route of the presidential motorcade as passing the Book Depository.^[118] On November 21 (a Thursday) Oswald asked Frazier for an unusual mid-week lift back to Irving, saying he had to pick up some curtain rods. The next morning (Friday) he returned to Dallas with Frazier; he left behind $170 and his wedding ring,^[119] but took with him a paper bag.^[120] Oswald's co-worker, Charles Givens, testified that he last saw Oswald on the sixth floor of the Depository at 11:55 a.m.—35 minutes before the assassination.^{[n 10]}

Kennedy and Tippit shootings[link]

According to several government investigations, including the Warren Commission, as Kennedy's motorcade passed through Dallas's Dealey Plaza about 12:30 p.m. on November 22, Oswald fired three rifle shots from the sixth-floor, southeast corner window of the Book Depository,^[121] killing the President and seriously wounding Texas Governor John Connally. Bystander James Tague received a minor facial injury. According to the investigations, immediately after firing his last shot, Oswald hid and covered the rifle with boxes and descended using the rear stairwell. About ninety seconds after the shooting, in the second-floor lunchroom, he encountered police officer Marrion Baker accompanied by Oswald's supervisor Roy Truly; Baker let Oswald pass after Truly identified him as an employee. According to Baker, Oswald did not appear to be nervous or out of breath.^[122] Oswald descended using the front staircase, and left the Depository through the front entrance just before police sealed it off. Oswald's supervisor, Roy Truly, later pointed out to officers that Oswald was the only employee that he was certain was missing.^[123][124]

Witness Howard Brennan photographed in the same position where he was on November 22, 1963 across from the Texas School Book Depository. Circle "A" indicates where he saw a man fire from a rifle at the presidential motorcade

At about 12:40 p.m., Oswald boarded a city bus but (probably due to heavy traffic) he requested a transfer from the driver and got off two blocks later.^[125] He took a taxicab to his rooming house, at 1026 North Beckley Avenue, arriving at about 1:00 p.m. He entered through the front door and, according to his housekeeper Earlene Roberts, immediately went to his room, "walking pretty fast".^[126] Oswald left "a very few minutes" later, zipping up a jacket he was not wearing when he had entered earlier, and that she last saw Oswald standing at the northbound Beckley Avenue bus stop in front of the house.^[127]

Oswald was next witnessed near the corner of East 10th Street and North Patton Avenue, about nine-tenths of a mile (1.4 km) southeast of his rooming house—a distance that the Warren Commission said, "Oswald could have easily walked".^[128] According to the Warren Commission, it was here that Patrolman J. D. Tippit pulled alongside Oswald and "apparently exchanged words with [him] through the right front or vent window."^[129] "Shortly after 1:15 p.m.",^{[n 11]} Tippit exited his car and was immediately struck and killed by four shots.^[129][130] Numerous witnesses heard the shots and saw a man flee the scene holding a revolver.^{[131][n 12]} Four cartridge cases found at the scene were identified by expert witnesses^[132] before the Warren Commission and the House Select Committee as having been fired from the revolver later found in Oswald's possession, to the exclusion of all other weapons. The bullets taken from Tippit's body could not be positively identified however as coming from Oswald's revolver.^[132][133]

Capture[link]

Oswald being led from the Texas Theatre after his arrest inside 32°44′36″N 96°49′34″W / 32.743291°N 96.825983°W / 32.743291; -96.825983 (Site of the Texas Theatre)

Shoe store manager Johnny Brewer testified that minutes later he saw Oswald "ducking into" the entrance alcove of his store. Suspicious of this activity, Brewer watched Oswald continue up the street and slip into the nearby Texas Theatre without paying.^[134] He alerted the theater's ticket clerk, who telephoned police^[135] at about 1:40 pm.

As police arrived, the house lights were brought up and Brewer pointed out Oswald sitting near the rear of the theater. Oswald appeared to surrender (saying, "Well, it is all over now"^[136]) then pulled a pistol tucked into the front of his trousers, pointed it at an officer, and pulled the trigger. However, the officer (Nick McDonald) stated that the hammer came down on the webbing between his thumb and first finger of his own left hand as he grabbed for the pistol, and it did not fire. Oswald also struck the officer with his left hand. However, the officer struck back and Oswald was disarmed after a struggle.^[137][138] As he was led from the theater, Oswald shouted he was a victim of police brutality.^[136]

At about 2 p.m., Oswald arrived at the Police Department building, where he was questioned by Detective Jim Leavelle about the shooting of Officer Tippit. When Captain J. W. Fritz heard Oswald's name, he recognized it as that of the Book Depository employee who was reported missing and was already a suspect in the assassination.^[139][140] Oswald was booked^[when?] for both murders, and by the end of the night he had been arraigned as well.^[141]

Soon after his capture Oswald encountered reporters in a hallway, declaring "I didn't shoot anyone" and "They're taking me in because of the fact I lived in the Soviet Union. I'm just a patsy!" Later, at an arranged press meeting, a reporter asked, "Did you kill the President?" and Oswald, who by that time had been advised of the charge of murdering Tippit, but not yet arraigned in Kennedy's death, answered "No, I have not been charged with that. In fact, nobody has said that to me yet. The first thing I heard about it was when the newspaper reporters in the hall asked me that question." As he was led from the room, "What did you do in the USSR?" was called out, and "How did you hurt your eye?"; Oswald answered, "A policeman hit me."^{[142][143][144]}

Police interrogation[link]

Fake selective service (draft) card in the name of Alek James Hidell, found on Oswald when arrested. A.Hidell was the name used on both envelope and order slip to buy the alleged murder weapon (see CE 773),^[145] and A. J. Hidell was the alternate name on the New Orleans post office box rented June 11, 1963, by Oswald.^[146] Both the alleged murder weapon and the pistol in Oswald's possession at arrest had earlier been shipped (at separate times) to Oswald's Dallas P.O. Box 2915, as ordered by "A. J. Hidell".^[147]

The grave of Lee Harvey Oswald

Oswald was interrogated several times during his two days at Dallas Police Headquarters. He denied killing Kennedy and Tippit, denied owning a rifle, said two photographs of him holding a rifle and a pistol were fakes, denied telling his co-worker he wanted a ride to Irving to get curtain rods for his apartment, and denied carrying a long heavy package to work the morning of the assassination. The Warren Commission also noted that Oswald denied knowing an A. J. Hidell, and when shown a forged Selective Service card bearing that name in his possession when arrested, refused to answer any questions concerning it, saying "...you have the card yourself and you know as much about it as I do." ^[148] The Warren Commission noted that this "spurious" card bore the name of Alek James Hidell. ^[149]

During his first interrogation on Friday, November 22, Oswald was asked to account for himself at the time the President was shot. According to FBI Special Agent James Hosty and Dallas Police Captain Will Fritz, Oswald said he ate lunch in the Depository's first-floor lunchroom, then went to the second-floor for a Coca-Cola, where he encountered a policeman.^{[150][151][152][153]} During his last interrogation on November 24, according to postal inspector Harry Holmes, Oswald was again asked where he was at the time of the shooting. Holmes (who attended the interrogation at the invitation of Captain Will Fritz) said that Oswald replied that he was working on an upper floor when the shooting occurred, then went downstairs where he encountered a policeman.^[154]

Oswald asked for legal representation several times while being interrogated, as well as in encounters with reporters. But when representatives of the Dallas Bar Association met with him in his cell on Saturday, he declined their services, saying he wanted to be represented by John Abt, chief counsel to the Communist Party USA, or by lawyers associated with the American Civil Liberties Union.^[155][156] Both Oswald and Ruth Paine tried to reach Abt by telephone several times Saturday and Sunday,^[157][158] but Abt was away for the weekend.^[159] Oswald also declined his brother Robert's offer on Saturday to obtain a local attorney.^[160]

During an interrogation with Captain Fritz, when asked are you a communist?, he replied: "No, I am not a Communist. I am a Marxist".^{[161][162][163][164]}

Death[link]

On Sunday, November 24, Oswald was being led through the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters preparatory to his transfer to the county jail when, at 11:21 a.m., Dallas nightclub operator Jack Ruby stepped from the crowd and shot Oswald in the abdomen. Oswald died at 1:07 p.m. at Parkland Memorial Hospital—the same hospital where President Kennedy had died 48 hours and 7 minutes earlier.^[115]

A network television camera, there to cover the transfer, was broadcasting live at the time, and millions thereby witnessed the shooting as it happened.^[165] The event was also captured in a well-known photograph (see right). Ruby later said he had been distraught over Kennedy's death and that his motive for killing Oswald was "...saving Mrs. Kennedy the discomfiture of coming back to trial."^[166] Others have hypothesized that Ruby was part of a conspiracy.^[167]

After autopsy, Oswald was buried in Fort Worth's Rose Hill Memorial Burial Park.^[168][169] A marker inscribed simply Oswald replaces the stolen original tombstone, which gave Oswald's full name, and birth and death dates.^[170]

In 2010 Oswald's original coffin was auctioned off for over $87,000.^[171]

FBI agent James Hosty destroys Oswald's note[link]

According to FBI Agent James Hosty, two days after the assassination, Dallas FBI Special Agent-in-Charge J. Gordon Shanklin ordered Hosty to destroy a note that Oswald had left with a receptionist at the Dallas FBI office about seven to ten days before the assassination. The note allegedly contained some sort of threat. In testimony before the Warren Commission, Shanklin denied ordering Hosty to destroy Oswald's note, and denied having any knowledge of the note. The FBI acknowledged that Hosty's and Shanklin's accounts contradicted each other, but said that it would not investigate the matter further.^[172][173]

Official investigations[link]

Warren Commission[link]

The Warren Commission, created by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the assassination, concluded that Oswald acted alone in assassinating Kennedy (this view is known as the lone gunman theory). The Commission could not ascribe any one motive or group of motives to Oswald's actions:

It is apparent, however, that Oswald was moved by an overriding hostility to his environment. He does not appear to have been able to establish meaningful relationships with other people. He was perpetually discontented with the world around him. Long before the assassination he expressed his hatred for American society and acted in protest against it. Oswald's search for what he conceived to be the perfect society was doomed from the start. He sought for himself a place in history — a role as the "great man" who would be recognized as having been in advance of his times. His commitment to Marxism and communism appears to have been another important factor in his motivation. He also had demonstrated a capacity to act decisively and without regard to the consequences when such action would further his aims of the moment. Out of these and the many other factors which may have molded the character of Lee Harvey Oswald there emerged a man capable of assassinating President Kennedy.^[174]

The proceedings of the commission were closed, though not secret, and about 3% of its files have yet to be released to the public, which has continued to provoke speculation among researchers.^{[n 13]}

Ramsey Clark Panel[link]

In 1968, the Ramsey Clark Panel examined various photographs, X-ray films, documents, and other evidence, concluding that Kennedy was struck by two bullets fired from above and behind him, one of which traversed the base of the neck on the right side without striking bone, and the other of which entered the skull from behind and destroyed its right side.^[175]

House Select Committee[link]

In 1979, after a review of the evidence and of prior investigations, the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations was preparing to issue^{[citation needed]} a finding that Oswald had acted alone in killing Kennedy. However, late in the Committee's proceedings a Dictabelt was introduced,^{[clarification needed]} purportedly recording sounds heard in Dealey Plaza before, during and after the shots were fired. After submitting the Dictabelt to acoustic analysis, the Committee revised its findings to assert a "high probability that two gunmen fired" at Kennedy and that Kennedy "was probably assassinated as the result of a conspiracy." Although the Committee was "unable to identify the other gunman or the extent of the conspiracy," it made a number of further findings regarding the likelihood or unlikelihood that particular groups, named in the findings, were involved.^[176]

The Dictabelt evidence has been questioned, some believing it is not a recording of the assassination at all.^[177] The staff director and chief counsel for the Committee, G. Robert Blakey, told ABC News in 2003 that at least 20 persons heard a shot from the grassy knoll, and that a conspiracy was established by both the witness testimony and acoustic evidence, but in 2004 he expressed less confidence.^[178] Officer H.B. McLain, from whose motorcycle radio the HSCA acoustic experts said the Dictabelt evidence came,^[179][180] has repeatedly stated that he was not yet in Dealey Plaza at the time of the assassination.^[181] McLain asked the Committee, "‘If it was my radio on my motorcycle, why did it not record the revving up at high speed plus my siren when we immediately took off for Parkland Hospital?’”^[182]

In 1982, a group of twelve scientists appointed by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), led by Norman Ramsey, concluded that the acoustic evidence submitted to the HSCA was "seriously flawed."^{[citation needed]} Subsequently, a 2001 article in Science and Justice, the journal of Britain's Forensic Science Society, said that the NAS investigation was itself flawed and concluded with a 96.3 percent certainty that there were at least two gunmen firing at President Kennedy and that at least one shot came from the grassy knoll.^[183] Commenting on the British study, G. Robert Blakey said: "This is an honest, careful scientific examination of everything we did, with all the appropriate statistical checks."^[184]

Other investigations and dissenting theories[link]

Image CE-133A, one of three known "backyard photos," the same image sent by Oswald (as a first-generation copy) to George de Mohrenschildt in April, 1963, dated and signed on the back. Oswald holds a Carcano rifle, with markings matching those on the rifle found in the Book Depository after the assassination.

Critics have not accepted the conclusions of the Warren Commission and have proposed a number of other theories, such as that Oswald conspired with others, or was not involved at all and was framed.

In October 1981, with Marina's support, Oswald's grave was opened to test a theory propounded by writer Michael Eddowes: that during Oswald's stay in the Soviet Union he was replaced with a Soviet double; that it was this double, not Oswald, who killed Kennedy and who is buried in Oswald's grave; and that the exhumed remains would therefore not exhibit a surgical scar Oswald was known to carry. However, dental records positively identified the exhumed corpse as Oswald's, and the scar was present.^{[n 14]}

Fictional trials[link]

Several films^[185] have fictionalized a trial of Oswald. In 1988, a 21-hour unscripted mock trial was "held" on television, argued by actual lawyers before an actual judge,^[186] with unscripted testimony from surviving witnesses to the events surrounding the assassination; the mock jury returned a verdict of guilty.

Backyard photos[link]

Lee Harvey Oswald's Carcano rifle, in the US National Archives

The "backyard photos", taken by Marina Oswald probably around March 31, 1963 using a camera belonging to Oswald, show Oswald holding two Marxist newspapers—The Militant and The Worker—and a rifle, and wearing a pistol in a holster.^[187] Shown the pictures after his arrest, Oswald insisted they were forgeries,^[188] but Marina testified in 1964 that she had taken the photographs at Oswald's request—^[189] testimony she reaffirmed repeatedly over the decades.^{[n 15]} These photos were labelled CE 133-A and CE 133-B. CE 133-A shows the rifle in Oswald's left hand and newsletters in front of his chest in the other, while the rifle is held with the right hand in CE 133-B. Oswald's mother testified that on the day after the assassination she and Marina destroyed another photograph with Oswald holding the rifle with both hands over his head, with "To my daughter June" written on it.^[190]

The HSCA obtained another first generation print (from CE 133-A) on April 1, 1977 from the widow of George de Mohrenschildt. The words "Hunter of fascists — ha ha ha!" written in block Russian were on the back. Also in English were added in script: "To my friend George, Lee Oswald, 5/IV/63 [April 5, 1963]"^[191] Handwriting experts for the HSCA concluded the English inscription and signature were by Oswald. After two original photos, one negative and one first-generation copy had been found, the Senate Intelligence Committee located (in 1976) a third backyard photo (CE 133-C) showing Oswald with newspapers held away from his body in his right hand).

These photos, widely recognized as some of the most significant evidence against Oswald, have been subjected to rigorous analysis.^[192] Photographic experts consulted by the HSCA concluded they were genuine,^[193] answering twenty-one points raised by critics.^[194] Marina Oswald has always maintained she took the photos herself, and the 1963 de Mohrenschildt print bearing Oswald's signature clearly indicate they existed before the assassination. Nonetheless, some continue to contest their authenticity.^[195] After digitally analyzing the photograph of Oswald holding the rifle and paper, computer scientist Hany Farid concluded^[196] that the photo "almost certainly was not altered."^[197]

Notes[link]

References[link]