| Frank Capra |
 |
| Born |
Francesco Rosario Capra
(1897-05-18)May 18, 1897
Bisacquino, Sicily, Italy |
| Died |
September 3, 1991(1991-09-03) (aged 94)
La Quinta, California, U.S. |
| Occupation |
Director, producer, writer |
| Years active |
1922–1961 |
| Spouse |
Helen Howell (1923-1927)
Lu Capra (1932-1984); 4 children |
Frank Russell Capra (May 18, 1897 – September 3, 1991) was a Sicilian-born American film director. He emigrated to the U.S. when he was six, and eventually became a creative force behind major award-winning films during the 1930s and 1940s. His rags-to-riches story, having worked his way through college, has led film historians like Ian Freer to consider Capra the "American dream personified."[1]
Capra became one of America's most powerful directors during the 1930s, winning three Oscars as Best Director. Among his leading films was It Happened One Night (1934), which became the first film to win all five top Oscars, including Best Picture. Other leading films included Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), Lost Horizon (1937), You Can't Take It With You (1938), Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), Meet John Doe (1941), Arsenic and Old Lace (1944), It's a Wonderful Life (1946) and State of the Union (1948). Because of his early fame as a director, his name was listed "above the title" of his films when they were publicized. People "flocked to the theaters" during the 1930s and 1940s to see films directed by Frank Capra.[2]
After World War II, however, Capra's career declined as his subjects were more out of tune with the mood of audiences. Critics described his films as being "simplistic" or "overly idealistic". However, the public nonetheless loved his films, especially during the Great Depression years, when audiences needed uplifting themes of inspiration. His pictures let viewers witness "a triumph of the individual over corrupt leaders", and experience "inherent qualities of kindness and caring for others."[2] Most of his best works have been revived, and are today considered timeless fables filled with love and respect for the struggles of the common man.
Outside of directing, Capra was also active within the film industry, engaging in various political and social issues. He served as President of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences, worked alongside the Screenwriters Guild, and was head of the Directors Guild of America. He enlisted in the Army during World War I after graduating college, and again in World War II at the peak of his career, when he directed 11 documentary war films for the U.S. government's Why We Fight series, winning an Academy Award for one and a Distinguished Service Medal when the war ended.
Capra was born Francesco Rosario Capra in Bisacquino, Sicily, a village near Palermo. He was the youngest of seven children of Salvatore Capra, a fruit grower, and the former Sarah Nicolas. Capra's family was Roman Catholic.[3]
The name "Capra", notes Capra's biographer Joseph McBride, represents his family's closeness to the land, and means "she-goat".[4] He notes that the English word "capricious" derives from it, "evoking the animal's skittish temperament", adding that "the name neatly expresses two aspects of Frank Capra's personality: emotionalism and obstinacy."[4]
Capra emigrated to the United States with his family in 1903, when he was six. They were placed in the steerage section of the boat, which was the cheapest way to gain passage. For Capra, the journey, which took 13 days, remained in his mind for the rest of his life as one of his worst experiences:
You're all together—you have no privacy. You have a cot. Very few people have trunks or anything that takes up space. They have just what they can carry in their hands or in a bag. Nobody takes their clothes off. There's no ventilation, and it stinks like hell. They're all miserable. It's the most degrading place you could ever be.
[5]
However, Capra remembers the ship's arrival into New York Harbor, where he saw "a statue of a great lady, taller than a church steeple, holding a torch above the land we were about to enter." He recalls his father's exclamation at the sight:
Cicco, look! Look at that! That's the greatest light since the star of Bethlehem! That's the light of freedom! Remember that.
Freedom.
[6]
They eventually settled in an Italian ghetto in Los Angeles, where Capra's father worked as a fruit picker and young Capra sold newspapers after school for the next 10 years, until he graduated high school. Instead of finding full-time employment after graduating, as his parents wanted, he refused to end his education and instead enrolled in college. He worked his way through college at the California Institute of Technology, playing banjo at nightclubs and taking odd jobs, which included working at the campus laundry facility, waiting tables, and cleaning engines at a local power plant. He studied chemical engineering and graduated in the spring of 1918.[7] Capra later wrote that his college education had "changed his whole viewpoint on life from the viewpoint of an alley rat to the viewpoint of a cultured person."[8]
Soon after graduating college, Capra enlisted in the army as a second lieutenant, having already worked on the campus ROTC. In the army, he taught mathematics to artillerymen at Fort Scott, San Francisco. His father died the following year, 1919. In the army, Capra caught the Spanish flu, and was later medically discharged to return home to live with his mother. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1920, taking the name Frank Russell Capra.[8]
Living at home with his siblings and mother, Capra was the only member of the family with a college education, yet was the only one who remained chronically unemployed. After a year without work, seeing how his siblings all had steady jobs of some sort, he felt he was a failure, which led to bouts of depression and abdominal pains, later discovered to have been an undiagnosed burst appendix.[8]
After recovering at home, Capra then moved out and spent the next few years living in flophouses in San Francisco and hopping freight trains, wandering around the Western U.S. To support himself, he took odd jobs working on farms, as a movie extra, playing poker, or selling local oil well stocks. When he was 25, he took a sales job selling books written and published by American philosopher, Elbert Hubbard.[8]
Capra recalled that he "hated being a peasant, being a scrounging new kid trapped in the Sicilian ghetto of Los Angeles ... All I had was cockiness—and let me tell you that gets you a long way."[9]
During his book sales efforts, and nearly broke, Capra read a newspaper article about a new movie studio opening up in San Francisco. Capra phoned them saying he had moved from Hollywood, and falsely implied that he had some experience in the budding film industry. Capra's only prior exposure to films, however, was in 1915 while attending Manual Arts High School. The studio's founder, Walter Montague, was nonetheless impressed by Capra and offered him $75 to direct a one-reel silent film. Capra, with the help of a cameraman he knew, made the film in two days and cast it with only amateurs.[8]
After that first serious job in films, Capra then began focusing his efforts to finding similar openings in the film industry. He took another position with another minor San Francisco studio, and subsequently received an offer to work with producer Harry Cohn, at his new studio in Los Angeles. During this period, he worked as a property man, film cutter, title writer, and assistant director.[8]
Capra later became a gag writer for Hal Roach's Our Gang series and then writer for slapstick comedy director, Mack Sennett, where he began writing scripts for comedian Harry Langdon. According to Capra, it was he who invented Langdon's character as an innocent fool living in a "naughty world."[8]
When Langdon eventually left Sennett in order to make longer, feature-length movies with First National Studios, he took Capra with him to be his personal writer and director. They made three feature films together during 1926 and 1927, all of them becoming successful with the critics and the public. The films made Langdon a recognized comedian in the caliber of Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton. Capra and Langdon later had a falling out, and Capra was fired. During the following years, however, Langdon's films went into decline without Capra's assistance. After splitting with Langdon, Capra directed a picture for First National, For the Love of Mike, (1927). This was a silent comedy about three bickering godfathers, a German, a Jew, and an Irishman, starring a budding actress, Claudette Colbert. The movie was considered a failure, however.[8]
- Early sound films
Capra returned to Harry Cohn's studio, now renamed Columbia Pictures, which had then been producing short films and two-reel comedies used as "fillers", which played between main features. Columbia was one of the many start-up studios located on "Poverty Row" in Los Angeles, and like the others, was unable to compete with the larger studios which often had their own production facilities, distribution and theaters. Cohn rehired Capra in 1928 to help his studio produce new, full-length feature films, in order to compete against the major studios.[8] By the end of his career, Capra would eventually do twenty films for Cohn's studio, including all of his classics.
Fortunately, because of Capra's engineering education, he adapted more easily to the new sound technology than most directors. He welcomed the transition to sound, recalling, "I wasn't at home in silent films."[8] Most of the other studios were unwilling to invest in the new sound technology, assuming it was a passing fad. There were many in Hollywood who considered sound a threat to the industry and hoped it would pass quickly. However, McBride notes that "Capra was not one of them." When he saw Al Jolson singing in The Jazz Singer in 1927, considered the first talkie, Capra recalled his reaction:
It was an absolute shock to hear this man open his mouth and a song come out of it. It was one of those once-in-a-lifetime experiences.
[10]
Few of the studio heads or crew were aware of Capra's engineering background until he began directing The Younger Generation in 1929. The chief cinematographer who worked with Capra on a number of films, was likewise unaware. He describes this early period in sound for film:
It wasn't something that came up. You had to bluff to survive. When sound first came in, nobody knew much about it. We were all walking around in the dark. Even the sound man didn't know much about it. Frank lived through it. But he was quite intelligent. He was one of the few directors who knew what the hell they were doing. Most of your directors walked around in a fog—they didn't know where the door was.
[11]
During his first year with Columbia, Capra directed nine films, some of which became highly successful. After the first few, Harry Cohn said "it was the beginning of Columbia making a better quality of pictures."[12] According to Barson, "Capra became ensconced as Harry Cohn's most trusted director."[13] His films soon established Capra as a "bankable" director known throughout the industry, and Cohn raised Capra's initial salary of $1,000 per film to $25,000 per year.[8] Capra also directed a film for MGM during this period, but soon realized he "had much more freedom under Harry Cohn's benevolent dictatorship", where Cohn also put Capra's "name above the title" of his films, a first for the movie industry.[14] Capra wrote of this period and recalled the confidence that Cohn placed in Capra's vision and directing:
I owed Cohn a lot—I owed him my whole career. So I had respect for him, and a certain amount of love. Despite his crudeness and everything else, he gave me my chance. He took a gamble on me.
[15]
Capra directed his first "real" sound picture, The Younger Generation, in 1929. It was a rags-to-riches romance comedy about a Jewish family's upward mobility in New York City, with their son later trying to deny his Jewish roots in order to keep his rich gentile girlfriend. According to Capra biographer Joseph McBride, Capra "obviously felt a strong identification with the story of a Jewish immigrant who grows up in the ghetto of New York... and feels he has to deny his ethnic origins to rise to success in America." Capra, however, denied any connection of the story with his own life.
Nonetheless, McBride insists that The Younger Generation "abounds with parallels to Capra's own life." McBride notes the "devastatingly painful climactic scene", where the young social-climbing son, embarrassed when his wealthy new friends first meet his parents, passes his mother and father off as house servants. That scene, notes McBride, "echoes the shame Capra admitted feeling toward his own family as he rose in social status."[16]
During his years at Columbia, Capra worked often with screenwriter Robert Riskin (husband of Fay Wray,) and cameraman Joseph Walker.[8] In many of Capra's films, the wise-cracking and sharp dialogue was often written by Riskin, and he and Capra went on to become Hollywood's "most admired writer-director team."[8]
[edit] It Happened One Night (1934)
Capra's films in the 1930s enjoyed immense success at the Academy Awards. It Happened One Night (1934) became the first film to win all five top Oscars (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Screenplay). Written by Robert Riskin, it is one of the first of the "screwball comedies", and with its release during the period of the Great Depression, critics considered it an escapist story and a variation of the "American Dream". The film established the names of Capra, Columbia Pictures, stars Claudette Colbert and Clark Gable, in the movie industry. The film has been called "picaresque", and was one of the earliest "road movies" which inspired variations on its theme by other filmmakers.[8]
The film was followed by Broadway Bill (1934), another screwball comedy, this one about horse racing. The film became a turning point for Capra, however, as he began to conceive of an additional dimension to his movies. He started using his films to convey messages to the public. Capra explains his new thinking:
My films must let every man, woman, and child know that God loves them, that I love them, and that peace and salvation will become a reality only when they all learn to love each other.
[8]
This added goal was inspired after meeting with a Christian Scientist friend who told him to view his talents in a different way:
The talents you have, Mr. Capra, are not your own, not self-acquired. God gave you those talents; they are His gifts to you, to use for His purpose.
[8]
Capra began to embody messages in his subsequent films, many of which conveyed "fantasies of goodwill." The first of those was Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), for which Capra won his second Best Director Oscar. Critic Alistair Cooke observed that Capra was "starting to make movies about themes instead of people."[8]
In 1938 he won his third Director Oscar in five years for You Can't Take It with You, which also won Best Picture. In addition to his three directing wins, Capra received directing nominations for three other films (Lady for a Day, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, and It's a Wonderful Life). On May 5, 1936, Capra was also host of the 8th Academy Awards ceremony.
[edit] Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939)
Although It's a Wonderful Life is his most well-known film, Friedman notes that it was Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) which most represented the "Capra myth." That film expressed Capra's patriotism more than any of his others, and "presented the individual working within the democratic system to overcome rampant political corruption."[2]
The film, however, became Capra's most controversial. In his research before filming, he was able to stand close to President Roosevelt during a press conference after the recent acts of war by Germany in Europe. Capra recalls his fears:
And panic hit me. Japan was slicing up the colossus of China piece by piece. Nazi panzers had rolled into Austria and Czechoslovakia; their thunder echoed over Europe. England and France shuddered. The Russian bear growled ominously in the Kremlin. The black cloud of war hung over the chancelleries of the world. Official Washington from the President down, was in the process of making hard, torturing decisions. "And here was I, in the process of making a satire about government officials; ... Wasn't this the most untimely time for me to make a film about Washington?"
[17]
When the filming was completed, the studio sent preview copies to Washington. Joseph P. Kennedy, U.S. ambassador to the UK, wrote to Columbia head Harry Cohn, "Please do not play this picture in Europe."[2] Politicians were concerned about the potential negative impact the film might have on the morale of the allies, as World War II had begun. Kennedy wrote to president Roosevelt that "in foreign countries this film must inevitably strengthen the mistaken impression that the United States is full of graft, corruption and lawlessness."[18] Many studio heads agreed nor did they want negative feelings about Hollywood to be instilled in political leaders.[19]
Nonetheless, Capra's vision about the film's significance was clear:
The more uncertain are the people of the world, the more their hard-won freedoms are scattered and lost in the winds of chance, the more they need a ringing statement of America's democratic ideals. The soul of our film would be anchored in Lincoln. Our Jefferson Smith would be a young Abe Lincoln, tailored to the rail-splitter's simplicity, compassion, ideals, humor, and unswerving moral courage under pressure.
[20]
Capra pleaded with Cohn to allow the film to be distributed and remembers the intensity of their decision making:
Harry Cohn paced the floor, as stunned as Abraham must have been when the Lord asked him to sacrifice his beloved son Isaac.
[21]
Cohn and Capra chose to ignore all the negative publicity and demands, and released the film as planned. It was later nominated for 11 Academy Awards. It failed to win any Oscars partly because of the number of other major pictures that were nominated that year, including The Wizard of Oz and Gone with the Wind.[13] Hollywood columnist Louella Parsons called it a "smash patriotic hit" and most other critics agreed, seeing that audiences left the theaters with "an enthusiasm for democracy" and "in a glow of patriotism."[18]
The significance of the film's message was established further in France, shortly after World War II began. When the French public were asked to select which film they wanted to see most, having been told by the Vichy government that soon no more American films would be allowed in France, the overwhelming majority chose it over all others. To France, soon to be invaded and occupied by Nazi forces, the film most expressed the "perseverance of democracy and the American way."[2]
[edit] Meet John Doe (1941)
In 1941 Capra directed Meet John Doe (1941), considered by some to be Capra's most controversial movie. The film's hero, played by Gary Cooper, is a former baseball player now bumming around lacking any goals. He is selected by a news reporter to represent the "common man", used to capture the imagination of ordinary Americans. The film was released shortly before America became involved in World War II, and citizens were still in an isolationist mood. According to some historians, the film was made to convey a "deliberate reaffirmation of American values", although ones which seemed uncertain with respect to the future.
Film author Richard Glazer speculates that the film may have been autobiographical, "reflecting Capra's own uncertainties." Glazer describes how "John's accidental transformation from drifter to national figure parallels Capra's own early drifting experience and subsequent involvement in movie making ... Meet John Doe, then, was an attempt to work out his own fears and questions."[8]
Editing film as Major during World War II
Within four days after the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Capra quit his highly successful directing career in Hollywood and enlisted as a major in the United States Army. He also gave up his presidency of the Screen Directors Guild. Being 44 years of age, he was not asked to enlist, but, notes Friedman, "Capra had an intense desire to prove his patriotism to his adopted land."[2]
Capra recalls some of his personal reasons for enlisting:
I had a guilty conscience. In my films I championed the cause of the gentle, the poor, the downtrodden. Yet I had begun to live like the Aga Khan. The curse of Hollywood is big money. It comes so fast it breeds and imposes its own mores, not of wealth, but of ostentation and phony status.
[22]
[edit] Why We Fight series
During the next four years of World War II, he directed or co-directed eleven documentary war information films. Capra's job was to head a special section on morale in order to explain to soldiers "why the hell they're in uniform", writes Capra, and were not "propaganda" films like those created by the Nazis and Japan.
Capra was assigned to work directly under Chief of Staff George C. Marshall, the most senior officer in command of the Army, who would later create the Marshall Plan and be awarded a Nobel Peace Prize. Marshall chose to bypass the normal documentary film-making department, Signal Corps, as he felt they were not capable of producing "sensitive and objective troop information films." One colonel explained the importance of these future films to Capra:
You were the answer to the General's prayer ... You see, Frank, this idea about films to explain "Why" the boys are in uniform is General Marshall's own baby, and he wants the nursery right next to his Chief of Staff's office.
[23]
During his first meeting with General Marshall, Capra was told his mission:
Now, Capra, I want to nail down with you a plan to make a series of documented, factual-information films—the first in our history—that will explain to our boys in the Army
why we are fighting, and the
principles for which we are fighting ... You have an opportunity to contribute enormously to your country and the cause of freedom. Are you aware of that, sir?
[24]
The completed films included the seven-episode Why We Fight series—consisting of Prelude to War (1942), The Nazis Strike (1942), The Battle of Britain (1943), Divide and Conquer (1943), The Battle of Russia (1943), The Battle of China (1944)— plus Know Your Enemy: Japan (1945), Tunisian Victory (1945), and Two Down and One to Go (1945) that do not bear the Why We Fight banner; as well as the African-American related, The Negro Soldier (1944).
After completion of the first few documentaries, government officials and Army staff found them to be powerful messages and excellent presentations of why it was necessary for the U.S. to fight in the war. All footage used came from military and government sources, many newsreels secretly found from enemy sources during earlier years. Animated charts were created by Walt Disney and his animators. A number of Hollywood composers wrote the background music, including Alfred Newman and Russian-born composer Dimitri Tiomkin. After the first completed film was viewed by General Marshall along with Army staff, Marshall approached Capra: "Colonel Capra, how did you do it? That is a most wonderful thing."[25]
Officials made efforts to see that the films were also shown in theaters throughout the U.S. They were translated into French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Chinese for use by other countries. Winston Churchill ordered that all of them be shown to the British public in theaters.[26] They are still often broadcast on television and used as a teaching aid.[2]
The Why We Fight series is widely considered a masterpiece of war information documentaries, and won an Academy Award. Prelude to War won the 1942 Academy Award for Documentary Feature. When his career ended, Capra regarded these films as his most important works. As a colonel, he received the Distinguished Service Medal in 1945.
[edit] It's a Wonderful Life (1946)
After the war ended, Capra, along with directors William Wyler and George Stevens, founded Liberty Films. Their studio became the first independent company of directors since United Artists in 1919 whose goal was to make films without interference by studio bosses. However, the only picture completed by the studio was It's a Wonderful Life (1946).[9] It was considered a box office disappointment, but was nonetheless nominated for five Academy Awards.
The American Film Institute named it one of the best films ever made, putting it at the top of the list of AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers, a list of what AFI considers to be the most inspirational American movies of all time. The film also appeared in another AFI Top 100 list: it placed at 11th on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list of the top American films. It would become Capra's last important film and, although he directed five more films over the next 14 years, his successful years were now behind him.[9]
For State of the Union (1948) Capra changed studios, working for the first and only time for MGM Pictures. Although the project had an excellent pedigree with stars Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn, the film was not a success, and Capra's eyebrow-raising statement, "I think State of the Union was my most perfect film in handling people and ideas" has few adherents today.[27]
In January, 1952, Capra was requested by the U.S. Ambassador to India to represent the U.S. film industry at the International Film Festival to be held in India. A State Department friend of Capra asked him and explained why his trip would be important:
[Ambassador] Bowles thinks the Festival is a Communist shenanigan of some kind, but he doesn't know what ... Bowles has asked for
you. "I want a free-wheeling guy to take care of our interest on his own. I want Capra. His name is big here, and I've heard he's quick on his feet in an alley fight."
[28]
After two weeks in India, he discovered that Bowles' fears were warranted, as many film sessions were used by Russian and Chinese representatives to give long political speeches. At a lunch with fifteen Indian directors and producers, he stressed that "they must preserve freedom as artists, and that any government control would hinder that freedom. A totalitarian system— and they would become nothing but publicity men for the party in power." Capra had a difficult time communicating this, however, as he noted in his diary:
They all think some super-government or super-collection of individuals dictates all American pictures. Free enterprise is mystery to them. Somebody
must control, either visible or invisible ... Even intellectuals have no great understanding of liberty and freedom ... Democracy only a theory to them. They have no idea of service to others, of service to the poor. The poor are despised, in a sense.
[29]
When he returned to Washington to give his report, Secretary of State Dean Acheson gave Capra his commendation for "virtually single-handedly forestalling a possible Communist take-over of Indian films." Amassador Bowles also conveyed gratitude to Capra for "one helluva job."[30]
Although It's a Wonderful Life and State of the Union were successful shortly after the war ended, Capra's themes were becoming more out of step with changes within the film industry and with the public mood. Friedman finds that while Capra's ideas were popular to depression-era and pre-war audiences, they became less relevant to attitudes of a prospering post-war America. Capra had become "disconnected from an American culture that had changed" during the previous decade.[2] Biographer Joseph McBride argues that Capra's disillusionment was more related to the negative effect that the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) had on the film industry in general. The HUAC interrogations during the early 1950s ended many Hollywood careers. Capra himself was not called to testify, although he still became a prime target of the committee due to his past associations with many Hollywood blacklisted screenwriters.[2]
Capra, however, blames his early retirement from films on the rising power of stars, which forced him to continually compromise his artistic vision. He also claims that increasing budgetary and scheduling demands were constraining his creative abilities.[2] Film historian Michael Medved agrees with and understands Capra's impressions, noting that he walked away from the movie business because "he refused to adjust to the cynicism of the new order."[31] In his autobiography written in 1971, Capra expressed of his feelings about the shifting film industry:[32]
The winds of change blew through the dream factories of make-believe, tore at its crinoline tatters.... The hedonists, the homosexuals, the hemophilic bleeding hearts, the God-haters, the quick-buck artists who substituted shock for talent, all cried: "Shake 'em! Rattle 'em! God is dead. Long live pleasure! Nudity? Yea! Wife-swapping? Yea! Liberate the world from prudery. Emancipate our films from morality!".... Kill for thrill—shock! Shock! To hell with the good in man, Dredge up his evil—shock! Shock!
[31]
Capra added that in his opinion, "practically all the Hollywood filmmaking of today is stooping to cheap salacious pornography in a crazy bastardization of a great art to compete for the 'patronage' of deviates and masturbators."[33][N 1]
Capra remained employable in Hollywood during and after the HUAC hearings, but chose nonetheless to demonstrate his loyalty by attempting to re-enlist in the Army at the outbreak of the Korean War, which began in 1950. He was rejected due to his age, however. He was later invited to join the Defense Department's newly-formed Think Tank project, VISTA, but was denied the necessary clearance. According to Friedman, "these two rejections were devastating to the man who had made a career of demonstrating American ideals in film", along with his directing award-winning documentary films for the Army. By 1952, at the age of 55, Capra effectively retired from Hollywood filmmaking and spent his later years working with Caltech, his alma mater, to produce educational films on science topics.[2]
Capra directed two films at Paramount Pictures starring Bing Crosby, Riding High (1950) and Here Comes the Groom (1951). From 1952-1956, Capra produced four science-related television specials in color for The Bell Laboratory Science Series: Our Mr. Sun (1956), Hemo the Magnificent (1957), The Strange Case of the Cosmic Rays (1957), and Meteora: The Unchained Goddess (1958). These educational science documentaries were popular favorites for showing in school science classrooms.[34] It was eight years before he directed another theatrical film, A Hole in the Head (1959) with Frank Sinatra, which was his first feature film in color.
Capra's final theatrical film was with Glenn Ford and Bette Davis, named Pocketful of Miracles (1961), a remake of his 1933 film Lady for a Day. In the mid-1960s he worked on pre-production for an adaptation of Martin Caidin's novel Marooned but budgetary constraints made him eventually shelve it.[35]
Capra's final film, Rendezvous in Space (1964), was an industrial film made for the Martin Marietta Company and shown at the 1964 New York World's Fair. It was exhibited at the New York Hall of Science after the Fair ended.
Capra's directing style relied on improvisation to a great extent. He was noted for going onto the set with no more than the master scenes written down. He explained his reasoning:
What you need is what the scene is about, who does what to whom, and who cares about whom ... All I want is a master scene and I'll take care of the rest—how to shoot it, how to keep the machinery out of the way, and how to focus attention on the actors at all times.
[8]
According to some experts, Capra used great, yet unobtrusive craftsmanship when directing, and felt it was bad directing to distract the audience with fancy technical gimmicks. Film historian and author William S. Pechter described Capra's style as one "of almost classical purity." He adds that his style relied on editing to help his films sustain a "sequence of rhythmic motion." Pechter describes its effect:
Capra's [editing] has the effect of imposing order on images constantly in motion, imposing order on chaos. The end of all this is indeed a kind of beauty, a beauty of controlled motion, more like dancing than painting ... His films move at a breathtaking clip: dynamic, driving, taut, at their extreme even hysterical; the unrelenting, frantic acceleration of pace seems to spring from the release of some tremendous accumulation of pressure.
[8]
Film critic John Raeburn discusses an early Capra film, American Madness (1932), as an example of how he had mastered the movie medium and expressed a unique style:
The tempo of the film, for example, is perfectly synchronized with the action ... As the intensity of the panic increases, Capra reduces the duration of each shot and uses more and more crosscutting and jump shots to emphasize the "madness" of what is happening ... Capra added to the naturalistic quality of the dialogue by having speakers overlap one another, as they often do in ordinary life; this was an innovation that helped to move the talkies away from the example of the legitimate stage.
[8]
As for Capra's subject matter, film author Richard Griffith tries to summarize Capra's common theme:
[A] messianic innocent ... pits himself against the forces of entrenched greed. His inexperience defeats him strategically, but his gallant integrity in the face of temptation calls for the goodwill of the "little people", and through their combined protest, he triumphs.
[8]
Capra's personality when directing gave him a reputation for "fierce independence" when dealing with studio bosses. On the set he was said to be gentle and considerate, "a director who displays absolutely no exhibitionism."[8]
Because Capra's films often carry a message about basic goodness in human nature, and show the value of unselfishness and hard work, his wholesome, feel-good themes have led some to term his style "Capra-corn." However, those who hold his vision in higher regard prefer the term "Capraesque".[2]
Capra's basic themes of championing the common man, as well as his use of spontaneous, fast-paced dialogue and goofy, memorable lead and supporting characters, made him one of the most popular and respected filmmakers of the 20th century. His influence can be traced in the works of many directors, including Robert Altman,[36] Ron Howard,[36] Masaki Kobayashi,[37] Akira Kurosawa,[38] John Lasseter,[39] David Lynch,[40] John Milius,[36] Martin Scorsese,[36] Steven Spielberg,[41] Oliver Stone[36] and François Truffaut [42]
Capra married actress Helen Howell in 1923 but they divorced in 1928. He married again in 1928 to Lucille Warner, with whom he had a daughter and three sons, one of whom died in infancy.
He was four times president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and three times president of the Directors Guild of America, which he helped found. Under his presidency he worked to give directors more artistic control of their films. During his career as a director, he retained an early ambition to teach science, and after his career declined in the 1950s he made some educational TV films related to science subjects.[8]
Physically, he was short, stocky, and vigorous, and enjoyed outdoor activities such as hunting, fishing, and mountain climbing. In his much later years, he spent time writing short stories and songs, along with playing guitar.[8]
His son Frank Capra, Jr. — one of the four children born to Capra's second wife, Lucille Capra — was the president of EUE Screen Gems Studios, in Wilmington, North Carolina, until his death on December 19, 2007. His grandson, Frank Capra III, is a Hollywood director and worked as an assistant director in the 1995 film The American President, which referred to Frank Capra in the film's dialogue.
Time magazine cover, 1938
Frank Capra died in La Quinta, California, of a heart attack in his sleep in 1991 at the age of 94. He was interred in the Coachella Valley Public Cemetery in Coachella, California.
He left part of his 1,100-acre (4 km2) ranch in Fallbrook, California, to Caltech.[43] Capra's personal papers and some of his film related materials are contained in the Wesleyan University Cinema Archives, which allows scholars and media experts from around the world full access.[44]
During the golden age of Hollywood, Capra's "fantasies of goodwill" made him one of the two or three most famous and successful directors in the world.[8] Film historian Ian Freer notes that at the time of his death in 1991, his legacy still remained intact:
He had created feelgood entertainments before the phrase was invented, and his influence on culture—from Steven Spielberg to David Lynch, and from television soap operas to greeting-card sentiments—is simply too huge to calculate.
[1]
Director/actor John Cassavetes contemplating Capra’s contribution to the art of film quipped: “Maybe there really wasn’t an America, it was only Frank Capra.” [45] Capra’s films were his love letters to an idealized America— a cinematic landscape of his own invention. The performances his actors gave were invariable portrayals of personalities developed into recognizable images of popular culture, “their acting has the bold simplicity of an icon…” [46]
Like his contemporary, director John Ford, Capra defined and aggrandized the tropes of mythic America where individual courage invariably triumphs over collective evil. Film historian Richard Griffith speaks of Capra's “…reliance on sentimental conversation and the ultimate benevolence of ordinary America to resolve all deep conflicts.” [47] “Average America” is visualized as "…a still tree lined street, undistinguished frame houses surrounded by modest areas of grass, a few automobiles. For certain purposes it assumed that all real Americans live in towns like this, and so great is the power of myth, even the born city-dweller is likely to believe vaguely that he too lives on this shady street, or comes from it, or is going to.” [48]
NYU Professor of Humanities and Performing Arts, Leonard Quart writes:
“There would be no enduring conflicts—harmony, no matter how contrived and specious, would ultimately triumph in the last frame…In true Hollywood fashion, no Capra film would ever suggest that social change was a complex, painful act. For Capra, there would be pain and loss, but no enduring sense of tragedy would be allowed to intrude on his fabulist world.” [47] The theatre screen was the mirror in front of which American movie audiences sat enamored with the reflected images of their better selves–an idealistic storybook America.
Although his stature as a director had declined during the 1950s, his films underwent a revival in the 1960s:
Ten years later, it was clear that this trend had reversed itself. Post-
auteurist critics once more acclaimed Capra as a cinematic master, and perhaps more surprisingly, young people packed Capra festivals and revivals all over the United States.
[8]
French film historian John Raeburn, editor of Cahiers du cinéma, notes that that Capra's films were unknown in France, but there too his films underwent a fresh discovery by the public. He believes the reason for his renewed popularity had to do with his themes, which he made credible "an ideal conception of an American national character":
There is a strong libertarian streak in Capra's films, a distrust of power wherever it occurs and in whomever it is invested. Young people are won over by the fact that his heroes are uninterested in wealth and are characterized by vigorous ... individualism, a zest for experience, and a keen sense of political and social justice. ... Capra's heroes, in short, are ideal types, created in the image of a powerful national myth.
[8]
In 1982, the American Film Institute honored Frank Capra by giving him their AFI Life Achievement Award. The event was used to create the television film, The American Film Institute Salute to Frank Capra, hosted by James Stewart. In 1986, Capra received the National Medal of Arts.
During his acceptance speech for the AFI award, he stressed his most important values:
The art of Frank Capra is very, very simple: It's the love of people. Add two simple ideals to this love of people: the freedom of each individual, and the equal importance of each individual, and you have the principle upon which I based all my films.
Capra expanded on his visions in his 1971 autobiography, The Name Above the Title:
Forgotten among the hue-and criers were the hard-working stiffs that came home too tired to shout or demonstrate in streets ... and prayed they'd have enough left over to keep their kids in college, despite their knowing that some were pot-smoking, parasitic parent-haters.
Who would make films about, and for, these uncomplaining, unsqueaky wheels that greased the squeaky? Not me. My "one man, one film" Hollywood had ceased to exist. Actors had sliced it up into capital gains. And yet—mankind needed dramatizations of the truth that man is essentially good, a living atom of divinity; that compassion for others, friend or foe, is the noblest of all virtues. Films must be made to say these things, to counteract the violence and the meanness, to buy time to demobilize the hatreds.
[49]
In 1957, Capra was awarded the George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film.[50]
Los Angeles Mayor Sam Yorty, by vote of the city council, declared May 12, 1962 as "Frank Capra Day." George Sidney, President of the Directors Guild, stated that "This is the first time in the history of Hollywood, that the city of Los Angeles has officially recognized a creative talent." At the event ceremony, director John Ford announced that Capra had also received the Order of British Empire (OBE) on the recommendation of Winston Churchill.[51] Ford suggested publicly to Capra:
Make those human comedy-dramas, the kind only you can make—the kind of films America is proud to show here, behind the iron curtain, the bamboo curtain—and behind the lace curtain.
[51]
- Academy Awards
Capra won a total of six Academy Awards. He was nominated six times for Best Director and seven times for Outstanding Production/Best Picture. Out of six nominations for Best Director, Capra received the award three times. He briefly held the record for winning the most Best Director Oscars when he won for the third time in 1938, until this record was matched by John Ford in 1941, and then later surpassed by Ford in 1952. William Wyler also matched this record upon winning his third Oscar in 1959.
- American Film Institute
- Directors Guild of America
- Golden Globe Award
- Venice Film Festival
- American Film Institute recognition
- United States National Film Registry
- Notes
- ^ Medved points out the irony in Capra's expression of disillusionment: Capra's film It Happened One Night (1934) was the first film to win all five top Oscars; and in 1991, a few months after Capra's death, The Silence of the Lambs also won all five top Oscars. Medved observes that the film, "a pitch-dark thriller about transvestite and cannibalistic serial killers" would later equal Capra's earlier achievement.[31]
- Citations
- ^ a b Freer 2009, pp. 40–41.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Pendergast 2000, pp. 428–429.
- ^ De Las Carreras, Maria Elena. "The Catholic Vision of Frank Capra." Crisis, 20, no. 2, February 2002. Retrieved: May 31, 2011.
- ^ a b McBride 1992, p. 16.
- ^ McBride 1992, p. 29.
- ^ McBride 1992, p. 30.
- ^ "Distinguished Alumni Award: 1966 Recipients." Caltech Alumni Association. Retrieved; December 18, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Wakeman 1987, pp. 96–103.
- ^ a b c Stevens 2006, pp. 74–76.
- ^ McBride 1992, p. 200.
- ^ McBride 1992, p. 201.
- ^ McBride 1992, p. 189.
- ^ a b Barson 1995, pp. 56–63.
- ^ McBride 1992, p. 197.
- ^ McBride 1992, p. 199.
- ^ McBride 1992, p. 203.
- ^ Capra 1971, p. 259.
- ^ a b Beauchamp 2010, pp. 364–365.
- ^ Capra 1971, p. 261.
- ^ Capra 1971, p. 260.
- ^ Capra 1971, p. 289.
- ^ Capra 1971, p. 314.
- ^ Capra 1971, p. 322.
- ^ Capra 1971, p. 326.
- ^ Capra 1971, p. 341.
- ^ Capra 1971, p. 336.
- ^ Poague 2004, p. 180.
- ^ Capra 1971, p. 429.
- ^ Capra 1971, p. 433.
- ^ Capra 1971, p. 437.
- ^ a b c Medved 1992, p. 279.
- ^ Capra 1971, p. 486.
- ^ Capra 1971, p. 400.
- ^ Capra 1997, p. 443.
- ^ " 'Marooned'." tcm.com. Retrieved: September 26, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e "The Premiere Frank Capra Collection." DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video. Retrieved: September 26, 2010.
- ^ Christian, Diane and Bruce Jackson. "The Buffalo Film Seminars: Hara Kari (1962), directed by Masaki Kobayashi." csac.buffalo.edu, February 26, 2008. Retrieved: September 26, 2010.
- ^ "BAM/PFA Film Programs: Kurosawa." banpfa.berkeley.edu. Retrieved: September 26, 2010.
- ^ Day, Aubrey "Film features: Interview: John Lasseter." totalfilm.com, June 3, 2009. Retrieved: September 26, 2010.
- ^ Barney 2009, pp. 35, 119, 265.
- ^ "Frank Capra: Hollywood Star Walk." The Los Angeles Times, September 3, 1991. Retrieved: September 26, 2010.
- ^ Dixon 1993, p. 150.
- ^ "75th Year Booklet: The Caltech Y History." caltechy.org. Retrieved: July 24, 2011.
- ^ "Description of the Capra Collection." wesleyan.edu. Retrieved: 23 March 2010.
- ^ Lazere 1987, p. 178.
- ^ Dickstein 2010, pp. 479–480.
- ^ a b Dickstein 2010, p. 479.
- ^ Dickstein 2010, p. 480.
- ^ Capra 1971, p. 468.
- ^ "Awards granted by George Eastman House International Museum of Photography & Film". George Eastman House. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
- ^ a b Capra 1971, p. 488.
- Bibliography
- Barney, Richard A. David Lynch: Interviews (Conversations with Filmmakers Series). Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi, 2009. ISBN 978-1-60473-237-5.
- Barson, Michael. The Illustrated Who's Who of Hollywood Directors: The Sound Era . New York: Noonday Press, 1995. ISBN 0-374-52428-9.
- Beauchamp, Cari. Joseph P. Kennedy Presents: His Hollywood Years. New York: Vintage, 2010. ISBN 978-0-307-47522-0.
- Capra, Frank. Frank Capra, The Name Above the Title: An Autobiography. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1971. ISBN 0-306-80771-8.
- Chandler, Charlotte. The Girl Who Walked Home Alone: Bette Davis, A Personal Biography. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006. ISBN 0-7862-8639-3.
- Dickstein, Morris. Dancing in The Dark: A Cultural History of The Great Depression. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2010. ISBN 978-0-393-07225-9.
- Dixon, Wheeler W. The Early Film Criticism of Francois Truffaut. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0-253-20771-5.
- Freer, Ian. Movie Makers: 50 Iconic Directors from Chaplin to the Coen Brothers. London: Quercus Publishing Plc, 2009. ISBN 978-1-84724-512-0.
- Kotsabilas-Davis, James and Myrna Loy. Being and Becoming. New York: Primus, Donald I Fine Inc., 1987. ISBN 1-55611-101-0.
- Lazere, Donald. American Media and Mass Culture: Left Perspectives. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1987. ISBN 978-0-520-04496-8.
- Medved, Michael. Hollywood vs. America: Popular Culture and the War on Traditional Values. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. ISBN 978-0-06-016882-7.
- McBride, Joseph. Frank Capra: The Catastrophe of Success. New York: Touchstone Books, 1992. ISBN 0-671-79788-3.
- Oderman, Stuart. Talking To the Piano Player: Silent Film Stars, Writers and Directors Remember. Albany, Georgia: BearManor Media, 2005. ISBN 1-59393-013-5.
- Poague, Leland. Frank Capra: Interviews (Conversations With Filmmakers Series). Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi, 2004. ISBN 978-1-57806-617-9.
- Pendergast, Tom and Sara, eds. St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture, Vol. 1. Detroit: St. James Press, 2000. ISBN 1-55862-348-5.
- Stevens, George Jr. Conversations with the Great Moviemakers of Hollywood's Golden Age. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006. ISBN 978-1-4000-4054-4.
- Wakeman, John, ed. World Film Directors: Volume One, 1890-1945. New York: H.W. Wilson Co., 1987. ISBN 978-0-8242-0757-1.
- Wiley, Mason and Damien Bona. Inside Oscar: The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards. New York: Ballantine Books, 1987. ISBN 0-345-34453-7.
work=Motion picture director, writer, producer|author=A. J. Mack|date=January 1, 2001|accessdate=July 1, 2011}}
- 10th annual AFI Life Achievement Award ceremony, 1982
- Misc documentaries
- War documentaries
- Movie trailers and interviews
- Feature Films
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