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Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (, abbreviated NSDAP), commonly known as the Nazi Party. He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and served as head of state as Führer und Reichskanzler from 1934 to 1945.
http://wn.com/Adolf_Hitler -
Benito Mussolini
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini KSMOM GCTE (29 July 1883, Predappio, Province of Forlì-Cesena - 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism.
http://wn.com/Benito_Mussolini -
Bruno S. Frey
http://wn.com/Bruno_S_Frey -
Charles De Gaulle
http://wn.com/Charles_De_Gaulle -
Chris Patten
Christopher Francis Patten, Baron Patten of Barnes, CH, PC, better known as Chris Patten or Lord Patten (born 12 May 1944), is a British Conservative politician, and a Patron of the Tory Reform Group.
http://wn.com/Chris_Patten -
Farah Karimi
Farahnaz (Farah) Karimi (, Garros (Iran), 15 November 1960) is an Iranian-Dutch politician. She was member of the House of Representatives between 1998 and 2006 for GreenLeft.
http://wn.com/Farah_Karimi -
Francisco Franco
Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo de Andrade, (4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975), commonly known as Franco (), was a Spanish military general and dictator, head of state of Spain from October 1936 (whole nation from 1939 onwards), and de facto regent of the nominally restored Kingdom of Spain from 1947 until his death in November 1975. As head of state, Franco used the title Caudillo de España, por la gracia de Dios, meaning; Leader of Spain, by the grace of God.
http://wn.com/Francisco_Franco -
Hugo Chávez
Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (; born July 28, 1954, in Sabaneta) is the President of Venezuela. A critic of neoliberalism, globalisation, and United States foreign policy, Chávez has promoted ideas of socialism, participatory democracy and Latin American and Caribbean cooperation. Chávez remains a very controversial figure at home and abroad. Detractors within the Organization of American States, European Union, United Nations, U.S. State Department, and others, criticize Chávez for alleged human rights violations, while others point to improvements in constitutional and legal rights, poverty reduction, health care, women's rights, and treatment of indigenous peoples under his presidency. His political influence in South America – partly due to his government's use of Venezuela's oil wealth – and his sometimes strained relationship with the United States endow him with a high geopolitical profile, leading Time magazine to include him among their list of the world's 100 most influential people in 2005 and 2006.
http://wn.com/Hugo_Chávez -
James Madison
James Madison, Jr. (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836) was an American politician and political philosopher who served as the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817) and is considered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
http://wn.com/James_Madison -
John Key
John Phillip Key (born 9 August 1961) is the 38th and current Prime Minister of New Zealand and leader of the New Zealand National Party.
http://wn.com/John_Key -
Philip K Dick
http://wn.com/Philip_K_Dick -
Pinochet
http://wn.com/Pinochet -
Steven Spielberg
Steven Allan Spielberg, (born December 18, 1946) is an American film director, screenwriter, film producer and video game designer. In a career spanning six decades, Spielberg's films have covered many themes and genres. Spielberg's early science-fiction and adventure films were seen as an archetype of modern Hollywood blockbuster filmmaking. In later years, his films began addressing such issues as the Holocaust, slavery, war and terrorism. He is considered one of the most influential filmmakers in the history of cinema. He is also one of the founders of DreamWorks.
http://wn.com/Steven_Spielberg
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Australia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Australia -
British Columbia
British Columbia (B.C.) (, C.-B.) is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu ("Splendour without Diminishment"). Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858. In 1871, it became the sixth province of Canada.
http://wn.com/British_Columbia -
California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
http://wn.com/California -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada -
Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic (; , ) is a nation on the island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries. Both by area and population, the Dominican Republic is the second largest Caribbean nation (after Cuba), with and an estimated 10 million people.
http://wn.com/Dominican_Republic -
Egypt
Egypt (; , Miṣr, ; Egyptian Arabic: مصر, Maṣr, ; Coptic: , ; Greek: Αίγυπτος, Aiguptos; Egyptian:
http://wn.com/Egypt -
England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
http://wn.com/England -
Federation of Malaya
The Federation of Malaya (), is the name given to a federation of 11 states that existed from 31 January 1948 until 16 September 1963. Comprising the nine Malay states and the British settlements of Penang and Malacca, it was eventually superseded by Malaysia.
http://wn.com/Federation_of_Malaya -
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
http://wn.com/Germany -
Greater London
Greater London is the top-level administrative subdivision covering London, England, United Kingdom. The administrative area was officially created in 1965 and covers the City of London, including Middle Temple and Inner Temple, and the 32 London boroughs (including the City of Westminster). Its area also forms the London region of England and the London European Parliament constituency. The region has by far the highest GDP per capita in the United Kingdom. It covers 1572 km2 (607 square miles) and had a 2006 mid-year estimated population of 7,512,400. The term Greater London was in use before 1965 to refer to a variously defined area, larger than the County of London and often similar to the Metropolitan Police District.
http://wn.com/Greater_London -
Iceland
:
http://wn.com/Iceland -
Indonesia
Indonesia ( or ), officially the Republic of Indonesia (), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
http://wn.com/Indonesia -
Ireland
Ireland (,; , ; Ulster Scots: Airlann) is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is Great Britain, separated from it by the Irish Sea. The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.2 million people. Just under 4.5 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
http://wn.com/Ireland -
Italy
Italy (; ), officially the Italian Republic (), is a country located in south-central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia — the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea — and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, whilst Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.4 million inhabitants, it is the sixth most populous country in Europe, and the twenty-third most populous in the world.
http://wn.com/Italy -
Las Condes
Las Condes is a commune of Chile located in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region. The area is inhabited primarily by upper-mid to high income families. Most of Las Condes commercial activity is situated along Apoquindo Avenue where locals have labeled the location "Sanhattan," a portmanteau of Santiago and Manhattan.
http://wn.com/Las_Condes -
Lithuania
Lithuania (, U.S. usually ; ), officially the Republic of Lithuania () is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Lithuania -
London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
http://wn.com/London -
Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
http://wn.com/Malaysia -
Netherlands
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Netherlands -
New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/New_Zealand -
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland (, Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. Situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. At the time of the 2001 UK Census, its population was 1,685,000, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the population of the United Kingdom.
http://wn.com/Northern_Ireland -
Oireachtas
The Oireachtas (), sometimes referred to as Oireachtas Éireann, is the "national parliament" or legislature of Ireland. The Oireachtas consists of:
http://wn.com/Oireachtas -
Ontario
Ontario is a Province of Canada located in the east-central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest, after Quebec, in total area, (Nunavut and the Northwest Territories are larger in area, but they are not provinces.) The province's largest metropolitan area and Canada's most populous city, Toronto, is the capital city of Ontario. The national capital of Canada, Ottawa, is located in Ontario as well.
http://wn.com/Ontario -
Portugal
Portugal (, ), officially the Portuguese Republic (; ), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.
http://wn.com/Portugal -
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico ( or ), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( — literally Associated Free State of Puerto Rico), is an unincorporated territory of the United States, located in the northeastern Caribbean Sea, east of the Dominican Republic and west of the Virgin Islands.
http://wn.com/Puerto_Rico -
Québec
http://wn.com/Québec -
Republic of Ireland
Ireland (, , , ), described as the Republic of Ireland (), is a state in northwest Europe with a population of almost 4.5 million people. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional republic occupying approximately five-sixths of the island of Ireland, which was partitioned into two jurisdictions in 1921. It is bordered to the northeast by Northern Ireland, which is a part of the United Kingdom, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the Irish Sea to the east, St George's Channel to the southeast, and the Celtic Sea to the south.
http://wn.com/Republic_of_Ireland -
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia -
Schleswig
http://wn.com/Schleswig -
Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
http://wn.com/Scotland -
Scottish Parliament
{{Infobox Legislature
http://wn.com/Scottish_Parliament -
Singapore
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/Singapore -
Sweden
Sweden (pronounced , ), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: ), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and water borders with Denmark, Germany, and Poland to the south, and Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia to the east. Sweden is also connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund.
http://wn.com/Sweden -
Switzerland
Switzerland (, , , ), officially the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
http://wn.com/Switzerland -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States -
Wales
Wales ( ; pronounced ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has an estimated population of three million and is officially bilingual with the Welsh and English languages having equal status. The Welsh language is an important element of Welsh culture. Its decline has reversed over recent years, with Welsh speakers estimated to be around 20% of the population of Wales.
http://wn.com/Wales
- alcohol
- Alternative Vote
- Approval Voting
- Australia
- autonomy
- BC-STV
- Belfast Agreement
- Benito Mussolini
- Borneo
- British Columbia
- Bruno S. Frey
- California
- Canada
- Canton of Glarus
- Central America
- Charles De Gaulle
- Charlottetown Accord
- Chris Patten
- Civic Party
- Constituency
- constituent assembly
- constitution
- Constitution of Iraq
- currency
- Democrats 66
- devolution
- direct democracy
- Dominican Republic
- Dutch Labour Party
- Egypt
- election
- England
- euro
- European Union
- Farah Karimi
- Federation of Malaya
- Fifth Republic
- firearm
- Francisco Franco
- free trade agreement
- general election
- Germany
- gerund
- Greater London
- GroenLinks
- Hugo Chávez
- Iceland
- Icesave
- Indonesia
- initiative
- Iranian monarchy
- Ireland
- Islamic Republic
- Islamic Revolution
- Italian Senate
- Italy
- James Madison
- John Key
- Las Condes
- Latin
- Latin language
- law
- legislature
- Lisbon treaty
- Lithuania
- London
- majority
- majority government
- Malaysia
- Mayor of London
- multiparty system
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- North East England
- Northern Ireland
- Oireachtas
- Ontario
- ordinary referendum
- Philip K Dick
- Pinochet
- Plebeian Council
- plurality (voting)
- Political science
- Popular referendum
- popular sovereignty
- populism
- Portugal
- pound sterling
- President of Ireland
- prohibition
- propaganda
- Proposition 204
- Puerto Rico
- quorum
- Québec
- recall election
- republic
- Republic of Ireland
- Roman Republic
- Royal Assent
- Russia
- Schleswig
- Scotland
- Scottish Government
- Scottish Parliament
- separability problem
- Singapore
- single issue
- Steven Spielberg
- suffrage
- super-majority
- supermajority
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- The Economist
- Trade union
- Treaty of Lisbon
- Treaty of Nice
- U.S. state
- unicameralism
- United Kingdom
- United Nations
- United States
- vote
- voting system
- Wales
- War referendum
- World War II
Reference Point
Releases by year: 2000
Album releases
Save the World (Released 2000)
- Adelaide
- Brother Wolf
- Save the World
- Stay on Target
- Clean Slate
- Mossman
- Postcards From Seacliff (remix)
- You're Just a Mortal Too
- Last Night an Aussie Saved My Life
- Moseley's Exodus
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Avicii - Refer (Original Mix)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:10
- Published: 09 Sep 2009
- Uploaded: 02 Dec 2011
- Author: HouseDistrict
This track is for promotional purposes, to listen to more tracks please: visit www.housedistrict.blogspot.com for more.
http://wn.com/Avicii__Refer_Original_Mix
HarmonyPhi | Phi explained
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:12
- Published: 18 Mar 2009
- Uploaded: 21 Nov 2011
- Author: harmonyphi
What is Phi? The Golden Ratio is represented numerically as 1:1.618 and the number 1.618 has been given the name Phi. It is a constant found throughout nature and is beautifully revealed in the shape of the nautilus shell, the shape of the human ear, in spiral galaxies and even in the rhythm of our own heartbeat its shape has natural appeal to us. It resonates throughout creation connecting us to the universe and to each other.
http://wn.com/HarmonyPhi_|_Phi_explained
![Jagex Sells XP for Money [Refer a friend = RWT] Rune$cape](http://web.archive.org./web/20111206055123im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/CzzVeUPpMfQ/0.jpg "Jagex Sells XP for Money [Refer a friend = RWT] Rune$cape")
Jagex Sells XP for Money [Refer a friend = RWT] Rune$cape
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:26
- Published: 19 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 02 Dec 2011
- Author: IceGiantNinetyNine
FAVOURITE to get this messege out. Please read the Description. The "Refer a friend program" is a cover up to sell XP for real life money. (They dont check referrals to see if its your "Friend" you can do it for your own accounts) They also send emails saying you wont get loyalty points (points for emotes) if you lose membership. Why dont they ban bots? Why did they get rid of tutorial island?(bots can start botting right away) I dont even care about bots being in the game, its just that they pretend to be against them but they arent. Bots can also use refer a friend for faster exp (Refer a bot = MORE bots) in short: You can now buy members on new accounts and get 5 weeks of 10 percent exp on your OWN account. Jagex doesnt care about it being fair if you have the money you can get more exp (You can stockpile it and use it when you want to also) How can they tell us not to RWT when they do it themselves? Jagex should fix its problems before its too late and the game completely dies. GET this messege across :( This is why i dont play as much anymore. Btw YAY! you get a starter pack (iron and random bronze armour) if u refer a friend omg!! You think this is a random rant? No. Ive been a loyal member for 6 years. Ive made videos promoting this game for 3 years. I dont care about jagex making money if they are doing a good job. Some people still enjoy this game instead of milking this game they can start updating it again. However, they arent attempting to fix problems and <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Jagex_Sells_XP_for_Money_ Refer_a_friend_=_RWT _Runecape
20030314 Dresina REFER DP200 a sair do Pinhal Novo
Dresina REFER DP200 a sair do Pinhal Novo 14/03/2003
http://wn.com/20030314_Dresina_REFER_DP200_a_sair_do_Pinhal_Novo
6.5.08. violin vs. viola: the basics
*Please subscribe to see more videos like this* My good friend Alex was in town this week from New York City, and I thought it would be fun if we made a quick video that covered the basic differences between the viola and the violin. Although the violin is a beautiful instrument, you just can't the kind of robust tone from a violin that you would from a viola. I hope to get a viola for myself one day! Also, I'll have an video update on my album recording next week. Stay tuned. :)
http://wn.com/6508_violin_vs_viola_the_basics
Why Does God Refer to Himself as "We?" - Nouman Ali Khan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:02
- Published: 07 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 30 Nov 2011
- Author: 877whyislam
If Muslims really believe God is One, why does God refer to himself as "We?"
http://wn.com/Why_Does_God_Refer_to_Himself_as_We?__Nouman_Ali_Khan
Fan Throws Stink Bomb On Ice During Flyers Game 10/25/08
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Published: 25 Oct 2008
- Uploaded: 28 Nov 2011
- Author: HockeyPacific
Someone in the crowd throws a stink bomb on the ice during the Devils/Flyers game, creating a cloud of smoke which delays the game.
http://wn.com/Fan_Throws_Stink_Bomb_On_Ice_During_Flyers_Game_10/25/08
HOW TO-Wax your car (Very Detailed, Useful Information) **Also refer to description
**PLEASE NOTE: "Liquid Polymer Carnauba Wax" is not the same as a Low Cost, Low Quality, common liquid wax. These same techniques apply to your RV, Motorcycle, truck and Bus. 1. Blue Coral Car soap (or similar, avail. at wal-mart) I use a different one that is professional grade. If you cant find it then the Blue Coral or Similar will do just fine. 2. "MOTHERS" Car Polish **The Name has been changed to "MOTHERS" PRE-WAX CLEANER. (refer to video to know where to get it) 3."PINNICLE BRILLIANCE" car polish (message me to know where to get it). 3.B. "Meguiars Smooth Surface Clay Bar Kit" (message me to know where to get it). 4."TURTLE WAX" rubbing compound (refer to video to know where to get it) 5.For The- Liquid Polymer Carnauba Wax.....i can recommened 3 brands. A.- "Mothers Reflections" B.- "BriteMax" C.- "PC" (Message me to tell you where to get them). 6. For the- Carnauba Paste Wax I recommened 3 Brands/Types A.- "Pinnacle Souvran" B.- "Pinnacle Souvran Signature Series ll" C.- "Guru Wax" (message me to find out where to get them). 7.100% cotton Applicator (for waxes available at wal-mart or similar)**do not use the foam ones that come with some waxes** 8. 100% cotton T-shirt or cotton terry cloth (for rubbing compound) **make sure it has no decals and is not contaminated with strong laundry detergents or especially fabric softeners. 9.100% cotton Micro-Fiber Towels (for buffing out and removing the waxes) **Avaiable at Wal-Mart or Similar. Any other questions just ask <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/HOW_TO-Wax_your_car_Very_Detailed,_Useful_Information_**Also_refer_to_description
"How do YOU refer?"
Coach Bill discusses referring from a position of strength!"
http://wn.com/How_do_YOU_refer?
Born For PvM's Refer A Friend Guide and Review
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:30
- Published: 24 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 03 Dec 2011
- Author: BornForPvM
Hey, going to show you how to use the refer a friend program, and my personal opinion on the whole thing. Hope you guys enjoyed :)
http://wn.com/Born_For_PvM's_Refer_A_Friend_Guide_and_Review
REFER PORTO BOAVISTA
A CP/REFER Porto Avenida da França station and Porto Boavista station with depot of Porto Boavista complex.
http://wn.com/REFER_PORTO_BOAVISTA
Dell Streak Android 2.1 Tour
Here is a tour of some of the main new features with the Dell Streak Android 2.1 update. Headlining features: - Full Multi-Touch across 3rd party apps - Improved Dialler and Contacts - New Keyboard - 720p Video Recording - Improved Browser, Maps and Photo viewer Follow the discussion and news on the Dell Streak at our Dell Streak forum: www.mydellmini.com
http://wn.com/Dell_Streak_Android_21_Tour
Nardwuar vs. Fleet Foxes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:58
- Published: 02 Mar 2009
- Uploaded: 27 Nov 2011
- Author: NardwuarServiette
Nardwuar interviews Fleet Foxes at Richard's on Richards in Vancouver , BC, Canada !
http://wn.com/Nardwuar_vs_Fleet_Foxes
I refer to more things
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:59
- Published: 03 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 04 Dec 2011
- Author: xcolorsplashtv
On a scale of 1 to I'm supppper duppper sorry this is so late. it's about a 10. i had to go to a basketball game and take picture for our yearbook, thus this ridiculous uploading at 1 AM. janky my youtubes: www.youtube.com that blogging website: manchester-f0x.tumblr.com sometimes i tweet too: twitter.com skype: isnotonfire
http://wn.com/I_refer_to_more_things
RuneScape August 19 2011 Anti-botting/refer a friend riot
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:47
- Published: 30 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 04 Dec 2011
- Author: FlaggedStar
Original upload date:19 August 2011 Original view count:99 Reuploaded from my old channel. (original description) This is a video of the anti-botting/refer a friend program riot that occurred on August 19th 2011 in world 66.
http://wn.com/RuneScape_August_19_2011_Anti-botting/refer_a_friend_riot
My Little Pony FiM: How Fluttershy got her Cutie Mark
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Published: 16 Apr 2011
- Uploaded: 01 Dec 2011
- Author: fluttershypony
from Episode 23 Cutie Mark Chronicles part 1 www.youtube.com part 2 www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/My_Little_Pony_FiM_How_Fluttershy_got_her_Cutie_Mark
Dom Mazzetti vs. Finals
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:28
- Published: 27 Apr 2011
- Uploaded: 04 Dec 2011
- Author: DomMazzetti
Dom teaches you how to ace your finals - T-shirts: www.districtlines.com Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com
http://wn.com/Dom_Mazzetti_vs_Finals
To what census did Luke refer?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:52
- Published: 02 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 03 Dec 2011
- Author: johnankerberg
To what census did Luke refer? This clip is from our series entitled, "Questions surrounding Jesus' Birth."
http://wn.com/To_what_census_did_Luke_refer?
Neah Behind the Scene 2# DOC Freestyle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Published: 28 Feb 2011
- Uploaded: 02 Dec 2011
- Author: chillbrothers
Doc la filmari intr-un mare flow... ©2004-2011 All rights reserved Chill Brothers DOC appears courtesy of Facem Records
http://wn.com/Neah_Behind_the_Scene_2#_DOC_Freestyle
refer 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:27
- Published: 20 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 08 Aug 2011
- Author: SuperThadeu
Game OverThinker v3
OverThinker cops a plea with his "Kirby Confession." gameoverthinker.blogspot.com
http://wn.com/Game_OverThinker_v3
A Bananacone Love Story
BUY THE SHIRT :D districtlines.com OTHER SHIRT CONTESTS facebook.com FOLLOW MEH: twitter.com SONG: "Right Here" ARTIST: Heyhihello DOWNLOAD: itunes.apple.com THANKS TO: - Therese and Adam for helping film the first 1.2 minutes - Therese for allowing her Smart car to have its screen debut - Heyhihello for allowing me to use their music (and for being my frands) - Tessa for being Tessa: a constant encouragement, inspiration, and supporter, who always pushes me to be better at what I do through her hard work, determination, and creativity -- without whom this video would have never come to be. I am unbelievably proud to call her my friend.
http://wn.com/A_Bananacone_Love_Story
7 Inch Android 2.2 ePad Wi-Fi 3G Flash Facebook YouTube Twitter Tablet PC
Refer to www.koobay.com for more info. 7 Inch ePad Google Android 2.2 WiFi 3G Flash Camera Tablet PC. Ultra light and sleek tablet with full touch screen features Google Android 2.2 OS in support of unlimited application downloads. It comes with multimedia (camera, music, video, game) and WiFi support, and 4-way G-sensor allows the screen to auto-rotate between landscape and portrait mode. It also supports Flash 10.1 Highlights Full Touch Screen - for easy navigation. Gravity Sensor - View in any angle! Android OS 2.2 - supporting Flash10.1 App & Game Download - almost unlomited WiFi enabled - access Internet fast and easy; 3G Support - requires SG USB dongle HD Video Playback Support - playback and hi-def videos upto 1080p and support all major formats. Support Flash 10.1 YouTube - one click to access million of online videos. MP3, MP4, Camera, and DV features One Micro SD card Slot - for easily playing songs, video clip stored on the SD card Two Step Email Setup - for Gmail, Yahoo and MSN Support mouse, 84 Key Keyboard, SD memory card Specification: Model M011 Flash Disk (ROM) 2GB Display Size 7 inch 16:9 touch screen Screen Resolution 800 x 600 Display Color 16 million color OS Android 2.2 CPU 800MHz Internal Memory DDR 256MB Support Micro SD Yes, upto 16GB TF Video MKV,AVI,3GP, RM/RMVB,FLV,MPEF-1,MPEG-2 HD Video support 1080P HD Video Music MP3,WMA,APE,FLAC,AAC,AC3,WAV Gaming yes, also support 3D games Photo JPEG,BMP,PNG,TIFF,GIF Language Multiple language support <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/7_Inch_Android_22_ePad_Wi-Fi_3G_Flash_Facebook_YouTube_Twitter_Tablet_PC
photo: AP / Gus Ruelas
05 Dec 2011
Tiger Woods ended a long barren streak by winning his first tournament since 2009 - making birdie at the closing two holes to win the Chevron World Challenge. The former world number one was trailing...
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A referendum (also known as a plebiscite or a ballot question) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. This may result in the adoption of a new constitution, a constitutional amendment, a law, the recall of an elected official or simply a specific government policy. It is a form of direct democracy.
Facultative referendum: Any federal law, certain other federal resolutions, and international treaties that are ongoing in nature, or any change to Swiss law may be subject to referendum if at least 50,000 people or eight cantons have petitioned to do so within 100 days. Within cantons and municipalities, the required number of people is smaller, and there may be additional causes for a facultative referendum, e.g., expenditures that exceed a certain amount of money. The facultative referendum is the most common type of referendum, and it is mostly carried out by political parties or by interest groups.
Obligatory referendum: There must be a referendum on any amendments to the constitution and on any joining of a multinational community or organization for collective security. In many municipalities, expenditures that exceed a certain amount of money also are subject to the obligatory referendum. Constitutional amendments are proposed by the parliament or by the cantons or by citizens' initiatives. Citizen's initiatives at the federal level need to collect 100,000 valid signatures within 18 months, and must not contradict international laws or treaties. Often, parliament elaborates a counter-proposal to an initiative, leading to a multiple-choice referendum. Very few such initiatives pass the vote, but more often, the parliamentary counter proposal is approved.
Brazil: In October 2005, 122 million voters decided to continue to allow the sale of firearms in Brazil. This referendum was offered by the government as part of a violence minimization initiative known as ''project disarmament.
Croatia held an independence referendum in May, 1991, with a turnout of 80%, of which 93% of the voters opted for independence.
East Timor, formerly governed by Indonesia, had a referendum on 30 August 1999, in which voters chose either to become a Special Autonomous Region within Indonesia, or for independence. Around 79% of voters opted for independence.
Eritrea: In April 1993 nearly 1 million voters (a quarter of the population), cast ballots to become "sovereign and independent" of Ethiopia. This vote was the result of thirty years of war by Eritreans during their War of Independence. The result was a vote for independence by 99.8% of the voters.
France: The practice of referendums for tough decisions appeared with Charles De Gaulle's Fifth Republic, in order to overcome the Parliament. A referendum can be called by the President for constitutional changes, treaty ratification, laws concerning the administration or the territory. The political risks involved made the practice rare. Most constitutional revisions went through the super-majority of the Parliament in Congress. Therefore, a procedure of popular initiative, backed by a handful of MPs, is being put in place.
Iran: In 1979 and after the Islamic Revolution had toppled the Iranian monarchy, a referendum was held to choose the future governing system of the country. The question was a simple yes or no to the Islamic Republic, a system which combines direct representation with religious authority. The Islamic Republic was established after more than 98% of the population voted yes.
'Kashmir (a state within the territory of India)' The Security Council of United Nations on the complaint of Government of India concerning the dispute over the State of Jammu and Kashmir passed resolution 47(1948), “that both India and Pakistan desire that the question of the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan should be decided through the democratic method of a free and impartial plebiscite”. It recommended to the Governments of India and Pakistan to restore peace and order in Jammu and Kashmir and provide full freedom to all subjects of the state, to vote on the question of accession.
Puerto Rico: Three Puerto Rican status referendums (in 1967, 1993, and 1998) have taken place in Puerto Rico to determine whether the insular area should become an independent nation (comprising a republic and an associated republic), apply for statehood, or maintain commonwealth (Estado Libre Asociado) status. Remaining a commonwealth has been the result of all three referendums. There was also a 2005 referendum (Resolution 64) to determine whether the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico should be restructured (among other changes to become unicameral).
Pakistan:General Pervez Musharraf held a referendum on 30 April 2002 to legitimize his presidency and assure its continuance after the approaching restoration of democracy. He thus extended his term to five years after the October 2002 elections. The voter turnout was 80 percent by most estimates, amidst claims of irregularities. A few weeks later, Musharraf went on TV and apologized to the nation for "irregularities" in the referendum.
Singapore: On 1 September 1962, a referendum was held to put the terms of the merger with Malaya to a direct vote by the citizens of Singapore. (The decision to merge with Malaya had already been made.) There were three choices: 1) To merge with Malaya, having autonomy in labour and education; 2) To merge with Malaya, having same status as the other states in Malaya; 3) To merge with Malaya, having terms similar to those of the Borneo territories. Option #1 won with 71%. Two years after the merger, Malaysia expelled Singapore.
Slovenia: There was an independence referendum on 23 December 1990. The turnout was a massive 88.5% of all voters of which 95% that took part voted for the independence. It was the first such referendum in one of the then Yugoslavian republics and as such marked a turning point in the history of many nations. The results were announced on 26 December and on 25 June 1991 Slovenian parliament passed an independence law proclaiming Slovenia a sovereign country. This was followed by a ten day war in which Slovenian forces drove the Yugoslavian peoples army out of the country.
Spain: In 1976 a referendum was held to determine if citizens wanted to change the political system (dictatorship) or not to change it, after the death of Francisco Franco. Spaniards chose (94%) to change ("Referéndum para la reforma política", literally «Referendum for political reformation»). Also, in 1986 another referendum approved Spain's membership of NATO.
Russian Constitution of 1993 was adopted by controversial referendum.
Venezuela: The 1999 constitution, created by the Chávez government, and approved by referendum, brought in the concept of requiring referendums for constitutional changes, as well as providing for recall referendums of elected officials (which require petitions of a minimum percentage of voters to be submitted). In the Venezuelan recall referendum of 2004 voters determined whether or not Hugo Chávez, the current President of Venezuela, should be recalled from office. The result of the referendum was to not recall Chávez.
Thailand: On 4 September 2008, amidst hundreds of thousands of protesters demanding the government resign, Thailand's premier Samak Sundaravej's government approved the idea of a referendum to ask the Thai electorate if it wanted to keep the government or not. The plebiscite was not held because it was certain to legitimize unfairly the government's standing and policies.
Emerson, P J. Defining Democracy puts both two-option and multi-option referendums into their historical context and suggests which are the more accurate measures of "the will of the people". The de Borda Institute is at http://www.deborda.org
Emerson Peter, Designing an All-Inclusive Democracy (Springer-Verlag, 2007), describes the Modified Borda Count (MBC), as well as the Quota Borda System (QBS) and the matrix vote.
The Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation, statistics (German). http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/03/blank/key/stimmbeteiligung.html
History of direct democracy in the United States
List of politics-related topics
Political science
Referendums related to the European Union
Initiative
Initiative and referendum
United Nations in Kashmir
Independence referendum
Popular referendum
War referendum
Arizona Proposition 204, 2006
Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)
Belfast Agreement (1998)
Bolivian gas referendum, 2004
Carinthian Plebiscite (1920)
Cypriot Annan Plan referendum, 2004
Edinburgh congestion charge (2005)
Kenyan constitutional referendum, 2005
Montenegrin independence referendum, 1992
Montenegrin independence referendum, 2006
Norwegian prohibition referendum, 1919
Norwegian continued prohibition referendum, 1926
Norwegian European Communities membership referendum, 1972
Norwegian European Union membership referendum, 1994
Panama Canal expansion referendum, 2006
Puerto Rico status referendums (1967, 1993, 1998)
Republic of China referendums
Serbian constitutional referendum, 2006
South African referendum, 1992
Tokelauan self-determination referendum, 2006
Venezuelan recall referendum, 2004
Referendums in Canada
* Alberta liquor plebiscite, 1957
* British Columbia aboriginal treaty referendum, 2002
* British Columbia electoral reform referendum, 2005
* British Columbia electoral reform referendum, 2009
* Charlottetown Accord
* List of Northwest Territories plebiscites
* Newfoundland referendums, 1948
* Northwest Territories division plebiscite, 1982
* Nunavut capital plebiscite, 1995
* Ontario electoral reform referendum, 2007
* Ontario prohibition plebiscite, 1894
* Ontario prohibition referendum, 1902
* Ontario prohibition referendum, 1919
* Ontario prohibition referendum, 1921
* Ontario prohibition referendum, 1924
* Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum, 2005
* Quebec referendum, 1980
* Quebec referendum, 1995
* Saint John, New Brunswick ward plebiscite, 2007
Referendums in the United Kingdom
* United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum, 1975
* United Kingdom European Constitution referendum (proposed)
* United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum, 2011
* Northern England devolution referendums, 2004
* Northern Ireland Belfast Agreement referendum, 1998
* Northern Ireland sovereignty referendum, 1973
* Scottish devolution referendum, 1979
* Scottish devolution referendum, 1997
* Welsh devolution referendum, 1979
* Welsh devolution referendum, 1997
* Welsh devolution referendum, 2011
* Edinburgh congestion charge
* Greater London Authority referendum, 1998
Referendums related to European Union accession:
* Danish European Communities membership referendum, 1972
* Norwegian European Communities membership referendum, 1972
* Norwegian European Union membership referendum, 1994
* Polish European Union membership referendum, 2003
Terminology
The word plebiscite comes from the Latin plebiscita, which originally meant a decree of the Concilium Plebis, the popular assembly of the Roman Republic. Referendums and referenda are both commonly used as plurals of referendum. However, the use of referenda is deprecated by the Oxford English Dictionary, which advises that:In the United States, a plebiscite is typically known as an initiative when originating in a petition of ordinary citizens, and as a referendum only if it consists of a proposal referred to voters by the legislature. A plebiscite can be considered a kind of election and is often referred to as such in the U.S. (an election literally means a choice). In other countries, the term election is often reserved for events in which elected representatives are chosen.
Procedure and status
In a first classification by necessity, a referendum may be mandatory, that is, the law (usually the constitution) directs authorities to holding referendums on specific matters (such is the case in amending most constitutions, or impeaching heads of state as well as ratifying international treaties) and are usually binding. A referendum can also be facultative, that is it can be initiated at the will of a public authority (President of the Republic in France and Romania or the Government/Parliament in Greece or Spain) or at the will of the citizens (a petition). It can be binding/ non-binding.A foundational referendum or plebiscite may be drafted by a constituent assembly before being put to voters. In other circumstances a referendum is usually initiated either by a legislature or by citizens themselves by means of a petition. The process of initiating a referendum by petition is known as the popular or citizens initiative. In the United States the term referendum is often reserved for a direct vote initiated by a legislature while a vote originating in a petition of citizens is referred to as an "initiative", "ballot measure" or "proposition."
In countries in which a referendum must be initiated by parliament, it is sometimes mandatory to hold a binding referendum on certain proposals, such as constitutional amendments. In countries, such as the United Kingdom, in which referendums are neither mandatory nor binding there may, nonetheless, exist an unwritten convention that certain important constitutional changes will be put to a referendum and that the result will be respected.
By nature of their effects, referendums may be either binding or non-binding. A non-binding referendum is merely consultative or advisory. It is left to the government or legislature to interpret the results of a non-binding referendum and it may even choose to ignore them. This is particularly the case in states that follow Westminster conventions of parliamentary sovereignty. In New Zealand, for example, citizen-initiated referendum (CIR) questions are broad statements of intent, not detailed laws. Following a referendum vote, parliament itself has the sole power to draft, debate and pass enabling legislation if it so chooses, and thus far, New Zealand governments have chosen to ignore completely two of the three proposals that have succeeded in forcing a vote since the CIR device was created in 1993. The third, a series of proposals about criminal justice, prompted some minor reforms only; it too was largely ignored. Matt Qvortrup in his Supply-side Politics (Centre for Policy Studies 2007) argues that this led to a disuse of the New Zealand device. While three petitions were launched in 2007, there was only one in 2004 and 2005, and none in 2006 and 2008 thus far. Only one of these have yet achieved the necessary signature target to force a vote, the overwhelming result (87% opposed) of which was largely ignored by the government. However, according to the New Zealand Election Study, 77 percent of voters believe that the citizen initiated referendum make the politicians more accountable. Trust in politicians has grown by almost 20 percent since the introduction of the device, although that can be more plausibly attributed to the change in electoral system that occurred at the same time.
In most referendums it is sufficient for a measure to be approved by a simple majority of voters in order for it to be carried. However, a referendum may also require the support of a super-majority, such as two-thirds of votes cast. In Lithuania certain proposals must be endorsed by a three-quarters majority (among them, any proposal to amend article 148 of the Lithuanian Constitution, which states, "Lithuania is an independent and democratic republic").
In some countries, including Italy, there is also a requirement that there be a certain minimum turn-out of the electorate in order for the result of a referendum to be considered valid. This is intended to ensure that the result is representative of the will of the electorate and is analogous to the quorum required in a committee or legislature.
The franchise in a referendum is not necessarily the same as that for elections. For example, in Ireland, only citizens may vote in a constitutional referendum, whereas citizens of the United Kingdom are also entitled to vote in general elections.
Referendums by country
Australia
Approval in a referendum is necessary in order to amend the Australian constitution. A bill must first be passed by both houses of Parliament or, in certain limited circumstances, by only one house of Parliament, and is then submitted to a referendum. If a majority of those voting, as well as separate majorities in each of a majority of states, (and where appropriate a majority of people in any affected state) vote in favour of the amendment, it is presented for Royal Assent, given in the Queen's name by the Governor-General. Due to the specific mention of referendums in the Australian constitution, non-constitutional referendums are usually termed plebiscites in Australia.
Brazil
Three nationwide referendums were held so far in Brazilian history.In 1961, the country had just adopted the parliamentary government system, but in a referendum held in 1963, the Brazilian population was consulted about which government system should be withheld in the country and it was decided to have Brazil return to a Presidential system.
In 1993, another referendum to decide Brazil's government system was held. Voters could choose between keep the presidential republic system, adopt a parliamentary republic system, or adopt a parliamentary monarchy system. The majority of voters opined to maintain the current presidential government system.
In 2005 a referendum was held to consult the population about their opinion on the possibility to forbid the sale and civilian possession of firearms and ammunition nationwide. Most of voters declared themselves contrary to the ban and the laws regarding commerce and ownership of weapons in the country remained unaltered.
Canada
Referendums are rare in Canada and only three have ever occurred at the federal level. The most recent was a referendum in 1992 on a package of proposed constitutional measures known as the Charlottetown Accord. Although the Constitution of Canada does not expressly require that amendments be approved by referendum, some argue that, in light of the precedent set by the Charlottetown Accord referendum, this may have become a constitutional convention.
A referendum can also occur at the provincial level. The 1980 and 1995 referendums on the secession of Québec are notable cases. In conjunction with the provincial election in 2007, the province of Ontario voted on a mixed-member proportional representation electoral system and British Columbia held two consecutive referendums on BC-STV in 2005 and 2009. In 2011 British Columbia held yet another referendum against a newly imposed HST tax. The results ended up making British Columbia the first province to overturn the harmonization of provincial and federal taxes.
Chile
There have been four plebiscites and one "consultation" in Chilean history. In 1925, a plebiscite was held over a new constitution that would replace a semi-parliamentary system with a presidential one. The "Yes" vote won overwhelmingly, with 95% of the vote.In 1978, after the United Nations protested against Pinochet's régime, the country's military government held a national consultation, which asked if people supported Pinochet's rule. The "Yes" vote won with 74%, although the results have been questioned.
Another constitutional plebiscite was held in 1980. The "Yes" won with 68.5%, prolonging Pinochet's term until 1989 and replacing the 1925 Constitution with a new one still used today. The results of this plebiscite have also been questioned by Pinochet's opponents, because of the lack of voters registration.
In a historical plebiscite held in 1988, 56% voted to end the military régime. The next year, yet another plebiscite was held for constitutional changes for the transition to a democratic government (the "Yes" vote won with 91%).
There have been several referendums in individual municipalities in Chile since the return to civilian rule in 1990. A referendum, which took place on 2006 in Las Condes, over the construction of a mall was noteworthy for being the first instance in Chilean history where electronic voting machines were used.
Costa Rica
October 7, 2007 the first referendum held in Costa Rica was to approve or reject the free trade agreement with Central America, Dominican Republic (Costa Rica already has FTAs with the latter) and the United States known as the Dominican Republic – Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA).It was very narrowly approved (49.030 votes). Results were 51.62% voted in favour and 48.38% against it. It is currently the only free trade agreement in the world that has been approved on a referendum.
From 2008 to 2010 conservative groups, linked to religious institutions, managed to collect 150,000 signatures to call a referendum to decline unions between same-sex couples. The Supreme Elections Tribunal (TSE) had scheduled the consultation on December 5, 2010.
However, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court rejected the referendum stating that "The rights of minorities that arise from anti-majoritarian claims can not be subjected to a referendum process which the majority imposes". This consideration supports the main argument of those who rejected the consultation considered a violation of human rights, among these gay groups and humanitarian actors.
The Board further considered that "people who have sex with same sex are a group at disadvantage and discrimination, which requires the support of public authorities for the recognition of their constitutional rights or other legislation". Decisions of the Constitutional Court are final so the ruling stopped the referendum and opened to the Congress the opportunity to continue discussing the bill on the recognition of homosexual unions.
Denmark
In Denmark, referendums are held every time new treaties of the European Union have to be approved. One sixth of the parliamentary members can force a referendum in certain cases, one third in all cases. Because Denmark has a multiparty system, this has happened. However, it has been the norm to hold a referendum with every new EU treaty, even when more than five sixths can be found. Recently, the Danish government was highly criticized when it did not hold a referendum regarding the controversial Lisbon treaty.The Constitution of Denmark can be changed only after a referendum.
The present location of the border with Germany was determined by a referendum in 1920 after the German capitulation. See Schleswig.
Egypt
On 19 March 2011 a constitutional referendum was held in Egypt, following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. The reforms made it easier for candidates to run for president, limited the number of presidential terms to two four-year periods, and ensured judicial monitoring of elections.
Hong Kong
Due to discontent towards the proposal of political reform made by the Hong Kong government, the Civic Party and the League of Social Democrats joined together to carry out "Five Constituencies Referendum" in early 2010, by having one Legislative Councillors(from either one of the parties) in each constituency resigned, forcing the government to carry out a by-election, thus giving a chance for all voters to show their will towards universal suffrage and the abolishment of functional constituencies .Quite often, it is refereed as "De facto referendum".The Basic Law of Hong Kong does not provide for official referenda, but the pan-democrats hope that by returning the resignees to the Legislative Council, on their manifesto of real political reform in Hong Kong and the abolition of functional constituencies, the election can be seen as a de-facto referendum and an endorsement of these issues.
The original five pan-democrat Legislative Councillors were re-elected, the turnout was much lower than the expectation of the two parties, due to the suppression of pro-Beijing Camp.
Iraq
The current Constitution of Iraq was approved by referendum on 15 October 2005, two years after the United States-led invasion. The constitution was designed to shift crucial decisions about government, the judiciary and human rights to a future national assembly. It was later modified to provide for the establishment of a committee by the parliament to be elected in December 2005 to consider changes to the constitution in 2006.
Ireland
The current Constitution of Ireland was adopted by plebiscite on 1 July 1937. In Ireland, every constitutional amendment must be approved by referendum; 30 such referendums have occurred so far (from the enactment of the current constitution to the end of 2009). Constitutional amendments are first adopted by both Houses of the Oireachtas (parliament), submitted to a referendum, and are signed into law by the President. The role of the president is merely ceremonial: she cannot refuse to sign into law an amendment that has been approved in a referendum. The constitution also provides for a referendum on an ordinary law, known as an 'ordinary referendum'. Such a referendum can take place only under special circumstances, and none have yet occurred. The closest referendum result was 1995's vote to legalise divorce - 50.3% voted "Yes" (to legalise divorce) and 49.7% voted "No." Only Ireland held a referendum on the Treaty of Lisbon.
Iceland
Iceland held a referendum on 6 March 2010, to vote for whether or not to repay the Icesave debt to United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The people voted against repaying the debt.
Italy
The constitution of Italy provides for two kinds of binding referendums.A legislative referendum can be called in order to abrogate a law totally or partially, if requested by 500,000 electors or five regional councils. This kind of referendum is valid only if at least a majority of electors goes to the polling station. It is forbidden to call a referendum regarding financial laws or laws relating to pardons or the ratification of international treaties.
A constitutional referendum can be called in order to approve a constitutional law or amendment only when it has been approved by the Houses (Chamber of Deputies and Senate of the Republic) with a majority of less than two thirds in both or either House, and only at the request of one fifth of the members of either House, or 500,000 electors or five Regional Councils. A constitutional referendum is valid no matter how many electors go to the polling station. Any citizen entitled to vote in an election to the Chamber of Deputies may participate in a referendum.
Malta
There are three types of referendums in Malta; these are Constitutional, Consultative and Abrogative Referendums. Constitutional Referendums are binding and is set out in the Constitution and in practice it would only take place to increase the life time of the incumbent legislature. This type of Referendum in Malta in effect has never taken place. The second provision is for Consultative Referendums. These can either take place prior to the assent of a bill in the House of Representatives or following the parliamentary procedure in a form of a conditional clause in the said bill. In the former case it would not legally bind Parliament to approve the said legislation irrelevant of the result of the said referendum, however the latter case, it would be conventionally binding on the President to promulgate the bill into law. Throughout the History of Malta there has been five referendums on a national level. There has been however one regional referendum for Gozo in 1973 and further local Referendums within Local Council jurisdictions. The Final form of Referendums; i.e. Abrogative Referendums is provided for in the Referenda Act even though it has never been utilized and if invoked and successful can abrogate pieces of legislation barring some exceptions notably financial and constitutional law.
Morocco
There have been several referendums in Morocco. Most of which were related to the Moroccan constitution. Since he became king of Morocco, King Mohammed VI has led a lot of reforms that made Morocco an exception from all the other Arab countries. On February 20, 2011, Thousands took to the streets of Rabat, Casablanca, Tangier and Marrakesh in peaceful protests demanding a new constitution, a change in government and an end to corruption. During a march on Hassan II Avenue in the capital, Rabat, demonstrators demanded a new constitution to bring more democracy to the country. They shouted slogans calling for economic opportunity, education reform, better health services, and help in coping with the rising cost of living. On March 9, King Mohammed VI made a speech that was described as a "historical" speech in which he announced several reforms including a new constitution to the country. In a televised speech on Friday, 17 June, King Mohammed VI announced a series of constitutional reforms, to be put to a national referendum on 1 July. The proposed reforms would give the prime minister and the parliament more executive authority, and would make Berber an official language in Morocco, together with Arabic. The proposal would empower the prime minister with the authority to appoint government officials and to dissolve the parliament - the powers previously held by the king. However, the king would remain the military commander-in-chief and would retain his position as the chair of the Council of Ministers and the Supreme Security Council, the primary bodies responsible for the security policy. A new constitutional provision would also confirm the king's role as the highest religious authority in the country. Although most people were celebrating among the protesters after the King's speech, the leaders of the 20 February Movement rejected the proposals as insufficient and called for continuing protests on 19 June 2011. On 29 June 2011, the protesters called for a boycott of the referendum. The referendum was held on June 1, and almost all Moroccans said yes to it with a "98% yes" "2% No" turnout.
Netherlands
In principle, national referendums in the Netherlands are not possible by law. However, from 2002 until 2005, there was a Temporary Referendum Law in place, which allowed for non-binding referendums, known in Dutch as Volksraadpleging ("People's Consultation"), to be organised for laws already approved by the House of Representatives. No referendum was called based on this law.In order to hold the 2005 referendum on the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, a different law was temporarily put in place. That referendum was the first national referendum in the Netherlands in 200 years and it was the result of an initiative proposal by parliamentarians Farah Karimi (Greens), Niesco Dubbelboer (Labour) and Boris van der Ham (Democrats).
New Zealand
New Zealand has two types of referendum. Government referendums are predominantly about alcohol policy (although none has been held recently) or constitutional issues. However, there are referendums on other issues. Furthermore, constitutional issues, such as the establishment of the Supreme Court of New Zealand, may be done without a referendum. New Zealand also has provision for citizens-initiated referendums, although these are non-binding. The Prime Minister, John Key, has said he will work to raise the number of times referendums are used.
Norway
The Norwegian Constitution does not mention refendums at all, and as such, referendums are not a part of Norwegian political practice. However, six advisory referendums have been held in Norway, most notably, the referendums on Norwegian EU membership, and the referendum for dissolving the union with Sweden. It is worth noting that these referendums, and potential future referendums, although legitimate as part of Norwegian constitutional convention, will not have any legal binding: They will merely be advisory, and the final decision will be taken by the Norwegian parliament, who may choose (albeit unlikely) to disregard the will of the Norwegian people as expressed through the referendum.
Portugal
In Portugal, a Referendum is a determined proposition presented by the Government, Citizens or Political Organizations that is submitted to the popular pronouncement through a national election. Until now, there were already three Referendums: abortion, in 1998, when the "No" won; regionalization, in 1998, when the "No" won; abortion, in 2007, where the "Yes" won. This referendum was asked because the first referendum on this issue had a low turnout.
Romania
Under the Romanian Constitution of 1991, revised in 2003, there are three situations in which referendums can be held. Article 90 of the Constitution establishes a facultative and non-binding referendum, which the President can initiate on matters of principle. Article 95 establishes a mandatory and binding referendum for the impeachment of the President in case he is deemed guilty of disobeying the Constitution. Article 151 also establishes a mandatory and binding referendum on approving Constitutional amendments. This last provision has been used twice: in adopting the Romanian Constitution in 1991, and amending it in 2003.
Serbia
The Constitution of the Republic of Serbia was adopted on a referendum held in 28–29 October 2006. The constitutional referendum passed with 3,521,724 voting a 53.04% majority. 3,645,517 or 54.91% voted on the referendum, which made it legitimate.
Singapore
According to the Constitution of Singapore, a referendum can be held in a few circumstances, including situations when a constitutional amendment passed by the Parliament is rejected by the President, or when the nation's sovereignty needs to be decided (i.e. merger or incorporation into other countries). There has been only one referendum in Singapore to date, which is the 1962 national referendum, deciding on the merger of Singapore into Malaysia. Singapore was eventually forced to secede from Malaysia and declared independence, which had not even been an option in the referendum, on 9 August 1965. Hence, Singapore became the only country to become independent against its own will.
Sweden
The Constitution of Sweden provides for both binding and non-binding referendums. Since the introduction of parliamentary democracy, six referendums have been held: the first was about alcohol prohibition in 1922, and the most recent was about euro membership in 2003. All have been non-binding, consultative referendums. Two, in 1957 and 1980, were multiple-choice referendums.===Switzerland=== In Switzerland Swiss voters can demand a binding referendum at federal, cantonal and municipal level. They are a central feature of Swiss political life. It is not the government's choice whether or when a referendum is held, but it is a legal procedure regulated by the Swiss constitution. There are two types of referendums:
The possibility of facultative referendums forces the parliament to search for a compromise between the major interest groups. In many cases, the mere threat of a facultative referendum or of an initiative is enough to make the parliament adjust a law.
The referendums are said, by their adversaries, to slow politics down. On the other hand, empirical scientists, e.g. Bruno S. Frey among many, show that this and other instruments of citizens' participation, direct democracy, contribute to stability and happiness.
The votes on referendums are always held on a Sunday, typically three or four times a year, and in most cases, the votes concern several referendums at the same time, often at different political levels (federal, cantonal, municipal). Referendums are also often combined with elections. The percentage of voters is around 40% to 50%, unless there is an election. The decisions made in referendums tend to be conservative. Citizens' initiatives are usually not passed. The federal rule and referendums have been used in Switzerland since 1848.
United Kingdom
Although Acts of Parliament may permit referendums to take place, the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty means any Act of Parliament giving effect to a referendum result could be reversed by a subsequent Act of Parliament. As a result, referendums in the United Kingdom cannot be constitutionally binding, although they will usually have a persuasive political effect.Referendums are rare; only two have been put to the entire UK electorate. The first was the United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum, 1975, which was held two years after British accession to the European Economic Community to gauge support for continued membership. The second was the United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum, 2011. This was to vote on changing the 'First Past the Post' system to an alternative electoral system, the Alternative Vote.
Referendums have been held in individual parts of the United Kingdom on issues relating to devolution in Scotland and Wales, an elected Mayor of London and a Greater London Authority for Greater London, a regional assembly for the North-East of England and the constitutional status and governance of Northern Ireland. Since 1973, the year of the first such plebiscite, there have been nine major referendums.
In 2004, Her Majesty's Government promised a UK-wide referendum on the new European Constitution, but this was postponed in 2005 following the defeats of the French and Dutch referendums. Due to the replacement of the European Constitution with the Treaty of Lisbon, there was no obligation for a referendum. Referendums have also been proposed, but not held, on the replacement of the pound sterling with the euro as the currency of the United Kingdom. The present Scottish Government, a Scottish National Party administration, wishes to hold a referendum on Scottish Independence between late 2013 and 2016. As it is now a majority government, the referendum can pass through the Scottish Parliament unhindered. The Westminster government has also indicated that it will facilitate such a referendum.
At the local level, the Government has put proposals for directly-elected mayors to several towns by referendum. The 1972 Local Government Act also contains a little-used provision that allows non-binding local referendums on any issue to be called by small groups of voters. Strathclyde Regional Council held a postal referendum in 1994 on whether control of water and sewerage services should be transferred to appointed boards: this was largely a political tactic, since this was the policy of the UK Government at the time. The UK Parliament enacted the legislation anyway, and it came into force on 1 April 1996.
United States
In the United States, the term "referendum" typically refers to a popular vote originated by petition to overturn legislation already passed at the state or local levels (mainly in the western United States). In industrial cities and regions, it refers to internal, union organization in terms of electing delegates or approving a collective bargaining agreement. By contrast, "initiatives" and "legislative referrals" consist of newly drafted legislation submitted directly to a popular vote as an alternative to adoption by a legislature. Collectively, referendums and initiatives in the United States are commonly referred to as ballot measures, initiatives, or propositions.There is no provision for the holding of referendums at the federal level in the United States; indeed, there is no national electorate of any kind. The United States constitution does not provide for referendums at the federal level. A constitutional amendment would be required to allow it. However, the constitutions of 24 states (principally in the West) and many local and city governments provide for referendums and citizen's initiatives.
Uruguay
The Uruguayan constitution allows citizens to challenge laws approved by Parliament by use of a referendum or to propose changes to the Constitution by the use of a plebiscite. This right has been used a few times in the past 15 years: to confirm an amnesty to members of the military who violated human rights during the military regime (1973–1985), to stop privatization of public utilities companies, to defend pensioners' incomes, and to protect water resources.
Other countries
Multiple-choice referendums
A referendum usually offers the electorate only two choices, either to accept or reject a proposal, but this need not necessarily be the case. In Switzerland, for example, multiple choice referendums are common; two multiple choice referendums held in Sweden, in 1957 and 1980, offered voters a choice of three options; and in 1977 a referendum held in Australia to determine a new national anthem was held in which voters were presented with four choices.A multiple choice referendum poses the problem of how the result is to be determined if no single option receives the support of an absolute majority (more than half) of voters. This can be resolved by applying voting systems designed for single winner elections to a multiple-choice referendum.
Swiss referendums get around this problem by offering a separate vote on each of the multiple options as well as an additional decision about which of the multiple options should be preferred. In the Swedish case, in both referendums the 'winning' option was chosen by the Single Member Plurality ("first past the post") system. In other words the winning option was deemed to be that supported by a plurality, rather than an absolute majority, of voters. In the 1977 Australian referendum the winner was chosen by the system of preferential instant-runoff voting.
Although California does not have deliberate multiple-choice referendums in the Swiss or Swedish sense (in which only one of several counter-propositions can be victorious, and the losing proposals are wholly null and void), it does have so many yes-or-no referendums at each Election Day that the State's Constitution provides a method for resolving inadvertent conflicts when two or more inconsistent propositions are passed on the same day. This is a de facto form of Approval Voting - i.e., the proposition with the most "yes" votes prevails over the others to the extent of any conflict.
Criticisms
Although some advocates of direct democracy would have the referendum become the dominant institution of government, in practice and in principle, in almost all cases, the referendum exists solely as a complement to the system of representative democracy, in which most major decisions are made by an elected legislature. An often cited exception is the Swiss canton of Glarus, in which meetings are held on the village lawn to decide on matters of public concern. In most jurisdictions that practice them, referendums are relatively rare occurrences and are restricted to important issues.
Advocates of the referendum argue that certain decisions are best taken out of the hands of representatives and determined directly by the people. Some adopt a strict definition of democracy, saying elected parliaments are a necessary expedient to make governance possible in the large, modern nation-state, though direct democracy is nonetheless preferable and the referendum takes precedence over Parliamentary decisions.
Other advocates insist that the principle of popular sovereignty demands that certain foundational questions, such as the adoption or amendment of a constitution, the secession of a state or the altering of national boundaries, be determined with the directly expressed consent of the people.
Advocates of representative democracy say referendums are used by politicians to avoid making difficult or controversial decisions.
Criticism of populist aspect
Critics of the referendum argue that voters in a referendum are more likely driven by transient whims than careful deliberation, or that they are not sufficiently informed to make decisions on complicated or technical issues. Also, voters might be swayed by strong personalities, propaganda and expensive advertising campaigns. James Madison argued that direct democracy is the "tyranny of the majority."Some opposition to the referendum has arisen from its use by dictators such as Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini who, it is argued, used the plebiscite to disguise oppressive policies as populism. Hitler's use of plebiscites is argued as reason why, since World War II, there has been no provision in Germany for the holding of referendums at the federal level.
Patten's criticism
British politician Chris Patten summarized many of the arguments used by those who oppose the referendum in an interview in 2003 when discussing the possibility of a referendum in the United Kingdom on the European Union Constitution:}}
Never-end-um
A further perceived flaw of the referendum is that, in some circumstances, the democratic spirit of the referendum may be flouted by the repeated submission to the referendum of a proposal until it is eventually endorsed, perhaps due to a low turn-out or public fatigue with the issue. This is especially a problem where a proposal may be difficult to reverse, such as secession from a larger country or the abolition of a monarchy. The repeated holding of a referendum on a single issue has been pejoratively referred to as a "never-end-um".Many critics of the EU point to the Treaty of Nice's ratification procedure in Ireland, where the government submitted the Treaty to a referendum twice, getting the required "Yes" vote on the second attempt. This controversy was repeated during the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon.
Closed questions and the separability problem
Some critics of the referendum attack the use of closed questions. A difficulty which can plague a referendum of two issues or more is called the separability problem. If one issue is in fact, or in perception, related to another on the ballot, the imposed simultaneous voting of first preference on each issue can result in an outcome that is displeasing to most.
Undue limitations on regular government power
Several commentators have noted that the use of citizens' initiatives to amend constitutions has so tied the government to a mishmash of popular demands as to render the government unworkable. The Economist has made this point about the US State of California, which has passed so many referendums restricting the ability of the state government to tax the people and pass the budget that the state has become effectively ungovernable. Calls for an entirely new California constitution have been made.
Popular culture
In Steven Spielberg's 2002 film Minority Report, based on a short story written by Philip K Dick, a referendum is held on 22 April 2054 on whether people should be arrested and judged for a murder they will commit in the future reported by people with pre-cognitive powers.
Sources
See also
Specific referendums
References
Category:Direct democracy Category:Elections
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