In chemistry, the standard state of a material (pure substance, mixture or solution) is a reference point used to calculate its properties under different conditions. In principle, the choice of standard state is arbitrary, although the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommends a conventional set of standard states for general use. IUPAC recommends using a standard pressure p^o = 1 bar (100 kilopascals). Strictly speaking, temperature is not part of the definition of a standard state. For example, as discussed below, the standard state of a gas is conventionally chosen to be unit pressure (usually in bar) ideal gas, regardless of the temperature. However, most tables of thermodynamic quantities are compiled at specific temperatures, most commonly 298.15 K (exactly 25 °C) or, somewhat less commonly, 273.15 K (exactly 0 °C). The standard state should not be confused with standard temperature and pressure (STP) for gases, nor with the standard solutions used in analytical chemistry.

William Westwood "Bill" Lockyer (born May 8, 1941) is an American politician. He is the now the 32nd State Treasurer of California, elected in 2006 and re-elected in 2010. He has also served as California Attorney General and President Pro Tempore of the California State Senate. Lockyer, who has held elective office since 1973, is not able to run for a third term as Treasurer in 2014, due to term limits in California.

Described by journalistic observers as one of California's most "colorful" politicians, Lockyer has long been known to speak with a frankness that has occasionally caused political embarrassment.

Lockyer attended the University of California, Berkeley, graduating with a BA in Political Science in 1965. While in school, Lockyer founded the Cal Berkeley Democrats.^{[citation needed]} His first job was a public school history teacher.

Lockyer began his political career as a School Board member of the San Leandro Unified School District, as chair of the Alameda County Democratic Central Committee, and California coordinator of Senator George McGovern's 1972 campaign for the Presidency.