Chewa
Nyanja (Chichewa, Chinyanja)
Spoken in	Zambia  Malawi  Mozambique  Zimbabwe
Native speakers	8.7 million  (2001)
Language family	Niger–Congo Atlantic–Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Bantu Nyasa Chewa
Official status
Official language in	Malawi  Zambia
Regulated by	unknown
Language codes
ISO 639-1	ny
ISO 639-2	nya
ISO 639-3	nya
Linguasphere	99-AUS-xa incl. varieties 99-AUS-xaa...-xag

Chewa, also known as Nyanja, is a language of the Bantu language family. The gender prefix chi- is used for languages, so the language is also known as Chichewa and Chinyanja.

Distribution[link]

Chewa is the national language of Malawi. It is also one of the seven official African languages of Zambia, where it is spoken mostly in the Eastern Province and in Lusaka. It is also spoken in Mozambique, especially in the provinces of Tete and Niassa, as well as in Zimbabwe where, according to some estimates, it ranks as the third most widely used local language, after Shona and Northern Ndebele.

The Nyanja spoken in Lusaka is extremely different from rural Chewa, incorporating large numbers of English-derived words, as well as showing influence from other Zambian languages such as Bemba. For example, the plural prefix a- (used for humans and other animates) is ba- (pronounced βa-) in Lusaka Nyanja.

History[link]

Chinyanja has its origin in the Eastern Province of Zambia from the 15th century to the 18th century. The language remained dominant despite the breakup of the empire and the Nguni invasions and was adopted by Christian missionaries at the beginning of the colonial period.

In Zambia, Chewa is spoken by other peoples like the Ngoni and the Kunda, so a more neutral name Chinyanja "(language) of the lake" (referring to Lake Malawi), is used instead of Chewa.

The first grammar, A grammar of the Chinyanja language as spoken at Lake Nyasa with Chinyanja-English and English-Chinyanja vocabulary , was written by Alexander in 1880 and partial translations of the Bible were made at the end of 19th century. Further early grammars and vocabularies include A vocabulary of English-Chinyanja and Chinyanja-English: as spoken at Likoma, Lake Nyasa^[1] and A grammar of Chinyanja, a language spoken in British Central Africa, on and near the shores of Lake Nyasa,^[2] by George Henry (1891). The whole Bible was translated by William Percival Johnson and published as Buku Lopatulika ndilo Mau a Mulungu in 1912.^[3]

A strong historical link of the Nyanja, Bemba and Yao people to the Shona Empire, who can point their earlier origins to Mashonaland, proves linguistically evident today. The ancient Shonas who temporarily dwelt in Malambo, a place in the DRC, eventually shifted into northern Zambia, and then south and east into the highlands of Malawi.

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

• Paas, Steven, 2012. 3rd edition. Dictionary / Mtanthauziramawu. English – Chichewa / Chinyanja // Chichewa / Chinyanja – English. VTR Publications. ISBN 978-3-941750-87-6
• Mchombo, Sam, 2004. The Syntax of Chichewa. Cambridge Syntax Guides
• Henry, George, 1891. A grammar of Chinyanja, a language spoken in British Central Africa, on and near the shores of Lake Nyasa.
• Woodward, M. E., 1895. A vocabulary of English-Chinyanja and Chinyanja-English as spoken at Likoma, Lake Nyasa. Society for promoting Christian knowledge.
• Missionários da Companhia de Jesus 1963. Dicionário Cinyanja-Português. Junta de Investigaçôes do Ultramar.

External links[link]

Chewa language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

• English / Chichewa (Nyanja) Online Dictionary
• Chewa Dictionary from Webster's Dictionary
• Phrasebook for the Chewa language from Wikitravel
• Chichewa Home Page
• Information on the Chichewa translation of the Holy Bible Includes the Chichewa translation of John 1:1-10.
• PanAfrican L10n wiki page on Chewa/Nyanja
• Online English–Chichewa Dictionary
• USA Foreign Service Institute Chinyanja basic course
• Adaptation of English loanwords in Chichewa

v t e Languages of Zambia Official English Regional Nyanja Bemba Lunda Tonga Lozi Luvale Kaonde

v t e Languages of Mozambique Official Portuguese Non-official Barwe Chewa Chichopi Chuwabu Dema Kimwani Kokola Koti Kunda Lolo Lomwe Maindo Makhuwa Makhuwa-Marrevone Makhuwa-Meetto Makhuwa-Moniga Makhuwa-Saka Makhuwa-Shirima Makonde Makwe Manyawa Manyika Marenje Mwani Nathembo Ndau Ngoni Nsenga Nyungwe Phimbi Ronga Sena Shona Swahili Swati Takwane Tawara Tewe Tonga Tsonga Tswa Yao Zulu

v t e Languages of Zimbabwe Dombe English Fanagalo Kalanga Kunda Lozi Manyika Nambya Ndau Northern Ndebele Nsenga Nyanja Shona Tonga Tsoa Tsonga Tswa Tswana Venda Zimbabwe Sign Language/Zimsign

Song In (in hangul 송인, in hanja 宋仁) was a civil official in the mid-Goryeo era who became the intermediary founder of the Jincheon Song clan. His highest post was munha pyeongjangsa (문하 평장사). This was the highest government position in the period. Song In was responsible for administration, judicial affairs and economy in the district.^[1]

As he performed meritorious deeds during the King, he was conferred with Chanhwagongsin and Jincheonbaek. Baek was a position of politicians who were responsible for administration, judicial affairs and economy in the district. As the government created him Jincheonbaek, his family started regarding Jincheon as their origin. Hence, the family origin became Jincheon Song.

When he was in the position of Sangsanbaek, he tried to be just and fair in all the administrative affairs and strived to enhance the welfare of his people. He also focused on education for the youth and courtesy for people, which made his district famous for most excellent behaviors in the nation. After that, the people have long paid tribute to his feats.

During the insurrection of Yi Jagyeom in the 4th year of King Injong of Goryeo's reign in 1126, he was killed by a rebellious band led by Cheok Jun-gyeong while escorting the king. After the rebels were put down, Song In was posthumously named 'meritous subject' and titled Lord Sangsanbaek (상산백).

Song In was born in Durujinmaeul (village), Duchon-ri, Deoksan-myeon in 1125 during the reign of King Injong of the Goryeo Dynasty. He was promoted to Pyeonjangsa, which was the highest government position in the period.

Tomb of Song In[link]

Chungcheongbuk-do Monument No. 91 Location: Duchon-ri, Deoksan-myeon, Jincheon-gun

This is the tomb of Song In (?-1126). It has a rectangular-shaped protective wall surrounding the tomb, typical of the Goryeo style. There are two tombstones erected in the late Joseon Dynasty period.

In the grave area, there are many tombs that belong to the clan. In front of his tomb stands the jaesil (chamber for memorial rites) with the tablet reading 'Sangsanjae'.

His grave is in Duchon-ri, Deoksan-myeon, which had been called Duruji, Sanjeong-myeon. The beautiful peak behind his grave is called Mountain Bibong which was named after Bongsae (bird) that is said to live in heaven and to fly down to sit on the summit. However, after the statue was inscribed of In Gong, the founder of Jincheon Song, the peak was compared to a slowly dropped ume flower. Thus, Mountain Bibong was called Maesanbibong, in which 'Mae' was named after an ume flower instead of a bird.

As he was a meritorious subject and served as a Pyeongjangsa (higher government official), the government ordered his grave mound to be surrounded by stones and a monument. The grave is one of the oldest ones in Jincheon and is recorded in Seokchong (stone tomb) in Hwanyeoseungram.

Thousands of descendents of Jincheon Song are living across the nation. Song Guk-cheom and Song Eon-gi who were devoted to fight against the Mongolian invasion into Goryeo are also the offspring of Jincheonbaek.

See also[link]

• Song (Korean name)
• Bon-gwan

References[link]

External links[link]

• Photo of the tomb
• Song In
• Monument 91, Tomb of Song In
• Jincheon Song bon-gwan information (Korean)
• Jincheon Song bon-gwan website (Korean)
• http://www.jincheon.go.kr/english/sub04/sub0404_01.jsp

This Korean biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This Korean history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Melinda Gates
Melinda Gates at the World Economic Forum in 2011
Born	Melinda Ann French (1964-08-15) August 15, 1964 (age 47) Dallas, Texas, U.S.
Residence	Medina, Washington, U.S.
Nationality	American
Alma mater	Duke University
Occupation	Co-Chair, operator of Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Religion	Roman Catholic
Spouse	Bill Gates (m. 1994) «start: (1994)»"Marriage: Bill Gates to Melinda Gates" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Melinda_Gates)
Children	Jennifer Katharine Gates - (b. 1996) Rory John Gates - (b. 1999) Phoebe Adele Gates - (b. 2002)
Website
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Home Page

Melinda French Gates (born Melinda Ann French; August 15, 1964)^[1] is an American businesswoman and philanthropist. She is the wife of Bill Gates. She is the co-founder and co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and a former unit manager for several Microsoft products such as Publisher, Microsoft Bob, Encarta, and Expedia.

Personal life[link]

Melinda and Bill Gates in June 2009.

Melinda was born in Dallas, Texas. She was the second of four children born to Raymond Joseph French, Jr., an engineer, and Elaine Agnes Amerland, a homemaker. She has an older sister and two younger brothers.^[2] Gates, a Roman Catholic, attended St. Monica Catholic School,^[3][4] where she was the top student in her class year. She graduated as valedictorian from Ursuline Academy of Dallas in 1982. Gates earned a bachelor's degree in computer science and economics from Duke University in 1986 and an MBA from Duke's Fuqua School of Business in 1987.

Shortly thereafter, she joined Microsoft and participated in the development of many of Microsoft’s multimedia products including Publisher, Microsoft Bob, Encarta, and Expedia.^[5]

In 1994, she married Bill Gates in a private ceremony held in Lanai, Hawaii. Shortly thereafter, she left Microsoft to focus on starting and raising her family. Her last position was Microsoft’s General Manager of Information Products. Melinda and Bill Gates have three children: daughters Jennifer Katharine Gates (born 1996) and Phoebe Adele Gates (born 2002), and son Rory John Gates (born 1999).

Melinda served as a member of Duke University's board of trustees from 1996 to 2003.^[6] Gates attends Bilderberg Group conferences and holds a seat on the board of directors of the Washington Post company.^[7] She retired from the board of Drugstore.com in August 2006 to spend more time working for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.^[8]

As of 2009, Melinda and Bill Gates have donated more than US$24 billion to the Foundation.^[9]

Awards and recognition[link]

In December 2005, Melinda and Bill Gates were named by Time as Persons of the Year alongside Bono. Melinda and Bill Gates received the Spanish Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation on May 4, 2006 in recognition of their world impact through charitable giving.^[10] In November 2006, Melinda and Bill Gates were awarded the Order of the Aztec Eagle for their philanthropic work around the world in the areas of health and education, particularly in Mexico, and specifically in the program "Un país de lectores".

She was ranked #40 in Forbes 2008 list of the 100 Most Powerful Women,^[11] #24 in 2007,^[12] and #12 in 2006.^[13]

On June 12, 2009, Melinda and Bill Gates received honorary degrees from the University of Cambridge. Their benefaction of $210 million in 2000 set up the Gates Cambridge Trust, which funds postgraduate scholars from outside the UK to study at the University.

Melinda has also donated over 10 million dollars to her high school Ursuline Academy of Dallas. She is one of the major donors of their Facing the Future Campaign and was honored in their dedication ceremony on May 7, 2010.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Melinda Gates

• The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Melinda Gates on Charlie Rose
• Melinda Gates at TED Conferences
• Melinda Gates at the Internet Movie Database
• Melinda Gates at the Notable Names Database
• Melinda Gates collected news and commentary at The New York Times
• Works by or about Melinda Gates in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Melinda Gates Goes Public, Fortune magazine, January 4, 2008