In linguistics, measure words are words (or morphemes) that are used in combination with a numeral to indicate an amount of some noun. They denote a unit or measurement and are used with nouns that are not countable. For instance, in English, mud is a mass noun and thus one cannot say *"three muds", but one can say "three drops of mud", "three pails of mud", etc. In these examples, drops and pails function as measure words.

Informally, the term measure word is also sometimes used to refer to numeral classifiers, which are used with nouns that are countable in some languages. For instance, in English no extra word is needed when saying "three people", but in many East Asian languages a numeral classifier is added, just as a measure word is added for uncountable nouns in English. While many linguists maintain a distinction between measure words and numeral classifiers, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably.^[1][2] (For instance, materials for teaching Chinese as a second language generally refer to Chinese classifiers as "measure words".)

Most measure words in English correspond to units of measurement or containers, and are themselves count nouns rather than grammatical particles:

• one litre of water
• three cups of coffee
• four kernels of corn, three ears of corn, two bushels of corn

References[link]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010)

Edward Earl "Eddie" Hazel (April 10, 1950 – December 23, 1992) was a guitarist in early funk music in the United States who played lead guitar with Parliament-Funkadelic. Hazel was a posthumous inductee of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, inducted in 1997 with fifteen other members of Parliament-Funkadelic.

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Born in Brooklyn, New York in 1950, Hazel grew up in Plainfield, New Jersey because his mother, Grace Cook, wanted her son to grow up in an environment without the pressures of drugs and crime that she felt pervaded New York City. Hazel occupied himself from a young age by playing a guitar, given to him as a Christmas present by his older brother. Hazel also sang in church. At age 12, Hazel met Billy "Bass" Nelson, and the pair quickly became close friends and began performing, soon adding drummer Harvey McGee to the mix.

Career[link]

In 1967, The Parliaments, a Plainfield-based doo wop band headed by George Clinton, had a hit record with "(I Wanna) Testify." Clinton recruited a backing band for a tour, hiring Nelson as bassist, who in turn recommended Hazel as guitarist. Hazel was in Newark, New Jersey working with George Blackwell and couldn't be reached. After Nelson returned from the tour, he tried to recruit Hazel. His mother at first vetoed the idea since Hazel was only seventeen, but Clinton and Nelson worked together to change her mind.

In late 1967, The Parliaments went on tour with both Nelson and Hazel. In Philadelphia Hazel met and befriended Tiki Fulwood, who quickly replaced The Parliaments' drummer. Nelson, Hazel and Fulwood became the backbone of Funkadelic, which was originally the backup band for The Parliaments, only to later become an independent touring group when legal difficulties forced Clinton to temporarily abandon the name "Parliaments"

The switch to Funkadelic was complete with the addition of Tawl Ross and Bernie Worrell (rhythm guitar and keyboards, respectively). Funkadelic (1970), Free Your Mind... And Your Ass Will Follow (1970) and Maggot Brain (1971) were the first three albums, released within two years. All three albums prominently featured Hazel's guitar work.

The third album's title song, "Maggot Brain", consists of a ten-minute guitar solo by Hazel. Clinton reportedly told Hazel during the recording session to imagine he had been told his mother was dead, but then learned that it was not true.^[1] Music critic Greg Tate described it as Funkadelic's A Love Supreme.^[1] In 2008, Rolling Stone cited this as number 60 on its list of 100 greatest "guitar songs" of all time.^[2]

Nelson and Hazel officially quit Funkadelic in late 1971 over financial disputes with Clinton, though Hazel contributed to the group sporadically over the next several years. The albums America Eats Its Young (1972) and Cosmic Slop (1973) featured only marginal input from Hazel. Instead, Hazel began working with The Temptations (along with Nelson), appearing on 1990 (1973) and A Song for You (1975).

For the 1974 Funkadelic album Standing on the Verge of Getting It On, Hazel co-wrote all of the album's songs. On six of those songs the songwriting credit was in the name of Grace Cook, Hazel's mother.^[1] In 1974, Hazel was indicted for assaulting an airline stewardess and an air marshal,^[3] along with a drug possession charge. While he was in jail, Clinton recruited Michael Hampton as the new lead guitarist for Parliament-Funkadelic to replace Hazel.^[1]

In the next several years, Hazel appeared occasionally on Parliament-Funkadelic albums, although his guitar work was rarely featured. One song that featured Hazel's lead guitar is "Comin' Round the Mountain" on Hardcore Jollies (1976). In 1977, Hazel recorded a "solo" album, Game, Dames and Guitar Thangs, with support from other members of Parliament-Funkadelic, including vocals from The Brides of Funkenstein.^[1] He was completely absent from One Nation Under a Groove (1978), Funkadelic's most commercially successful album. Hazel made another prominent appearance in "Man's Best Friend" on the George Clinton album Computer Games (1982),^[1] as well as the track "Pumping It Up" from the P-Funk All Stars album Urban Dancefloor Guerillas.

On December 23, 1992, Hazel died from internal bleeding and liver failure.^[4] "Maggot Brain" was played at his funeral.^[5]

Legacy[link]

Three collections of unreleased recordings have been released posthumously: The 1994 four-song EP Jams From the Heart (which Rhino Records later added as bonus material to its rerelease of Game, Dames and Guitar Thangs), 1994's Rest in P and 2006's Eddie Hazel At Home.

Other recordings by Hazel have appeared on albums by other musicians. Several albums produced by Bill Laswell, including Funkcronomicon (released under the name Axiom Funk, 1995) have featured Hazel's guitar. Bootsy Collins has also incorporated recordings of Hazel in some of his recent releases, for example, "Good Night Eddie" on Blasters of the Universe. The band Ween recorded a tribute to him called "A Tear for Eddie" on their album Chocolate And Cheese. There is an image of Hazel on the back of Primal Scream's album Give Out But Don't Give Up.

Hazel has been featured on a number of lists of greatest guitarists of all time. He was 43 on the list of Rolling Stone magazine's 100 Greatest Guitarists Of All Time ^[6] and was ranked at 88 in a similar list by Uncut Magazine.^{[citation needed]}

Discography[link]

• Game, Dames and Guitar Thangs (1977), Warner Bros.
• Jams From the Heart (1994), JDC - EP
• Rest in P (1994), P-Vine
• At Home (With Family) (2006), Eddie Hazel

References[link]

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2010)

Liner notes to Live: Meadowbrook, Rochester, Michigan – 12 September 1971 by Rob Bowman, 1996.

Liner notes to Music For Your Mother by Rob Bowman, 1992.

Liner notes to Game, Dames, and Guitar Thangs, Rhino Records, 2004.

External links[link]

• Eddie Hazel at Allmusic

v t e Parliament-Funkadelic Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Jerome "Bigfoot" Brailey • George Clinton • Bootsy Collins • Ray Davis • Ramon "Tiki" Fulwood • Glen Goins • Michael Hampton • Clarence "Fuzzy" Haskins • Eddie Hazel • Walter "Junie" Morrison • Cordell "Boogie" Mosson • "Billy Bass" Nelson • Garry Shider • Calvin Simon • Grady Thomas • Bernie Worrell Related articles Parliament • Funkadelic  • House Guests • Godmoma • Kiddo • Original P • The Pacemakers • The Parliaments • Zapp  • List of P-Funk members • Pedro Bell • Armen Boladian • Children of Production • Bill Laswell • Overton Loyd • P-Funk • P-Funk Earth Tour • P-Funk Mothership • P-Funk mythology • P-Funk projects • Uncle Jam Records • Red Hot Chili Peppers Parliament discography Osmium • Up for the Down Stroke • Chocolate City • Mothership Connection • The Clones of Dr. Funkenstein • Live: P-Funk Earth Tour • Funkentelechy Vs. the Placebo Syndrome • Motor Booty Affair • Gloryhallastoopid • Trombipulation Funkadelic discography Funkadelic • Free Your Mind... and Your Ass Will Follow • Maggot Brain • America Eats Its Young • Cosmic Slop • Standing on the Verge of Getting It On • Let's Take It to the Stage • Tales of Kidd Funkadelic • Hardcore Jollies • One Nation Under a Groove • Uncle Jam Wants You • Connections & Disconnections • The Electric Spanking of War Babies • Live: Meadowbrook, Rochester, Michigan – 12th September 1971 • By Way of the Drum • Toys • U.S. Music With Funkadelic George Clinton and Parliament-Funkadelic Computer Games • Urban Dancefloor Guerillas • You Shouldn't-Nuf Bit Fish • Some of My Best Jokes Are Friends • R&B Skeletons in the Closet • The Mothership Connection - Live from Houston • The Cinderella Theory • Live at the Beverly Theater • Hey, Man, Smell My Finger • Dope Dogs • Mothership Connection Newberg Session • T.A.P.O.A.F.O.M. • Live 1976–1993 • How Late Do U Have 2BB4UR Absent? • George Clinton and His Gangsters of Love Bootsy Collins Stretchin' Out in Bootsy's Rubber Band • Ahh... The Name Is Bootsy, Baby! • Bootsy? Player of the Year • This Boot is Made for Fonk-N • Ultra Wave • The One Giveth, the Count Taketh Away • What's Bootsy Doin'? • Jungle Bass • Blasters of the Universe • Lord of the Harvest • Keepin' Dah Funk Alive 4-1995 • Fresh Outta 'P' University • Live in Louisville 1978 • Play With Bootsy • Live In Concert 1998 • Live in Oklahoma 1976 • Christmas Is 4 Ever • Tha Funk Capital of the World Eddie Hazel Game, Dames and Guitar Thangs • Rest in P The Horny Horns A Blow for Me, a Toot for You • Say Blow by Blow Backwards • The Final Blow Bernie Worrell All the Woo in the World • Funk of Ages • Pieces Of Woo: The Other Side  • Blacktronic Science • Free Agent: A Spaced Odyssey The Brides of Funkenstein Funk or Walk • Never Buy Texas from a Cowboy • Live at the Howard Theatre Parlet Pleasure Principle • Invasion of the Booty Snatchers • Play Me or Trade Me Clarence "Fuzzy" Haskins A Whole Nother Thang (1976)  • Radio Active (1978)  • A Whole Nother Radio Active Thang (1994) Ruth Copeland Self Portrait (1970)  • I Am What I Am (1971)  • Take Me To Baltimore (1976) Mutiny Mutiny on the Mamaship (1979)  • Funk Plus the One (1980)  • A Night Out With the Boys (1983)  • Aftershock 2005 (1996) Other spinoffs Quazar (1978)  • Sweat Band (1980) • Federation of Tackheads (1985)  • Lifestyles of the Roach and Famous (1988) Out of the Dark (1993) • Heavy Metal Funkason (1998) Filmography The Night Before • PCU • Parliament-Funkadelic: One Nation Under a Groove • George Clinton: The Mothership Connection Category

Olivier Blanchard

New Keynesian economics
Born	(1948-12-27) December 27, 1948 (age 63) Amiens, France
Nationality	France
Institution	International Monetary Fund
Field	Macroeconomics
Alma mater	MIT
Influenced	Jordi Galí Gilles Saint-Paul
Information at IDEAS/RePEc

Olivier Jean Blanchard (born December 27, 1948, Amiens, France)^[1] is currently the chief economist at the International Monetary Fund, a post he has held since September 1, 2008.^[2] He is also the Class of 1941 Professor of Economics at MIT, though he is currently on leave. Blanchard is one of the most cited economists in the world, according to IDEAS/RePEc.^[3]

Blanchard earned his Bachelor at Paris Dauphine University, and Ph.D. in Economics in 1977 at MIT. He taught at Harvard University between 1977 and 1983, after which time he returned to MIT as a professor.^[4] Between 1998 and 2003 Blanchard served as the Chairman of the Economics Department at MIT. He is also an adviser for the Federal Reserve banks of Boston (since 1995) and New York (since 2004).

Blanchard has published numerous research papers in the field of macroeconomics, as well as undergraduate and graduate macroeconomics textbooks..

References[link]

External links[link]

• Olivier Blanchard
• Krugman, Paul, "Olivier Blanchard Isn't Very Serious", New York Times blog, December 21, 2011, 4:48 pm.

This biography about a French economist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e