The Sabians (Arabic: صابئة) of Middle Eastern tradition were a monotheistic Abrahamic religious group mentioned three times in the Quran: "the Jews, the Sabians, and the Christians."[1] In the Hadith they are nothing but converts to Islam,[2] while their identity in later Islamic literature became a matter of discussion and investigation.
The Qur'an briefly announces the Sabians in three places and the Hadith provide further details as to who they were as people of the book:
- "Verily! Those who believe and those who are Jews and Christians, and Sabians, ... whoever believes in Allāh and the Last Day and do righteous good deeds shall have their reward with their Lord, on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve ." Quran 2:62
- "Those who believe (in the Qur'an) those who follow the Jewish (Scriptures) and the Sabians and the Christians―any who believe in Allāh and the Last Day, and work righteousness―on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve." Quran 5:69
- "Verily, those who believe, and those who are Jews, and the Sabians, and the Christians, and the Majus, and those who worship others besides Allāh, truly, Allāh will judge between them on the Day of Resurrection. Verily! Allāh is Witness over all things." Quran 22:17
According to Muslim authors, Sabians followed the fourth book of Abrahamic tradition, the Zaboor, which was given to the Prophet King David of Ancient Israel according to the Qur'an. The "Zaboor" is identified by many modern scholars as the Biblical book of Psalms. Most of what is known of them comes from Ibn Wahshiyya's The Nabatean Agriculture, and the translation of this by Maimonides.
Other classical Arabic sources include the Fihrist of Ibn al-Nadim, (c. 987), who mentions the Mogtasilah ("Mughtasila," or "self-ablutionists"), a "sect" of "Sabians" in southern Mesopotamia who counted El-Hasaih as their founder[3] and the vast majority[who?] of academics agree that they are probably the enigmatic "Sobiai" to whom Elchasai preached in Parthia. According to Daniel Chwolsohn (1856) they appear to have gravitated around the original pro-Jewish Hanputa of Elchasai out of which the miso-Judaic prophet Mani seceded and are identified therefore as the pro-Torah Sampsaeans but also less accurately with the anti-Torah Mandaeans. They were said by Khalil Ibn Ahmad (d.786) to believe that they "belonged" to the prophet Noah.[note 1]
Some[who?] supposed that they influenced the practices of the Hellenic Godfearers theosebeis (Greek: Θεοσεβεῖς) while their angelology (based around the movements of the Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn) found its greatest development in the community which was based in the Harran region of south-eastern Anatolia and northern Syria. Ibn al-Qayyim distinguished them as the Sabians of Harran from the south Mesopotamian Sābi'ūna Hunafā.[citation needed]
They are not to be confused with the Sabaeans of Sheba whose etymology is unrelated being spelled with an initial Arabic letter "Sin (ﺱ)" instead of the initial letter "Sad (ص)".[citation needed]
There has been much speculation as to the origins of the religious endonym from this practice. Segal (1963)[4] argued that the term Sābi'ūn derives from the Syriac root S-b-' , referring to conversion through submersion.[5]
The Syriac (and Hebrew) nouns derived from this root refer to proselytes, both "Judaisers" — non-converts who followed certain basic rules of Judaism — and early Christian converts of non-Jewish origin and practice. These latter were called Theosebeians "God-fearers", Sebomenoi "Believers", or Phobeomenoi (Φοβεόμενοι) "pious ones" in Greek sources. The Greek etymology of sebomai (σέβομαι), applied to the proselytes, is in the word eusebian (εὐσέβειαν), meaning a kind of godliness and reverence or worshipfulness.[original research?]
According to Islamic scholars, the word Sābi'ūna (Sabian) is derived from the verb saba’a, which refers to the action of leaving one religion and entering another.[6]
- Tabari said: as-Sābi'ūn is the plural of Sābi', which means "proselyte" who has left his original religion, or anyone who has left the religion that he used to follow and joins another. The Arabs called such a person Sābi'.
Sabians practiced initiation through submersion in water, intended to harken to the inundation of the world during the deluge of the time of Noah which cleansed man's sinful nature from the face of the earth.[citation needed]
In the later ninth century CE, Arab authors focused upon the origins of the "Abrahamic" Sabians from the "Hellenistic" Sabians[clarification needed] and went into much detail on the Harranian period before the time of Abraham. Most of this knowledge was translated in 904 CE from Syriac sources into the book called "The Nabatean Agriculture" by Ibn Wahshiyya; Maimonides considered it an accurate record of the beliefs of the Sabians, whose role as a pre-Judaic monotheistic movement he commented on at length.[citation needed]
Despite substantial and clear documentation about both kinds of Sabians spanning many centuries from sources as diverse as Greek Christian, Arabic Muslim, Arabic and Persian Bahá'í, as well as Jewish sources and documents, the actual nature of the Sabians has remained a matter of some heated debate among Orientalists. Therefore, "Sabian" has been used mistakenly in many literary references for decades and though, the spelling "Sabian" usually refers to one of the People of the Book mentioned in the Qur'an, it is also used by the Mandaeans under the variation of "Sabaean" detailed below. The variation "Sabean" has been employed in English to distinguish the ancient Harranian group, but the usage is not universal.[citation needed]
The confusion of Sabaeans and Sabians began with Marmaduke Pickthall's spelling mistake in his translation of the Qur'an.[citation needed] The word "Sabaeans" comes from a completely different root spelling, beginning with the Arabic letter "Sin" instead of the Arabic letter "Sad". The Sabaeans were in fact the people of ancient Saba in Yemen who scholars[who?] have shown to have no connection to the Sabians of the Qur'an, except for their Ansar tribe, which practiced Qur'anic Sabianism.[citation needed]
Al-Biruni (writing at the beginning of the eleventh century A.D.) said that the '"real Sabians'" were "the remnants of the Jewish tribes who remained in Babylonia when the other tribes left it for Jerusalem in the days of Cyrus and Artaxerxes. According to Ethel Drower (1937) these remaining tribes ... adopted a system mixed up of Magism and Judaism.'[7]
The recent debate on who the Sabians were is directly connected to how to best translate the following verses from the Qur'an out of the original Arabic.
The Sabians existed before Muhammad, and are said to have read from a book called the Zabur ("Psalms"). They came under Islamic rule about 639 CE. At that time in history they were described as Greek immigrants[citation needed] but were grouped together with the Nabataeans.
Many Islamic writers from the period of about 650 CE onward gave further descriptions of the Sabians. They wrote that the Sabians lived in Iraq around Sawad, Kutha and Mosul and they "wash themselves with water", had "long hair", and "white gowns".[citation needed] They had a monotheistic faith with religious literature (the Zabur) and acknowledged the prophets. Their theology resembled that of Judaism and Christianity yet were neither, nor were they Magians.
With regard to their beliefs, Ibn al-Qayyim said: "The people differed greatly concerning them, and the imams were unsure about them because they did not have enough knowledge of their beliefs and religion." Al-Shaafa’i said: "Their case is to be examined further; if they resemble the Christians in basic matters but they differ from them in some minor issues, then the jizya is to be taken from them. But if they differ from them in basic issues of religion then their religion cannot be approved of by taking the jizya from them." And he elaborated elsewhere: "They are a kind of Christian," a view consistent with a comment about some of them mentioned in Bahá'i writings.[citation needed]
Ibn al-Qayyim said: "The Sabians are a large nation among whom are both blessed and doomed. They are one of the nations who are divided into believers and disbelievers, for the nations before the coming of the Prophet (Peace and Blessings of Allāh be Upon Him) were of two types, kāfir nations all of whose people were doomed and among whom were none who were blessed, such as the idol-worshippers and the Magians; and others who were divided into those who were blessed and those who were doomed, namely the Jews, Christians and Sabians."[citation needed]
According to Islamic scholars,[6] they did not reject the Prophets of Islam but neither did they regard it as obligatory to follow them. Whoever followed (the Prophets) may be blessed and saved, but whoever follows a path similar to that of the Prophets by virtue of one's own reasoning is also blessed and saved, even if one did not follow the Prophets in specific terms. In their view the call of the Prophets was true but there was no one specific route to salvation. They believed that the universe had a Creator and Sustainer, Who is Wise and above any resemblance to created beings, but many of them, or most of them, (i.e. the Sabians of Harran) said: we are unable to reach Him without intermediaries, so we have to approach Him through the mediation of spiritual and holy Bud Asaf who are pure and free of any physical elements and who are above place and time, rather they are created pure and holy.
Abd al-Rahman Ibn Zayd (d. 798 CE) wrote: "The Sābi'ūn say that their religion is a religion to itself and they live near Mosul (jazirat al-mawsil) and believe in only one God." He also wrote that they have: "no cult though their main belief is 'La ilaha il Allāh'." He also remarked that: "the Sābi'ūn did not believe in the Prophet Muhammad (in the same way as his followers did), yet the polytheists were known to say of the Prophet and his companions 'these are the Sabians' comparing them to them."[note 2][note 3][note 4] following the Din of Noah[note 1] as a sect who read the Zabur[note 5][note 6] akin to Christianity.[note 7] They appear to be between Judaism and Magianism[note 8][note 9] but are in fact closer to Judaism.[note 10][note 11][note 12] Sābi'ūn recognise the practice of Muhammad in going to the caves prior to his inspiration, as in accordance with the Sabi quest for Tawheed Hunafa' and, in general, many similarities with the Sabians meant Muhammad and his companions were often considered to have been Sabians.[note 13][note 14] Most specifically this was because of the Sabian shahada “La ilaha ila Allāh”.[note 15][note 16][note 17]
The root-meaning of the word "Sabian" (deriving from their religion Seboghatullah) means proselyte, and is identical in usage with the Greek words for Godfearers sebomenoi, theosebes, phobeomenoi.[note 18]
Sābi'ūn knew God as the Rabb al-'alihah (lord of gods) and 'ilah al-'alihah (god of gods) and speak to angels in their meditations,[note 19] each of whom they believe dwell in different stars, which has led to the erroneous beliefs among some that Sābi'ūn worship angels while others derogatorily call them star-worshipers (and so it is said in Arabic saba'at al-nujūm, meaning "the stars appeared"). Sābi'ūn read from the Zaboor (as with the Slavonic Subbotniki or Psaltirschiki) and use the sun for a qiblah, facing the equator at mid day.[note 5][note 6][note 20][note 21] Their fundamental teaching is La ilahah il Allah (there is no god but Allah),[note 2][note 3][note 15] but besides this ardent unitarianism, Sābi'ūn are quite akin to Christians.[note 7][note 22] Hanif Sabians are more universal, looking to Noah as their prophet of the Dīn.[note 1]Sābi'ūn have five daily prayers[note 23] (though Zohar can join Asr while Maghrib can join Isha giving the appearance of three). They believe in all prophets, reiterating the Din of Noah and, not in the same way as the Muslims, believe in the Seal of the prophets.[note 24] They also fast for 30 days.[note 25]
In the book "History of the Muslim New edition of the writings and research Prof Dr.Hamka" under the heading of nations before the birth of Muhammad pages 83;
told it's true this group is a group of Arabs in the community. This group have called 'Sabi'ah. Their belief that the star pocket and space, is confident that this something seala, movements and silence, walking and cessation of all the stringed instruments and related to the course of the stars. That's why the face of each star is no name, no dignity, and there are homes that are determined for each performance.To sun is home, for months there is his house, so also Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Venus, Mercury and the others, and every star that is idol the like. Venus or Venus, the god of beauty, so he still found the idol of Venus was the Roman state, too bad the broken hand side, is a very beautiful woman. From there the religion Sabi'ah apparently taking it. But there is more to enlarge the group of states Sabi'ah Mecca, pilgrimage, sacred game ban, do not like to eat pork, and do not want marriage of kinship; similar to the beliefs of Muslims. [8]
In the book "The pastor asked, Muslim students say"
They have seven prayers, which correspond to five times of prayer of the Muslims, the sixth is the Duha prayer, which is also available on the Muslims. The different of this ruling voluntary prayers in the Muslims. The seventh time was just six o'clock at night. They also have a corpse in prayer, without bowing and prostration. Their fasting month of the year, like the Muslims, but time is from the tribe last night until sunset. Such fasting is quite similar to the fasting Muslims.[9]
Although too late to be of relevance in identifying the sect mentioned by Muhammed, Maimonides wrote about the Sabians, Hebrew: צבאים[citation needed]. Based upon a book called The Nabataean Agriculture which Maimonides translated, Maimonides' Guide for the Perplexed describes the Sabians in quite some detail. They were questioned by Caliph al-Ma'mun of Baghdad in 830 CE, according to Abu Yusuf Absha al-Qadi, about what protected religion they belonged to. Not being Muslim, Christian, Jewish or Magian, the caliph told them they were infidels and would have to become Muslims or adherents of one of the other religions recognized by the Qur'an by the time he returned from his campaign against the Byzantines or he would kill them.[10] The Harranians consulted with a lawyer who suggested that they find their answer in the Qur'an II.59 which made it clear that Sabians were tolerated. It was unknown what was intended by Sabian and so they took the name.[11]
These newly-dubbed Harranian Sabians acknowledged Hermes Trismegistus as their prophet and the Corpus Hermeticum as their sacred text, being a group of Hermeticists. Validation of Hermes as a prophet comes from his identification as Idris (i.e. Enoch) in the Qur'an (19.57 and 21.85).[12]
The Harranian Sabians played a vital role in Baghdad and the rest of the Arab world from 856 until about 1050; playing the role of the main source of Greek philosophy and science as well as shaping the intellectual life. The most prominent of the Harranian Sabians was Thabit ibn Qurra.[12]
The Yezidi, and later French citizen and Vice-Consul at Mosul, Nicolas Siouffi in his Études sur la religion des Soubbas ou Sabéens, leurs dogmes, leurs moeurs (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1880) claimed to have identified 4,000 Sabians in the Soubbhas. This was well received by the Theosophist G. R. S. Mead,[13] but received critical reviews from scholars.[14]
The Sabians are also mentioned in the literature of the Bahá'í Faith. These references are brief for the most part, once describing a group who believe in Jesus[note 26]). `Abdu'l-Bahá has one brief reference where he describes Seth as one of the "sons of Adam".[15] Bahá'u'lláh in a Tablet identifies Idris with Hermes.[16] He does not, however, specifically name Idris as the prophet of the Sabians.
Possible identifications for the Sabians include Mandaeans and Harranians. Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila (2002, 2006) notes that in the marsh areas of Southern Iraq there was a continuous tradition of Mandaean religion, but also another pagan, or "Sabian," centre in the tenth-century Islamic world centred on Harran.[17] These pagan "Sabians" are mentioned in the Nabataean corpus of Ibn Wahshiyya.[18]
"The Sabians, who were pagans in the Middle East, were identified with two groups, the Mandaeans and the Harranians. The Mandaeans lived in Iraq during the 2nd century A.D. As they continue to do today, they worshipped multiple gods, or "light personalities." Their gods were classified under four categories: "first life," "second life," "third life" and "fourth life." Old gods belong to the "first life" category. They summoned deities who, in turn, created "second life" deities, and so forth.
- ^ a b c Khalil Ibn Ahmad (d. 786-787 CE), who was in Basra before his death, wrote: “The Sabians believe they belong to the prophet Noah, they read Zaboor, and their religion looks like Christianity.” He also states that "they worship the angels."
- ^ a b ‘Abd al-Rahman ‘ibn Zayd (d. 798 CE) wrote: "The Sābi'ūn say that their religion is a religion to itself and they live near Mosul (jazirat al-mawsil) and believe in only one God." He also wrote that they have: "… no cult though their main belief is “La ilaha il Allah”." He also remarked that: "the Sābi'ūn did not believe in the Prophet Mohammed (in the same way as his followers did), yet the polytheists were known to say of the Prophets and his companions “these are the Sabians” comparing them to them."
- ^ a b Wahb Ibn Munabbih (d 728-732 CE), who was originally from Iran, wrote: "The Sabians believe 'La ilaha il Allāh' but they do not have canonical law."
- ^ Mujahid ‘ibn Jarir (d 722 CE) wrote: "The Sabians have no distinctive religion but is somewhere between Judaism and Magianism."
- ^ a b Abul ‘Ailya said: “The Sabis are a sect of people of the Scripture who recite the Zaboor.”
- ^ a b Abu Hanifah (d.767 CE) who is the founder of the Hanafite school of Islamic Law wrote: "The Sabians read Zaboor and are between Judaism and Christianity."
- ^ a b ‘Abd ‘Allah ‘ibn al-‘Abbas (lived about 650 CE) wrote: "The religion of the Sabians is a sect of Christianity."
- ^ ‘Ibn Abi Nujayh (d749) wrote: "The Sabians were between Judaism and Magianism."
- ^ Suddi (d745 CE) also wrote: "The Sabian religion is between Judaism and Magianism."
- ^ ‘Awza’ (d.773 CE) a representative of the ancient Syrian school of religious studies wrote: "The Sabians are between Judaism and Christianity."
- ^ Malik ‘ibn ‘Anas (d795) wrote: "The Sabians are between Judaism and Christianity..."
- ^ Ahmad Ibn Hanbal (d. 855 CE) the Iman of Baghdad wrote: "The Sabians are a sect of Christianity or Judaism."
- ^ Ibn Jurayi (who lived in the 8th century) also wrote: The Sabians are in Sawad and are between the Magians, Christians, or Jews. He also wrote that the polytheists said of Mohammed: “He is a Sabian”.
- ^ Abd al-Rahman Ibn Zayd (d798 CE) wrote: "The prophet and his companions are referred to as 'these are the Sabians' comparing Mohammed to the Sabians."
- ^ a b ‘Abd al-Rahman ‘ibn ‘Zayd (d.798 CE) wrote: "The polytheists used to say of the prophet and his companions ‘these are the Sabians’ comparing them to them, because the Sabians who live Jaziartal-Mawsil (today known as Iraq) would say ‘La ilaha ila Allah’."
- ^ Rabiah Ibn Ubbad (who lived at the same time as Mohammed) wrote: "I saw the prophet when I was a pagan. He was saying to the people, ‘if you want to save yourselves, accept that there is no God but Allāh’ At this moment I noticed a man behind him saying ‘he is a sabi.’ When I asked somebody who he was he told me he was ‘Abu Lahab, his uncle."
- ^ Both Ibn Jurayi (d. 767) and Ata Ibn Abi Rabah (d.732) wrote: "I saw the prophet when I was a pagan. He was saying to the people, ‘If you want to save yourselves, accept that there is no God but Allāh.’ At this moment I noticed a man behind him saying ‘He is a sabi.’ When I asked somebody who he was he told me he was ‘Abu Lahab, his uncle' Of the relationship between the Sabians who lived in Sawad (in Iraq) and Muhammad it is mentioned that the polytheists of Mecca were heard to say of Muhammad "he has become a Sabian."
- ^ Abu Abdultah said: "The word saba’a means “The one who is a Proselyte.”"
- ^ Hasan al-Basri (d.728 CE) wrote: "the Sabian religion resembles the Magians and they worship angels."
- ^ Hasan al-Basri (d728 CE) wrote: "They read the Zaboor and pray facing a qiblah."
- ^ Qatadah ‘ibn Di’amah (d736 CE) wrote:"they pray towards the sun."
- ^ Al-Shaafai said: "Their case is to be examined further; if they resemble the Christians in basic matters but they differ from them in some minor issues, then the jizya is to be taken from them. But if they differ from them in basic issues of religion then their religion cannot be approved of by taking the jizya from them." And he elaborated elsewhere: "They are a kind of Christian."
- ^ Qatadah ‘ibn Di’amah (d736 CE) wrote: "The Sabians worship angels, read Zaboor, pray five ritual prayers."
- ^ Ziyad ‘ibn ‘Abihi (d. 672 CE) who was the governor of Iraq during the first Umayyad caliph Mu'awiyah wrote: "The Sabians believe in the prophets and pray five times daily."
- ^ ‘Abdul al-Zanad (d.747 CE) wrote: "The Sabians are from “Kutha” in Iraq, they believe in prophets, fast 30 days in a year, and pray 5 times daily towards the Yemen." (NB "towards the Yemen" is equivalent to facing south)
- ^ "they do expect the manifestation of Jesus" (á'ín-i Sábi'ín by Ruhu'llah Mihrabkhani)
Churton, Tobias. The Golden Builders: Alchemists, Rosicrucians, and the First Freemasons. New York: Barnes and Noble, 2002.
- ^ Bernard Lewis The Jews of Islam 1987 page 13
- ^ e.g. Sahih Bukhari Book #7 Hadith #340, Book #59 Hadith #628, and Book #89 Hadith #299 etc.
- ^ Daniel Chwolsohn, Die Sabier, 1856, I, 112; II, 543, cited by Salmon.
- ^ Judah Benzion Segal, The Sabian Mysteries. The planet cult of ancient Harran, Vanished Civilizations, ed. by E. Bacon, London 1963
- ^ The city of the Moon god: religious traditions of Harran p112 Tamara M. Green - 1992 "Segal was inclined to believe that the root of the word Sabian was Syriac. Rejecting the notion that it means baptizer ... Even if the etymology proposed by Segal is correct, nevertheless the question of how Muhammad learned about these ..."
- ^ a b He is asking about the Sabians: who were they and what were their beliefs?, Islam Q&A, retrieved April 23, 2006
- ^ Extracts from Ethel Stefana Drower - 1937, Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran,
- ^ Sejarah Umat Islam - Prof. Dr. Hamka, RM80.00 (1939 -1961)
- ^ Dr.Abdul Muta'al As Sa'idy. Limaza Ana Muslim? Paster Asked, and Muslim Student replied, Maktab al adab-Jamamizat Kaherah,Mesir: ISBN : 967-999-88-4-3
- ^ (Churton p. 26)
- ^ Tobias Churton pp. 26-7)
- ^ a b (Churton p. 27)
- ^ G. R. S. Mead Gnostic John the Baptizer: Selections from the Mandaean John-Book p137 "... the French Vice-Consul at Mosul, estimated them at some 4000 souls in all ( Etudes sur la Religion des Soubbas ou Sabéens, Paris, 1880). These were then to be found chiefly in the neighbourhood of Baṣra aud Kút. Siouffi's estimate, "
- ^ The Edinburgh review 1880 Sydney Smith "Admitting M. Siouffi's ignorance and his teacher's possible dishonesty, these are scarcely sufficient to account for the origin of all the traditions and beliefs described in the * Etudes sur la religion ' des Soubbas. ..."
- ^ `Abdu'l-Bahá (1982) [1912]. The Promulgation of Universal Peace (Hardcover ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. pp. 365. ISBN 0-87743-172-8. http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/PUP/pup-111.html#pg365.
- ^ Bahá'u'lláh (1994) [1873-92]. Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh Revealed After the Kitáb-i-Aqdas. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. pp. 152. ISBN 0-87743-174-4. http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/TB/tb-10.html#pg152.
- ^ Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila in Ideologies as intercultural phenomena p90 ed. Antonio Panaino, Giovanni Pettinato, International Association for Intercultural Studies of the MELAMMU Project - 2002 "... that in the marsh areas of Southern Iraq there was a continuous tradition of Mandaean religion, but it seems to have been totally neglected in scholarship that there was another pagan, or Sabian, centre in the tenth-century Islamic world, in the countryside of Iraq (sawad) around Baghdad"
- ^ Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila 2002 First, the books of the Nabatean corpus themselves claim to be translations from "ancient Syriac" (eg Filaha 1:5) made by Ibn Wahshiyya and transmitted to a student of his, Ibn az-Zayyat. The real authors of, eg, Filaha, according to...
For various theories on the Sabians please see the following:
