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http://wn.com/Videomapping_Hungary_In_International_Lightfestival_2013_In_Moscow_Art_Vision_Contest
http://wn.com/Eurovision_2013_Hungary_ByeAlex_Kedvesem_LIVE_AT_NATIONAL_FINAL
Videomapping Hungary In International Lightfestival 2013 In Moscow Art Vision Contest
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Updated: 06 Oct 2013
http://wn.com/Videomapping_Hungary_In_International_Lightfestival_2013_In_Moscow_Art_Vision_Contest
Hungary - World of Potentials
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:27
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
Written and directed by Isti Madarász Produced by AERA - www.aera.hu Music by Jorgosz & Lepe (Balkan Fanatik), ének: Nóri Kovács - based on the song of Muzsi...
http://wn.com/Hungary_World_of_Potentials
Written and directed by Isti Madarász Produced by AERA - www.aera.hu Music by Jorgosz & Lepe (Balkan Fanatik), ének: Nóri Kovács - based on the song of Muzsi...
- published: 22 Dec 2010
- views: 1054998
- author: brunthalllepcso
Short Presentation about Hungary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:41
- Updated: 12 Aug 2013
It's the first version of our presentation in Germany about Hungary. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wozzx6lBgSc here is the normal version) There are some m...
http://wn.com/Short_Presentation_about_Hungary
It's the first version of our presentation in Germany about Hungary. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wozzx6lBgSc here is the normal version) There are some m...
- published: 04 Jun 2012
- views: 208822
- author: Kristóf Kovács
People & Power - Hungary: Towards the Abyss
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:01
- Updated: 14 Aug 2013
Like many central European cities, Budapest has endured a fair degree of turbulence over the last hundred years, and the uneasy memories of two world wars st...
http://wn.com/People_&_Power_Hungary_Towards_the_Abyss
Like many central European cities, Budapest has endured a fair degree of turbulence over the last hundred years, and the uneasy memories of two world wars st...
- published: 23 May 2013
- views: 32431
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Budapest, Hungary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 55:35
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
Recorded July 21-22, 2011: Long video of my two-day stay in Budapest, Hungary includes: 00:23 Flight from Paris, France 01:46 Landing at Budapest Airport 04:...
http://wn.com/Budapest,_Hungary
Recorded July 21-22, 2011: Long video of my two-day stay in Budapest, Hungary includes: 00:23 Flight from Paris, France 01:46 Landing at Budapest Airport 04:...
- published: 07 Sep 2011
- views: 175290
- author: hoosiertim
Europe, What's Next? - A Journey Through Hungary | In Focus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:10
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
A visit to the weekly market in Békés in southern Hungary. Over ten years ago we met older Hungarians here whose pensions were hardly enough to live on. And ...
http://wn.com/Europe,_What's_Next?_A_Journey_Through_Hungary_|_In_Focus
A visit to the weekly market in Békés in southern Hungary. Over ten years ago we met older Hungarians here whose pensions were hardly enough to live on. And ...
- published: 26 Jun 2013
- views: 755
- author: Deutsche Welle
Hungary's far-right plays with fire - reporter
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:42
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
http://www.euronews.com/ "Death to the Jews!" "Auschwitz isn't this way!" "We're taking you to a free campsite, with heating!" "No return ticket!" Slogans li...
http://wn.com/Hungary's_far-right_plays_with_fire_reporter
http://www.euronews.com/ "Death to the Jews!" "Auschwitz isn't this way!" "We're taking you to a free campsite, with heating!" "No return ticket!" Slogans li...
- published: 26 Apr 2013
- views: 9198
- author: Euronews
Budapest, Hungary Travel Guide - Top 10 Must-See Attraction
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:48
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
http://bookinghunter.com Budapest is the beautiful capital city of Hungary which is home to a wealth of culture and attractions, with a prolific classical mu...
http://wn.com/Budapest,_Hungary_Travel_Guide_Top_10_Must-See_Attraction
http://bookinghunter.com Budapest is the beautiful capital city of Hungary which is home to a wealth of culture and attractions, with a prolific classical mu...
- published: 22 Feb 2013
- views: 18044
- author: BookingHunterTV
Hungary: Standing Up to the West?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:11
- Updated: 11 Aug 2013
Since the fall of Communism, Hungary has been doing everything the Western institutions have asked, privatizing and selling off state assets, which resulted ...
http://wn.com/Hungary_Standing_Up_to_the_West?
Since the fall of Communism, Hungary has been doing everything the Western institutions have asked, privatizing and selling off state assets, which resulted ...
- published: 20 Aug 2012
- views: 18051
- author: PressTVGlobalNews
I love Budapest and Hungary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:16
- Updated: 17 Aug 2013
Like it? Watch out other awesome stuff in the channel! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=gooodwish Have you ever been in Hungary and Budape...
http://wn.com/I_love_Budapest_and_Hungary
Like it? Watch out other awesome stuff in the channel! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=gooodwish Have you ever been in Hungary and Budape...
- published: 25 Jan 2013
- views: 8458
- author: Francesco Buonaurio
ByeAlex - Kedvesem (Zoohacker Remix) (Hungary) - LIVE - 2013 Grand Final
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:26
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
Powered by http://www.eurovision.tv Hungary: ByeAlex - Kedvesem (Zoohacker Remix) live at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 Grand Final.
http://wn.com/ByeAlex_Kedvesem_Zoohacker_Remix_Hungary_LIVE_2013_Grand_Final
Powered by http://www.eurovision.tv Hungary: ByeAlex - Kedvesem (Zoohacker Remix) live at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 Grand Final.
- published: 18 May 2013
- views: 656100
- author: Eurovision Song Contest
Cutting Loose: Hungary pays off IMF debt, may eye EU exit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Updated: 20 Aug 2013
Hungary is about to pay off its debt to the International Monetary Fund and then wants the creditor gone. The country was saved by Washington-based group wit...
http://wn.com/Cutting_Loose_Hungary_pays_off_IMF_debt,_may_eye_EU_exit
Hungary is about to pay off its debt to the International Monetary Fund and then wants the creditor gone. The country was saved by Washington-based group wit...
- published: 18 Aug 2013
- views: 23191
- author: RussiaToday
Ho oponopono Seminar - Mabel Katz in Hungary, Budapest - November 9 & 10 - 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:43
- Updated: 07 Oct 2013
http://hooponoponoway.hu/
Saturday, November 9, 2013
Ho'oponopono, The Secret Beyond
The Secret (Event in English with Hungarian translation)
Sunday, November 10, 2013
Zero Frequency® (Event in English with Hungarian translation)
Place: Hotel Mercure Budapest Buda
1013 Budapest Krisztina körút 41-43.
Contact: Klara Mora, hawaii@hooponoponoway.hu
More information in Hungarian: http://hooponoponoway.hu/
http://wn.com/Ho_oponopono_Seminar_Mabel_Katz_in_Hungary,_Budapest_November_9_10_2013
http://hooponoponoway.hu/
Saturday, November 9, 2013
Ho'oponopono, The Secret Beyond
The Secret (Event in English with Hungarian translation)
Sunday, November 10, 2013
Zero Frequency® (Event in English with Hungarian translation)
Place: Hotel Mercure Budapest Buda
1013 Budapest Krisztina körút 41-43.
Contact: Klara Mora, hawaii@hooponoponoway.hu
More information in Hungarian: http://hooponoponoway.hu/
- published: 07 Oct 2013
- views: 213
The rise of the far-right in Hungary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 07 Aug 2013
Jobbik is one of the most politically successful far-righ parties in Europe. The Hungarian party isanti-EU, anti-semitic and anti-roma, and have thrived sinc...
http://wn.com/The_rise_of_the_far-right_in_Hungary
Jobbik is one of the most politically successful far-righ parties in Europe. The Hungarian party isanti-EU, anti-semitic and anti-roma, and have thrived sinc...
- published: 27 May 2013
- views: 8475
- author: Channel4News
ByeAlex - Kedvesem (Zoohacker Remix) (Hungary) 2013 Eurovision Song Contest Official Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
ByeAlex will represent Hungary at the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest in Malmo, Sweden with the song Kedvesem (Zoohacker Remix)
http://wn.com/ByeAlex_Kedvesem_Zoohacker_Remix_Hungary_2013_Eurovision_Song_Contest_Official_Video
ByeAlex will represent Hungary at the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest in Malmo, Sweden with the song Kedvesem (Zoohacker Remix)
- published: 17 Mar 2013
- views: 813309
- author: Eurovision Song Contest
Still Report 95 - Hungary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:33
- Updated: 01 Sep 2013
Hungarian translation is available. Click on the red "CC" button. Hungary is pulling away from the European Union. It recently booted the IMF out of Hungary after it made the last payment on its IMF loans. It has decided not to abandon its national currency in favor of the Euro, but it still has a long way to go to completely escape the clutches of the bankers.
HOW YOU CAN HELP: I'm asking everyone who watches this video to go to my webpage: www.billstill.com and sign up for a dollar a month by clicking on the "Subscribe and Support" tab. That's all I ask.
http://wn.com/Still_Report_95_Hungary
Hungarian translation is available. Click on the red "CC" button. Hungary is pulling away from the European Union. It recently booted the IMF out of Hungary after it made the last payment on its IMF loans. It has decided not to abandon its national currency in favor of the Euro, but it still has a long way to go to completely escape the clutches of the bankers.
HOW YOU CAN HELP: I'm asking everyone who watches this video to go to my webpage: www.billstill.com and sign up for a dollar a month by clicking on the "Subscribe and Support" tab. That's all I ask.
- published: 01 Sep 2013
- views: 3076
ByeAlex - Kedvesem (Zoohacker Remix) (Hungary) - LIVE - 2013 Semi-Final (2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Updated: 17 Aug 2013
Powered by http://www.eurovision.tv Hungary: ByeAlex - Kedvesem (Zoohacker Remix) live at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 Semi-Final (2)
http://wn.com/ByeAlex_Kedvesem_Zoohacker_Remix_Hungary_LIVE_2013_Semi-Final_2
Powered by http://www.eurovision.tv Hungary: ByeAlex - Kedvesem (Zoohacker Remix) live at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 Semi-Final (2)
- published: 16 May 2013
- views: 502823
- author: Eurovision Song Contest
Qualifier 2014 Romania v Hungary 2013/09/06 Highlights
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Updated: 07 Sep 2013
Romania 3-0 Hungary
World Cup Qualifiers 2014 Group D
Matchday 9
06.09.2013
Highlights
Ciprian MARICA (2')
Doru PINTILII (31')
Cristian TANASE (88')
For more videos, visit : http://www.youtube.com/qualifiers2014
Download Qualifiers 2014 application for iOS: http://qlfrs.tv/jktCN
Download Qualifiers 2014 application for Android : http://ow.ly/dw4Xk
The Qualifiers 2014 on Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/Qualifiers2014
Follow us on Twitter : https://twitter.com/qualifiers2014
http://wn.com/Qualifier_2014_Romania_v_Hungary_2013_09_06_Highlights
Romania 3-0 Hungary
World Cup Qualifiers 2014 Group D
Matchday 9
06.09.2013
Highlights
Ciprian MARICA (2')
Doru PINTILII (31')
Cristian TANASE (88')
For more videos, visit : http://www.youtube.com/qualifiers2014
Download Qualifiers 2014 application for iOS: http://qlfrs.tv/jktCN
Download Qualifiers 2014 application for Android : http://ow.ly/dw4Xk
The Qualifiers 2014 on Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/Qualifiers2014
Follow us on Twitter : https://twitter.com/qualifiers2014
- published: 07 Sep 2013
- views: 4426
NFFC GoalKeeper Skills .Khaled AL-RASHiDi , a match hungary vs kuwait National team 6/6/2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:04
- Updated: 09 Aug 2013
لقطات ومهارة الحارس الكويتي خالد الرشيدي مع منتخب الكويت امام المنتخب المجري في تاريخ 6/6/2013 نتمنى للأخطبوط التوفيق والنجاح مع فريقه نوتينغهام فوريست كووور...
http://wn.com/NFFC_GoalKeeper_Skills_Khaled_AL-RASHiDi_,_a_match_hungary_vs_kuwait_National_team_6_6_2013
لقطات ومهارة الحارس الكويتي خالد الرشيدي مع منتخب الكويت امام المنتخب المجري في تاريخ 6/6/2013 نتمنى للأخطبوط التوفيق والنجاح مع فريقه نوتينغهام فوريست كووور...
- published: 07 Jun 2013
- views: 7264
- author: مشاري العيار
A bunch of lame huns gipsy "hooligans" get beaten, Romania-hungary 3-0
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:40
- Updated: 06 Sep 2013
As above.
http://wn.com/A_bunch_of_lame_huns_gipsy_hooligans_get_beaten,_Romania-hungary_3-0
As above.
- published: 06 Sep 2013
- views: 1688
Leaked video of Hungary's SWAT busting illegal weapons smuggled by the producers of "World War Z".
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Updated: 16 Aug 2013
You guys may remember the news in 2010, about a raid of the Hungarian SWAT into the Budapest movie set of "World War Z", busting tons of real automatic weapo...
http://wn.com/Leaked_video_of_Hungary's_SWAT_busting_illegal_weapons_smuggled_by_the_producers_of_World_War_Z
You guys may remember the news in 2010, about a raid of the Hungarian SWAT into the Budapest movie set of "World War Z", busting tons of real automatic weapo...
- published: 30 Jun 2013
- views: 1832
- author: StillSpeakingOut
Hungary 8 Montenegro 7 Gold game World Champs Barcelona 2013 3 8 13 water polo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:20
- Updated: 15 Aug 2013
Merchandising http://www.elcuervosports.com/ http://elcuervowaterpolo.blogspot.com/
http://wn.com/Hungary_8_Montenegro_7_Gold_game_World_Champs_Barcelona_2013_3_8_13_water_polo
Merchandising http://www.elcuervosports.com/ http://elcuervowaterpolo.blogspot.com/
- published: 04 Aug 2013
- views: 13467
- author: icaruswp
Eurovision 2013 Hungary: ByeAlex - Kedvesem (LIVE AT NATIONAL FINAL)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:01
- Updated: 16 Aug 2013
http://wn.com/Eurovision_2013_Hungary_ByeAlex_Kedvesem_LIVE_AT_NATIONAL_FINAL
photo: US Army / Specialist Michelle C. Lawrence
02 Nov 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "Our country! In her intercourse with foreign nations may she always be in the right; but. our country, right or wrong!" -Stephen Decatur, U.S. Naval Officer. In the First U.S.-Barbary States War, on October 31, 1803, Commodore Stephen Decatur devised a secret plan to sail into Tripoli's harbor and either salvage or set ablaze the USS Philadelphia ... U.S ... As the U.S ... slavery and the slave trade....(size: 7.6Kb)
photo: AP
04 Nov 2013
MAIDUGURI, Nigeria (Reuters) - Suspected Boko Haram militants have killed 70 people in three attacks in northeastern Nigeria in recent days, officials said on Monday, a sign that a military crackdown is failing to subdue the Islamist insurgency ... The sect wants to carve out an Islamic state in a country split roughly equally between Christians and Muslims, making it the biggest security threat to Africa's top oil exporter....(size: 2.1Kb)
photo: UN / Clara Padovan
05 Nov 2013
M23 rebels in the Democratic Republic of Congo said Tuesday they would end their 18-month-long insurgency, hours after the country's communications minister declared "total victory" over the rebellion following a final government offensive on their remaining strongholds ... "It's a total victory for the DRC," Mende said, adding that the insurgents had fled to neighbouring Rwanda ... Final offensive ... (FRANCE 24 with wires)....(size: 3.3Kb)
photo: AP / Michael Sohn
03 Nov 2013
Obama adviser and heads of House and Senate intelligence signal hard line despite European support for whistleblower. Edward Snowden with Hans-Christian Stroebele. Photo. Irina Oho/HO/EPA. The White House and leading lawmakers have rejected Edward Snowden's plea for clemency and said he should return to the United States to face trial ... He also asked for international help to lobby the US to drop the charges against him ... Photo ... He added ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
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noodls
05 Nov 2013
Government of the Republic of Hungary) ... The Minister of State added that Hungary's Fundamental Law provides genuine protection and security as well as true and complete human, personal and communal dignity for all minorities. The objective is to enable the Roma in Hungary to find their place in the Hungary of the future where there is and there will be a place for them - we must plan for long-term co-existence....(size: 3.4Kb)
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6th Budapest Human Rights Forum to take place in Budapest 7-8 november 2013 (Government of the Republic of Hungary)
noodls05 Nov 2013
Government of the Republic of Hungary) November 5, 2013 10.54 AM. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Hungary launched the annual Budapest Human Rights Forum in 2008, a series of international human rights conferences which provides the international community with the opportunity to exchange views in various domains of human rights ... The freedom of religion and protection of religious minorities are of great importance to Hungary....(size: 4.1Kb)
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noodls
05 Nov 2013
(Source. Real Madrid CF). A group of students from the Realmadrid Foundation's socio-sporting school in Felcsút (Hungary), with the support of the Ferenc Puskás Academy, visited the Spanish capital. Amongst other activities, they enjoyed playing with students from the socio-sporting football and basketball schools in Madrid in an atmosphere of integration ... ... distributed by ... (noodl....(size: 1.6Kb)
Edit
noodls
05 Nov 2013
(Source. OTP Bank Nyrt) Strategy and Finance Division. Investor Relations & DCM. Reference number. IR-460/2013. 5 November 2013 Extraordinary announcement. Treasury share transaction. OTP Bank Plc ... and OTP Group ... OTP Bank Plc. OTP Bank Plc. Postal address ... Budapest H-1876 Hungary ... Budapest H-1051 Hungary....(size: 1.4Kb)
Edit
Treasury share transactions executed in relation to OTP Bank’s BUX futures trading activity (OTP Bank Nyrt)
noodls05 Nov 2013
(Source. OTP Bank Nyrt) Strategy and Finance Division. Investor Relations & DCM. Reference number. IR-459/2013. 5 November 2013 Extraordinary announcement. Treasury share transactions executed in relation to OTP Bank's BUX futures trading activity. OTP Bank Plc ... OTP Bank Plc. OTP Bank Plc. Postal address ... 501. Budapest H-1876 Hungary. Phone ... Budapest H-1051 Hungary....(size: 1.6Kb)
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noodls
05 Nov 2013
(Source. Derby County Ltd) ... Derby County forward Mason Bennett has landed his second call-up to the England Under 19 squad for their international match against Hungary later this month ... The Young Lions will travel to Hungary to play the friendly fixture on Thursday 14th November before returning to the UK ... Goalkeepers. Mitchell Beeney (Chelsea), Luke Coddington (Middlesbrough). Defenders ... Midfielders ... Forwards ... distributed by....(size: 2.1Kb)
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The Guardian
05 Nov 2013
How the UK and other OECD countries rank on a range of criteria from housing and health to crime and social engagement. Children jump into Lake Geneva. Switzerland ranks top for health in the OECD. Photograph. Laurent Gillieron/AP ... People in Hungary, Portugal and Greece report the lowest levels of life satisfaction ... In Turkey, Hungary and Poland, however, people live in smaller houses with one room per person or less ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
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China Daily
05 Nov 2013
PARIS - Ordinary people's satisfaction with life has plunged in the euro zone countries worst hit by the financial crisis as faith in their governments' ability to ease the strain has shrunk, an OECD study found on Tuesday ... Chile, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Mexico, Portugal and Turkey had the lowest scores. ....(size: 1.7Kb)
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DNA India
05 Nov 2013
Ordinary people's satisfaction with life has plunged in the euro zone countries worst hit by the financial crisis as faith in their governments' ability to ease the strain has shrunk, an OECD study found on Tuesday ... Chile, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Mexico, Portugal and Turkey had the lowest scores. ....(size: 1.7Kb)
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MINISTRY OF FINANCE REOPENS THREE-YEAR BGN-DENOMINATED GS ISSUE (Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria)
noodls05 Nov 2013
(Source. Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria) 05.11.2013 ... The auction yield is lower than that of bonds with similar characteristics of a number of states like Slovenia (4.23%), Hungary (2.91%), Romania (2.25%), Turkey (2.19%), Lithuania (1.44%), Italy (1.43%) and Spain (1.40%). distributed by ... (noodl. 20793488) ....(size: 1.7Kb)
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Business Wire
05 Nov 2013
LONDON--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Magyar Telecom B.V. (“Matel B.V.”) announced today that on November 15, 2013 (at 14.00 UK time, 15.00 CET, 9.00 AM ET), Matel B.V. will host a conference call to discuss financial results for the period ended September 30, 2013 ... Invitel is headquartered in Budaörs, with customer touch points throughout Hungary ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)
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RTE
05 Nov 2013
People's satisfaction with life has plunged in the euro zone countries worst hit by the financial crisis as faith in their governments' ability to ease the strain has shrunk, an OECD study reveals today. ... ... Chile, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Mexico, Portugal and Turkey had the lowest scores....(size: 2.3Kb)
This article is about the European country. For other uses, see Hungary (disambiguation).
| Hungary
Magyarország
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
| Anthem: Himnusz "Hymn"  |
||||||
![Location of Hungary (dark green)– in Europe (green & dark grey)– in the European Union (green) — [Legend]](http://web.archive.org./web/20131105155522/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EU-Hungary.svg) Location of Hungary (dark green)
– in Europe (green & dark grey) |
||||||
| Capital (and largest city) |
Budapest 47°26′N 19°15′E / 47.433°N 19.25°E / 47.433; 19.25 |
|||||
| Official language(s) | Hungarian | |||||
| Ethnic groups (2001) | 92.3% Hungarians, 1.9% Roma, 5.8% others and unspecified[1][dead link] |
|||||
| Demonym | Hungarian | |||||
| Government | Parliamentary republic | |||||
| - | President | János Áder | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Viktor Orbán | ||||
| - | Speaker of the National Assembly | László Kövér | ||||
| Legislature | Országgyűlés | |||||
| Foundation | ||||||
| - | Foundation of Hungary | 895 | ||||
| - | Recognized as Christian kingdom | 1000 | ||||
| - | Current 3rd republic | 23 October 1989 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 93,030 km2 (109th) 35,919 sq mi |
||||
| - | Water (%) | 0.74% | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2011 estimate | 10,014,324[2] (83rd) | ||||
| - | 2011 census | 9,982,000[3] | ||||
| - | Density | 107.2/km2 (94th) 279.0/sq mi |
||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $195.640 billion[4] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $19,591[4] | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $140.303 billion[4] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $14,050[4] | ||||
| Gini (2008) | 24.96 (low) (3rd) | |||||
| HDI (2011) |  0.816[5] (very high) (38th) |
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| Currency | Forint (HUF) |
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| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||||
| Date formats | yyyy.mm.dd, yyyy.mm.dd (CE) |
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| Drives on the | right | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | HU | |||||
| Internet TLD | .hu1 | |||||
| Calling code | 36 | |||||
| 1 | Also .eu as part of the European Union. | |||||
Hungary 
i/ˈhʌŋɡəri/ (Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] (
listen)) is a country, which is located in Central Europe.[6] It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The country's capital, and largest city, is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, also known as Magyar, which is part of the Finno-Ugric group and is the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe.[7]
Following a Celt (after c. 450 BC) and a Roman (AD 9 - c. 430) period, the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late 9th century by the Hungarian prince Árpád, whose great-grandson Saint Stephen I was crowned with a crown sent by the pope from Rome in 1000 AD. The Kingdom of Hungary lasted for 946 years,[note 1] and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centres of the Western world. After about 150 years of partial Ottoman occupation (1541–1699), Hungary was integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy, and later constituted half of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy (1867–1918).
A great power until the end of World War I, Hungary has lost about 70 percent of its territory, along with one third of its ethnically Hungarian population,[8] and all its sea ports under the Treaty of Trianon,[9] the terms of which have been considered excessively harsh by many in Hungary.[10] The kingdom was succeeded by an authoritarian regime, and then a Communist era (1947–1989) during which Hungary gained widespread international attention during the Revolution of 1956 and the seminal opening of its border with Austria in 1989, thus accelerating the collapse of the Eastern Bloc. The present form of government is a parliamentary republic, which was established in 1989. Today, Hungary is a high-income economy[11] and a regional leader in some[vague] respects.[12][13][14][15]
Hungary is one of the thirty most popular tourist destinations of the world, attracting 8.6 million tourists a year (2007).[16][17] The country is home to the largest thermal water cave system[18] and the second largest thermal lake in the world (Lake Hévíz), the largest lake in Central Europe (Lake Balaton), and the largest natural grasslands in Europe (Hortobágy).
Contents
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History[link]
Main article: History of Hungary
Before 895[link]
Main articles: Hungarian prehistory and Hungarian mythology
The Roman Empire conquered territory west of the Danube between 35 and 9 BCE. From 9 BCE to the end of the 4th century Pannonia was part of the Roman Empire, located within part of later Hungary's territory. Later came the Huns, who built a powerful empire. After Hunnish rule, the Germanic Ostrogoths, Lombards, and Gepids, and the polyethnic Avars, had a presence in the Carpathian Basin.[19] In the late 9th century the land was inhabited by Slavic peoples and Avars. On the eve of the arrival of the Hungarians, East Francia, the First Bulgarian Empire and Great Moravia ruled the territory of the Carpathian Basin. Additionally, the Avars formed a significant part of the population of the Carpathian Basin at the end of the 9th century; both contemporary sources[20][21] and a growing number of archaeological evidences suggest that groups of the Avars survived the disintegration of their empire.
The freshly unified Magyars (Hungarians)[22] led by Árpád settled in the Carpathian Basin starting in 895.[21][23] According to linguists, they originated from an ancient Uralic-speaking population that formerly inhabited the forested area between the Volga River and the Ural Mountains.[24]
Medieval Hungary 895–1526[link]
Main article: Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages
As a federation of united tribes, Hungary was established in 895, some 50 years after the division of the Carolingian Empire at the Treaty of Verdun in 843, before the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Initially, the rising Principality of Hungary ("Western Tourkia" in medieval Greek sources)[25] was a state consisting of a semi-nomadic people. However, it accomplished an enormous transformation into a Christian realm during the 10th century. This state was well-functioning and the nation's military power allowed the Hungarians to conduct successful fierce campaigns and raids from Constantinople to as far as today's Spain.[26] The Hungarians defeated no fewer than three major East Frankish Imperial Armies between 907 and 910.[27] A later defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955 signaled a provisory end to most campaigns on foreign territories, at least towards the West.
Age of Árpádian kings[link]
Main article: Árpád dynasty
103.jpg)
The year 972 marked the date when the ruling prince (Hungarian: fejedelem) Géza of the Árpád dynasty officially started to integrate Hungary into the Christian Western Europe.[28] His first-born son, Saint Stephen I became the first King of Hungary after defeating his pagan uncle Koppány, who also claimed the throne. Under Stephen, Hungary was recognized as a Catholic Apostolic Kingdom.[29] Applying to Pope Sylvester II, Stephen received the insignia of royalty (including probably a part of the Holy Crown of Hungary, currently kept in the Hungarian Parliament) from the papacy.
By 1006, Stephen had consolidated his power, and started sweeping reforms to convert Hungary into a Western feudal state. The country switched to using the Latin language, and until as late as 1844, Latin remained the official language of Hungary. Hungary became a powerful kingdom.[30] Ladislaus I extended Hungary's frontier in Transylvania and invaded Croatia in 1091.[31][32][33][34] The Croatian campaign culminated in the Battle of Gvozd Mountain in 1097 and a personal union of Croatia and Hungary in 1102, ruled by Coloman.[35]
The most powerful and wealthiest king of the Árpád dynasty was Béla III, who disposed of the equivalent of 23 tonnes of pure silver a year. This exceeded the income of the French king (estimated at 17 tonnes) and was double the receipts of the English Crown.[36]
Andrew II issued the Diploma Andreanum which secured the special privileges of the Transylvanian Saxons and is considered the first Autonomy law in the world.[37] He led the Fifth Crusade to the Holy Land in 1217, setting up the largest royal army in the history of Crusades. His Golden Bull of 1222 was the first constitution in Continental Europe. The lesser nobles also began to present Andrew with grievances, a practice that evolved into the institution of the parliament (parlamentum publicum).
In 1241–1242, the kingdom received a major blow with the Mongol (Tatar) Invasion. Up to half of Hungary's then population of 2,000,000 were victims of the invasion.[38] King Béla IV let Cumans and Jassic people into the depopulated country, who were fleeing the Mongols.[39] Over the centuries they were fully assimilated into the Hungarian population.[40]
As a consequence, after the Mongols retreated, King Béla ordered the construction of hundreds of stone castles and fortifications, to defend against a possible second Mongol invasion. The Mongols returned to Hungary in 1285, but the newly built stone-castle systems and new tactics (using a higher proportion of heavily armed knights) stopped them. The invading Mongol force was defeated[41] near Pest by the royal army of Ladislaus IV of Hungary. As with later invasions, it was repelled handily, the Mongols losing much of their invading force.
Age of elected kings[link]
Main article: Ottoman–Hungarian Wars
File:The wars of Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (1458-1490).png
Western conquests of Matthias Corvinus.
The Kingdom of Hungary reached one of its greatest extent during the Árpádian kings, yet royal power was weakened at the end of their rule in 1301. After a destructive period of interregnum (1301–1308), the first Angevin king, Charles I of Hungary – a bilineal descendant of the Árpád dynasty – successfully restored royal power, and defeated oligarch rivals, the so called "little kings". The second Angevin Hungarian king, Louis the Great (1342–1382), led many successful military campaigns from Lithuania to Southern Italy (Kingdom of Naples), and was also King of Poland from 1370. After King Louis died without a male heir, the country was stabilized only when Sigismund of Luxembourg (1387–1437) succeeded to the throne, who in 1433 also became Holy Roman Emperor. Sigismund was also (in several ways) a bilineal descendant of the Árpád dynasty.
The first Hungarian Bible translation was completed in 1439. For half a year in 1437, there was an antifeudal and anticlerical peasant revolt in Transylvania, the Budai Nagy Antal Revolt, which was strongly influenced by Hussite ideas.
From a small noble family in Transylvania, John Hunyadi grew to become one of the country's most powerful lords, thanks to his outstanding capabilities as a mercenary commander. He was elected governor then regent. He was a successful crusader against the Ottoman Turks, one of his greatest victories being the Siege of Belgrade in 1456.
The last strong king of medieval Hungary was the Renaissance king Matthias Corvinus (1458–1490), son of John Hunyadi. His election was the first time that a member of the nobility mounted to the Hungarian royal throne without dynastic background. He was a successful military leader and an enlightened patron of the arts and learning.[42] His library, the Bibliotheca Corviniana, was Europe's greatest collection of historical chronicles, philosophic and scientific works in the 15th century, and second only in size to the Vatican Library. The library is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[43] The serfs and common people considered him a just ruler because he protected them from excessive demands from and other abuses by the magnates.[44] Under his rule, in 1479, the Hungarian army destroyed the Ottoman and Wallachian troops at the Battle of Breadfield. Abroad he defeated the Polish and German imperial armies of Frederick at Breslau (Wrocław). Matthias' mercenary standing army, the Black Army of Hungary, was an unusually large army for its time, and it conquered parts of Austria, Vienna (1485) and parts of Bohemia.
Decline of Hungary (1490–1526)[link]
King Matthias died without lawful sons, and the Hungarian magnates procured the accession of the Pole Vladislaus II (1490–1516), supposedly because of his weak influence on Hungarian aristocracy.[42] Hungary's international role declined, its political stability shaken, and social progress was deadlocked.[45] In 1514, the weakened old King Vladislaus II faced a major peasant rebellion led by György Dózsa, which was ruthlessly crushed by the nobles, led by János Szapolyai. The resulting degradation of order paved the way for Ottoman pre-eminence. In 1521, the strongest Hungarian fortress in the South, Nándorfehérvár (the Hungarian name of Belgrade, Serbia), fell to the Turks. The early appearance of Protestantism further worsened internal relations in the anarchical country.
Ottoman wars 1526–1699[link]
Main articles: Habsburg Hungary, Ottoman Hungary, Principality of Transylvania (1571–1711), and Ottoman–Habsburg wars
After some 150 years of wars with the Hungarians and other states, the Ottomans gained a decisive victory over the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács in 1526, where King Louis II died while fleeing. Amid political chaos, the divided Hungarian nobility elected two kings simultaneously, János Szapolyai and Ferdinand I of the Habsburg dynasty.
With the conquest of Buda by the Turks in 1541, Hungary was divided into three parts and remained so until the end of the 17th century. The north-western part, termed as Royal Hungary, was annexed by the Habsburgs who ruled as Kings of Hungary. The eastern part of the kingdom became independent as the Principality of Transylvania, under Ottoman (and later Habsburg) suzerainty. The remaining central area, including the capital Buda, was known as the Pashalik of Buda.
In 1686, the Holy League's army, containing over 74,000 men from various nations, reconquered Buda from the Turks. After some more crushing defeats of the Ottomans in the next few years, the entire Kingdom of Hungary was removed from Ottoman rule by 1718. The last raid into Hungary by the Ottoman vassals Tatars from Crimea took place in 1717.[46] The constrained Habsburg Counter-Reformation efforts in the 17th century reconverted the majority of the kingdom to Catholicism.
The ethnic composition of Hungary was fundamentally changed as a consequence of the prolonged warfare with the Turks. A large part of the country became devastated, population growth was stunted, and many smaller settlements perished.[47] The Austrian-Habsburg government settled large groups of Serbs and other Slavs in the depopulated south and settled Germans in various areas, but Hungarians were not allowed to settle or re-settle in the south of the Great Plain.[48]
From the 18th century to World War I[link]
Main article: History of Hungary 1700–1919
Between 1703 and 1711 there was a large-scale uprising led by Francis II Rákóczi, who after the dethronement of the Habsburgs in 1707 at the Diet of Ónod, took power provisionally as the Ruling Prince of Hungary for the wartime period, but refused the Hungarian Crown and the title "King". The uprisings lasted for years. After 8 years of war with the Habsburg Empire, the Hungarian Kuruc army lost the last main battle at Trencsén (1708).[49]
The Period of Reforms[link]
During the Napoleonic Wars and afterwards, the Hungarian Diet had not convened for decades.[50] In the 1820s, the Emperor was forced to convene the Diet, which marked the beginning of a Reform Period (1825–1848, Hungarian: reformkor).
Count István Széchenyi, one of the most prominent statesmen of the country, recognized the urgent need of modernization and his message got through. The Hungarian Parliament was reconvened in 1825 to handle financial needs. A liberal party emerged and focused on providing for the peasantry. Lajos Kossuth – a famous journalist at that time – emerged as leader of the lower gentry in the Parliament. A remarkable upswing started as the nation concentrated its forces on modernization even though the Habsburg monarchs obstructed all important liberal laws relating to human civil and political rights and economic reforms. Many reformers (Lajos Kossuth, Mihály Táncsics) were imprisoned by the authorities.
Revolution and War of Independence[link]
Main article: Hungarian Revolution of 1848
On 15 March 1848, mass demonstrations in Pest and Buda enabled Hungarian reformists to push through a list of 12 demands. Under governor and president Lajos Kossuth and the first Prime Minister, Lajos Batthyány, the House of Habsburg was dethroned.
The Habsburg Ruler and his advisors skillfully manipulated the Croatian, Serbian and Romanian peasantry, led by priests and officers firmly loyal to the Habsburgs, and induced them to rebel against the Hungarian government, though the Hungarians were supported by the vast majority of the Slovak, German and Rusyn nationalities and by all the Jews of the kingdom, as well as by a large number of Polish, Austrian and Italian volunteers.[51] In July 1849 the Hungarian Parliament proclaimed and enacted the first laws of ethnic and minority rights in the world. Many members of the nationalities gained the coveted highest positions within the Hungarian Army, like General János Damjanich, an ethnic Serb who became a Hungarian national hero through his command of the 3rd Hungarian Army Corps.
Initially, the Hungarian forces (Honvédség) defeated Austrian armies. To counter the successes of the Hungarian revolutionary army, Habsburg Emperor Franz Joseph I asked for help from the "Gendarme of Europe", Czar Nicholas I, whose Russian armies invaded Hungary. This made Artúr Görgey surrender in August 1849. The leader of the Austrian army, Julius Jacob von Haynau, became governor of Hungary for a few months, and ordered the execution of the 13 Martyrs of Arad, leaders of the Hungarian army, and Prime Minister Batthyány in October 1849. Lajos Kossuth escaped into exile.
Following the war of 1848 – 1849, the whole country was in "passive resistance".
Austria–Hungary 1867–1918[link]
Main articles: Austria-Hungary and Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen
Because of external and internal problems, reforms seemed inevitable and major military defeats of Austria forced the Habsburgs to negotiate the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, by which the dual Monarchy of Austria–Hungary was formed. This Empire had the second largest area in Europe (after the Russian Empire), and it was the third most populous (after Russia and the German Empire). The two realms were governed separately by two parliaments from two capital cities, with a common monarch and common external and military policies. Economically, the empire was a customs union. The old Hungarian Constitution was restored, and Franz Joseph I was crowned as King of Hungary.
The country was mixed with regard to both mother tongue and religion.
Religions (1910 census, Croatia-Slavonia excluded):[citation needed]
- Roman Catholic 49.3% (Hungarians, Germans, Slovaks)
- Calvinist 14.3% (Hungarians)
- Greek Orthodox 12.8% (Romanians, Serbs)
- Greek Catholic 11.0% (Ruthenians, Romanians)
- Lutheran 7.1% (Germans, Slovaks, Hungarians)
- Jewish 5.0% (Hungarians, Germans)
- Unitarian 0.4% (Hungarians)
First language (1910 census, Croatia-Slavonia excluded):[citation needed]
- Hungarian 54.5%
- Romanian 16.1%
- Slovak 10.7%
- German 10.4%
- Serbian 2.5%
- Ruthenian 2.5%
- Croatian 1.1%
The era witnessed impressive economic development. The formerly backward Hungarian economy became relatively modern and industrialized by the turn of the 20th century, although agriculture remained dominant until 1890. In 1873, the old capital Buda and Óbuda were officially united with Pest,[52] thus creating the new metropolis of Budapest.
Technological change accelerated industrialization and urbanization. The GNP per capita grew roughly 1.45% per year from 1870 to 1913. The growth was even higher, by a substantial amount, in the Hungarian-language area of the country. That level of growth compared very favorably to that of other European nations such as Britain (1.00%), France (1.06%), and Germany (1.51%).[citation needed] Many of the state institutions and the modern administrative system of Hungary were established during this period.
World War I 1914–1918[link]
Main article: Hungary in World War I
After the Assassination in Sarajevo, the Hungarian prime minister István Tisza and his cabinet, the only one in Europe to do so, tried to avoid the outbreak and escalating of a war in Europe, but their diplomatic efforts were unsuccessful.
Austria–Hungary drafted 9 million (fighting forces: 7.8 million) soldiers in World War I (over 4 million from the Kingdom of Hungary) on the side of Germany, Bulgaria and Turkey. The Central Powers conquered Serbia. Romania declared war. The Central Powers conquered Southern Romania and the Romanian capital Bucharest. In 1916 Emperor Franz Joseph died, and the new monarch Charles IV sympathized with the pacifists. With great difficulty, the Central powers stopped and repelled the attacks of the Russian Empire.
The Eastern front of the Allied (Entente) Powers completely collapsed. The Austro-Hungarian Empire then withdrew from all defeated countries. On the Italian front, the Austro-Hungarian army made no progress against Italy after January 1918. Despite great Eastern successes, Germany suffered complete defeat on the more important Western front.
By 1918, the economic situation had deteriorated (strikes in factories were organized by leftist and pacifist movements) and uprisings in the army had become commonplace. In the capital cities, the Austrian and Hungarian leftist liberal movements (the maverick parties) and their leaders supported the separatism of ethnic minorities. Austria-Hungary signed a general armistice in Padua on 3 November 1918.[53] In October 1918, Hungary's union with Austria was dissolved.
Between the World Wars 1918–1941[link]
Main articles: Hungary between the two world wars and Hungarian interwar economy
Majority Hungarian areas detached from Hungary
The success of the 1918 Aster Revolution in Budapest brought Mihály Károlyi to power as prime minister and later as president of the first republic of Hungary.[56] a devotee of Entente. Károlyi ordered the full disarmament of the Hungarian Army, leaving Hungary without any national defence.
Romania took control of Transylvania and other parts of eastern Hungary, Czechoslovakia took control of the northern parts (also known as Upper Hungary), and a joint Serbian and French army took control of the southern parts. These territories had majority populations of the respective occupying nations, but territories were occupied further than the ethnic boundaries, and so each had a significant Hungarian population as well. The post-War Entente backed the subsequent annexations of these territories.
In March 1919, the Communists took power in Hungary. In April, Béla Kun proclaimed the Hungarian Soviet Republic. Kun's government, like its immediate predecessor, proved to be short-lived. Despite some initial military successes against the Czechoslovakian Army, the Romanian Army defeated Kun's troops and took Budapest, ousting his regime.
On 4 June 1920, the Treaty of Trianon was signed, which established new borders for Hungary. Hungary lost 71% of its territory and 66% of its population. About one-third of the ethnic Hungarian population (3.4 of 10 million Hungarians) became minorities in neighboring countries. The new borders separated Hungary's industrial base from its sources of raw materials, and Hungary also lost its only sea port at Fiume (today Rijeka). The revision of the Treaty of Trianon rose to the top of Hungary's political agenda. Some wanted to restore the full pre-Trianon area, others only the ethnic Hungarian majority territories.
Rightist Hungarian military forces, led by the former Austro-Hungarian Admiral Miklós Horthy, entered Budapest in the wake of the Romanian Army's departure and filled the vacuum of state power. In January 1920, elections were held for a unicameral assembly. Admiral Horthy was elected Regent, thereby formally restoring the monarchy to Hungary. However, there would be no more kings of Hungary despite attempts by the former Habsburg ruler Charles IV to return to his former seat of power. Horthy ruled as Regent until 16 October 1944. Hungary remained a parliamentary democracy, but after 1932, autocratic tendencies gradually returned as a result of Nazi influence and the Great Depression.
World War II 1941–1945[link]
Main articles: Hungary during World War II and Soviet occupation of Hungary
The Germans and Italians granted Hungary a part of southern Czechoslovakia and Subcarpathia in the First Vienna Award of 1938, and then northern Transylvania in the Second Vienna Award of 1940. In 1941, the Hungarian army took part in the invasion of Yugoslavia, regaining some more territories. On 22 June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union under Operation Barbarossa; Hungary joined the German effort and declared war on the Soviet Union, and formally entered World War II on the side of the Axis Powers. In late 1941, the Hungarian troops on the Eastern Front experienced success at the Battle of Uman. By 1943, after the Hungarian Second Army suffered extremely heavy losses at the River Don, the Hungarian government sought to negotiate a surrender with the Allies. In 1944, as a result of this duplicity, German troops occupied Hungary in what was known as Operation Margarethe. Miklós Horthy made a token effort to disengage Hungary from the war, but he was replaced by a puppet government under the pro-German Prime Minister Ferenc Szálasi of the Arrow Cross Party.[57]
In late 1944, Hungarian troops on the Eastern Front again experienced success at the Battle of Debrecen, but this was followed immediately by the Soviet invasion of Hungary and the Battle of Budapest. During the German occupation in May–June 1944, the Arrow Cross Party and Hungarian police deported nearly 440,000 Jews, mostly to Auschwitz.[58] The Swedish Diplomat Raoul Wallenberg managed to save a considerable number of Hungarian Jews by giving them Swedish passports, but when the Soviets arrived, he was arrested as a spy and disappeared.[59] Rudolf Kastner (original spelling Kasztner), one of the leaders of the Hungarian Aid and Rescue Committee, negotiated with senior SS officers such as Adolf Eichmann to allow a number of Jews to escape in exchange for money, gold, and diamonds.[60][61][62] Other diplomats also organized false papers and safe houses for Jews in Budapest and hundreds of Hungarian people were executed by the Arrow Cross Party for sheltering Jews.
The war left Hungary devastated, destroying over 60% of the economy and causing huge loss of life. Many Hungarian men, women, and children were raped, murdered and executed or deported for slave labour by Czechoslovaks,[63][64][65][66][67][68] Soviet Red Army troops,[69][70][71] and Yugoslavs[72] (mostly Serbian partisans and regular units)— by the end of the war approximately 500,000–650,000 people.[citation needed]
On 13 February 1945, the Hungarian capital city surrendered unconditionally. By the agreement between the Czechoslovakian president Edvard Beneš and Joseph Stalin, expulsions of Hungarians from Czechoslovakia and Slovaks from Hungary started. 250,000 ethnic Germans were also transferred to Germany pursuant to article XIII of the Potsdam Protocol of 2 August 1945.[73]
The territories regained with the Vienna Awards and during World War II were again lost by Hungary with the Paris Peace Treaty in 1947.
Communist era 1947–1989[link]
Main articles: Republic of Hungary (1946–1949), People's Republic of Hungary, and Hungarian Revolution of 1956
Following the fall of Nazi Germany, Soviet troops occupied all of the country, and Hungary gradually became a communist satellite state of the Soviet Union.
An estimated 2,000 people were executed and over 100,000 were imprisoned. Approximately 350,000 officials and intellectuals were purged from 1948 to 1956.[74] Many freethinkers and democrats were secretly arrested and taken to inland or foreign concentration camps without any judicial sentence. Some 600,000 Hungarians were deported to Soviet labour camps after the Second World War and at least 200,000 died in captivity.[75]
Rákosi adhered to a militarist, industrialising, and war compensation economic policy, and the standard of living fell. The rule of the Rákosi government led to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and Hungary's temporary withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact. The multi-party system was restored by Prime Minister Imre Nagy. Many people were shot and killed by Soviet and Hungarian political police (ÁVH) at peaceful demonstrations throughout the country, creating a nationwide uprising.
Spontaneous revolutionary militias fought against the Soviet Army and the ÁVH in Budapest. The roughly 3,000-strong Hungarian resistance fought Soviet tanks using Molotov cocktails and machine pistols. Though the preponderance of the Soviets was immense, they suffered heavy losses, and by 30 October most Soviet troops had withdrawn from Budapest to garrisons in the Hungarian countryside.
On 4 November 1956, the Soviets retaliated, sending in over 150,000 troops and 2,500 tanks.[76] During the Hungarian uprising an estimated 20,000 people were killed, nearly all during the Soviet intervention. Nearly a quarter of a million people left the country during the brief time that the borders were open in 1956.[77]
Kádár Era 1956–1988[link]
See also: Goulash Communism
In the first days of November, the Soviet leadership was still undecided about the developments in Hungary, but soon the position prevailed that an intervention was necessary to prevent Hungary from breaking away from the Soviet bloc. János Kádár (Minister of State in the Imre Nagy cabinet) was chosen by the Soviet party leadership to act as the head of the new government intended to replace Imre Nagy's coalition cabinet. In the reprisals following the crushing of the uprising by the Soviet troops, 21,600 mavericks (democrats, liberals, and reformist communists) were imprisoned, 13,000 interned, and 230 brought to trial and executed.Imre Nagy, the legal Prime Minister of the country, was condemned to death and executed in 1958.
Following the invasion, Hungary was under Soviet military administration for a couple of months, but Kadar was capable of stabilizing the political situation in a remarkably short time. In 1963, general amnesty was granted and the majority of those imprisoned for their active participation in the uprising were released. Kadar proclaimed a new policy line according to which the people were no longer compelled to profess loyalty to the party if they tacitly accepted the Socialist regime as a fact of life, in other words "Those who are not against us are with us," as Kadar put it in one of his political speeches. Kádár introduced new planning priorities in the economy. Consumer goods and food were produced in greater volumes and military production was reduced to one-tenth of the pre-revolutionary level. This was followed in 1968 by the New Economic Mechanism (NEM), which introduced free market elements into Socialist command economy. From the 1960s through the late 1980s, Hungary was often referred to as "the happiest barrack" within the Eastern bloc. As a result of the relatively high standard of living, a more liberalised economy, a less oppressed press, and less restricted travel rights than elsewhere in the Eastern Bloc, Hungary was generally considered one of the more liberal countries in which to live in Eastern Europe during the Cold War.
The third Hungarian Republic 1989–present[link]
See also: Revolutions of 1989 and 2006 protests in Hungary
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This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please help improve the article by updating it. There may be additional information on the talk page. (January 2012) |
File:Tessek valasztani.jpg
Choose, please! – A 1990 political poster by Fidesz, depicting Leonid Brezhnev and Erich Honecker performing a traditional and widely known communist-style kiss-greeting and a kissing young couple.
In June 1988, 80,000 demonstrated against Romania's communist regime's plans to demolish Transylvanian villages. In March 1989, for the first time in decades, the government declared the anniversary of the 1848 Revolution a national holiday. Opposition demonstrations filled the streets of Budapest with more than 75,000 marchers. Premier Károly Grósz met Mikhail Gorbachev in Moscow, who accepted Hungary's moves toward a multi-party system and promised that the USSR would not interfere in Hungary's internal affairs. The Opposition Round Table Consultations with the representatives of the government, which was founded for the stated goal of introducing multi-party democracy, market economy and change of power, and defining its characteristics, started its sessions. In May, Hungary began taking down its barbed wire fence along the Austrian border – the first tear in the Iron Curtain.
June brought the reburial of former Prime Minister Imre Nagy, executed after the 1956 Revolution, drawing a crowd of 250,000 at the Heroes' Square. The last speaker, 26-year-old Viktor Orbán, publicly called for Soviet troops to leave Hungary. In September, Foreign Minister Gyula Horn announced that East German refugees in Hungary would not be repatriated but would instead be allowed to go to the West. The resulting exodus shook East Germany and hastened the fall of the Berlin Wall. On 23 October, Mátyás Szűrös declared Hungary a republic.
The majorities in the decisive bodies of the state party agreed to give up their monopoly on power, paving the way for free elections in March 1990. The party's name was changed from the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party to simply the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP] and a new programme advocating social democracy and a free-market economy was adopted. This was not enough to shake off the stigma of four decades of autocratic rule, however, and the 1990 election was won by the centre-right Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF), which advocated a gradual transition towards capitalism. The liberal Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ), which had called for much faster change, came second and the Socialist Party trailed far behind. As Gorbachev looked on, Hungary changed political systems with scarcely a murmur and the last Soviet troops left Hungary in June 1991. In coalition with two smaller parties, the MDF provided Hungary with sound government during its hard transition to a full market economy.
The economic changes of the early 1990s resulted in declining living standards for most people in Hungary. In 1991 most state subsidies were removed, leading to a severe recession exacerbated by the fiscal austerity necessary to reduce inflation and stimulate investment. This made life difficult for many Hungarians, and in the May 1994 elections the Hungarian Socialist Party led by former Communists won an absolute majority in parliament.
All three main political parties advocated economic liberalisation and closer ties with the West. In 1998, the European Union began negotiations with Hungary on full membership. In a 2003 national referendum, 85% voted in favour of Hungary joining the European Union, which followed on 1 May 2004.
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Hungary
See also: List of national parks of Hungary
.jpg)
Hungary lies between latitudes 45° and 49° N, and longitudes 16° and 23° E.
Slightly more than one half of Hungary's landscape consists of flat to rolling plains of the Pannonian Basin: the most important plain regions include the Little Hungarian Plain in the west, and the Great Hungarian Plain in the southeast. The highest elevation above sea level on the latter is only 183 metres (600 ft).
Transdanubia is a primarily hilly region with a terrain varied by low mountains. These include the very eastern stretch of the Alps, Alpokalja, in the west of the country, the Transdanubian Mountains, in the central region of Transdanubia, and the Mecsek Mountains and Villány Mountains in the south. The highest point of the area is the Írott-kő in the Alps, at 882 metres (2,894 ft).
The highest mountains of the country are located in the Carpathians: these lie in the North Hungarian Mountains, in a wide band along the Slovakian border (highest point: the Kékes at 1,014 m/3,327 ft).
Hungary is divided in two by its main waterway, the Danube (Duna); other large rivers include the Tisza and Dráva, while Transdanubia contains Lake Balaton, a major body of water. The largest thermal lake in the world, Lake Hévíz (Hévíz Spa), is located in Hungary. The second largest lake in the Carpathian Basin is the artificial Lake Tisza (Tisza-tó).
Phytogeographically, Hungary belongs to the Central European province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Hungary belongs to the ecoregion of Pannonian mixed forests.
Hungary has 10 national parks, 145 minor nature reserves and 35 landscape protection areas.
Climate[link]
Hungary has a continental climate,[78] with hot summers with low overall humidity levels but frequent rainshowers and mildly cold snowy winters. Average annual temperature is 9.7 °C (49.5 °F). Temperature extremes are about 41.9 °C (107.4 °F) on 20 Jul 2007 at Kiskunhalas in the summer and −35 °C (−31.0 °F) on 16 Feb 1940 Miskolc-Görömbölytapolca in the winter. Average high temperature in the summer is 23 °C (73.4 °F) to 28 °C (82 °F) and average low temperature in the winter it is −3 °C (27 °F) to −7 °C (19 °F). The average yearly rainfall is approximately 600 mm (23.6 in). A small, southern region of the country near Pécs enjoys a reputation for a Mediterranean climate, but in reality it is only slightly warmer than the rest of the country and still receives snow during the winter.
Hungary is ranked sixth in an environmental protection index by GW/CAN.[79]
Politics[link]
Main article: Politics of Hungary
The President of the Republic, elected by the members of the National Assembly every five years, has a largely ceremonial role, but he is nominally the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces and his powers include the nomination of the Prime Minister who is to be elected by a majority of the votes of the Members of Parliament, based on the recommendation made by the President of the Republic.
By the Hungarian Constitution, based on the post-WWII Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Prime Minister has a leading role in the executive branch as he selects Cabinet ministers and has the exclusive right to dismiss them (similarly to the competences of the German federal chancellor). Each cabinet nominee appears before one or more parliamentary committees in consultative open hearings, survive a vote by the Parliament and must be formally approved by the president.
A controversial constitutional change in force from 1 January 2012 repealed the words "Republic of" from the country's official name.[80][81]
The unicameral, 386-member National Assembly (Országgyűlés) is the highest organ of state authority and initiates and approves legislation sponsored by the Prime Minister. Its members are elected for a four-year term. 176 members are elected in single-seat constituencies, 152 by proportional representation in multi-seat constituencies, and 58 so-called compensation seats are distributed based on the number of votes "lost" (i.e., the votes that did not produce a seat) in either the single-seat or the multi-seat constituencies. The election threshold is 5%, but it only applies to the multi-seat constituencies and the compensation seats, not the single-seat constituencies.
A 15-member Constitutional Court has power to challenge legislation on grounds of unconstitutionality.
Political parties[link]
Main article: List of political parties in Hungary
Military[link]
Main article: Military of Hungary
The Military of Hungary, or "Hungarian Armed Forces" currently has two branches, the "Hungarian Ground Force" and the "Hungarian Air Force". The Hungarian Ground Force (or Army) is known as the "Corps of Homeland Defenders" (Honvédség). This term was originally used to refer to the revolutionary army established by Lajos Kossuth and the National Defence Committee of the Revolutionary Hungarian Diet in September 1848 during the Hungarian Revolution.
Hussar: A type of irregular light horsemen was already well established by the 15th century in medieval Hungary. Hussar refers to a number of types of light cavalry created in Hungary[82] in the 15th century and used throughout Europe and even in America since the 18th century. Some modern military units retain the title 'hussar' for reasons of tradition.
Administrative divisions[link]
Administratively, Hungary is divided into 19 counties. In addition, the capital (főváros), Budapest, is independent of any county government. The counties and the capital are the 20 NUTS third-level units of Hungary.
The counties are further subdivided into 174 (1 January 2011.) subregions (kistérségek), and Budapest is its own subregion. Since 1996, the counties and City of Budapest have been grouped into 7 regions for statistical and development purposes. These seven regions constitute NUTS' second-level units of Hungary.
There are also 23 towns with county rights (singular megyei jogú város), sometimes known as "urban counties" in English (although there is no such term in Hungarian). The local authorities of these towns have extended powers, but these towns belong to the territory of the respective county instead of being independent territorial units.
- Regions
- Northern Hungary
- Northern Great Plain
- Central Hungary
- Central Transdanubia
- Western Transdanubia
- Southern Transdanubia
- Southern Great Plain
- Counties (county seats)
Foreign relations[link]
Main article: Foreign relations of Hungary
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Hungary
Hungary held its first multi-party elections in 1990, following four decades of Communist rule, and has succeeded in transforming its centrally planned economy into a market economy. Both foreign ownership of and foreign investment in Hungarian firms are widespread. Hungary has a requirement to reduce government spending and further reform its economy in order to meet the 2020[83] target date for accession to the euro zone.
Highest-value banknote of the Hungarian Forint (obverse)
The private sector accounts for over 80% of GDP. Hungary gets nearly one third of all foreign direct investment flowing into Central Europe, with cumulative foreign direct investment totaling more than US$185 billion since 1989. It enjoys strong trade, fiscal, monetary, investment, business, and labor freedoms. The top income tax rate is fairly high, but coporate taxes are low. Inflation is low, it was on the rise in the past few years[when?], but it is now[when?] starting to regulate. Investment in Hungary is reported to be "easy", although it is subject to government licensing in security-sensitive areas. Foreign capital enjoys virtually the same protections and privileges as domestic capital. The rule of law is strong, a professional judiciary protects property rights, and the level of corruption is low.
The Hungarian economy is a medium-sized, structurally, politically, and institutionally open economy in Central Europe and is part of the EU single market. Like most Eastern European economies, it experienced market liberalisation in the early 1990s as part of a transition away from communism.
Today, Hungary is a full member of OECD and the World Trade Organization.
OECD was the first international organization to accept Hungary as a full member in 1996, after six years of successful cooperation.
Hungarian economy today[link]
Hungary, as a member state of the European Union may seek to adopt the common European currency, the Euro. To achieve this, Hungary would need to fulfill the Maastricht criteria.
In foreign investments, Hungary has seen a shift from lower-value textile and food industry to investment in luxury vehicle production, renewable energy systems, high-end tourism, information technology.
The austerity measures introduced by the government are in part an attempt to fulfill the Maastricht criteria.
The austerity measures include a 2% rise in social security contributions, half of which is paid by employees, and a large increase in the minimum rate of sales tax (levied on food and basic services) from 15 to 20%.
Hungary, which joined the European Union in 2004, has been hit hard by the late-2000s recession because of its heavy dependence on foreign capital to finance its economy and has one of the biggest public deficits in the EU.[84][85]
Total government spending is high. Many state-owned enterprises have not been privatized. Business licensing is a problem[by whom?], as regulations are not applied consistently.[86] According to the conservative think tank Heritage Foundation, Hungary's economy was 67.2% "free" in 2008,[86] which makes it the world's 43rd-freest economy. Its overall score is 1% lower than last year, partially reflecting new methodological detail. Hungary is ranked 25th out of 41 countries in the European region, and its overall score is slightly lower than the regional average.[86]
In 2011 Hungarian economy showed signs of recovery with decreasing tax rates and a moderate 1.7 percent GDP growth from the previous financial crisis,[87] however, in November 2011 Moody’s has downgraded Hungary's sovereign credit rating to Ba1, just below investment grade, because of mounting financial-sector funding pressures and the general government debt which is of 81% of GDP (2010).[88] Economic reform measures such as health care reform, tax reform, and local government financing are being addressed by the present government.
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Hungary
In the year 1276 the university of Veszprém was destroyed by the troops of Péter Csák and it was never rebuilt. A university was established in Pécs 1367. Sigismund established a university at Óbuda in 1395. Another, Universitas Istropolitana, was established 1465 in Pozsony by Mattias Corvinus. Nagyszombat University was founded in 1635 and moved 1777 to Buda and is today called Eötvös Loránd University. The world's first institute of technology was founded in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary (since 1920 Banská Štiavnica, now Slovakia) in 1735. Its legal successor is University of Miskolc in Hungary. The Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME) is considered the oldest institute of technology in the world with university rank and structure. Its legal predecessor was founded in 1782 by Emperor Joseph II.
Science and technology[link]
Hungary is famous for its excellent mathematics education which has trained numerous outstanding scientists. Famous Hungarian mathematicians include father Farkas Bolyai and son János Bolyai, designer of modern geometry (non-Euclidian geometry) 1820–1823. Paul Erdős, famed for publishing in over forty languages and whose Erdős numbers are still tracked;[89] and John von Neumann, Quantum Theory, Game theory a pioneer of digital computing and the key mathematician in the Manhattan Project. Many Hungarian scientists, including Erdős, von Neumann, Leo Szilard, Eugene Wigner and Edward Teller emigrated to the US. Thirteen Hungarian or Hungarian-born scientists received the Nobel Prize, all of whom emigrated, mostly because of persecution of communist and/or fascist regimes. Contemporary, internationally well-known Hungarian scientists include: mathematician László Lovász, physicist Albert-László Barabási, physicist Ferenc Krausz, biochemist Árpád Pusztai.
Hungarian inventions[link]
- The English word "coach" came from the Hungarian kocsi ("wagon from Kocs" referring to the village in Hungary where coaches were first made).[90]
- Wolfgang von Kempelen invented a manually operated speaking machine in 1769.
- János Irinyi invented the noiseless match.
- In 1827 Ányos Jedlik invented the electric motor. He created the first device to contain the three main components of practical direct current motors: the stator, rotor and commutator.
- Donát Bánki and János Csonka invented the Carburetor for the stationary engine.[91]
- Ottó Bláthy, Miksa Déri and Károly Zipernowsky invented the modern transformer in 1885.[92][92]
- Kálmán Kandó invented the Three-phase Alternating Current Electric locomotive, and was a pioneer in the development of electric railway traction.
- Tivadar Puskás invented the Telephone Exchange.
- Loránd Eötvös: weak equivalence principle and surface tension
- Albert Szent-Györgyi discovered Vitamin C and created the first artificial vitamin.(Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937)
- Theodore Kármán - Mathematical tools to study fluid flow and mathematical background of supersonic flight and inventor of swept-back wings, "father of Supersonic Flight"
- Leó Szilárd: hypothesized the nuclear chain reaction (therefore he was the first who realized the feasibility of an atomic bomb), patented the Nuclear reactor, invented the Electron microscope
- Dennis Gabor invented the Holography (Nobel Prize in Physics in 1971)
- László Bíró invented ballpoint pen
- Edward Teller hypothesized the thermonuclear fusion and the theory of the hydrogen bomb
- Ernő Rubik invented the Rubik's Cube
Transport[link]
Main article: Transport in Hungary
Hungary has a highly developed road, railway, air and water transport system. Budapest, the capital of the state, serves as an important node in the public transport network.
The Hungarian railway system is centralized around Budapest, where the three main railway stations are the Eastern (Keleti), the Western (Nyugati) and the Southern (Déli). Déli is the most modern but Keleti and Nyugati are more decorative and architecturally impressive. Other important railway stations countrywide include Szolnok (the most important railway junction outside Budapest), Tiszai Railway Station in Miskolc and the stations of Pécs, Győr, Szeged and Székesfehérvár.
Four Hungarian cities have tram networks, and the four cities are Budapest, Debrecen, Miskolc and Szeged . The Budapest Metro is the second-oldest underground metro system in the world, and its iconic Line 1 (dating from 1896) was declared a World Heritage Site in 2002. The system consists of three lines (the fourth being under construction). Budapest also has a suburban railway service in and around the city (HÉV).
Hungary has a total length of approximately 1,314 km (816.48 mi) motorways (Hungarian: autópálya). Motorway sections are being added to the existing network, which already connects many major economically important cities to the capital.
The most important port is Budapest. Other important ones include Dunaújváros and Baja.
There are five international airports in Hungary. Budapest Liszt Ferenc, Debrecen, Sármellék (also called FlyBalaton for its proximity to Lake Balaton, Hungary's number one tourist attraction), Győr-Pér and Pécs-Pogány. The national carrier, Malév Hungarian Airlines operated flights to over 60, mostly European cities, but ceased operations on 3 February 2012.
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Hungary
Due to migrations and significant territorial changes, the demographics of Hungary have significantly fluctuated over time. In modern times, Hungary has become an ethnically homogeneous state. According to the 2001 Hungarian Census, Hungarians constituted 92.3%, whilst the largest minority are the Roma people (1.9%).
| Ethnic composition of Hungary (census 2001) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungarians |
|
92.3% | ||
| Roma |
|
1.9% | ||
| Germans |
|
0.6% | ||
| Others |
|
5.2% | ||
Language[link]
.
93.6% of the population speak Hungarian, a Uralic language unrelated to any neighboring language and distantly related to Finnish and Estonian. The main minority group are the Roma.[93] Other groups include: Germans, Slovaks, Croats and Bunjevcis, Romanians, Ukrainians, Serbs and Slovenes.[94] A fringe theory that is well known by linguists is that the Hungarian language is a descendant of Sumerian. Some linguists and historians (like Ida Bobula, Ferenc Badiny Jós, dr Tibor Baráth and others) have published this theory. There are some artifacts which they claim support this view (like the Tartaria tablets). Mainstream linguists reject the Sumerian theory as pseudoscience. Hungarian has often been claimed to be related to Hunnish, since Hungarian legends and histories show close ties between the two peoples; also, the name Hunor is preserved in legends and (along with a few Hunnic-origin names, such as Attila) is still used as a given name in Hungary. Many people share the belief that the Székelys, a Hungarian ethnic group living in Romania, are descended from the Huns.
Religion[link]
Main article: History of Christianity in Hungary
See also: History of the Jews in Hungary and Bahá'í Faith in Hungary
In the Eurostat – Eurobarometer poll of 2005, 44% of Hungarians answered that they believed there is a God, 31% answered they believed there is some sort of spirit or life force, and 19% that they do not believe there is a God, spirit, nor life force.[95]
| Denominations | Population | % of total |
|---|---|---|
| Catholicism | 5,558,901 | 54.5 |
| Roman Catholics | 5,289,521 | 51.9 |
| Greek Catholics | 268,935 | 2.6 |
| Protestantism | 1,985,576 | 19.5 |
| Calvinists | 1,622,796 | 15.9 |
| Lutherans | 304,705 | 3.0 |
| Baptists | 17,705 | 0.2 |
| Unitarians | 6,541 | 0.1 |
| Other Protestants | 33,829 | 0.3 |
| Orthodox Christianity | 15,298 | 0.1 |
| Other Christians | 24,340 | 0.2 |
| Judaism | 12,871 | 0.1 |
| Other religions | 13,567 | 0.1 |
| All religions | 7,610,553 | 74.6 |
| No religion | 1,483,369 | 14.5 |
| Did not wish to answer | 1,034,767 | 10.1 |
| Unknown | 69,566 | 0.7 |
| total | 10,198,315 | 100.00 |
The majority of Hungarians became Christian in the 11th century. Hungary's first king, Saint Stephen I, took up Western Christianity, although his mother, Sarolt, was baptized in the Eastern Rite. Hungary remained predominantly Catholic until the 16th century, when the Reformation took place and, as a result, first Lutheranism, then soon afterwards Calvinism, became the religion of almost the entire population.
In the second half of the 16th century, however, Jesuits led a successful campaign of counterreformation among the Hungarians. The Jesuits founded educational institutions, including Péter Pázmány Catholic University, the oldest university that still exists in Hungary, but organized so-called missions too in order to promote popular piety. By the 17th century, Hungary had once again become predominantly Catholic.[citation needed]
Some of the eastern parts of the country, however, especially around Debrecen ("the Calvinist Rome"), still have significant Protestant communities. Orthodox Christianity in Hungary has been the religion mainly of some national minorities in the country, notably, Romanians, Rusyns, Ukrainians, and Serbs.[97]
Hungary has been the home of a sizable Armenian Catholic community as well. They worship according to the Armenian Rite, but they have united with the Catholic Church under the primacy of the Pope.
Faith Church is one of the Pentecostal churches, accepts the results and spiritual, moral values of both early Christianity and the Reformation, as well as other revival movements serving the progress of the Christian faith. Based on the 1% tax designation to churches, Faith Church is the seventh most supported church in Hungary.[98] The weekly Sunday service of the Church is regularly broadcast in live television.[citation needed]
Historically, Hungary was home to a significant Jewish community, especially when many Jews, persecuted in Russia, found refuge in the Kingdom of Hungary during the 19th century. The census of January 1941 found that 6.2% of the population, i.e., 846,000 people, were considered Jewish according to the racial laws of that time. Of this number, 725,000 were considered religiously Jewish as well.[99] Some Hungarian Jews were able to escape the Holocaust during World War II, but most (perhaps 550,000[100]) either were deported to concentration camps, from which the majority did not return, or were murdered by the Hungarian Arrow Cross fascists. Most Jewish people who remain in Hungary live in the centre of Budapest, especially in district VI. The largest synagogue in Europe is located in Budapest.[101]
Legislation at the end of 2011 vested in Parliament instead of the judiciary the power to grant the officially recognized status of a church. The number of registered churches fell from over 300 under previous legislation to 32. Among those dropped was the socially active Hungarian Evangelical Fellowship. The legislation was criticized as discriminatory in an invited Opinion by the Venice Commission.[102]
Urbanization[link]
| Rank | City | County | City | Agglomeration | Metro | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Budapest | Budapest | 1,733,685 |
2,539,828 | 3,104,259 | |||||
| 2 | Debrecen | Hajdú-Bihar | 208,016 |
234,928 | 254,008 | |||||
| 3 | Szeged | Csongrád | 170,275 |
210,477 | 238,992 | |||||
| 4 | Miskolc | Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén | 168,075 |
208,114 | 271,220 | |||||
| 5 | Pécs | Baranya | 157,721 |
178,215 | 208,221 | |||||
| 6 | Győr | Győr-Moson-Sopron | 131,267 |
180,007 | 204,029 | |||||
| 7 | Nyíregyháza | Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg | 117,852 |
134,055 | 158,007 | |||||
| 8 | Kecskemét | Bács-Kiskun | 113,275 |
145,104 | 205,973 | |||||
| 9 | Székesfehérvár | Fejér | 101,943 |
124,992 | 150,223 | |||||
| 10 | Szombathely | Vas | 79,590 | 119,800 | - | |||||
| 11 | Szolnok | Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok | 74,544 | 93,410 | - | |||||
| 12 | Tatabánya | Komárom-Esztergom | 70,169 | 130,012 | - | |||||
| 13 | Kaposvár | Somogy | 67,979 | 82,601 | - | |||||
| 14 | Érd | Pest | 65,043 | - | ||||||
| 15 | Veszprém | Veszprém | 64,339 | 82,007 | - | |||||
| 16 | Békéscsaba | Békés | 64,074 | 148,888 | - | |||||
| 17 | Zalaegerszeg | Zala | 61,970 | 76,412 | - | |||||
| 18 | Sopron | Győr-Moson-Sopron | 60,755 | 70,012 | - | |||||
| 19 | Eger | Heves | 56,530 | 74,013 | - | |||||
| 20 | Nagykanizsa | Zala | 49,850 | 50,082 | - | |||||
| 2011 census data
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Hungary
Architecture[link]
See also: List of Hungarian architects
_2.jpg)
Hungary is home to the largest synagogue in Europe (Great Synagogue), the largest medicinal bath in Europe (Széchenyi Medicinal Bath), one of the largest basilicas in Europe (Esztergom Basilica), the second largest territorial abbey in the world (Pannonhalma Archabbey), and the largest Early Christian Necropolis outside Italy (Pécs).
Notable architectural styles in Hungary include Historicism and Art Nouveau, or rather several variants of Art Nouveau. In contrast to Historicism, Hungarian Art Nouveau is based on the national architectural characteristics. Taking the eastern origins of the Hungarians into account, Ödön Lechner (1845–1914), the most important figure in Hungarian Art Nouveau, was initially inspired by Indian and Syrian architecture, and later by traditional Hungarian decorative designs. In this way, he created an original synthesis of architectural styles. By applying them to three-dimensional architectural elements, he produced a version of Art Nouveau that was specific to Hungary.
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Turning away from the style of Lechner, yet taking inspiration from his approach, the group of "Young People" (Fiatalok), which included Károly Kós and Dezsö Zrumeczky, were to use the characteristic structures and forms of traditional Hungarian architecture to achieve the same end.
Besides the two principal styles, Budapest also displays local versions of trends originating from other European countries. The Sezession from Vienna, the German Jugendstil, Art Nouveau from Belgium and France, and the influence of English and Finnish architecture are all reflected in the buildings constructed at the turn of the 20th century. Béla Lajta initially adopted Lechner's style, subsequently drawing his inspiration from English and Finnish trends; after developing an interest in the Egyptian style, he finally arrived at modern architecture. Aladár Árkay took almost the same route. István Medgyaszay developed his own style, which differed from Lechner's, using stylised traditional motifs to create decorative designs in concrete. In the sphere of applied arts, those chiefly responsible for promoting the spread of Art Nouveau were the School and Museum of Decorative Arts, which opened in 1896.
Foreigners have unexpectedly "discovered" that a significantly large portion of the citizens live in old and architecturally valuable buildings. In the Budapest downtown area almost all the buildings are about hundred years old, with thick walls, high ceiling and motifs on the front wall.[23][103]
Music[link]
Main article: Music of Hungary
.jpg)
The music of Hungary consists mainly of traditional Hungarian folk music and music by prominent composers such as Liszt and Bartók, considered as the greatest Hungarian composers. Other composers of international renown are Dohnányi, Franz Schmidt, Zoltán Kodály, Gabriel von Wayditch, Rudolf Wagner-Régeny, László Lajtha, Franz Lehár, Imre Kálmán, Sándor Veress and Rózsa. Hungarian traditional music tends to have a strong dactylic rhythm, as the language is invariably stressed on the first syllable of each word. Hungary also has a number of internationally renowned composers of contemporary classical music, György Ligeti, György Kurtág, Péter Eötvös, Zoltán Kodály and Zoltán Jeney among them. One of the greatest Hungarian composers, Béla Bartók was also among the most significant musicians of the 20th century. His music was invigorated by the themes, modes, and rhythmic patterns of the Hungarian and neighboring folk music traditions he studied, which he synthesized with influences from his contemporaries into his own distinctive style.
Hungary has made many contributions to the fields of folk, popular and classical music. Hungarian folk music is a prominent part of the national identity and continues to play a major part in Hungarian music. Hungarian folk music has been significant in former country parts that belong – since the 1920 Treaty of Trianon – to neighboring countries such as Romania, Slovakia, southern Poland and especially in southern Slovakia and the Transylvania: both regions have significant numbers of Hungarians. After the establishment of a music academy led by Ferenc Erkel and Franz Liszt Hungary produced an important number of art musicians:
- Pianists: Ernö von Dohnányi, Ervin Nyíregyházi, Andor Földes, Tamás Vásáry, Gyorgy Sandor, Géza Anda, György Cziffra, Edward Kilényi, Balint Vazsonyi, András Schiff, Zoltán Kocsis, Dezsö Ránki, Jenö Jandó and others.
- Violists: Joseph Joachim, Leopold Auer, Jenö Hubay, Jelly d'Arányi, Joseph Szigeti, Sándor Végh, Emil Telmanyi, Zathurecky, Zsigmondy, Franz von Vecsey, Zoltán Szekely, Tibor Varga and newcomers Antal Szalai, Vilmos Szabadi, Kristóf Baráti (b. 79) and others.
- organists: Varnus Xaver
- Opera singers: Astrid Varnay, József Simándy, Julia Varady, Julia Hamari, Kolos Kováts (Bluebeard in Bartoks Bluebeard)
- Conductors: Eugene Ormandy, George Szell, Antal Doráti, János Ferencsik, Fritz Reiner, sir Georg Solti, István Kertész, Ferenc Fricsay, Zoltán Rozsnyai, Sándor Végh, Arpad Joó, Ádám Fischer, Iván Fischer, Péter Eötvös, Zoltán Kocsis, Tamás Vásáry, Gilbert Varga and others
- String Quartets: Budapest Quartet, Hungarian Quartet, Végh Quartet, Takács Quartet, Kodály Quartet, Eder Quartet, Festetics Quartet,
Broughton claims that Hungary's "infectious sound has been surprisingly influential on neighboring countries (thanks perhaps to the common Austro-Hungarian history) and it's not uncommon to hear Hungarian-sounding tunes in Romania, Slovakia and southern Poland".[104] It is also strong in the Szabolcs-Szatmár area and in the southwest part of Transdanubia, near the border with Croatia. The Busójárás carnival in Mohács is a major Hungarian folk music event, formerly featuring the long-established and well-regarded Bogyiszló orchestra.[105]
Hungarian classical music has long been an "experiment, made from Hungarian antedecents and on Hungarian soil, to create a conscious musical culture [using the] musical world of the folk song".[106] Although the Hungarian upper class has long had cultural and political connections with the rest of Europe, leading to an influx of European musical ideas, the rural peasants maintained their own traditions such that by the end of the 19th century Hungarian composers could draw on rural peasant music to (re)create a Hungarian classical style.[107] For example, Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály, two of Hungary's best known composers, used folk themes in their music. Bartók collected folk songs from across Eastern Europe, including Romania and Slovakia, whilst Kodály was more interested in creating a distinctively Hungarian musical style.
During the era of Communist rule in Hungary (1944–1989) a Song Committee scoured and censored popular music for traces of subversion and ideological impurity. Since then, however, the Hungarian music industry has begun to recover, producing successful performers in the fields of jazz such as trumpeter Rudolf Tomsits, pianist-composer Károly Binder and, in a modernized form of Hungarian folk, Ferenc Sebő and Márta Sebestyén. The three giants of Hungarian rock, Illés, Metró and Omega, remain very popular, especially Omega, which has followings in Germany and beyond as well as in Hungary. Older veteran underground bands such as Beatrice from the 1980s also remain popular.
Literature[link]
Main article: Hungarian literature
File:Ohlm original.jpg
The oldest survivng Hungarian (and Uralic) poem, Old Hungarian Laments of Mary
In the earliest times Hungarian language was written in a runic-like script (although it was not used for literature purposes in the modern interpretation). The country switched to the Latin alphabet after being Christianized under the reign of Stephen I of Hungary (1000–1038).
The oldest remained written record in Hungarian language is a fragment in the founding document of the Abbey of Tihany (1055) which contains several Hungarian terms, among them the words feheruuaru rea meneh hodu utu rea, "up the military road to Fehérvár" The rest of the document was written in Latin.
The oldest remained complete text in Hungarian language is the Funeral Sermon and Prayer (Halotti beszéd és könyörgés) (1192–1195), a translation of a Latin sermon.
The oldest remained poem in Hungarian is the Old Hungarian Laments of Mary (Ómagyar Mária-siralom), also a (not very strict) translation from Latin, from the 13th century. It is also the oldest surviving Uralic poem.
Among the first chronicles about Hungarian history were Gesta Hungarorum ("Deeds of the Hungarians") by the unknown author usually called Anonymus, and Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum ("Deeds of the Huns and the Hungarians") by Simon Kézai. Both are in Latin. These chronicles mix history with legends, so historically they are not always authentic. Another chronicle is the Képes krónika (Illustrated Chronicle), which was written for Louis the Great.
Renaissance literature flourished under the reign of King Matthias (1458–1490). Janus Pannonius, although he wrote in Latin, counts as one of the most important persons in Hungarian literature, being the only significant Hungarian Humanist poet of the period. The first printing house was also founded during Matthias' reign, by András Hess, in Buda. The first book printed in Hungary was the Chronica Hungarorum. The most important poets of the period was Bálint Balassi (1554–1594) and Miklós Zrínyi (1620–1664). Balassi's poetry shows Mediaeval influences, his poems can be divided into three sections: love poems, war poems and religious poems. Zrínyi's most significant work, the epic Szigeti veszedelem ("Peril of Sziget", written in 1648/49) is written in a fashion similar to the Iliad, and recounts the heroic Battle of Szigetvár, where his great-grandfather died while defending the castle of Szigetvár. Among the religious literary works the most important is the Bible translation by Gáspár Károli (The second Hungarian Bible translation in the history), the Protestant pastor of Gönc, in 1590. The translation is called the Bible of Vizsoly, after the town where it was first published. (See Hungarian Bible translations for more details.)
The Hungarian enlightenment took place about fifty years after the French enlightenment. The first enlightened writers were Maria Theresia's bodyguards (György Bessenyei, János Batsányi and others). The greatest poets of the time were Mihály Csokonai Vitéz and Dániel Berzsenyi. The greatest figure of the language reform was Ferenc Kazinczy. The Hungarian language became feasible for all type of scientific explanations from this time, and furthermore many new words were coined for describing new inventions.
Hungarian literature has recently gained some renown outside the borders of Hungary (mostly through translations into German, French and English). Some modern Hungarian authors have become increasingly popular in Germany and Italy especially Sándor Márai, Péter Esterházy, Péter Nádas and Imre Kertész. The latter is a contemporary Jewish writer who survived the Holocaust and won the Nobel Prize for literature in 2002. The older classics of Hungarian literature and Hungarian poetry have remained almost totally unknown outside Hungary. János Arany, a famous 19th century Hungarian poet is still much loved in Hungary (especially his collection of Ballads), among several other "true classics" like Sándor Petőfi, the poet of the Revolution of 1848, Endre Ady, Mihály Babits, Dezső Kosztolányi, Attila József and János Pilinszky. Other well-known Hungarian authors are Ferenc Móra, Géza Gárdonyi, Zsigmond Móricz, Gyula Illyés, Albert Wass and Magda Szabó.
Cuisine[link]
Main article: Cuisine of Hungary
See also: Hungarian wine and Hungarian beer
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The Hungarian cuisine is a prominent feature of the Hungarian culture, just like the art of hospitality. Traditional dishes such as the world famous Goulash (gulyás stew or gulyás soup) feature prominently. Dishes are often flavoured with paprika (ground red peppers), a Hungarian innovation.[108] Thick, heavy Hungarian sour cream called tejföl is often used to soften the dishes flavour. The famous Hungarian hot river fish soup called Fisherman's soup or halászlé is usually a rich mixture of several kinds of poached fish. Other dishes are Chicken Paprikash, Foie gras made of goose liver, pörkölt stew, vadas, (game stew with vegetable gravy and dumplings), trout with almonds and salty and sweet dumplings, like túrós csusza, (dumplings with fresh quark cheese and thick sour cream). Desserts include the iconic Dobos Cake, Strudels (rétes), filled with apple, cherry, poppy seed or cheese, Gundel pancake, plum dumplings (szilvás gombóc), somlói dumplings, dessert soups like chilled Sour cherry soup and sweet chestnut puree, gesztenyepüré (cooked chestnuts mashed with sugar and rum and split into crumbs, topped with whipped cream). Perec and kifli are widely popular pastries.
The csárda is the most distinctive type of Hungarian inn, an old-style tavern offering traditional cuisine and beverages. Borozó usually denotes a cozy old-fashioned wine tavern, pince is a beer or wine cellar and a söröző is a pub offering draught beer and sometimes meals. The bisztró is an inexpensive restaurant often with self-service. The büfé is the cheapest place, although one may have to eat standing at a counter. Pastries, cakes and coffee are served at the confectionery called cukrászda, while an eszpresszó is a cafeteria.
Pálinka: is a fruit brandy, distilled from fruit grown in the orchards situated on the Great Hungarian Plain. It is a spirit native to Hungary and comes in a variety of flavours including apricot (barack) and cherry (cseresznye). However, plum (szilva) is the most popular flavour. Beer: Beer goes well with many traditional Hungarian dishes. The five main Hungarian brands are: Borsodi, Soproni, Arany Ászok, Kõbányai, and Dreher.
Wine: As Hugh Johnson says in The History of Wine, the territory of Hungary is ideal for wine-making. Since the fall of communism there has been a renaissance of Hungarian wine-making. The choice of good wine is widening from year to year. The country can be divided to six wine regions: North-Transdanubia, Lake Balaton, South-Pannónia, Duna-region or Alföld, Upper-Hungary and Tokaj-Hegyalja. Hungarian wine regions offer a great variety of style: the main products of the country are elegant and full-bodied dry whites with good acidity, although complex sweet whites (Tokaj), elegant (Eger) and full-bodied robust reds (Villány and Szekszárd). The main varieties are: Olaszrizling, Hárslevelű, Furmint, Pinot gris or Szürkebarát, Chardonnay (whites), Kékfrankos (or Blaufrankisch in German), Kadarka, Portugieser, Zweigelt, Cabernet sauvignon, Cabernet franc and Merlot. The most famous wines from Hungary are Tokaji Aszú and Egri Bikavér.
Tokaji: Tokaji, meaning "of Tokaj", or "from Tokaj" in Hungarian, is used to label wines from the wine region of Tokaj-Hegyalja in Hungary. Tokaji wine has received accolades from numerous great writers and composers including Beethoven, Liszt, Schubert and Goethe; Joseph Haydn's favorite wine was a Tokaji. Louis XV and Frederick the Great tried to outdo one another in the excellence of the vintages they stocked when they treated guests like Voltaire to some Tokaji. Napoleon III, the last Emperor of the French, ordered 30–40 barrels of Tokaji for the Court every year. Gustav III, King of Sweden, never had any other wine to drink. In Russia, customers included Peter the Great and Empress Elizabeth of Russia.
Zwack Unicum: For over 150 years, a blend of 40 Hungarian herbs has been used to create the liqueur Unicum. Unicum is a bitter, dark-coloured liqueur that can be drunk as an apéritif or after a meal, thus helping the digestion. The recipe is held secret by the Zwack family.
Recreation[link]
Hungary is a land of thermal water. A passion for spa culture and Hungarian history have been connected from the very beginning. Hungarian spas feature Roman, Greek, Turkish, and northern country architectural elements.[109]
Because of an advantageous geographical location thermal water can be found with good quality and in great quantities on over 80% of Hungary's territory. Approximately 1,500 thermal springs can be found in Hungary. There are approximately 450 public baths in Hungary.
The Romans heralded the first age of spa in Hungary, the remains of their bath complexes are still to be seen in Óbuda, to this day. The spa culture was revived during the Turkish Invasion who used the thermal springs of Buda for the construction of a number of bathhouses, some of which are still functioning (Király Baths, Rudas Baths).
In the 19th century the advancement in deep drilling and medical science provided the springboard for a further leap in bathing culture. Grand spas such as Gellért Baths, Lukács Baths, Margaret Island, and Széchenyi Medicinal Bath are a reflection of this resurgence in popularity.
Folk art[link]
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Ugrós (Jumping dances): Old style dances dating back to the Middle Ages. Solo or couple dances accompanied by old style music, shepherd and other solo man's dances from Transylvania, and marching dances along with remnants of medieval weapon dances belong in this group.
Karikázó: a circle dance performed by women only accompanied by singing of folksongs.
Csárdás: New style dances developed in the 18–19th centuries is the Hungarian name for the national dances, with Hungarian embroidered costumes and energetic music. From the men's intricate bootslapping dances to the ancient women's circle dances, Csárdás demonstrates the infectious exuberance of the Hungarian folk dancing still celebrated in the villages.
Verbunkos: a solo man's dance evolved from the recruiting performances of the Austro-Hungarian army.
The Legényes: is a men's solo dance done by the ethnic Hungarian people living in the Kalotaszeg region of Transylvania. Although usually danced by young men, it can be also danced by older men. The dance is performed freestyle usually by one dancer at a time in front of the band. Women participate in the dance by standing in lines to the side and sing/shout verses while the men dance. Each lad does a number of points (dance phrases) typically 4 to 8 without repetition. Each point consists of 4 parts, each lasting 4 counts. The first part is usually the same for everyone (there are only a few variations).
It was in the beginning of the 18th century that the present style of Hungarian folk art took shape, incorporating both Renaissance and Baroque elements, depending on the area, as well as Persian Sassanide influences. Flowers and leaves, sometimes a bird or a spiral ornament, are the principal decorative themes. The most frequent ornament is a flower with a centerpiece resembling the eye of a peacock's feather.
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Nearly all the manifestations of folk art practiced elsewhere in Europe also flourished among the Magyar peasantry at one time or another, their ceramics and textile being the most highly developed of all.
The finest achievements in their textile arts are the embroideries which vary from region to region. Those of Kalotaszeg in Transylvania are charming products of Oriental design, sewn chiefly in a single color – red, blue, or black. Soft in line, the embroideries are applied on altar cloths, pillow cases and sheets.
In Hungary proper Sárköz in Transdanubia and the Matyóföld in the Great Hungarian Plain produce the finest embroideries. In the Sárköz region the women's caps show black and white designs as delicate as lace and give evidence of the people's wonderfully subtle artistic feeling. The embroidery motifs applied to women's wear have also been transposed to tablecloths and runners suitable for modern use as wall decorations.
These vessels, made of black clay, reflect more than three hundred years of traditional Transdanubian folk patterns and shapes. No two are precisely alike, since all work is done by hand, including both the shaping and the decorating. The imprints are made by the thumb or a finger of the ceramist who makes the piece.
Porcelain[link]
Main articles: Herend Porcelain and Zsolnay
Founded in 1826, Herend Porcelain is one of the world's largest ceramic factories, specializing in luxury hand painted and gilded porcelain. In the mid-19th century it was purveyor to the Habsburg Dynasty and aristocratic customers throughout Europe. Many of its classic patterns are still in production. After the fall of communism in Hungary the factory was privatised and is now 75% owned by its management and workers, exporting to over 60 countries of the world.[110]
Zsolnay Porcelain Manufacture is a Hungarian manufacturer of porcelain, pottery, ceramics, tiles, and stoneware. The company introduced the eosin glazing process and pyrogranite ceramics. The Zsolnay factory was established by Miklós Zsolnay in Pécs, Hungary, to produce stoneware and ceramics in 1853. In 1863, his son, Vilmos Zsolnay (1828–1900) joined the company and became its manager and director after several years. He led the factory to worldwide recognition by demonstrating its innovative products at world fairs and international exhibitions, including the 1873 World Fair in Vienna, then at the 1878 World Fair in Paris, where Zsolnay received a Grand Prix.
Sport[link]
File:Puskas Ferenc.jpg
Football (soccer) legend Ferenc Puskás
Only seven countries (US, USSR, UK, France, Italy, China and Germany) have won more Summer Olympic gold medals than Hungary. At the all time total medal count for Olympic Games, Hungary reaches the 9th rank out of 211 participating nations, with a total of 465 medals. See All-time Olympic Games medal table (2008 data).
One of the reasons of this achievement is the Hungarians' success in water sports: in water polo the Hungarian team is the leading medal winner by a significant margin (See: Water polo at the Summer Olympics) and in swimming the men are fourth most successful overall while the women are eighth most successful overall. (See: List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men). List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women).) There has also been success in canoeing.
Some of the world's leading best Sabre (fencing) athletes have historically hailed from Hungary.[111][112]
In 2009 the Hungarian national ice hockey team qualified for their first IIHF World Championship.
See also: Hungary national football team
Hungary has remarkable football history, having won three Olympic titles, finishing runners-up in the 1938 and 1954 FIFA World Cups, and third in the 1964 UEFA European Football Championship. Hungary revolutionized the sport in the 1950s, laying the tactical fundamentals of Total Football and dominating international football with the remarkable Golden Team which included legends like Ferenc Puskás, top goalscorer of the 20th century,[113][114][115] whom FIFA dedicated[116] its newest award, the Puskás Award. The side of that era has the all-time highest Football Elo Ranking in the world, with 2166, and one of the longest undefeated runs in football history, remaining unbeaten in 31 games, spanning over more than 4 years and including matches such as the Match of the Century.
The post-golden age decades saw a gradually weakening Hungary, though recently there is renewal in all aspects. The Hungarian Children's Football Federation was founded in 2008, as youth development thrives. For the first time in Hungarian football's history, they hosted the 2010 UEFA Futsal Championship in Budapest and Debrecen, the first time the MLSZ staged a UEFA finals tournament. Also, the national teams have produced some surprise successes such as beating Euro 2004 winner Greece 3–2[117] and 2006 FIFA World Cup winner Italy 3–1.[118] Although they have not qualified for a major tournament's finals since 1986, they came semi-finalists at the 2008 European Under-19 Championship and qualified for the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup which saw their U-20 national team gaining third place to bring home Hungary's first major tournament medal in nearly half a century, feeding their hopes of a future revival.
Holidays and domestic animals[link]
Main articles: Public holidays in Hungary and Hungarian animals
See also[link]
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- Outline of Hungary
- Index of Hungary-related articles
- Public holidays in Hungary
- Telecommunications in Hungary
- Countrywide Blue Tour in Hungary
- Curse of Turan
- Healthcare in Hungary
- History of the Jews in Hungary
- Hungarian American
- Hungarian castles and mansions
- Hungarian cuisine
- Hungarian domestic animals
- Hungarian language
- Hungarian notation
- Hungarian people
- Hungarian Scout Association
- Hungarian Unix Portal
- Hungarians in Romania (Transylvania)
- Hungarians in Slovakia
- Hungarians in Vojvodina
- Music of Hungary
- Name days in Hungary
- National symbols of Hungary
- Old Hungarian script
- Serbs in Hungary
- Transportation in Hungary
- Wendish question
- Tourism in Hungary
Lists:
- Common Hungarian surnames
- Eastern name order used in Hungarian personal names
- List of cities in Hungary
- List of twin towns and sister cities in Hungary
- List of castles in Hungary
- List of Hungarians
- List of Hungarian rulers
- List of Hungarian writers
- List of universities in Hungary
- List of colleges in Hungary
- List of Hungarian Americans
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Notes[link]
- ^ The form of government was at times changed or ambiguous, causing short interruptions
References[link]
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- ^ Eurostat. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
- ^ Hungarian Central Statistical Office Census Data 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
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- ^ "Human Development Report 2011". United Nations. 2011. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- ^ "Geography ::Hungary". cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hu.html. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
- ^ Globally speaking: motives for adopting English vocabulary in other languages – Google Books. Google Books. http://books.google.com/books?id=nlWU3CkTAi4C&lpg=PA82&ots=wiY3TdhJ5F&dq=%22largest%20non-indo%20european%22%20europe%20hungarian&pg=PA82#v=onepage&q=%22largest%20non-indo%20european%22%20europe%20hungarian&f=false. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
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- ^ World Bank Country Classification, 2007
- ^ "Index – Belföld – A magyar kamasz iszik, dohányzik és könnyen teherbe esik". Index.hu. http://index.hu/belfold/2009/09/16/a_magyar_kamasz_iszik_dohanyzik_es_konnyen_teherbe_esik/. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
- ^ "PowerPoint bemutató" (PDF). http://www.amcham.hu/events/2008/20060326ICEG/Panel%201/Presentation_Retfalvi.pdf. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
- ^ "Index – Világméretű influenzajárvány jöhet". Index.hu. http://index.hu/tudomany/bulvar081015/. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
- ^ "ITD Hungary – Supply Chain Management – Logistics, Distribution". Itdh.com. http://www.itdh.com/engine.aspx?page=Itdh_Priority_Sectors_Logistics. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
- ^ "UNWTO World Tourism Barometer". World Tourism Organization. http://www.tourismroi.com/Content_Attachments/27670/File_633513750035785076.pdf. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
- ^ "MTH.gov.hu". http://www.mth.gov.hu/download.php?ctag=download&docID=185. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
- ^ "Search – Global Edition – The New York Times". International Herald Tribune. 29 March 2009. http://www.iht.com/articles/reuters/2008/11/18/europe/OUKWD-UK-HUNGARY-CAVE.php. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
- ^ "The Avar Khaganate". Allempires.com. 31 May 2007. http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=The_Avar_Khaganate. Retrieved 20 September 2009. [dead link]
- ^ For example, the Abbot Regino of Prüm mentions the plains of the Pannons and the Avars; Kristó, Gyula op. cit. (1993) pp. 96.
- ^ a b A Country Study: Hungary. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+hu0013). Retrieved 6 March 2009.
- ^ Encyclopedia Americana (2000). 24.. 370: Grolier Incorporated.
- ^ a b "Magyar (Hungarian) migration, 9th century". Eliznik.org.uk. http://www.eliznik.org.uk/EastEurope/History/migration-map/hungarian-migration.htm. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
- ^ Origins and Language. Source: U.S. Library of Congress.
- ^ Peter B. Golden, Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs, Ashgate/Variorum, 2003. "Tenth-century Byzantine sources, speaking in cultural more than ethnic terms, acknowledged a wide zone of diffusion by referring to the Khazar lands as 'Eastern Tourkia' and Hungary as 'Western Tourkia.'" Carter Vaughn Findley, The Turks in the World History, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 51, citing Peter B. Golden, 'Imperial Ideology and the Sources of Political Unity Amongst the Pre-Činggisid Nomads of Western Eurasia,' Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 2 (1982), 37–76.
- ^ Stephen Wyley (30 May 2001). "The Magyars of Hungary". Geocities.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20091021171416/http://geocities.com/egfrothos/magyars/magyars.html. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
- ^ Peter Heather, Empires and Barbarians, Pan Macmillan, 2011
- ^ Attila Zsoldos, Saint Stephen and his country: a newborn kingdom in Central Europe: Hungary, Lucidus, 2001, p. 40
- ^ Asia Travel Europe. "Hungaria Travel Information | Asia Travel Europe". Asiatravel.com. http://www.asiatravel.com/europe/hungaria/travelinfo.html. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
- ^ James Minahan, One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, p. 310
- ^ [1] Encyclopædia Britannica, 2002
- ^ "Marko Marelic: The Byzantine and Slavic worlds". http://www.korcula.net/history/mmarelic/byzant.htm.
- ^ "Hungary in American History Textbooks". http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/hunyadi/hu02.htm.
- ^ "Hungary, facts and history in brief". http://erwin.bernhardt.net.nz/hungary/hungaryfacts.html.
- ^ Ladislav Heka (October 2008). "Hrvatsko-ugarski odnosi od sredinjega vijeka do nagodbe iz 1868. s posebnim osvrtom na pitanja Slavonije [Croatian-Hungarian relations from the Middle Ages to the Compromise of 1868, with a special survey of the Slavonian issue]" (in Croatian). Scrinia Slavonica (Hrvatski institut za povijest – Podružnica za povijest Slavonije, Srijema i Baranje) 8 (1): 152–173. ISSN 1332-4853. http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=68144. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ^ A concise history of Hungary – Google Books. Google Books. http://books.google.co.uk/books?ct=result&id=y0g4YEp7ZrsC&dq=%22B%C3%A9la+III%22+annual+revenue&pg=PA46&lpg=PA46&sig=ACfU3U2STdXJyC_RFJp9Ipb3Rw4SmsrWww&q=ladis#PPA28,M1. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
- ^ "Hungarianhistory.com" (PDF). http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/autonomy/komlossy.pdf. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
- ^ The Mongol invasion: the last Arpad kings, Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Autonomies in Europe and Hungary. (PDF). By Józsa Hévizi.
- ^ cs. "National and historical symbols of Hungary". Nemzetijelkepek.hu. http://www.nemzetijelkepek.hu/onkormanyzat-jaszbereny_en.shtml. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
- ^ Pál Engel, Tamás Pálosfalvi, Andrew Ayton: The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526, I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, London, pp. 109 [2]
- ^ a b "Hungary – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276730/Hungary#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Hungary%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
- ^ "Hungary – The Bibliotheca Corviniana Collection: UNESCO-CI". Portal.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 18 March 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080318044516/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15976&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
- ^ "Hungary – Renaissance And Reformation". Countrystudies.us. http://countrystudies.us/hungary/9.htm. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
- ^ "A Country Study: Hungary". Geography.about.com. http://geography.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/hutoc.html. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
- ^ Géza Dávid, Pál Fodor (2007). "Ransom slavery along the Ottoman borders: early fifteenth-early eighteenth centuries". BRILL. p.203. ISBN 90-04-15704-2
- ^ Csepeli, Gyorgy (2 June 2009). "The changing facets of Hungarian nationalism – Nationalism Reexamined | Social Research | Find Articles at BNET". Findarticles.com. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2267/is_n1_v63/ai_18501094/. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
- ^ "Ch7-1" (PDF). http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/unmaking/part1-7.pdf. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
- ^ Paul Lendvai, The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003 Google Books
- ^ Peter N Stearns, The Oxford encyclopedia of the modern world, Volume 4, Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 64
- ^ Géza Jeszenszky: From "Eastern Switzerland" to Ethnic Cleansing, address at Duquesne History Forum, 17 November 2000, The author is former Ambassador of Hungary to the United States and was Foreign Minister in 1990 – 1994.
- ^ Kinga Frojimovics, Géza Komoróczy, Jewish Budapest: monuments, rites, history, Central European University Press, 1999 p.67 Google Books
- ^ François Bugnion, International Committee of the Red Cross, The International Committee of the Red Cross and the protection of war victims, Macmillan Education, 2003 Google Books
- ^ Molnar, A Concise History of Hungary, p. 262 online
- ^ Richard C. Frucht, Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture p. 359-360 online
- ^ Library of Congress country study on Hungary
- ^ J.Lee Ready (1995), World War Two. Nation by Nation, London, Cassell, page 130. ISBN 1-85409-290-1
- ^ "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Holocaust Encyclopedia". Ushmm.org. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/index.php?ModuleId=10005458. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
- ^ Alfred de Zayas "Raoul Wallenberg" in Dinah Shelton Encyclopedia of Genocide (Macmillan Reference 2005, vol. 3)
- ^ Braham, Randolph (2004): Rescue Operations in Hungary: Myths and Realities, East European Quarterly 38(2): 173–203.
- ^ Bauer, Yehuda (1994): Jews for Sale?, Yale University Press.
- ^ Bilsky, Leora (2004): Transformative Justice : Israeli Identity on Trial (Law, Meaning, and Violence), University of Michigan Press.
- ^ University of Chicago. Division of the Social Sciences, Human Relations Area Files, inc, A study of contemporary Czechoslovakia, University of Chicago for the Human Relations Area Files, inc., 1955, Citation 'In January 1947 the Hungarians complained that Magyars were being carried off from Slovakia to Czech lands for forced labor.'
- ^ Istvan S. Pogany, Righting wrongs in Eastern Europe, Manchester University Press ND, 1997, p.202 Google Books
- ^ Alfred J. Rieber, Forced migration in Central and Eastern Europe, 1939–1950, Routledge, 2000, p. 50 Google Books – "A presidential decree imposing an obligation on individuals not engaged in useful work to accept jobs served as the basis for this action. As a result, according to documentation in the ministry of foreign affairs of the USSR, approximately 50,000 Hungarians were sent to work in factories and agricultural enterprises in the Czech Republic."
- ^ Canadian Association of Slavists, Revue canadienne des slavistes, Volume 25, Canadian Association of Slavists., 1983
- ^ S. J. Magyarody, The East-central European Syndrome: Unsolved conflict in the Carpathian Basin, Matthias Corvinus Pub., 2002
- ^ Anna Fenyvesi, Hungarian language contact outside Hungary: studies on Hungarian as a minority language, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005, p. 50 Google Books
- ^ Norman M. Naimark, The Russians in Germany: a history of the Soviet Zone of occupation, 1945–1949, Harvard University Press, 1995, p. 70 Google Books
- ^ László Borhi, Hungary in the Cold War, 1945–1956: between the United States and the Soviet Union, Central European University Press, 2004, p. 57 Google Books
- ^ Richard Bessel, Dirk Schumann, Life after death: approaches to a cultural and social history of Europe during the 1940s and 1950s, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 142 Google Books
- ^ Tibor Cseres, Titoist atrocities in Vojvodina, 1944–1945: Serbian vendetta in Bácska, Hunyadi Pub., 1993 Google Books
- ^ Alfred de Zayas "A Terrible Revenge" (Palgrave/Macmillan 2006)
- ^ "Granville/ frm" (PDF). http://www.tamu.edu/upress/BOOKS/2003/sample/granville%20chap.pdf. Retrieved 20 September 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Hungary's 'forgotten' war victims". BBC News. 7 November 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/8347146.stm. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
- ^ Findley, Carter V., and John Rothney. Twentieth Century World. sixth ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006. 278.
- ^ Hungary's 1956 brain drain. BBC News. 23 October 2006.
- ^ Andrew Speedy. "Hungary". Fao.org. http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/Counprof/Hungary/hungary.htm. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
- ^ "Hungary ranked sixth in world for environmental protection". Caboodle.hu. 10 December 2007. http://www.caboodle.hu/nc/news/news_archive/single_page/article/11/hungary_rank-1/. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
- ^ Huge crowds protest Hungary's new constitution CNN sourced 4 January 2012
- ^ Hungary loses ‘Republic’ in name, and protests fill capital Washington Post Blog sourced 4 January 2012
- ^ "Hussar". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. 2008. http://britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/277525/hussar. Retrieved 15 August 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Hungary eurozone entry "unimaginable" before 2020, says PM Orbán: Realdeal.hu
- ^ "Hungary has surpassed worst part of financial crisis: PM". Eubusiness.com. 20 July 2009. http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1225823530.76. Retrieved 20 September 2009. [dead link]
- ^ Hungary’s Recession Deepens on Plunging Export Demand. Bloomberg.com. 9 June 2009.
- ^ a b c McNamara, Sally. "Index of Economic Freedom". Heritage.org. http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Hungary. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
- ^ "Hungary GDP grows 1.4% yr/yr in Q4, up 1.7% in 2011". BBJ. http://www.bbj.hu/economy/hungary-gdp-grows-14percent-yr-yr-in-q4-up-17percent-in-2011_62619. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
- ^ Simon, Zoltan; Balazs, Edith (25 November 2011). "Hungary Debt-Grade Cut to Junk Boosts Need for IMF as Rate Pressure Rises". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-11-24/hungary-s-credit-rating-cut-to-junk-by-moody-s-after-last-minute-imf-plea.html.
- ^ The Contribution of Hungarians to Universal Culture[dead link] (includes inventors), Embassy of the Republic of Hungary, Damascus, Syria, 2006.
- ^ "Definition "coach" in Collins English Dictionary & Thesaurus". Dictionary.reverso.net. http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-definitions/coach. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
- ^ John S. Rigden, Roger H. Stuewer: The Physical Tourist: A Science Guide for the Traveler, Birkhauser, 2009 [3]
- ^ a b "IEC – Techline Otto Blathy, Miksa Déri, Károly Zipernowsky". Iec.ch. http://www.iec.ch/cgi-bin/tl_to_htm.pl?section=technology&item=144. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
- ^ "Hungary's anti-Roma militia grows". Csmonitor.com. 13 February 2008
- ^ "Population Census 2001 – National and county data – Summary Data". Nepszamlalas.hu. http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/eng/volumes/06/00/tabeng/1/load01_10_0.html. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
- ^ "Social values, Science and Technology" (PDF). http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
- ^ "18. Demographic data – Hungarian Central Statistical Office". Nepszamlalas.hu. http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/eng/volumes/18/tables/load1_26.html. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
- ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XCe-grzP4swC&lpg=PT77&dq=.%20Orthodox%20Christianity%20in%20Hungary%20has%20been%20the%20religion%20mainly%20of%20some%20national%20minorities%20in%20the%20country%2C%20notably%2C%20Romanians%2C%20Rusyns%2C%20Ukrainians%2C%20and%20Serbs&pg=PT77#v=onepage&q&f=false
- ^ http://www.apeh.hu/szja1_1/kimutat/2010_rend_egyh_kiem.html
- ^ Volume 3, p.979, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1982
- ^ Braham, Randolph L. A Magyarországi Holokauszt Földrajzi Enciklopediája [The Geographic Encyclopedia of the Holocaust in Hungary]. Budapest:Park Publishing, 3 vol. (2006). Vol 1, p. 91.
- ^ http://www.greatsynagogue.hu/gallery_syn.html
- ^ Opinion on Act CCVI/2011: Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ "General information on various student flats and building types in Budapest". Budapest Corner. http://budapestcorner.com/index.php/flats/general-information. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
- ^ Szalipszki, p. 12
Refers to the country as "widely considered" to be a "home of music". - ^ Broughton, pp. 159–167
- ^ Szabolcsi, The Specific Conditions of Hungarian Musical Development
"Every experiment, made from Hungarian antedecents and on Hungarian soil, to create a conscious musical culture (music written by composers, as different from folk music), had instinctively or consciously striven to develop widely and universally the musical world of the folk song. Folk poetry and folk music were deeply embedded in the collective Hungarian people’s culture, and this unity did not cease to be effective even when it was given from and expression by individual creative artists, performers and poets." - ^ "Szabolcsi". Mek.oszk.hu. http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02172/html/index.html. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
- ^ "Sulinet: Magyar növény-e a paprika?". Sulinet.hu. http://www.sulinet.hu/tart/fcikk/Kjc/0/23144/1. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
- ^ http://www.visitspas.eu/hungary/
- ^ "Herend Porcelain Manufactory Ltd". Herend.com. http://www.herend.com/. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
- ^ "FIE 2009–2010 men's rankings". Fie.ch. http://www.fie.ch/Competitions/RankingList.aspx?param=8C508173B39155DD53B81E624647082B999A7254268EA043313A21E19F3CCE115928F31266BFED5C96744EFE404921371BA0B553CB9419D947CC609C9FC6CCFB48C6AE112ABA5A4EB917D1B7B1AFEA73D9301125242F40950B39007F8B30803B1428FD85451599C7E8B640F55FBB99F96E85563733B996F4DA086222E241E75C. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
- ^ "FIE 2009–2010 women's rankings". Fie.ch. http://www.fie.ch/Competitions/RankingList.aspx?param=F822EFF311A4B9B772C67048D9DA32F4B0EED82CC9D791272D364D08FDA7CEAE08236B030B5BAF7869033790E5CBFE0B1DE4945E6BF24D1B417CA444D76B51ABFDBEC84449C9BB34B6AC942A1FF403A3D9301125242F40950B39007F8B30803B1428FD85451599C7E8B640F55FBB99F96E85563733B996F4DA086222E241E75C. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
- ^ "FIFA President: FIFA to help the Galloping Major". FIFA. 12 October 2005. Archived from the original on 7 October 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061007122035/http://www.fifa.com/en/organisation/president/index/0,4095,110412,00.html?articleid=110412. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
- ^ "Coronel Puskas, el zurdo de oro" (in Spanish). AS. 17 November 2006. http://www.as.com/articulo/Futbol/Coronel/Puskas/zurdo/oro/dasftb/20061117dasdasftb_2/Tes/. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
- ^ Mackay, Duncan (13 October 2005). "Lineker tees up another nice little earner". The Guardian (London). http://sport.guardian.co.uk/golf/story/0,10069,1590809,00.html. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
- ^ "Blatter unveils FIFA Puskas Award". Fifa.com. 21 October 2009. http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/awards/gala/news/newsid=1120835.html. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
- ^ "Hungary 3–2 Greece: Euro champions stunned". ESPN. 24 May 2008. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=238244&cc=5739. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
- ^ "Hungary 3–1 Italy: World Champions stunned". ESPN. 22 August 2007. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=223003&cc=5739. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- 11. 39' - Hangar
- Last Time - Hangar
- Like A Wind In The Sky - Hangar
- Just the Beginning - Hangar
- Inside Your Soul - Hangar
- Hastiness - Hangar
- Handwritten - Hangar
- Forgotten Pictures - Hangar
- Forgive The Pain - Hangar
- Everlasting Is The Salvation - Hangar
- Dreaming Of Black Waves - Hangar
- Colorblind - Hangar
- Angel Of The Stereo - Hangar
- A Miracle In My Life - Hangar
- Voices - Hangar
- Some Light To Find My Way - Hangar
- Solitary Mind - Hangar
- One More Chance - Hangar
- Captivity (a House With A Thousand Rooms) - Hangar
- Call Me In The Name Of Death - Hangar
- Absinth - Hangar
- Based On A True Story - Hangar
- Legions of Fate - Hangar
- Speed Limit 55 - Hangar
- Savior - Hangar
- Falling In Disgrace - Hangar
- Your Skin And Bones - Hangar
- When The Darkness Takes You - Hangar
- Time To Forget - Hangar
- The Reason Of Your Conviction - Hangar
- The Massacre Trilogy - Hangar
- The Infallible Emperor (1956) - Hangar
- The Garden - Hangar
- No Command - Hangar
- Living In Trouble - Part II - Hangar
- Living In Trouble - Part I - Hangar
- Vanishing Cream - Hunger
- Undone - Hunger
- Terminal Infection - Hunger
- Sonic Wasteland - Hunger
- Rings And Roses - Hunger
- Moderation - Hunger
- Love Me Or Leave Me - Hunger
- Is it Good to You - Hunger
- Hell Bent - Hunger
- Further - Hunger
- Devil Thumbs A Ride - Hunger
- Dead Fuck - Hunger
- Cinematic Superthug - Hunger
- Under Cover of Darkness - Hanker
In the year of thirty-nine
Assembled here the volunteers
In the days when lands were few
Here the ship sailed out into the blue and sunny morn
The sweetest sight ever seen
And the night followed day
And the story tellers say
That the score brave souls inside
For many a lonely day
Sailed across the milky seas
Ne'er looked back never feared never cried
Don't you hear my call
Though you're many years away
Don't you hear me calling you
Write your letters in the sand
For the day I'll take your hand
In the land that our grand-children knew
In the year of thirty-nine
Came a ship in from the blue
The volunteers came home that day
And they bring good news
Of a world so newly born
Though their hearts so heavily weigh
For the earth is old and grey
little darlin' well away
But my love this cannot be
Oh so many years have gone
Though I'm older but a year
Your mother's eyes from your eyes cry to me
Don't you hear my call
Though you're many years away
Don't you hear me calling you
Write your letters in the sand
For the day I'll take your hand
In the land that our grand-children knew
Don't you hear my call
Though you're many years away
Don't you hear me calling you
All your letters in the sand
Cannot heal me like your hand
Stars fallen from the sky
Down in the hell before the die
Take your gun and come to fight
Reading the book and waiting the night
Faces come and go
I feel disgrace begin to cry
But the truth will never die
And never change alone in my mind
Darkness coming
You can't hide
Pray now
And wait the night
Look at the mirror
Look at the sky
It's sign of the
Oh god
Give me the power
To fight with doubt
That rounds my mind
Tell me what should I do
To understand
The suffering of the spirit
In this imperfect body
Show me the way
I must follow
To reach the sky
And save my soul
When I close my eyes
When the silence prevail
I may see the light
And send my sorrow away
My soul can fly
Did I have some kind of dream?
Hear the voices calling insanities
Loneliness is my name
Somehow the pain inside your eyes
Is just the beginning
Strange like angels going to hell
I will see you on the other side
Somehow we found each other
Sacrifices
Have you ever seen a life falling dead?
Hate and love will give you chances
Beyond my silence I have my past
Living promises forever, forever
All the passion will be gone
New sensations
Some creations
Hate and love will give you chances
Somehow the pain inside your eyes
Is just the beginning
Sometimes they call
I just want to live inside your heart
Forever, forever
Love through her eyes forever
"E finalmente encontrei a paz através da dor e do sofrimento...
De alguma forma, a dor de dentro dos seus olhos é apenas o começo".
[translation:
"And finally I found the peace through pain and suffering…
[Wortmann, Priester, Polchowicz, Mello]
We are the evil in disguise
Maybe all we want is everything
You try to stay awake
We are living in your mind
We are commanding your life
You try to stay awake
In your cold dreams
You are alone
Then you lie, you cry,
You taste
Lost in this place, you don't have control
We can live inside your soul
Lost in this place, you don't have control
We can live inside your soul
Our dark blood runs in your veins
And your body burns in hell
You try to stay awake
In your cold dreams
You are alone
Then you lie, you cry
You taste
Lost in this place, you don't have control
We can live inside your soul
Lost in this place, you don't have control
New sensations, some creations
We will pay the price
Now it's time to turn the tide
And they are trying to kill us again
Sometimes I need to be alone
Holding my hand to my heart
Straining the invisible chains and sparks
Sound asleep like a dream
You were under pressure
Sacrifices, hastiness
The mazes are bleeding into your mind
Sometimes I need to be alone
Waiting for somebody else
Building our lies in some places
Sometimes they call…
(Imagine the impure hate in your heart)
And I find myself strong
(I walk away alone and so proud)
Now it's time to make the time
(Instead of declining)
Breathing love through her eyes
Sometimes I need to be alone
Waiting for somebody else
Building our lies in some places
Sometimes they call…
(Imagine the impure hate in your heart)
And I find myself strong
(I walk away alone and so proud)
Now it's time to make the time
(Instead of declining)
Breathing love through her eyes
The Hastiness
Put away your pride and fears
I will take up all your tears
Take your time, but see what's real
Maybe you'll never get the deal
I can hear what you wanna say
It doesn't matter, I have my way
You have no choices, you just have to pay
You will understand when I say
Try to recreate sad images from your life
Try to guess who is that face
I can hear what you wanna say
It doesn't matter, I have my way
I can hear what you wanna to say
It doesn't matter, I have my way
Hold your fire and tell me secrets of your life
Close your eyes and see them cry
Refuse to live in the shadows of their lives
Prefer to pay the price
Bring me closer hiding your lies
I won't ever be satisfied
You should know better, we can't live alone
They won't cry when you are gone
I can hear what you wanna say
It doesn't matter, I have my way
I found some words many time ago
Handwritten from my soul
No passion no prudence, revenge is my name
You've gotta watch what I'm saying
I can hear what you wanna say
It doesn't matter, I have my way
I can hear what you wanna to say
It doesn't matter, I have my way
Hold your fire and tell me secrets of your life
Close your eyes and see them cry
Refuse to live in the shadows of their lives
Forever snow falls deeply around
That angry child is far away in the crowd
That old man was right when he said:
Have you ever seen a life falling dead?
Chasing lights between the shadows and lies
Shooting fire defying all the conventions
Loneliness is my name
Don't blame me with pain
My scars were hidden
Forgive my loneliness he said
Embracing the man
Make them sensible again
How can I love without knowing the truth?
If the eyes are dying waiting for you
Heedless some illusion is out of control
Living promises forever, forever…
Loneliness is my name
Don't blame me with pain
My scars were hidden
Forgive my loneliness he said
Embracing the man
Make them sensible again
Do you remember me?
When you were dying
I was trying to kill someone
Why you want to make your life
So much harder
Spreading your guilty
Around the world
Now the history is endless
Why sometimes the lies are true?
I have to do some things before I die…
Forever snow falls deeply around
That angry child is far away in the crowd
That old man was right when he said:
Have you ever seen a life falling dead?
Chasing lights between the shadows and lies
Shooting fire defying all the conventions
Loneliness is my name
Don't blame me with pain
My scars were hidden
Forgive my loneliness he said
Embracing the man
Make them sensible again
How can I love without knowing the truth?
If the eyes are dying waiting for you
Heedless some illusion is out of control
Living promises forever, forever…
Loneliness is my name
Don't blame me with pain
My scars were hidden
Forgive my loneliness he said
Embracing the man
Make them sensible again
Do you remember me?
When you were dying
I was trying to kill someone
Why you want to make your life
So much harder
Spreading your guilty
Around the world
Now the history is endless
Why sometimes the lies are true?
I have to do some things before I die…
What does that sign mean?
I never saw you facing me so sadly
Daintily the rain dampened everyone
Mysteriously you felt so lost
Standing behind
See the crime scene photos of your life
Listen to the hangman's laughter's echoes
How you can get rid of all those remembrances
Dancing in the awful deepest earth
Desiring to move my eyes to see
Beyond the belief
Revelations, in secrets I believe
Hear the voices calling insanities
No salvation, transforming dreams to kill and kill
Everlasting will be my bloodletting
Screaming out against the facts
As the mind living so sad
I will run away with you
To get your honor back
Hate and love will give you chances
To understand your life
Face to face with your desires
You must make you choices "Right Now"
Revelations, in secrets I believe
Hear the voices calling insanities
No salvation, transforming dreams to kill and kill
I am the one
Who bring you back to life
No matter what I felt
Walking on the water at night
Since I believe
In the lightness of your soul
There is no turning back
I will take you once again
To keep the balance of your faith
I see light inside the darkness of your eyes
When I saw you alone
Dreaming of black waves
I found the one
I would like to see everyday
Since I believe in the lightness of your soul
There is no turning back
I will take you once again
To keep the balance of your faith
I see light inside the darkness of your eyes
Everyone has a secret life
Floating among your dreams
You are a miracle in my life
Always keeping everything inside
I will take you once again
To keep the balance of your faith
Staring outside the unsteady boundaries
Miles and miles of deepest vain
Your fish lens will not help you
Unless you have some plans again
Just stay far from everyone
Close your eyes to see the end
Focus here and focus there
Do you deserve the Promised Land?
It doesn't matter if this ghost belongs to you
Silence screaming, shadows dancing
I want to see what you can see
Night after night you can find
All you need to believe
Stocked far from everyone
Hold your arms to find the end
Nowhere is safe, just turn the page
Do you really want to find the way?
It doesn't matter if this ghost belongs to you
It doesn't matter if this ghost belongs to you
Life is taking control of itself my friend
Sprouting out from rotten seeds again
A useless rainbow fading to grey
You will see many colors today
Life is taking my control again
Don't feel like the last outsider
When you are looking at the green garden
You are just a wood for the bonfire
Scarified! Burning inside stoned eyes
Blindfolded by your own desire
Life seems an eternal twilight
Just like a confused butterfly
The time is passing by
Your breathing slowly
Open your eyes and feel your heart
Flying the sky tonight
Follow your spirit
Open your mind and feel your soul
Waiting the messenger of heaven
Look at the sky and see the angel
Waiting the messenger of heaven
Look at the sky and see the angel
Angel of the stereo
Angel of the stereo
Open your mind - flying so high
Open your heart - feel the sky
Open your eyes - see the light
All the saddest words you say
Can't make any effect on me
Sometimes my thoughts have
The same meaning that you want to spread
Sometimes you want to pray
But you don't realize how much you have to pay
I can't deny what I felt
I wouldn't cry for anything
My memory is always searching for your sins
I have seen faith
You have seen death
And I am ready for the miracle in my life
Now no one can follow me
And I can feel
In my dreams
The evil spirit is haunting my sleep
Beyond my dreams
You appear, haunted by your sins
Now no one can follow me
And I can see
Beyond my dreams
You appear, haunted by your sins
I could feel my insanity when the pain was gone
I can feel my sanity when you are crying alone
When you are crying alone, how can you feel the pain?
So many faces, but they are looking for the same sin
Do you know how long it takes?
To find another host
Do you know how long it takes?
To find yourself alone
One day your story will be told
As a real love and pain
All the saddest words you say are just insane
Sometimes my thoughts have
The same meaning that you want to spread
Sometimes you want to pray
But you don't realize how much you have to pay
I have seen faith
You have seen death
And I am ready for the miracle in my life
Now no one can follow me
And I can feel
In my dreams
The evil spirit is haunting my sleep
Beyond my dreams
You appear haunted by your sins
I could feel my insanity when the pain was gone
I can feel my sanity when you are crying alone
I can't deny what I felt
I wouldn't cry for anything
Voices inside me
Try to confuse me
Turning difficult my choices
But I have to fight to find
So many ways to follow
So many places to go
And always face the empty
The truth doesn't change
The voices begin to cry
The voices begin to scream
I could say a couple of words to mesmerize myself
Or I could write a couple of lines to express myself
This time I'm analyzing why your angles are right
Compared with mine your point of view is just ready to fight
Sometimes you are the last one to see beyond
Everyone wants to know why they can't rest alone
I want to make my symbol mark
In the deepest of your heart
And you will be the chosen one
I just want to make a memory to express myself
Oh God, just give me some light to find my way
I am looking for some reason to express myself
Oh God, just give me some light to find my way
And I will never be alone
Everyone wants to know why they can't rest alone
I want to make my symbol mark
In the deepest of your heart
And you will be the chosen one
I just want to make a memory to express myself
Oh God, just give me some light to find my way
I am looking for some reason to express myself
Oh God, just give me some light to find my way
I just want to make a memory to express myself
Oh God, just give me some light again
I am looking for some reason to express myself
Oh God, just give me some light again
Somehow we live and learn
I saw life begin and choose my ways
Why don't you give me facts?
To understand my troubles and go ahead
I really want to know
I am watching you breathing once again
For all this time
Trying to find a word to explain my pride
Waiting for a moment to say
No matter how, but we will be together
To save my life again
No one ever told me when
Stay away and let my feelings find
A real place to live
Where I can be free and keep my open mind
Some things can never change
They are enough to leave yourself behind
For some reason I will stay
Here in my fortress like a solitary mind
I really want to know
I am watching you breathing once again
For all this time
Trying to find a word to explain my pride
Waiting for a moment to say
No matter how, but we will be together
To save my life again
We can only believe in silence
Like a forest in the rain
I can learn to persist
Why erase my life?
Or sleep to die…
Reflections in my mind
Teach me how to lie
I don't belong to your world
I want to share my love
Just give me one more chance
Don't disappoint me again
I know we can't hide what we've done
We are the ones who draw the line
I could talk to my pride and never see the chance
To have another try and live my life again
Free – My silence makes you see yourself
All this time I was blind
I want to tell you my secret dreams
And make it easier for myself
God, just give me one more chance
I'm still looking for you
Are you still waiting for me?
If your future's looking dark
Mankind remains the same
Just tell me that was not real
I am afraid to say
I was hoping to see you one more time
I don't care if you are losing the control
I just care for myself
Safe in my own words
Learning with myself
Realize the way
I don't care if you are losing the control
Watch yourself burn again
Help me - Don't make me sleep alone
Save me - Please try to understand
Don't cross the line
Where my love is dying
No matter what they say
Help me - I feel my love is dying
No matter what they say
Don't cross the line
I don't care if you are losing the control
I just care for myself
Help me - Don't make me sleep alone
Save me - Please try to understand
Don't cross the line
Where my love is dying
No matter what they say
Help me - I feel my love is dying
No matter what they say
Did I have some kind of dream?
Or hallucinations
All the passion will be gone
Alone here in the dark
I could learn to forget
But tears of sorrow fill my eyes
How can I read between the lines?
Trying to understand
Why all the passion will be gone, oh God
When I give some kind of pain
You have to hold my hands
Beyond my silence I have my past
You haven't been in the kind of place I have
And all my suffering will become
Something real for your life
I am so repentant
I couldn't take your life
Can you hear me call your name?
How can I read between the lines?
Trying to understand
Why all the passion will be gone, oh God
When I give some kind of pain
You have to hold my hands
Beyond my silence I have my past
You haven't been in the kind of place I have
And all my suffering will become
The prophecy has just begun
And the time is vanishing
The time of the blue of the sky rips
It's coming to make the way
To the star of the death
Absinth star of the death
Absinth star of the death
And the nature keeps following
Sometimes I am looking
At the stars alone to find
Some reason to forget
Or refuse my sadness again
Here I am in the dark
With my feelings and my scars
Here I am not alone
You are in the roots of my soul
And I always have much more to say
But the wind and the time will find
Some reason to explain my choices
I will take everything in this life
If the stars are hiding in the clouds
Now it's time to make a change
I hope someday don't regret my choices
And I know that's insane
Here I am in the dark
With my feelings and my scars
Here I am not alone
You are in the roots of my soul
And I always have much more to say
But the wind and the time will find
Some reason to explain my choices
[Wortmann, Priester, Polchowicz, Mello]
It's the year two thousand and ninety
Beyond the stars
There are so bad creatures living
Creatures from the dark
Then I had a vision, maybe
Devastation comes down
And Earth needs some hope
Aliens coming to fight
Legions of fate
Go to the battle
Forces arise, destroying
The aliens from the stars
They walk among us now
And you don't see
They stole our strength, you can't feel
We fell in disgrace
Something has to be done
Before it's too late
And Earth needs some hope
Aliens coming to fight
Legions of fate
Go to the battle
Forces arise, destroying
The aliens from the stars
Many years ago there was
A people that was guided
By a serpent strong and clever
Running its way of fire
She dominated the knowledge
To fight creatures of the dark
Help us now
Life goes on...
Forces arise, destroying
Rounding the world
In the speed of imagination
I see roads passing by
And I feel a great sensation
Be careful
Pay attention
Look the advice
Speed limit 55
Feel the wind in your face
This is a great fascination
See it get faster
Like the rising acceleration
Be careful
Pay attention
Look the advice
[Zukauska, Priester, Polchowicz, Mello]
I hear voices in my head
I will see the flame
You will see the flame
Savior is my name
Behind the power of my eyes
Is the escape
You never know who is coming
Create your face
While you think about the past
The world doesn't change
Your life is now in my hand
Give me your plan
Sometimes I think about solutions
But the problems of the world I can't change
I don't know what to do
To stop the visions
That disturb my thoughts
I feel sick, I feel so tired
Because I'm lost in my doubt
What do you think about me?
Because Savior is my name
Is my name...
Because Savior is my name
[Zukauska, Priester, Martinez, Polchowicz, Mello]
Your brain fries
When you hear my voice
My words are burning
Burning inside your heart
You don't believe in me
Because I say the truth
In your eyes I see the hope
Fighting to escape
You are a blind man
You don't see the world
Look at your side
Tell me what you see
You see your soul crying
Your hands are tied
Your head feels the pain
Inside your conscience
Falling in disgrace
Your time's ending
What are you gonna do,
Before it's too late?
It's too late to your sanity
I hear the conflict
Inside your mind
I can feel your spirit
Screaming now
Falling in disgrace
You're gonna lose your soul
Why don't you make your choice
Falling in disgrace
Falling in disgrace
Falling
You are the wind on my back
And I feel you here
Foreseeing all the fear
I am so unbalanced
When I lay all those bodies
Should I live so long?
To die is better than to be alone
We are exchanging lives
I see the shots
But I never see the blood
And after all I usually to pray to lord
I saw my name in your book
And now I understand
That was some trap to catch me on
It was so disruptive
To feel the pain that I felt
You just have to be free
Now your life belongs to me
And your spirit is gone forever
I see the shots
But I never see the blood
And after all I usually to pray to lord
Just take my skin and bones and live forever
The agony got in my throat I must surrender
Just take my skin and bones and live forever
Sharing your life with me will be your salvation
My hate is for a lifetime
Without memories or desires
She turns her head
To reach a new dimension
But I don't want to see her pray
By her long cool stare and her silence
She turns to me mercifully
Long time ago
I lost my only friend
She said desperately to me
She takes my wrist smiling
I don't want to feel that pain
When the darkness takes you
Tell their names
I just want to live inside your heart
I don´t want to see
When the darkness takes you
Tell their names
I just want to live inside your heart
I see how their eyes
Are waiting for someone
Someday you will return
I will see you on the other side
I want to live inside your heart
The time has come
Your past is knocking at your door
How many times
I saw my face with broken smiles
Now it's time to forget
All the mistakes you have done
Now it's time to believe
My mistakes will make me learn and learn
If you have anything to say
If you have to believe in someone
Make your spirit feel so strong
And you will never be alone
If you have to believe in someone
Believe in yourself again
One second can change your belief again
Be careful, cause you can be wrong
But if you never try
How can you believe that you are strong?
The time has come
I want to break these chains alone
Now it's time to forget
All the mistakes you have done
Now it's time to believe
My mistakes will make me learn and learn
If you have anything to say
If you have to believe in someone
Make your spirit feel so strong
And you will never be alone
If you have to believe in someone
A man of means inert on those skins
Your face is haunting something else to live
Watching me, but as the naivety had been
The reason of your destiny
You can feel the silence
Screaming inside your heart
There is no lie in that house
Your life is changing
Awaking and looking at dead faces
I will forgive the pain and all mistakes
Wanting me my wittiness will be safe
You are taking over me again
Somehow the pain inside your eyes
Is just the beginning
The holiness arriving without fears
Waiting for the sentence in the haze across the dark
Nothing is so sad like the guilty in your heart
And I believe, you have no way to learn
Do you think you can profile me?
I feel something different in your voice
You just have to learn
When the past is real
Screaming inside your heart
Somehow the pain inside your eyes
Is just the beginning
The holiness arriving without fears
Waiting for the sentence in the haze across the dark
Nothing is so dangerous like the guilty in the earth
[Part I: Sailing The Sea of Sorrow]
[Martinez, Priester, Polchowicz, Mello]
Oh Lord, no sign to relief
Of this agony inside
Such a pain is not fair
How long shall it last
Sailing the sea of sorrow
Beyond this point
There's no turning back
No time to repent
No time to regreat
Sailing the sea of sorrow
My soul is bleeding
A sea of sorrow
In the middle of nothing
Seeking tomorrow
Darkness surrounding
This bloody expedition
Sailing the sea of sorrow
How can I finish
An impossible mission?
A sea of sorrow
Embraces the fleet
The stars above us
And hell underneath
Sailing the sea of sorrow
Sailing the sea of sorrow
Navigating on the sea of sorrow
Under the moonlight
Fear is your only friend
Vastness just your eyes can see
[Part II: To Tame a Land]
[Martinez, Priester, Polchowicz, Mello]
How long shall we fight
to tame a land?
How much blood is needed
From the lives spent?
Thunder and lightning
Flashes of metal
Forces uprising
In the heat of the battle
Violence and force
Weapons and power
Armored corps
Fearless marching forward
Surrender or die
The crown must prevail
Surrender or die
The King shall be hailed
How long shall we fight
to tame a land?
How much blood is needed
From the lives spent?
Blood on the sand
Screams in the air
We conquer the land
You watch it in despair
Life or death
People are dying
Walking to hell
Burning in the fire
Surrender or die
The crown must prevail
Surrender or die
The King shall be hailed
How long shall we fight
to tame a land?
How much blood is needed
From the lives spent?
[Part III: Five Hundred's Enough]
[Martinez, Priester, Polchowicz, Mello]
Sail, white man
Rape, European
Come, bastards
To steal us all
In the name of God
Rise the swords of Christ
And smash every little worm
That cries for freedom
On your knees, Indians
The old world Barbarian
Is here to reign
You must kiss the cross
Raise churches of gold
Give diamonds for mirrors
Be blessed the righteous
Who served those chosen ones
God wants you all
To save the Crown of Portugal
In the name of God
They've killed millions
And smashed every little worm
That cried for freedom
On your knees, Indians
The old world Barbarian
Is here to reign
You must kiss the cross
Raise churches of gold
Give diamonds for mirrors
I would do anything for you
Wait for your chance
And you will see what they do
I have some things to say now
I tried so hard to understand
Why your dream is over
It's never late to find
The strength inside your eyes
One day you will know what this means
And I hope your lonely heart
Will be open again
Afraid you will not reach your goals now
I tried so hard to understand
Why your dream is over
It's never late to find
The strength inside your eyes
In the strongest man there's
A little weakness
But you will never find it
To face my past now
Just look at those signs
But you will never find it
I know what you have to do
I was waiting for this chance
To say I really care about you
I want to deserve this place now
I tried so hard to understand
Why your dream is over
It's never late to find
Only time can clarify my doubts
All this time I was hoping and praying
Beyond my dreams you can find some love
But there is no love without pain
How does it feel to know?
You will never be alone
My innocence to believe in desires
Bring me closer to a heart attack
Even when you're almost going home
I know you're not coming back
Dressed up with my mask of pain
Life is everything that remains
My time is getting short to live
I need to find someone to love
I want to kill all my pain inside
My destiny can change the course of love
My time is getting short to live
I need to find someone to love
Cause no one can change the breath of love
Every flower in the garden is dead
And I know the secret place of your heart
Maybe you will never break the bone
Now I have a reason to become strong
Dressed up with my mask of pain
For sure I'll never be the same
My time is getting short to live
I need to find someone to love
I want to kill all my pain inside
My destiny can change the course of love
My time is getting short to live
I need to find someone to love
[Martinez, Priester, Polchowicz, Mello]
RD 35, Black Widow, the bitch
No overhead commands
Just engine, no breaks
The gas going like beer
No junk yard wants it
It will take us to hell
No command, the engine turns
No command, the black widow runs
My choice is "two strokes engine"
Turns more and it's smelly
I go as fast as I can
Making noise like hell
No command, the engine turns
No command, the black widow runs
In the winter, the engine freezes
In the bottle the wine heats my mind
I take it all, I need fuel to ride
No, I can ride the wheels of fate
No command, the engine turns
No command, the black widow runs
Zeno went forward
But no one could see
In the crossroads at one hundred miles
Just time for a last repentance
No command, the engine turns
No command, the black widow runs
Without helmet - with the head on the road
The brain - all over the place
Standing still - without a tear or a smile
Totally smashed - Half a grave is enough
RD 35, Black Widow, the bitch
No overhead commands
Just engine, no breaks
The gas going like beer
No junk yard wants it
[Martinez, Priester, Polchowicz, Mello]
At night on the streets
Looking for some trouble
No money, no way
Who am I? I don't know
Get a job
I don't need a boss
Cut that hair
Fuck you, I don't care
Living in trouble - That's my vocation
Living in trouble - It's no religion
Living in trouble - That's my vocation
[Martinez, Priester, Polchowicz, Mello]
Inside your home
Nobody stands you
No work, no school
You'll be a homeless soon
Get a job
I don't need a boss
Cut that hair
Fuck you, I don't care
You go up in smoke
Fucking the maid mad
Locked in the bedroom
Banging until death
Get a job
I don't need a boss
Cut that hair
Fuck you, I don't care
Living in trouble - That's my vocation
Living in trouble - It's no religion
Living in trouble - That's my vocation
Who fills the sky
Who answers when I cry
I feel alone, I feel abused
I feel there's nothing I can do
It's getting late
There's no one home
No messages on the telephone
I feel so good today
It's hard to stay away
A hunter and his prey
Today will be the day
Is this real, is it you
Are you what I see
Is it him, am I good
Or just vanishing cream
Is there truth, how many lies
Am I a fool to believe
Who's in my bed
I feel misled
If, I could make
Time roll back
For her sake
Get back her smiling face
For the years it will take
She may break
She'll come undone
If she weeps
She'll come undone
Sorrow creeps
She'll come undone
Who's to blame
She'll come undone
Life will never be the same
There's a hole in her life
A son has disappeared
She asks why
How can God
Reach out his hand
carve a hole in, hole in, hole
into her life
She'll come undone
If she weeps
She'll come undone
Sorrow creeps
She'll come undone
Who's to blame
She'll come undone
Life will never be the same
So do you think you're the only
Who can feel bonds breaking
With all the heartache, a
hopeless state of mind
With all the drugs we take, to lay
back and unwind
Two chances, for forgiveness
Love builds up, resistance
Cure this terminal infection in
my heart
Take a love, without sin, create
a perfect blend of human skin
I've looked around the world,
the corners of my mind
And said, hey God please help
me, cause all I know is down
A deep river, swollen up with
fear
Last chance for, redemption
Cure this terminal infection in
my heart
Take a love, without sin, create
a perfect blend of human skin
So it's springtime, love is in the
Love beyond all love, weeks
below despair
I am, I am, I am, broken
Cure this terminal infection in
my heart
Take a love, without sin, create
Live by a big blue screen
A revolution in killing machines
The illusion is real and in 3-D
I feel so at ease
Sit at home and watch you bleed
Rape my senses, fill me with disease
Cause I - have - faith
In what I see
Cause I - can't - wait
You'll burn or bleed
It's all I want
Virtual, electric screams
I'm a killing machine
I'm a killing machine
I'm a killing machine
Watch me and I'll make you believe
May I hear or see
A bomb, killing, or atrocity
The land of the free and the dead
Take a look at me
The execution on your TV
Program your head
Then you breed
Travel the sonic wasteland
Plug in and tune in
Taste my ecstasy
Where's my sex and violence
Magnify and glorify
Squeeze the juice
The killer he may be
Cause I - have - faith
In what I see
Cause I - can't - wait
You'll burn and bleed
It's all I want
These are the best days
Of the worst year of my life
The sky turns hazy, I'm wasted, crazy
Where's my angel, no one to save me
These are the best days
These are the best days
of the worst year of my life
When I can lick, lick till I'm sick
Have sex with everyone
Feels so real
There's nothing like you
Cut me up take my insides
There's nothing like you
Feel, taste, your love
There's nothing like you
Walk away and never say good-bye
You're rings and roses
You're rings and roses
These are the best days
Of the worst year of my life
Bare skin, naked flesh
Drunken sex, I confess
I'll take what you give
If that's all I can get
There's nothing like you
Cut me up take my insides
There's nothing like you
Feel, taste, your love
There's nothing like you
Walk away and never say good%2dbye
You're rings and roses
You're rings and roses
When I'm in you
You're all I see
Peel back my skin
And there's a devil in me
If this is how it's supposed to be
I'm just a relic
Of forgotten generosity
These are the best days
Where are the good days
These are the best days
These are the good things
There's nothing like you
Cut me up take my insides
There's nothing like you
Feel, taste, your love
There's nothing like you
Walk away and never say good%2dbye
You're rings and roses
I think I'll take a drink again
I'll have to drink until the end
When I'm asleep you're in my head
All my potential drank to death
In moderation
12 step deprivation
Moderation
Seems we have no patience
In moderation
Resist all the temptation
We kill - In moderation
The war between us never ends
Where are my friends, they are suspects again
You've lost your appeal
But my habit is oh so real
We'll drink tonight so I don't feel
In moderation
12 step deprivation
Moderation
Seems we have no patience
In moderation
Resist all the temptation
We kill - In moderation
In moderation
12 step deprivation
Moderation
Seems we have no patience
In moderation
Resist all the temptation
We kill - In moderation
You've lost your appeal
But your habit is oh so real
We'll drink tonight so I don't feel
In moderation
12 step deprivation
Moderation
Seems we have no patience
In moderation
Resist all the temptation
We kill - In moderation
In moderation
12 step deprivation
Moderation
Seems we have no patience
In moderation
Resist all the temptation
A sea of love, waters raging
Pounds the shore, never
taming
What lies beneath the surface
of me
So every day, it grows stronger
The pain and fear, each day
grow longer
How my heart aches to be with
Well it was a long time ago
When your love for me you
showed
Gave it everything so love
could grow old
Turned good into bad until your
eyes went sad
Went your own way now your
love for me went bad
Now everyday I think about you
And all the things that I'm
gonna do
Black and gray, so I hate to say
You can't love and leave me
Leave me this way
Leave me this way
Leave me this way
So everyday, it grows stronger
The pain and fear, each day grow
longer
The calls I make, answered no
longer
I'm watching everything you do
Well it was a long time ago, but
It's dead and gone
Gave it everything, but it's the
same old song
My love for you will never fade
So we'll both have to go by the
gun or the blade
Now everyday I think about you
And all the things that I'm gonna
Black and gray, so I hate to say
You can't love and leave me
Leave me this way
Leave me this way
I can see, despite your disguise
The mask it covers, the pain in your eyes
Imagination eludes the design
Intoxicating the pleasure's all mine
The feeling swells, it pushes me high
The fire breathes, my fingers touch the sky
The cradle swings as the wind rushes by
Your body whispers, lies, lies, lies
Your body's bursting, you see what's inside
You open doors, you realize
Those melting images
They twist your inner core
They're hours wasted, they're hours wasted
Is that what you died for
The feeling swells, it pushes me high
The fire breathes, my fingers touch the sky
The cradle swings as the wind rushes by
Where've you been, all my life
I've been searching, waiting
Hoping you just might
My father, I think he needs me
My mother, thank God she feeds me
The two together just weren't right
I've been waiting for so long
To follow their footsteps
I'm hell bent
I'm hell bent
I'm hell bent
Hell bent on destruction
Don't hold too tight
Short fuse, fast trigger
I guess you taught me just right
I kept all the blame on the inside
I don't give a damn, I could blame them
No place to go, no one to hold
So low, so high
I'm hell bent
I'm hell bent
I don't know what to say
You kick me away
Roll me into a ball
Then you kick me away
Oh so far away
But when I reach the wall
Cause I, am scared beyond
insane
I think that you're to blame
When all I feel is hurt
It makes me want to go further
Further, roll right over you
I go further, further, roll right
over you
I don't know what to say
You kick me away
Roll me into a ball
Then you kick me away
Oh so far away
But when I reach the wall
Cause I've got my friends, we
get high they think she's shit,
who'd wonder why
When we hang around, you
drag me down
I can't look up you're all around
I'm filled up inside a world of sin
But I don't know how it all begins
When my blood shot eyes are
burning
And the devils thumb is turning
That's when I feel alive
That's when I feel alive
That's when I feel alive
Drunken times livin' high the
devil knows
He says, hey brother, hey, you
don't need control
Drunken times livin' high the
devil knows
He says, hey brother hey, your
gonna lose your soul
Burnin' down the road the devil
grins
And baby, baby, baby, he smells
of sin
When you're betting that you'll
That's when you'll sin and sin
again
That's when I feel alive
That's when I feel alive
That's when I feel alive
Drunken times livin' high the
devil knows
He says, hey brother, hey, you
don't need control
Drunken times livin' high the
devil knows
He says, hey brother hey, your
So many memories of the same thing
Finger fucks and missionary sex things
She takes all, all of me
My emotions I am blind to see
Cause she's a dead fuck laying there
No sweat or gasping air,
Just holding on and wishing she weren't there
She's a dead fuck make believe
Grab me, baby, beg please
You've got me down on my knees
So, sweat
Sweat
Sweat
I wanna feel you breathe
So, sweat
Sweat
Sweat
I need your sex on me
Let's get drunk and let it go
Cheap drunken sex, the only way I know
To get the real thing baby
Uncensored, real thing,
and watch the faces glow
Cause she's a dead fuck laying there,
needing one more drink to care
I wish she knew, it's hard for me to bare
Love me baby, I'll love you back
You've got me down on my knees
So, sweat
Sweat
Sweat
I wanna feel you breathe
So, sweat
Sweat
Sweat
I need your sex on me
I feel in my dreams,
I know how good you can be
It doesn't have to hurt
and you don't have to lie
I know your strong,
to strong to cry
Cause I am, I am, I am
All the love you need
I need, I need, I need
To have your sex on me
Love hurts, you give it time
I know you're no friend of mine
So, sweat
Sweat
Sweat
I wanna feel you breathe
So, sweat
Sweat
Sweat
Hey, you have become what you see
Hey, you are you the thug that's on TV
Feeling indestructible or just unaccountable
So your life's unlivable, Enough is enough
Why can't you leave us all alone
Why do you hurt, hurt your own
Cinematic superthug
Seems your the only one, that you are thinking of
Cinematic Superthug
Seems your the only one, that you are thinking of
Hey, you, I think it's time you learn
Hey, you, your soul will burn
With no remorse for what you do
I won't live in fear of you
I said, Hey, you, do you feel like I do
Why can't you leave us all alone
Why do you hurt, hurt your own
Cinematic superthug
Seems your the only one, that you are thinking of
Cinematic Superthug
Seems your the only one, that you are thinking of
Cinematic Superthug
Cinematic Superthug
Cinematic Superthug
The night is done, the story is told
With murders shown on papers
A fight is won, but still to come, revenge!
A war of words raging in bold
Each part claiming: We're better!
A war of gods with evil goals, insane!
Bridge:
I've been trying to follow them
But who is wrong? Who should I fear?
I've been reading but something's wrong
And now I fear
Chorus:
Follow us all, follow my words
Follow us all, here is my world
The fight is long, the truth is hold
Under cover of liars
The war ain't done, it has been told, insane!
The day is done, the story is hold
Selecting all the killers
A fight is done but still to come, revenge!
Repeat Bridge
Repeat Chorus
...Follow us all!
The story ain't done, my thoughts are cold
Ain't gonna get any better
Still praying God, there's still to come
'Cause they say!
Repeat Chorus
Follow us all! Follow us all! Follow us all!
Here is my world!
Follow us all! Follow us all! Follow us all! Follow us
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