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![Mongol - [2007] - Full Movie - English Subtitle](http://web.archive.org./web/20131105002724im_/http://i1.ytimg.com/vi/46ljLJW6US4/default.jpg "Mongol - [2007] - Full Movie - English Subtitle
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http://wn.com/The_Victoria's_Secret_Fashion_Show_2007
http://wn.com/Giants_vs_Packers_NFC_Championship_game_2007
http://wn.com/Word_2007_How_to_score_well_on_a_Word_assessment_test
![Soda Stereo - En Vivo Buenos Aires (2007) [Concierto Completo]](http://web.archive.org./web/20131105002724im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/69K8jCRNWdQ/default.jpg "Soda Stereo - En Vivo Buenos Aires (2007) [Concierto Completo]")
Best News Bloopers 2007
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:18
- Updated: 16 Aug 2013
A collection of the best news bloopers to hit the internet in 2007. PLEASE SUBSCRIBE! WATCH Sweet Brown News Interview http://youtu.be/udS-OcNtSWo Best News ...
http://wn.com/Best_News_Bloopers_2007
A collection of the best news bloopers to hit the internet in 2007. PLEASE SUBSCRIBE! WATCH Sweet Brown News Interview http://youtu.be/udS-OcNtSWo Best News ...
Food Battle 2007
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:34
- Updated: 20 Aug 2013
BLOOPERS: http://bit.ly/FB2007XTRAS WATCH THIS EPISODE EN ESPAÑOL: http://youtu.be/LoNrQEE2RB0 Anthony and Ian fight to the death to prove which of their fav...
http://wn.com/Food_Battle_2007
BLOOPERS: http://bit.ly/FB2007XTRAS WATCH THIS EPISODE EN ESPAÑOL: http://youtu.be/LoNrQEE2RB0 Anthony and Ian fight to the death to prove which of their fav...
- published: 29 May 2007
- views: 11219602
- author: smosh
The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2007
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 42:32
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
http://wn.com/The_Victoria's_Secret_Fashion_Show_2007
Daft punk-Alive 2007 (Full álbum)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 74:11
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
IMPORTANT••READ•════════════• Link: http://www.4shared.com/rar/kt6E_AB5/a... Track below in the description of the video 00:00 Robot Rock / Oh ...
http://wn.com/Daft_punk-Alive_2007_Full_álbum
IMPORTANT••READ•════════════• Link: http://www.4shared.com/rar/kt6E_AB5/a... Track below in the description of the video 00:00 Robot Rock / Oh ...
- published: 08 Feb 2013
- views: 116487
- author: thespartanskull117
Obama in 2007: No more spying on citizens who are not suspected of a crime
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:06
- Updated: 17 Aug 2013
Excerpt from President Obama's speech at the Woodrow Wilson Center in August 2007. This Administration also puts forward a false choice between the liberties...
http://wn.com/Obama_in_2007_No_more_spying_on_citizens_who_are_not_suspected_of_a_crime
Excerpt from President Obama's speech at the Woodrow Wilson Center in August 2007. This Administration also puts forward a false choice between the liberties...
- published: 06 Jun 2013
- views: 86680
- author: John Sexton
Mongol - [2007] - Full Movie - English Subtitle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 125:40
- Updated: 02 Sep 2013
Mongol - [2007] - Full Movie - English Subtitle
Plot:
The story recounts the early life of Genghis Khan who was a slave before going on to conquer half the world including Russia in 1206.
Mongol - [2007] - Full Movie - English Subtitle
Note: Click on "CC" on video for English Subtitle!
http://wn.com/Mongol_2007_Full_Movie_English_Subtitle
Mongol - [2007] - Full Movie - English Subtitle
Plot:
The story recounts the early life of Genghis Khan who was a slave before going on to conquer half the world including Russia in 1206.
Mongol - [2007] - Full Movie - English Subtitle
Note: Click on "CC" on video for English Subtitle!
- published: 02 Sep 2013
- views: 31486
Microsoft Excel 2007 Exam Q&A; pt 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 38:43
- Updated: 17 Aug 2013
Click on the link to download file practice file http://simpletek.ca/files/ Pt 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBnBO-BFrx0 A quick recap of important Q&A; ...
http://wn.com/Microsoft_Excel_2007_Exam_Q&A;_pt_1
Click on the link to download file practice file http://simpletek.ca/files/ Pt 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBnBO-BFrx0 A quick recap of important Q&A; ...
- published: 08 Mar 2013
- views: 24299
- author: Amir Parmar
Giants vs Packers NFC Championship game 2007
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 169:29
- Updated: 04 Sep 2013
http://wn.com/Giants_vs_Packers_NFC_Championship_game_2007
- published: 04 Sep 2013
- views: 158
Assembly （2007）, Full movie with english subtitle, war movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 124:27
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
click captions or cc button to find subtitle PS: To those who are interested about Chinese communist party: I understand that China was criticised by western...
http://wn.com/Assembly_（2007）,_Full_movie_with_english_subtitle,_war_movie
click captions or cc button to find subtitle PS: To those who are interested about Chinese communist party: I understand that China was criticised by western...
- published: 16 Jun 2013
- views: 270285
- author: Arron Chen
Microsoft Word 2007 2010 Exam Q & A pt 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:46
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
In this part 1 video learn most of the important question for a Microsoft Word 2007/2010 Exam test. This tutorial covers the buttons under File/Office Button...
http://wn.com/Microsoft_Word_2007_2010_Exam_Q_A_pt_1
In this part 1 video learn most of the important question for a Microsoft Word 2007/2010 Exam test. This tutorial covers the buttons under File/Office Button...
- published: 19 Mar 2013
- views: 9480
- author: Amir Parmar
Redline (2007) [Full Movie] w/English Subtitles
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 93:19
- Updated: 11 Aug 2013
Hope ya like it. Subscribe 4 more films Redline 2007) [Full Movie] w/English SubtitlesRedline 2007) [Full Movie] w/English SubtitlesRedline 2007) [Full Movie...
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Hope ya like it. Subscribe 4 more films Redline 2007) [Full Movie] w/English SubtitlesRedline 2007) [Full Movie] w/English SubtitlesRedline 2007) [Full Movie...
- published: 28 Jul 2013
- views: 285
- author: InterYaNan17
We all knew this would happen ;) | RuneScape 2007 PKing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:38
- Updated: 12 Aug 2013
Taking a different approach on the Initiate Pure to attempt some unique, unexpected KOes :) Check out the Behind the Scenes at my daily livestream link :) ht...
http://wn.com/We_all_knew_this_would_happen_;_|_RuneScape_2007_PKing
Taking a different approach on the Initiate Pure to attempt some unique, unexpected KOes :) Check out the Behind the Scenes at my daily livestream link :) ht...
- published: 31 May 2013
- views: 70120
- author: MyNameIsB0aty
2007 America's Cup Race 7 - Alinghi's Defense
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 54:28
- Updated: 09 Sep 2013
The 32nd Americas Cup set in Valencia Spain in 2007. The final race between Emirates Team New Zealand and Alinghi.
Other Americas Cup Videos:
Louis Vuitton Cup Final Races 1-6 Highlights
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3syZfmwligs
2000 Louis Vuitton Cup Final Race 9
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2IFh1DyZK0
1995 Americas Cup, Stars and Stripes Vs Pact 95
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jh23dbDHyy8
1995 Americas Cup, Team New Zealand vs One Australia
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1pyj2jRek4
http://wn.com/2007_America's_Cup_Race_7_Alinghi's_Defense
The 32nd Americas Cup set in Valencia Spain in 2007. The final race between Emirates Team New Zealand and Alinghi.
Other Americas Cup Videos:
Louis Vuitton Cup Final Races 1-6 Highlights
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3syZfmwligs
2000 Louis Vuitton Cup Final Race 9
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2IFh1DyZK0
1995 Americas Cup, Stars and Stripes Vs Pact 95
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jh23dbDHyy8
1995 Americas Cup, Team New Zealand vs One Australia
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1pyj2jRek4
- published: 09 Sep 2013
- views: 16
Presentación iPhone 1 en el año 2007 HD! Steve Jobs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:28
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
Steve Jobs 2007 iPhone Presentation.
http://wn.com/Presentación_iPhone_1_en_el_año_2007_HD!_Steve_Jobs
Muse - H.A.A.R.P. Live From Wembley Stadium 2007 (Full)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 99:26
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
No CopyRight Infringement Intended. All rights reserved to original owner (Muse) 00:00:08 : Dance Of The Knights 00:01:50 : Knights Of Cydonia 00:08:20 : Hys...
http://wn.com/Muse_HAARP_Live_From_Wembley_Stadium_2007_Full
No CopyRight Infringement Intended. All rights reserved to original owner (Muse) 00:00:08 : Dance Of The Knights 00:01:50 : Knights Of Cydonia 00:08:20 : Hys...
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- views: 254670
- author: Omar_Muse
Word 2007 How to score well on a Word assessment test
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:19
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
http://wn.com/Word_2007_How_to_score_well_on_a_Word_assessment_test
Popular Runescape 2007 scams, beware
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:19
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
Only wanted to talk about 2 lures but added a few more ;p.
http://wn.com/Popular_Runescape_2007_scams,_beware
Only wanted to talk about 2 lures but added a few more ;p.
- published: 16 Apr 2013
- views: 142826
- author: EraserGaming
Steve Jobs iPhone 2007 Presentation (Full HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 51:20
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
On January 9, 2007 Apple introduced the iPhone. The iPhone was a revolutionary product from Apple and it changed the way smart phones look in work. This vide...
http://wn.com/Steve_Jobs_iPhone_2007_Presentation_Full_HD
On January 9, 2007 Apple introduced the iPhone. The iPhone was a revolutionary product from Apple and it changed the way smart phones look in work. This vide...
- published: 14 May 2013
- views: 28757
- author: Jonathan Turetta
Daft Punk Alive 2007 FULL SET
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 83:49
- Updated: 20 Aug 2013
1. Robot Rock / Oh Yeah 0:00:27 2. TouchTechnologic 0:06:25 3.Television Rules the Nation / Crescendolls 0:11:56 4.Too Long / Steam Machine 0:17:10 5.Around...
http://wn.com/Daft_Punk_Alive_2007_FULL_SET
1. Robot Rock / Oh Yeah 0:00:27 2. TouchTechnologic 0:06:25 3.Television Rules the Nation / Crescendolls 0:11:56 4.Too Long / Steam Machine 0:17:10 5.Around...
- published: 04 Mar 2013
- views: 376142
- author: Daft Punk
France - Nouvelle Zélande (20 - 18) avec hymnes et Haka 2007
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:04
- Updated: 20 Aug 2013
Quart de final entre la France et la Nouvelle Zélande pendant la coupe du monde de rugby 2007 avec hymnes et haka !! commentaires du regretté Thierry Gilardi.
http://wn.com/France_Nouvelle_Zélande_20_18_avec_hymnes_et_Haka_2007
Quart de final entre la France et la Nouvelle Zélande pendant la coupe du monde de rugby 2007 avec hymnes et haka !! commentaires du regretté Thierry Gilardi.
- published: 03 Dec 2008
- views: 902400
- author: Fabiisco64
Bonesaw Bank 100M+ Runescape 2007 - OSRS l Runescape 2007
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:20
- Updated: 04 Aug 2013
Would appreciate a like guys. Follow my twitch: http://www.twitch.tv/icegiantninetynine Add me in game to be notified when i Stream.
http://wn.com/Bonesaw_Bank_100M+_Runescape_2007_OSRS_l_Runescape_2007
Would appreciate a like guys. Follow my twitch: http://www.twitch.tv/icegiantninetynine Add me in game to be notified when i Stream.
- published: 08 May 2013
- views: 94258
- author: IceGiantNinetyNine
Steve Jobs Introducing The iPhone At MacWorld 2007
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:01
- Updated: 20 Aug 2013
On January 9, 2007 Apple introduced the iPhone. The iPhone was a revolutionary product from Apple and it changed the way smart phones look in work. This vide...
http://wn.com/Steve_Jobs_Introducing_The_iPhone_At_MacWorld_2007
On January 9, 2007 Apple introduced the iPhone. The iPhone was a revolutionary product from Apple and it changed the way smart phones look in work. This vide...
- published: 03 Dec 2010
- views: 445848
- author: superapple4ever
Soda Stereo - En Vivo Buenos Aires (2007) [Concierto Completo]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 154:45
- Updated: 20 Aug 2013
Soda Stereo, en vivo, estadio River Plate, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 20 de octubre de 2007. Repertorio: 1. Intro: "Some Day One Day" (Queen) -- 0:00 2. Juego ...
http://wn.com/Soda_Stereo_En_Vivo_Buenos_Aires_2007_Concierto_Completo_
Soda Stereo, en vivo, estadio River Plate, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 20 de octubre de 2007. Repertorio: 1. Intro: "Some Day One Day" (Queen) -- 0:00 2. Juego ...
- published: 03 Dec 2012
- views: 255830
- author: Fernando Vidal
photo: US Army / Specialist Michelle C. Lawrence
02 Nov 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "Our country! In her intercourse with foreign nations may she always be in the right; but. our country, right or wrong!" -Stephen Decatur, U.S. Naval Officer. In the First U.S.-Barbary States War, on October 31, 1803, Commodore Stephen Decatur devised a secret plan to sail into Tripoli's harbor and either salvage or set ablaze the USS Philadelphia ... U.S ... As the U.S ... Totem Books, 2007., p. 93....(size: 7.6Kb)
photo: AP / Ishtiaq Mehsud
02 Nov 2013
The Pakistan Taliban is expected to announce a new chief after its leader for the past four years was killed in a CIA drone strike – a move that will likely complicate efforts to hold peace between Pakistan’s government and the militant outfit ... Mr Mehsud’s cousin, uncle and one of his guards were among those said to have also been killed ... Mr Mehsud was widely reported to have been killed in 2010, only for him to later emerge alive ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
photo: AP
02 Nov 2013
TAMI ABDOLLAH. Associated Press= LOS ANGELES (AP) â A man carrying a note that said he wanted to "kill TSA" pulled a semi-automatic rifle from a bag and shot his way past a security checkpoint at Los Angeles International Airport on Friday, killing one Transportation Security Administration officer and wounding two others, authorities said ... His condition was not disclosed ... He had apparently been living in Los Angeles ... --- ... World news....(size: 6.1Kb)
photo: AP
04 Nov 2013
MAIDUGURI, Nigeria (Reuters) - Suspected Boko Haram militants have killed 70 people in three attacks in northeastern Nigeria in recent days, officials said on Monday, a sign that a military crackdown is failing to subdue the Islamist insurgency ... The sect wants to carve out an Islamic state in a country split roughly equally between Christians and Muslims, making it the biggest security threat to Africa's top oil exporter....(size: 2.1Kb)
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Tampa Bay Online
05 Nov 2013
COLUMBUS, Ohio (AP) Winners through the 68 years of The Associated Press Ohio high school football poll. Only one division 1947-1965. State playoffs began in 1972. (X denotes also won state playoff championship).. 2013 winners. Division I--Cin. Colerain. Division II--Zanesville. Division III--Akron SVSM ... Division V--Cin ... St ... 2007--Cin ... 2007--Cols ... 2007--Canal Fulton NW ... 2007--Youngs ... 2007--Maria Stein Marion Local--X ... 2007--Bascom Hopewell-Loudon....(size: 6.9Kb)
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New Straits/Business Times
05 Nov 2013
The reigning Asian champion took a silver and a bronze in Ankara, Turkey two years ago, a bronze in 2009 (Toronto) and a silver in 2007 (Beijing) ... I hope my performance here will inspire me at the Sea Games as the last time I won a gold was in the 2007 edition in Korat," said ......(size: 1.4Kb)
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Canberra Times
05 Nov 2013
The one to beat. Macquarie analysts say Sea Moon will salute today. Photo. Wayne Taylor. It could be the "Moneyball" pick of the Melbourne Cup ... The quant team have been running their Melbourne Cup models since 2007 and said they have been fairly successful with their trifecta betting style, with profitable picks in 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2011. ....(size: 1.7Kb)
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The Telegraph India
05 Nov 2013
Abu Dhabi ... Mansoor Ijaz, chairman of a consortium of private investors buying a 35 per cent stake in the team, told reporters at the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix that talks with the 2007 world champion’s manager had prevented a potential walkout ... The Finn is returning to Ferrari, the team with which he won his title in 2007, next season ... (REUTERS) ....(size: 1.7Kb)
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noodls
05 Nov 2013
(Source. Financial Markets Authority). News release. 5 November 2013 ... FMA alleges that Mark Lawrence Lacy, Jason Robert Duncan Maywald, David Mark Anderson and Craig Robert White made untrue statements in the 2007 OPI offer documents ... FMA Head of Enforcement, Belinda Moffat, said the charges laid by FMA allege that the 2007 OPI offer documents contained untrue statements relating to the performance and management of the business ... Ends....(size: 2.1Kb)
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Seeking Alpha
05 Nov 2013
By New Deal Democrat ... When the economy doesn't cooperate, or last month's sure-fire negative indicator improves, it is lost to the memory hole and on to the next sure harbinger of DOOM! we go ... At its current pace, it will finally exceed its 2007 peak sometime this winter ... At our current pace, it will take another year before we have as many jobs as we did at the end of 2007 -- and that isn't adjusting for population growth ... Source....(size: 2.9Kb)
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noodls
05 Nov 2013
Renteria has worked in the Padres' organization since 2003 and spent four seasons managing the club's Class A team at Lake Elsinore and another year leading Triple-A Portland before moving up to San Diego in 2007 as first-base coach ... before joining Bob Melvin's staff as the third-base coach and infield coach in Arizona from 2007-09....(size: 5.1Kb)
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Xinhua
05 Nov 2013
LONDON, Nov ... The construction purchasing manager's index (MPI), a gauge measuring the sector's activities, rose to 59.4 in October, up from 58.9 in the previous month. The latest MPI reading indicated that the overall output growth of construction sector surpassed the recent peak in August, and was the sharpest rise since September 2007. A reading above 50 indicates industry expansion ... Editor. Fu Peng. 分享. ....(size: 2.0Kb)
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New York Post Online
05 Nov 2013
The cooperating government witness testified that Crupi – under Madoff’s direction between 2002 and 2007 — supplied and signed off on the false information supplied to banks and other lenders so that Kugel, his son, Craig, and daughter, Heather, could get loans to buy fancy homes in Boca Raton, Fla., and on Long Island ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)
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The Telegraph India
05 Nov 2013
New Delhi, Nov. 4 ... However, the capital gains tax will be set off against the TDS ... Revenue officials said any TDS would go against the spirit of the company’s argument against paying taxes on the offshore deal it struck in 2007 to buy Hutch’s telecom arm in the country. Vodafone had said the offshore deal was beyond Indian tax jurisdiction ... Retro tax ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
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Reuters
05 Nov 2013
n">Nov 4 (Reuters) - Oil services company Weatherford on Monday reported higher-than-expected earnings and the finalization of deals with the U.S ... The U.S ... They all stem from probes by the Department of Justice and Securities and Exchange Commission going back to 2007, including one involving the embezzlement of $175,000 in payments to government officials in Europe, according to company filings ... Revenue was unchanged at $3.82 billion ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
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Toronto Sun
05 Nov 2013
Article. Tweet. Percy Whiteman, a Zanzibar Tavern patron who married a Thai stripper and contracted HIV from the woman, can blame no one but himself, a Superior Court judge has ruled ... “It is extremely unfortunate, indeed tragic, that Mr ... Mr ... until 2004 ... “It wasn’t our fault ... Iamkhong was sentenced in August 2007 to two years in jail after being convicted of criminal negligence causing bodily harm for infecting Whiteman ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
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Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
05 Nov 2013
.. The issued a statement saying former union boss Bradley DeBraska does not work for them ... The union issued a statement in response to a report on Fox 6 ... Jason Mucha, after claiming publicity over the complaints left him paranoid, depressed and suicidal. Mucha, whose history of misconduct complaints dates to at least 2007, supervised four officers later charged in connection with illegal strip searches ... Tags. . .. .....(size: 4.2Kb)
This article is about the year 2007.
| 2007 : January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December |
| Millennium: | 3rd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 20th century – 21st century – 22nd century |
| Decades: | 1970s 1980s 1990s – 2000s – 2010s 2020s 2030s |
| Years: | 2004 2005 2006 – 2007 – 2008 2009 2010 |
| Gregorian calendar | 2007 MMVII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2760 |
| Armenian calendar | 1456 ԹՎ ՌՆԾԶ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6757 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 163–164 |
| Bengali calendar | 1414 |
| Berber calendar | 2957 |
| British Regnal year | 55 Eliz. 2 – 56 Eliz. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2551 |
| Burmese calendar | 1369 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7515–7516 |
| Chinese calendar | 丙戌年十一月十三日 (4643/4703-11-13) — to —
丁亥年十一月廿二日(4644/4704-11-22) |
| Coptic calendar | 1723–1724 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1999–2000 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5767–5768 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 2063–2064 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1929–1930 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5108–5109 |
| Holocene calendar | 12007 |
| Iranian calendar | 1385–1386 |
| Islamic calendar | 1427–1428 |
| Japanese calendar | Heisei 19 (平成19年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4340 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 96 民國96年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2550 |
| Unix time | 1167609600–1199145599 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 2007 |
2007 (MMVII) was a common year that started on a Monday (dominical letter G) in the Gregorian calendar. It was the 2007th year of Anno Domini or Common Era designation, the 7th year of the 3rd millennium and of the 21st century, and the 8th of the 2000s decade.
2007 was designated as:
- International Heliophysical Year.[1]
- International Polar Year.[2]
- European Year of Equal Opportunities for All.[3]
- Year of Rumi.[4]
- Year of the Dolphin.[5]
- Scotland's Year of Highland Culture.
- Scouting Centenary, celebrating 100 years of the Scout Movement.
UNESCO has recognized fifteen anniversaries for 2007.[6]
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 1
- Bulgaria and Romania join the European Union.
- South Korea's Ban Ki-moon becomes the new United Nations Secretary-General, replacing Kofi Annan.
- January 3 – The People's Republic of China conducts a counter-terrorism raid in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.
- January 8 – Russian oil supplies to Poland, Germany, and Ukraine are cut as the Russia-Belarus energy dispute escalates; they are restored 3 days later.
- January 9 – Apple Inc's CEO and founder, Steve Jobs announces the first generation iPhone, the iPhone 2G
- January 12 – Comet C/2006 P1 (McNaught), the brightest comet in more than 40 years, makes perihelion.
- January 13 – The Greek ship Server breaks in half off the Norwegian coast, releasing over 200 tons of crude oil.
- January 14 – The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement adopts the Red Crystal as a non-religious emblem for use in its overseas operations.
- January 17 – Protests occur in India and the United Kingdom against the British series of Celebrity Big Brother, after Jade Goody, Danielle Lloyd and Jo O'Meara were allegedly racially abusive towards Bollywood star Shilpa Shetty.
- January 19 – The State of Israel releases $100 million in frozen assets to President Mahmoud Abbas of the Palestinian National Authority, in order to bolster the president's position.[7]
February[link]
- February 2
- Chinese President Hu Jintao signs a series of economic deals with Sudan.
- Martti Ahtisaari unveils a United Nations plan for the final status of Kosovo; Serbian leaders denounce the proposal.
- The IPCC publishes its fourth assessment report, having concluded that global climate change is "very likely" to have a predominantly human cause.
- February 13 – North Korea agrees to shut down its nuclear facilities in Yongbyon by April 14 as a first step towards complete denuclearization, receiving in return energy aid equivalent to 50,000 tons of heavy fuel oil.[8]
- February 26 – The International Court of Justice finds Serbia guilty of failing to prevent genocide in the Srebrenica massacre, but clears it of direct responsibility and complicity in the case.
- February 27 – The Chinese Correction: World stock markets plummet after China and Europe release less-than-expected growth reports.
- February 28 – The New Horizons space probe makes a gravitational slingshot against Jupiter, which changes its trajectory towards Pluto.
March[link]
- March 1 – The International Polar Year, a $1.5 billion research program to study both the North Pole and South Pole, is launched in Paris.
- March 8 – Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert admits that Israel had planned an attack on Lebanon in the event of kidnapped soldiers on the border, months before Hezbollah carried out its kidnapping.
- March 23 – Naval forces of Iran's Revolutionary Guard seize Royal Navy personnel in disputed Iran-Iraq waters.
- March 27 – Prime Minister of Latvia Aigars Kalvitis and Prime minister of Russia Mikhail Fradkov finally sign a border treaty between Latvia and Russia.
April[link]
- April 3 – Second Orange Revolution: The President of Ukraine, Viktor Yushchenko, dissolves the Ukrainian Parliament, following defections that increased the majority of his opponents.
- April 4 – 2007 Iranian seizure of Royal Navy personnel: The governemnt of the Islamic Republic of Iran announces that they will release the group of imprisoned British sailors and Marines that were by them captured on March 23.
- April 14 – Retired Russian chess champion Garry Kasparov, is detained in Moscow after participating in a banned protest march against the President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin.
- April 16 – Virginia Tech massacre: Seung-Hui Cho, a South Korean expatriate student, shoots and kills 32 people at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, before committing suicide, resulting in the deadliest shooting incident by a single gunman in United States history.
- April 24 – Gliese 581 c, a potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet habitable for life, is discovered in the constellation Libra.
- April 26 – Bronze Night: Russians riot in the city of Tallinn, Estonia, about moving the Bronze Soldier war memorial, a Soviet World War II memorial. One person is killed after two of the worst nights of rioting in Estonian history.
May[link]
- May 3 - British child Madeleine McCann disappears from an apartment in Praia da Luz, Portugal.
- May 16 – The United Nations General Assembly, recognizing that genuine multilingualism promotes unity in diversity and international understanding, proclaims 2008 the International Year of Languages.[9]
- May 17 – The Russian Orthodox Church Abroad and the Moscow Patriarchate re-unite after 80 years of schism.
- May 20 – Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum of Dubai makes the largest single charitable donation in modern history, committing €7.41 billion to an educational foundation in the Middle East.
June[link]
- June 1 – A 2,100-year-old melon is discovered by archaeologists in western Japan.[10]
- June 5 – NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft makes its second fly-by of Venus en route to Mercury.
- June 28 – In the aftermath of Greece's worst heatwave in a century, at least 11 people are reported dead from heatstroke, approximately 200 wildfires break out nationwide, and the country's electricity grid nearly collapses due to record breaking demand.
July[link]
- July 2 – Venus and Saturn are in conjunction, separation 46 arcsecs.
- July 7 – Live Earth Concerts are held throughout 9 major cities around the world.
- July 17 – TAM Linhas Aéreas Flight 3054 overruns the runway of Congonhas-São Paulo International Airport and crashes, killing all 186 and others on the ground.
- July 21 – The final book of the Harry Potter series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, is released and sells over 11 million copies in the first 24 hours, becoming the fastest selling book in history.[11]
August[link]
- August 4 – The Phoenix spacecraft launches toward the Martian north pole.
- August 6 – Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert arrives in the historic Palestinian town of Jericho, becoming the first Prime Minister of Israel to visit the West Bank or Gaza Strip in more than seven years. Olmert meets with Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas.
- August 14 – Multiple suicide bombings kill 572 people in Qahtaniya, northern Iraq.
- August 15 – An 8.0 earthquake strikes Peru, killing 512 people, injuring more than 1,500, and causing tsunami warnings in the Pacific Ocean.
- August 17 – Vladimir Putin issues a statement revealing that Russia is to resume the flight exercises of its strategic bombers in remote areas. The flights were suspended in 1991 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
September[link]
- September 2–September 9 – The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit hosts its 19th annual city meeting in Sydney.
- September 6 – Operation Orchard: Israeli airplanes strike a suspected nuclear site in Syria.
- September 14 – The SELENE spacecraft launches. JAXA has called the mission, "the largest lunar mission since the Apollo program."
- September 16 – One-Two-GO Airlines Flight 269 crashes in Phuket, Thailand, killing 89 passengers and crew.
- September 20 – The 2007 Universal Forum of Cultures opens in Monterrey, Mexico.
- September 24 – India win the inaugural 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Cup, beating Pakistan in the final.
October[link]
- October 4 – Spanish authorities arrest 22 people associated with the banned Batasuna party, which campaigns for Basque independence, but also has ties to the terrorist group ETA.
- October 8 – Track and field star Marion Jones surrenders the five Olympic medals she won in the 2000 Sydney Games, after admitting to doping.
- October 14 – Al-habileen/lahij: Four citizens are killed on the 44th anniversary of the revolution against British colonial rule in South Yemen.
- October 24 – In the space of a few hours, Comet Holmes develops a coma and flares up to half a million times its former brightness, becoming visible to the naked eye. Its coma later becomes larger in volume than the Sun, the second such comet in 2007 after Comet McNaught.
- October 28 – The Vatican beatifies 498 Spanish victims of religious persecution from before and during the Spanish Civil War.[12]
- October 31 – The World Economic Forum releases The Global Competitiveness Report 2007-2008.
November[link]
- November 3 – President Pervez Musharraf declares a state of emergency in Pakistan.
- November 5 – The Writers Guild of America goes on a strike that lasts until February 12, 2008.
- November 6 – A suicide bomber kills at least 50 people in Mazari Sharif, Afghanistan, including 6 members of the National Assembly.
- November 13 – An explosion hits the south wing of the House of Representatives of the Philippines in Quezon City, north of Manila, killing 4 people, including Basilan Congressman Wahab Akbar, and wounding 6 others.
- November 14
- High Speed 1 from London to the Channel Tunnel is opened to passengers.
- An earthquake of magnitude 8.2 in Tocopilla, Chile, affects the whole of the north of the country.
- November 16 – Approximately 10,000 people are believed to have died after Cyclone Sidr hits Bangladesh.
- November 18 – The Zasyadko mine disaster in eastern Ukraine claims the lives of 101 miners.
- November 30 – Rambhadracharya, a Hindu religious leader, released the first Braille version of Bhagavad Gita, with the original Sanskrit text and a Hindi commentary at New Delhi.
December[link]
- December 3 – 14 – The United Nations Climate Change Conference is held at Nusa Dua in Bali, Indonesia.
- December 7 – Uranus's orbit is positioned such that the sun shines directly above its equator (i.e. an equinox).
- December 8 – The 2007 Africa-EU Summit takes place as European Union and African Union leaders gather in Lisbon, Portugal, for their first joint summit in 7 years. The British and Czech prime ministers boycott the event due to the presence of Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe.
- December 10 – The United Nations deadline for a negotiated settlement on the future of Kosovo passes without an international agreement.
- December 19 – Vladimir Putin, President of Russia, is announced as Time magazine's 2007 Person of the Year.
- December 20 – The Pablo Picasso painting Portrait of Suzanne Bloch, together with Candido Portinari's O Lavrador de Café, is stolen from the São Paulo Museum of Art.
- December 21 – The Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia join the Schengen border-free zone.
- December 24 – The Nepalese government announces that the country's 240-year-old monarchy will be abolished in 2008 and a new republic will be declared.
- December 27
- Former Pakistani prime minister Benazir Bhutto is assassinated, and at least 20 others are killed, by a bomb blast at an election rally in Rawalpindi.
- Riots erupt in Mombasa, Kenya, after Mwai Kibaki is declared the winner of the presidential election, triggering a political, economic, and humanitarian crisis.
Births[link]
- April 10 – HRH Princess Ariane of the Netherlands, daughter of Prince Willem-Alexander and Princess Máxima.
- April 21 – HRH Princess Isabella of Denmark, daughter of Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark and his wife, Crown Princess Mary.
- April 29 – HRH Infanta Sofía of Spain, daughter of Felipe, Prince of Asturias and his wife, Letizia, Princess of Asturias.
- 17 December – James, Viscount Severn British Prince and son of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Sophie, Countess of Wessex
Deaths[link]
Main article: Deaths in 2007
January[link]
- January 2 – Teddy Kollek, Austrian-born mayor of Jerusalem (b. 1911)
- January 4 – Marais Viljoen, State President of South Africa (b. 1915)
- January 5 – Momofuku Ando, Japanese inventor (b. 1910)
- January 8
- Iwao Takamoto, Japanese animator (b. 1925)
- Yvonne De Carlo, American actress (b. 1922)
- January 9 – Jean-Pierre Vernant, French historian and anthropologist (b. 1914)
- January 10 – Carlo Ponti, Italian film producer (b. 1912)
- January 11 – Robert Anton Wilson, American author and conspiracy researcher (b. 1932)
- January 12 – Alice Coltrane, American jazz musician (b. 1937)
- January 13 – Michael Brecker, American jazz musician (b. 1949)
- January 14 – Darlene Conley, American actress (b. 1934)
- January 15
- Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti, Iraqi politician (b. 1951)
- Awad Hamed al-Bandar, Iraqi judge (b. 1945)
- Bo Yibo, Chinese politician (b. 1908)
- January 17 – Art Buchwald, American humorist (b. 1925)
- January 19
- Hrant Dink, Turkish-Armenian journalist (b. 1954)
- Denny Doherty, Canadian musician (The Mamas & the Papas) (b. 1940)
- Bam Bam Bigelow, American wrestler (b. 1961)
- January 21 – Maria Cioncan, Romanian athlete (b. 1977)
- January 22 – Abbé Pierre, French priest and founder of Emmaus (b. 1912)
- January 23 – Ryszard Kapuściński, Polish journalist and author (b. 1932)
- January 28 – Hsu Wei Lun, Taiwanese actress (b. 1978)
- January 30 – Sidney Sheldon, American author and screenwriter (b. 1917)
- January 31 – Kirka Babitzin, Finnish singer (b. 1950)
February[link]
- February 1 – Gian Carlo Menotti, Italian-born composer and librettist (b. 1911)
- February 3
- Ralph de Toledano, Moroccan-born American political columnist and author (b. 1916)
- Pedro Knight, Cuban-born musician (b. 1921)
- February 6 – Frankie Laine, American singer (b. 1913)
- February 7
- Alan MacDiarmid, New Zealand chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1927)
- Helen Duncan, New Zealand politician (b. 1941)
- February 8 – Anna Nicole Smith, American model and television personality (b. 1967)
- February 9
- Benedict Kiely, Irish author and broadcaster (b. 1919)
- Ian Richardson, Scottish actor (b. 1934)
- Alejandro Finisterre, Spanish poet, editor, and inventor of table football (b. 1919)
- February 11 – Reginald Hugh Hickling, British lawyer, colonial civil servant, law academic and author (b. 1920)
- February 12 – Peggy Gilbert, American saxophonist (b. 1905)
- February 13
- Elizabeth Jolley, Australian writer (b. 1923)
- Charles Norwood, American politician (b. 1941)
- Johanna Sällström, Swedish actress (b. 1974)
- February 14 – Ryan Larkin, Canadian animator, artist, and sculptor (b. 1943)
- February 15 – Robert Adler, Austrian-born inventor (b. 1913)
- February 17
- Maurice Papon, French Vichy government official (b. 1910)
- Dermot O'Reilly, Irish-born musician (Ryan's Fancy) (b. 1942)
- Mike Awesome, American professional wrestler (b. 1965)
- February 18 – Juan "Pachín" Vicéns, Puerto Rican basketball player (b. 1933)
- February 22
- Lothar-Günther Buchheim, German author, painter, and art collector (b. 1918)
- Fons Rademakers, Dutch film director (b. 1920)
- Dennis Johnson, American basketball player (b. 1954)
- February 24 – Bruce Bennett, American actor (b. 1906)
- February 28
- Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., American historian and political commentator (b. 1917)
- Charles Forte, English hotelier (b. 1908)
March[link]
- March 2
- Henri Troyat, French writer (b. 1911)
- Madi Phala, South African artist (b. 1955)
- March 3 – Warja Honegger-Lavater, Swiss illustrator (b. 1913)
- March 4
- Natalie Bodanya, American soprano (b. 1908)
- Thomas Eagleton, American politician (b. 1929)
- Bob Hattoy, American activist (b. 1950)
- Tadeusz Nalepa, Polish composer, guitar player, vocalist and lyricist (b. 1934)
- Ian Wooldridge, British sports journalist (b. 1932)
- Jorge Kolle Cueto, Bolivian politician
- March 6
- Jean Baudrillard, French philosopher and sociologist (b. 1929)
- Allen Coage, American professional wrestler (b. 1943)
- Ernest Gallo, American winemaker (b. 1909)
- March 8 – John Inman, English actor (b. 1935)
- March 9
- Brad Delp, American singer (Boston) (b. 1951)
- Thomas B. Mason, U.S. Attorney (b. 1919)
- March 10
- Ernie Ladd, American football player and professional wrestler (b. 1938)
- Richard Jeni, American comedian (b. 1957)
- March 11 – Betty Hutton, American actress (b. 1921)
- March 12 – Antonio Ortiz Mena, Mexican politician and economist (b. 1907)
- March 13 – Arnold Skaaland, American wrestler (b. 1925)
- March 14
- Lucie Aubrac, French World War II Resistance fighter (b. 1912)
- Gareth Hunt, English actor (b. 1943)
- March 16
- Manjural Islam, Bangladeshi cricketer (b. 1984)
- Sir Arthur Marshall, British aviation engineer (b. 1903)
- March 17
- Jim Cronin, British businessman (b. 1952)
- Roger Bennett, American gospel musician (b. 1952)
- March 18 – Bob Woolmer, English cricketer and coach (b. 1948)
- March 19
- Calvert DeForest, American actor and comedian (b. 1921)
- Luther Ingram, American singer (b. 1937)
- March 20 – Taha Yassin Ramadan, Vice President of Iraq (b. 1938)
- March 23 – Eric Medlen, American race car driver (b. 1973)
- March 25 – Andranik Margaryan, 14th Prime Minister of Armenia (b. 1951)
- March 29 – Leslie Waller, American novelist (b. 1923)
April[link]
- April 1
- Laurie Baker, English architect (b. 1917)
- Driss Chraibi, Moroccan writer (b. 1926)
- Hans Filbinger, German jurist and politician (b. 1913)
- April 2 – Henry Lee Giclas, American astronomer (b. 1910)
- April 3 – Eddie Robinson, American football coach (b. 1919)
- April 4 – Bob Clark, American film director (b. 1939)
- April 5
- Thomas Stoltz Harvey Pathologist who conducted Albert Einstein's autopsy (b. 1912)
- Leela Majumdar, Bengali children's author (b. 1908)
- Darryl Stingley, American football player (b. 1951)
- Poornachandra Tejaswi, Indian writer and novelist (b. 1938)
- April 6 – Luigi Comencini, Italian film director (b. 1916)
- April 7
- Johnny Hart, American cartoonist (b. 1931)
- Barry Nelson, American actor (b. 1920)
- April 9 – AJ Carothers, American writer (b. 1931)
- April 10 – Kevin Crease Australian news presenter and entertainer (b. 1936)
- April 11
- Roscoe Lee Browne, American actor (b. 1925)
- Ronald Speirs, United States Army officer (b. 1920)
- Kurt Vonnegut, American novelist and playwright (b. 1922)
- April 13 – Don Selwyn, Māori actor and film director (b. circa 1936)
- April 14
- June Callwood, Canadian journalist (b. 1924)
- Don Ho, American musician (b. 1930)
- April 15 – Brant Parker, American cartoonist (b. 1920)
- April 16 – Frank Bateson, New Zealand astronomer (b. 1909)
- April 17 – Kitty Carlisle Hart, American singer, actress & talk show panelist (b. 1910)
- April 18 – Iccho Itoh, Mayor of Nagasaki, Japan (b. 1945)
- April 20 – Michael Fu Tieshan, Chinese bishop (b. 1931)
- April 22 – Juanita Millender-McDonald, American politician (b. 1938)
- April 23
- David Halberstam, American author and journalist (b. 1934)
- Boris Yeltsin, first President of the Russian Federation (b. 1931)
- April 25
- Alan Ball, English footballer (b. 1945)
- Arthur Milton, English cricketer and footballer (b. 1928)
- Bobby Pickett, American singer (b. 1938)
- April 26
- Jack Valenti, American film executive, creator of MPAA film rating system (b. 1921)
- Conchita Montenegro, Spanish model and actress (b. 1912)
- April 27 – Mstislav Rostropovich, Russian cellist and conductor (b. 1927)
- April 28
- Dabbs Greer, American actor (b. 1917)
- Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, German physicist and philosopher (b. 1912)
- April 29
- Ivica Račan, 7th Prime Minister of Croatia (b. 1944)
- Dick Motz, New Zealand cricket player (b. 1940)
- April 30
- Grégory Lemarchal, French singer (b. 1983)
- Tom Poston, American actor (b. 1921)
- Gordon Scott, American actor (b. 1926)
May[link]
- May 2 – Juan Valdivieso, Peruvian footballer (b. 1910)
- May 3
- Wally Schirra, American astronaut (b. 1923)
- Knock Yokoyama, Japanese comedian and politician (b. 1932)
- May 5
- Theodore Maiman, American physicist (b. 1927)
- Gusti Wolf, Austrian actress (b. 1912)
- May 6 – Lesley Blanch, English writer and fashion editor (b. 1904)
- May 7 – Emma Lehmer, Russian-born mathematician (b. 1906)
- May 11 – Malietoa Tanumafili II, Samoan head of state (b. 1913)
- May 12 – Mullah Dadullah Akhund, Afghan Taliban military leader
- May 14 – Colin St John Wilson, English architect (b. 1922)
- May 15
- Jerry Falwell, American evangelist (b. 1933)
- Yolanda King, American actress and activist, daughter of Martin Luther King, Jr. (b. 1955)
- May 17 – Lloyd Alexander, American author (b. 1924)
- May 18
- Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, French physicist and Nobel Prize for Physics laureate (b. 1932)
- Yoyoy Villame, Filipino singer (b. 1938)
- May 19 – Dean Eyre, New Zealand politician (b. 1914)
- May 20 – Stanley Miller, American chemist and biologist (b. 1930)
- May 25 – Charles Nelson Reilly, American actor (b. 1931)
- May 27
- Izumi Sakai, Japanese singer (Zard) (b. 1967)
- Percy Sonn, South African lawyer and cricket executive (b. 1949)
- Ed Yost, American inventor of the modern hot air balloon (b. 1919)
- May 28
- Marquise Hill, American football player (b. 1982)
- David Lane, American white nationalist (b. 1938)
June[link]
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- June 2 – Aziz Ahmed Babul, Bangladeshi Film Director & Producer (b. 1957
- June 2 – Huang Ju, Chinese politician (b. 1938)
- June 4 – Craig L. Thomas, American politician (b. 1933)
- June 8 – Aden Abdullah Osman Daar, first President of Somalia (b. 1908)
- June 10 – Augie Auer, meteorologist (b. 1940)
- June 11
- Imre Friedmann, American scientist (b. 1921)
- Mala Powers, American film actress (b. 1931)
- June 12 – Don Herbert, American television personality, Mr. Wizard (b. 1917)
- June 13 – David Hatch, BBC Radio producer and comedian (b. 1939)
- June 14
- Ruth Bell Graham, Wife of Billy Graham (b. 1920)
- Jacques Simonet, Belgian politician (b. 1963)
- June 14 – Kurt Waldheim, Austrian politician and diplomat, former United Nations Secretary-General (b. 1918)
- June 15 – Sherri Martel, American professional wrestler (b. 1958)
- June 17 – Gianfranco Ferrè, Italian designer (b. 1944)
- June 18
- Bernard Manning, English comedian (b. 1930)
- Vilma Espín, Cuban wife of Raúl Castro (b. 1930)
- June 19
- El Fary, Spanish singer (b. 1937)
- Terry Hoeppner, American football coach (b. 1947)
- Antonio Aguilar, Mexican singer and actor (b. 1919)
- June 20 – Trevor Henry, New Zealand Justice (b. 1902)
- June 22 – Erik Parlevliet, Dutch field hockey player b. (1964)
- June 24
- Derek Dougan, Northern Irish footballer (b. 1938)
- Natasja Saad, Afro Danish rapper and reggae singer (b. 1974)
- Chris Benoit, Canadian professional wrestler (b. 1967)
- June 26
- Jupp Derwall, German footballer and coach (b. 1927)
- Joey Sadler, New Zealand rugby player (b. 1914)
- Liz Claiborne, Belgian-American fashion designer (b. 1929)
- June 27 – William Hutt, Canadian stage and film actor (b. 1920)
- June 28 – Kiichi Miyazawa, 78th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1919)
- June 30 – Jan Herman Linge, Norwegian engineer and boat designer (b. 1922)
July[link]
- July 1 – Gottfried von Bismarck, German aristocrat and socialite (b. 1962)
- July 2
- Vojislav Nikčević, Montenegrin professor and linguist (b. 1935)
- Beverly Sills, American soprano (b. 1929)
- Dilip Sardesai, Indian cricketer (b. 1940)
- Hy Zaret, American lyricist and composer (b. 1907)
- July 3
- Claude Pompidou, wife of President of France Georges Pompidou (b. 1912)
- Boots Randolph, American saxophone player (b. 1927)
- July 4
- Johnny Frigo, American jazz violinist and bassist (b.1916)
- Bill Pinkney, American singer (b. 1925)
- July 5
- George Melly, English singer (b. 1926)
- Régine Crespin, French soprano (b. 1927)
- July 6
- Lois Wyse, American advertising executive, author, and columnist (b. 1926)
- Kathleen E. Woodiwiss, U.S.American novelist (b. 1939)
- July 10
- Zheng Xiaoyu, Chinese bureaucrat (b. 1944)
- Corbin Harney, an elder and spiritual leader of the Newe (Western Shoshone) people (b. 1920)
- July 11
- Lady Bird Johnson, former First Lady of the United States (b. 1912)
- Alfonso López Michelsen, 32nd Colombian President (b. 1913)
- Ed Mirvish, Canadian businessman and philanthropist (b. 1914)
- Shag Crawford, American umpire in Major League Baseball (b. 1916)
- Richard Franklin, Australian film director (b. 1948)
- July 12
- Nigel Dempster, British journalist, author, broadcaster and diarist (b.1941)
- Pat Fordice, First Lady of Mississippi from 1992 until 2000 (b. 1935)
- Jim Mitchell, pioneer in the pornographic film industry (b. 1945)
- Larry Staverman, American professional basketball player and coach (b. 1936)
- Stan Zemanek, Australian radio broadcaster (b. 1947)
- July 14 – John Ferguson, Canadian professional hockey player, coach and executive (b. 1938)
- July 17 – Júlio Redecker, Brazilian politician (b. 1956)
- July 18 – Kenji Miyamoto, Japanese politician (b. 1908)
- July 19 – A. K. Faezul Huq, Bangladeshi lawyer and politician (b. 1945)
- July 22
- László Kovács, Hungarian-American cinematographer (b. 1933)
- Ulrich Mühe, German actor (b. 1953)
- Peter Lennox-Kerr, British Journalist (b. 1926)
- Jean Stablinski, French cyclist of Polish origin (b. 1932)
- Aleksandr Tatarskiy, Russian animation film director (b. 1950)
- July 23
- Benjamin Libet, American pioneering scientist in the field of human consciousness (b. 1916)
- Mohammed Zahir Shah, last King of Afghanistan (b. 1914)
- July 24 – Albert Ellis, American psychologist (b. 1913)
- July 27 – James Oyebola, British heavyweight boxer (b. 1961)
- July 29
- Mike Reid, British comedian and actor (b. 1940)
- Tom Snyder, American talk show host (b. 1936)
- July 30
- Michelangelo Antonioni, Italian film director (b. 1912)
- Teoctist Arăpaşu, Ex-Romanian Orthodox Church Patriarch (b. 1915)
- Ingmar Bergman, Swedish film director (b. 1918)
- Bill Walsh, American football coach (b. 1931)
August[link]
- August 1
- Tommy Makem, Irish folk musician (b. 1932)
- Ryan Cox, South African professional road racing cyclist (b. 1979)
- Veikko Karvonen, Finnish athlete (b. 1926)
- August 2 – Holden Roberto, Angolan nationalist leader (b. 1923)
- August 3
- James T. Callahan, American actor (b. 1930)
- John Gardner, British author (b. 1926)
- August 4 – Lee Hazlewood, American country singer, songwriter and producer (b. 1929)
- August 5
- Oliver Hill, American lawyer (b. 1907)
- Jean-Marie Lustiger, French Cardinal Archbishop of Paris (b. 1926)
- August 6 – Heinz Barth, German war criminal (b. 1920)
- August 7
- Ernesto Alonso, Mexican soap opera actor, director and producer, best known as Señor Telenovela (b. 1917)
- Angus Tait, New Zealand electronics innovator and businessman (b. 1919)
- August 8
- Ma Lik, Chinese politician (b. 1952)
- Melville Shavelson, American film director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1917)
- August 9 – Joe O'Donnell, American documentary photographer and photojournalist (b. 1922)
- August 10
- Tony Wilson, English broadcaster, nightclub manager, and record label owner (b.1950)
- James Faust, an Apostle in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1920)
- August 12
- Merv Griffin, American TV personality (b. 1925)
- Mike Wieringo, American comic book artist (b. 1963)
- August 13
- Brooke Astor, American socialite and philanthropist (b. 1902)
- Phil Rizzuto, American baseball player and announcer (b. 1917)
- Brian Adams, American professional wrestler (b. 1964)
- August 14 – Tikhon Khrennikov, Russian composer (b. 1913)
- August 15
- Richard Bradshaw, British opera conductor (b. 1944)
- John Gofman, American Manhattan Project scientist and advocate (b. 1918)
- Sam Pollock, Canadian sports executive (b. 1925)
- August 16 – Max Roach, American percussionist, drummer, and composer (b. 1924)
- August 17 – Eddie Griffin, American basketball player (b. 1982)
- August 18 – Michael Deaver, American political adviser (b. 1938)
- August 20 – Leona Helmsley, American hotel operator and real estate investor (b. 1920)
- August 21
- Elizabeth P. Hoisington, American brigadier general (b. 1918)
- Qurratulain Hyder, Indian novelist (b. 1926)
- August 24 – Abdul Rahman Arif, 3rd President of Iraq (b. 1916)
- August 25
- Raymond Barre, French politician and economist (b. 1924)
- Ray Jones, English footballer (b. 1988)
- August 26
- Gaston Thorn, Luxembourger politician (b. 1928)
- Ramon Zamora, Filipino martial arts actor (b. 1935)
- August 28
- Antonio Puerta, Spanish footballer (b. 1984)
- Francisco Umbral, Spanish journalist, novelist, biographer and essayist (b. 1935)
- Miyoshi Umeki, Japanese actress (b. 1929)
- Nikola Nobilo, New Zealand winemaker (b. 1913)
- August 29
- Richard Jewell, American falsely accused of bombing the Centennial Olympic Park (b. 1962)
- Pierre Messmer, French politician (b. 1916)
- Chaswe Nsofwa, Zambian footballer (b. 1978)
- James Muir Cameron Fletcher, New Zealand industrialist (b. 1914)
- August 30
- Michael Jackson, English writer (b. 1942)
- Charles Vanik, American politician (b. 1918)
- August 31 – Gay Brewer, American golfer (b. 1932)
September[link]
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- September 1
- Tomás Medina Caracas, Colombian rebel leader (b. 1965)
- Roy McKenzie, New Zealand philanthropist (b. 1922)
- September 2 – Max McNab, Canadian hockey player and hockey executive (b. 1924)
- September 3
- Jane Tomlinson, British charity fund raiser (b. 1964)
- Syd Jackson, Māori activist and trade unionist (b. 1939)
- September 5
- Jennifer Dunn, American politician (b. 1941)
- Paul Gillmor, American politician (b. 1939)
- September 6
- Madeleine L'Engle, American author (b. 1918)
- Luciano Pavarotti, Italian tenor (b. 1935)
- September 7
- John Compton, Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (b. 1925)
- Mark Weil, Uzbek theater director (b. 1952)
- September 8 – Charlie Parlato, American musician (b. 1919)
- September 9
- Helmut Senekowitsch, Austrian footballer and coach (b. 1933)
- Hughie Thomasson, American musician (b. 1952)
- September 10
- Anita Roddick, English entrepreneur (b. 1942)
- Jane Wyman, American actress, former wife of Ronald Reagan (b. 1917)
- September 11
- Ian Porterfield, Scottish footballer (b. 1946)
- Joe Zawinul, Austrian musician (b. 1932)
- September 13 – Whakahuihui Vercoe, New Zealand clergyman (b. 1928)
- September 14 – Benny Vansteelant, Belgian duathlete (b. 1976)
- September 15
- Colin McRae, Scottish world rally champion (b. 1968)
- Aldemaro Romero, Venezuelan musician (b. 1928)
- Brett Somers, American actress (b. 1924)
- September 16 – Robert Jordan, American author (b. 1948)
- September 18 – Len Thompson, Australian footballer (b. 1947)
- September 19 – Antoine Ghanem, Lebanese politician (b. 1943)
- September 20 – Mahlon Clark, American musician (b. 1923)
- September 21
- Hallgeir Brenden, Norwegian athlete (b. 1929)
- Alice Ghostley, American actress (b. 1926)
- Rex Humbard, American evangelist (b. 1919)
- Petar Stambolić, Serbian politician (b. 1912)
- September 22 – Marcel Marceau, French mime artist (b. 1923)
- September 23 – Ken Danby, Canadian artist (b. 1940)
- September 26 – Dave Carpender, American guitarist with The Greg Kihn Band (b. 1950)
- September 27
- Bill Perry, South African footballer, scored winning goal in the 1953 FA Cup Final (b. 1930)
- Avraham Shapira, Israeli chief rabbi (b. 1914)
- Kenji Nagai, Japanese journalist (b. 1957)
- September 28 – Wally Parks, American founder of the National Hot Rod Association (b. 1913)
- September 29 – Lois Maxwell, Canadian actress (b. 1927)
- September 30 – Milan Jelić, Bosnian-Serb politician (b. 1956)
October[link]
- October 1
- Ronnie Hazlehurst, English composer (b. 1928)
- Al Oerter, American athlete (b. 1936)
- Ned Sherrin, English broadcaster and theatre director (b. 1931)
- October 2 – Dan Keating, Irish republican (b. 1902)
- October 3 – Tony Ryan, Irish businessman (b. 1936)
- October 4
- Qassem Al-Nasser, Jordanian General (b. 1925)
- Antonie Iorgovan, Romanian jurist, professor, and politician (b. 1948)
- October 5 – Justin Tuveri, Italian veteran of World War I (b. 1898)
- October 6 – Jo Ann Davis, American politician (b. 1950)
- October 7
- Norifumi Abe, Japanese motorcycle road racer (b. 1975)
- Luciana Frassati Gawronska, Italian author (b. 1902)
- October 8 – Constantine Andreou, Greek painter and sculptor (b. 1917)
- October 11 – Sri Chinmoy, Indian philosopher (b. 1931)
- October 12
- Soe Win, Burmese politician (b. 1948)
- Kisho Kurokawa, Japanese architect (b. 1934)
- October 13 – Bob Denard, French mercenary (b. 1929)
- October 16
- Deborah Kerr, Scottish actress (b. 1921)
- Rosalio José Castillo Lara, Venezuelan cardinal (b. 1922)
- Toše Proeski, Macedonian singer (b. 1981)
- Barbara West, 2nd to last living survivor of the Titanic sinking (b. 1911)
- October 17
- Joey Bishop, American entertainer (b. 1918)
- Teresa Brewer, American singer (b. 1931)
- October 18
- Alan Coren, English columnist (b. 1939)
- William J. Crowe, American military commander and ambassador (b. 1925)
- Lucky Dube, South African musician (b. 1964)
- October 19 – Jan Wolkers, Dutch author, sculptor and painter (b. 1925)
- October 20 – Max McGee, American football player (b. 1932)
- October 22 – Ève Curie, French author, daughter of Pierre and Marie Curie (b. 1904)
- October 23 – Lim Goh Tong, Malaysian Chinese businessman (b. 1918)
- October 24
- Petr Eben, Czech composer (b. 1929)
- Ian Middleton, New Zealand novelist (b. 1928)
- October 26
- Nicolae Dobrin, Romanian footballer (b. 1947)
- Friedman Paul Erhardt, German-American television chef (b. 1943)
- Arthur Kornberg, American biochemist (b. 1918)
- Khun Sa, Burmese warlord (b. 1934)
- October 28 – Porter Wagoner, American country singer (b. 1927)
- October 30 – Robert Goulet, American entertainer (b. 1933)
November[link]
- November 1 – Paul Tibbets, American general, pilot of the Enola Gay (b. 1915)
- November 2
- Charmaine Dragun, Australian news anchor (b. 1978)
- S. P. Thamilselvan, Sri Lankan Tamil political leader (b. 1967)
- Igor Moiseyev, Russian choreographer (b. 1906)
- The Fabulous Moolah, American professional wrestler (b. 1923)
- November 3
- Martin Meehan, Irish republican (b. 1945)
- Aleksandr Dedyushko (b. 1962)
- Ryan Shay, American runner (b. 1979)
- November 5 – Nils Liedholm, Swedish footballer and coach (b. 1922)
- November 6
- Enzo Biagi, Italian journalist (b. 1920)
- Hank Thompson, American country singer (b. 1925)
- November 7 – Hilda Braid, English actress (b. 1929)
- November 8
- Chad Varah, English Anglican priest, founder of the Samaritans (b. 1911)
- Dulce Saguisag, Filipino politician (b. 1943)
- November 9 – Luis Herrera Campins, 56th President of Venezuela (b. 1925)
- November 10
- Laraine Day, American actress (b. 1920)
- Augustus F. Hawkins, American politician and civil rights lawmaker (b. 1907)
- Norman Mailer, American writer (b. 1923)
- November 11 – Delbert Mann, American film and television director (b. 1920)
- November 12 – Ira Levin, American novelist (b. 1929)
- November 13
- John Doherty, English footballer (b. 1935)
- Kazuhisa Inao, Japanese baseball player (b. 1937)
- Wahab Akbar, Filipino politician (b. 1960)
- November 15 – Joe Nuxhall, American baseball player and announcer (b. 1928)
- November 16 – Trond Kirkvaag, Norwegian comedian and author (b. 1946)
- November 19 – Dick Wilson, American actor (b. 1916)
- November 20 – Ian Smith, Prime Minister of Rhodesia (b. 1919)
- November 21
- Fernando Fernán Gómez, Spanish actor, director, and playwright (b. 1921)
- Tom Johnson, Canadian sports executive and hockey player (b. 1928)
- November 22 – Verity Lambert, English producer (b. 1935)
- November 23 – Vladimir Kryuchkov, Russian Soviet-era bureaucrat (b. 1924)
- November 24 – Casey Calvert, American musician (Hawthorne Heights) (b. 1981)
- November 25 – Kevin DuBrow, American musician (Quiet Riot) (b. 1955)
- November 27
- Sean Taylor, American football player (b. 1983)
- Robert Cade, American physician and inventor of the beverage Gatorade (b. 1927)
- November 28 – Elly Beinhorn, German pilot (b. 1907)
- November 29
- Henry Hyde, American politician (b. 1924)
- Roger Bonham Smith, American businessman (b. 1925)
- November 30 – Evel Knievel, American motorcycle daredevil (b. 1938)
December[link]
- December 1 – Ken McGregor, Australian tennis player (b. 1929)
- December 2
- Robert O. Anderson, American businessman (b. 1917)
- Elizabeth Hardwick, American literary critic and novelist (b. 1916)
- Les Shannon, English footballer and manager (b. 1926)
- Thomas Torrance, Scottish Protestant theologian (b. 1913)
- December 4
- Pimp C, American rapper (b. 1973)
- Norval Morrisseau, Canadian artist (b. 1932)
- Chip Reese, American professional gambler (b. 1951)
- December 5
- Karlheinz Stockhausen, German composer (b. 1928)
- Andrew Imbrie, American composer (b. 1921)
- December 6 – Katy French, Irish model (b. 1983)
- December 9
- Thore Skogman, Swedish entertainer (b. 1931)
- Abdullah Qureshi, Pakistani activist (b. 1935)
- December 10 – Ashleigh Aston Moore, American actress (b. 1981)
- December 11
- Nicholas Kao Se Tseien, Chinese Catholic priest (b. 1897)
- Ottomar Pinto, Brazilian politician (b. 1931)
- December 12 – Ike Turner, American musician (b. 1931)
- December 15
- Julia Carson, American politician (b. 1938)
- Ace Vergel, Filipino actor (b. 1952)
- December 16 – Dan Fogelberg, American singer and songwriter (b. 1951)
- December 18 – Bill Strauss, American satirist, author and historian (b. 1947)
- December 20 – Arabella Spencer-Churchill, English philanthropist (b. 1949)
- December 21
- Ken Hendricks, American entrepreneur (b. 1941)
- Carol Bly, Teacher, award-winning American author of short stories, essays, and nonfiction (b. 1930)
- December 22
- Chrysostomos I, Archbishop of Cyprus (b. 1927)
- Julien Gracq, French writer (b. 1910)
- Andrew Glyn, English economist (b. 1943)
- Adrian Cristobal, Filipino writer (b. 1932)
- December 23
- Michael Kidd, American choreographer (b. 1915)
- Oscar Peterson, Canadian jazz pianist and composer (b. 1925)
- December 24 – Akbar Radi, Iranian dramatist and playwright (b. 1939)
- December 26
- December 27
- Benazir Bhutto, Pakistani politician (assassinated; b. 1953)
- Jaan Kross, Estonian writer (b. 1920)
- Jerzy Kawalerowicz, Polish film director (b. 1922)
- Prince Pedro Gastão of Orléans-Braganza, a claimant to the Brazilian throne (b. 1913)
- December 28 – Aidin Nikkhah Bahrami, Iranian basketball player (b. 1982)
- December 29
- Abdullah ibn Husayn al-Ahmar, Yemeni political and tribal leader (b. 1933)
- Phil O'Donnell, Scottish footballer (b. 1972)
- December 31
- Muhammad Osman Said, Former Libyan prime minister (b. 1922).
- Ettore Sottsass, Italian architect (b. 1917)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Chemistry – Gerhard Ertl
- Economics – Leonid Hurwicz, Eric Maskin, and Roger Myerson
- Literature – Doris Lessing
- Peace – Albert Gore, Jr, and the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- Physics – Albert Fert, Peter Grünberg
- Physiology or Medicine – Mario Capecchi, Oliver Smithies, and Sir Martin Evans
Holidays[link]
- January 1 – New Year's Day.
- January 7 – Christmas in Eastern Christianity.
- January 26 – Australia Day, India's Republic Day.
- February 6 – Waitangi Day in New Zealand.
- February 12 – Independence Day in Chile.
- February 19 – Presidents' Day in the United States.
- February 20 – Mardi Gras Day.
- February 21 – Western Christianity: Ash Wednesday and start of Lent.
- March 1 – Saint David's Day
- March 17 – Saint Patrick's Day.
- March 19 – Feast of Saint Joseph in Christianity. In Judaism, start of the month of Nisan.
- March 21 – Norouz, Iranian and Bahá'í New Year.
- April 1 – April Fools' Day.
- April 2 – In Judaism, 14/15 Nisan. Passover Seder.
- April 6 – Good Friday in the Western Christian and Eastern Orthodox calendars.
- April 8 – Easter (Western Christianity and Eastern Orthodoxy).
- April 10 – End of Passover or Feast of Unleavened Bread.
- April 18 – Zimbabwe's Independence day.
- April 22 – Earth Day.
- April 23
- Saint George's Day.
- Israeli Independence Day (Iyar 5) in the Hebrew calendar.
- April 25
- ANZAC Day in Australia and New Zealand.
- Liberation of Italy Day.
- April 27 – Arbor Day in the USA.
- April 30 – Koninginnedag (Queen's Day, in Dutch) – National Holiday in the Netherlands.
- May 1 – Beltane, a cross-quarter day. Also Labor Day in most of the world, but not in the USA and Canada. May Day.
- May 5
- May Day in the United Kingdom.
- Cinco de Mayo, celebrating the Battle of Puebla between Mexico and France.
- May 18 – Somaliland's (disputed) Independence day from Somalia.
- May 21 – Victoria Day in Canada.
- May 23 – Shavuot or Pentecost in the Jewish religion.
- May 28 – Memorial Day in the USA.
- June 1 – Foundation Day Western Australia, Australia.
- June 2 – Republic Day in Italy.
- June 7 – Independence Day in Norway.
- June 12 – Independence Day in the Philippines.
- June 14 – Flag Day in the USA.
- June 17 – Iceland's Independence Day.
- June 26 – Somaliland's Independence from the UK.[citation needed]
- July 1 – Canada Day.
- July 4 – Independence Day in the USA.
- July 5 – Independence Day in Venezuela.
- July 9 – Independence Day in Argentina.
- July 14 – Bastille Day in France.
- July 20 – Independence Day in Colombia.
- July 24 – Birthday of Simon Bolivar (observed in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador). Pioneer Day observed in Utah.
- July 28 – Independence Day in Peru.
- August 1 – Lammas, "Loaf Mass," a Cross-quarter day, Swiss National Day.
- August 6 – Independence Day in Jamaica.
- August 9 – National Day in Singapore.
- August 14 – Pakistan Independence Day.
- August 15 – India Independence Day.
- August 17 – Indonesia Independence Day.
- August 20 – St. Stephen's day, the main national holiday in Hungary.
- August 28 – India Raksha Bhandhan.
- August 31 – National Day in Malaysia.
- September 3 – Labour Day in Canada and the USA.
- September 7 – Independence Day in Brazil.
- September 11 – National Day in Catalonia.
- September 12–September 14 – Rosh Hashana begins at sunset: New Year 5768 in the Hebrew Calendar.
- September 13 – Ramadan begins for the religion of Islam.
- September 16 – Mexico Independence Day.
- September 18 – Chile Independence Day.
- September 21
- Yom Kippur or Yom ha-kippurim, the Day of Atonement in the Jewish faith.
- Malta Independence Day.
- September 22 – Belize Independence Day.
- September 23 – Saudi Arabian National Day.
- September 27 – Sukot or Feast of Tabernacles in Judaism.
- October 1 – Independence Day in Nigeria.
- October 2 – Gandhi Jayanti in India.
- October 8
- Thanksgiving in Canada. Columbus Day in the USA.
- Battle of Angamos Day in Peru.
- October 12 – Columbus Day in Central and South America.
- October 23 – Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Anniversary in Hungary.
- October 31 – All Hallows' Eve, Halloween.
- November 1 – All Saints' Day. Samhain, a cross-quarter day. Neopagan New Year's Day.
- November 5 – Guy Fawkes Night in Commonwealth countries.
- November 9 – Diwali festival in India.
- November 11
- Remembrance Day in most Commonwealth countries, Veterans' Day in the USA.
- Independence Day in Poland.
- November 22 – Thanksgiving in the USA.
- November 30 – Saint Andrew's Day.
- December 1 – National Day in Romania.
- December 6 – Independence Day in Finland.
- December 11 – Independence Day in South Africa.
- December 16 – Independence Day in Kazakhstan.
- December 19 – Eid ul-Adha in Muslim countries.
- December 22 – Winter Solstice.
- December 23 – Festivus.
- December 25 – Christmas in Western Christianity.
- December 26 – Boxing Day in most Commonwealth countries.
- December 31 – New Year's Eve.
In fiction[link]
Main article: Works of fiction set in 2007
- Mega Man: Dr. Thomas Light is awarded the Nobel Prize for the creation of the Robot Master.
- Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty (2001): Solid Snake boards a vessel in New York City to photograph one Metal Gear.
- Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon 2 (2004): The second Korean War begins.
- Act of War: Direct Action (2005)
- Battlefield 2 (2005)
- Duke Nukem 3D (1996): Specifically, sometime in December.
- Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six 3: Raven Shield (2003)
- Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory (2005)
- Outcast (1999)
- Sin and Punishment (2000): Specifically, July 15
- Click (2006): Michael Newman (played by Adam Sandler) unwillingly fast forwards himself to 2007, when his next promotion occurs.
- Double Dragon (1994)
- The Jacket (2005)
- Paycheck (2003)
- The Forever War (1975): some events take place in 2007
- The Puppet Masters by Robert A. Heinlein (1951): Events take place in 2007, beginning on July 12.
- Dead Ernest (1980): Ernest (played by Andrew Sachs), is scheduled to die by God in 2007, in bed in Lyme Regis, Dorset, England.
- Macross Zero (2002): The VF-0 variable fighter is tested and events take place in 2007.
- Odyssey 5 (2002): Earth is destroyed on August 7. The consciousness of the surviving crew of the Space Shuttle Odyssey are sent back in time by a being known as The Seeker to prevent the destruction.
- Doctor Who: The episodes School Reunion, Rise of the Cybermen and The Age of Steel (aired 2006) take place between January 30 and February 2, the latter two in an alternate reality. Army of Ghosts and Doomsday likely take place later this year.
- Wild Palms (1993)
- Harry Potter: The eponymous character is promoted to head of the Auror Office of the British Ministry of Magic.
External links[link]
- 2007 Calendar at Internet Accuracy Project.
References[link]
- ^ "International Heliophysical Year". IHY. http://ihy2007.org/. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
- ^ "International Polar Year 2007-2008". IPY. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. http://www.ipy.org/. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
- ^ "2007 European Year of Equal Opportunities for All". Europa. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081013182813/http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/eyeq/index.cfm?language=EN. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
- ^ UNESCO names 2007 ‘Year of Rumi’ (Daily Times)
- ^ Year of the Dolphin website
- ^ "Celebration of anniversaries with which UNESCO will be associated in 2006-2007" (PDF). Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001457/145755M.pdf. Retrieved 2011-05-21.
- ^ "CNN.com – Transcripts". Transcripts.cnn.com. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0612/23/tww.01.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ^ "KBS Global". English.kbs.co.kr. http://english.kbs.co.kr/news/newsview_sub.php?menu=1&key=2007021324. Retrieved 2011-05-21.
- ^ "GENERAL ASSEMBLY PROCLAIMS 2008 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF LANGUAGES, IN EFFORT TO PROMOTE UNITY IN DIVERSITY, GLOBAL UNDERSTANDING". Un.org. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10592.doc.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-21.
- ^ "Researchers Find 2,100 Year Old Melon". Yahoo News. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070601/ap_on_fe_st/japan_oldest_melon;_ylt=ApRgC.q7xY7jDAOUFbldew0PLBIF. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
- ^ "'Harry Potter' tale is fastest-selling book in history". International Herald Tribune. 2007-07-23. Archived from the original on 3 June 2011. http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/07/23/business/potter.php. Retrieved 2011-05-21.
- ^ "Vatican beatifies 498 Spanish martyrs". Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 30 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071030054521/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071028/ap_on_re_eu/vatican_spain_beatifications. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
http://wn.com/2007
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the biography, see Steve Jobs (book).
| Steve Jobs | |
|---|---|
 Jobs holding a white iPhone 4 at Worldwide Developers Conference 2010 |
|
| Born | Steven Paul Jobs (1955-02-24)February 24, 1955[1][2] San Francisco, California, U.S.[1][2] |
| Died | October 5, 2011(2011-10-05) (aged 56)[2] Palo Alto, California, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Pancreatic cancer |
| Nationality | American |
| Ethnicity | Syrian, German[3] |
| Alma mater | Reed College (dropped out) |
| Occupation | Co-founder, Chairman and CEO, Apple Inc. Co-founder and CEO, Pixar Co-founder and CEO, NeXT Inc. |
| Years active | 1974–2011 |
| Board member of | The Walt Disney Company[4] Apple Inc. |
| Religion | Zen Buddhism |
| Spouse | Laurene Powell (1991–2011, his death) |
| Children | Lisa Brennan-Jobs Reed Erin Eve |
| Relatives | Mona Simpson (sister) |
| Signature |  |
Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs (/ˈdʒɒbz/; February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011)[5][6] was an American businessman, designer and inventor. He is best known as the co-founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Apple Inc. Through Apple, he was widely recognized as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution[7][8] and for his influential career in the computer and consumer electronics fields. Jobs also co-founded and served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, when Disney acquired Pixar.
In the late 1970s, Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak engineered one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the Apple II series. Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa and, one year later, the Macintosh. During this period he also led efforts that would begin the desktop publishing revolution, notably through the introduction of the LaserWriter and the associated PageMaker software.[9]
After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs left Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher-education and business markets. In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm, which was spun off as Pixar.[10] He was credited in Toy Story (1995) as an executive producer. He remained CEO and majority shareholder at 50.1 percent until its acquisition by The Walt Disney Company in 2006,[11] making Jobs Disney's largest individual shareholder at seven percent and a member of Disney's Board of Directors.[12][13]
After difficulties developing a new Mac operating system, Apple purchased NeXT in 1996 in order to use NeXTSTEP as the basis for what became Mac OS X.[14] As part of the deal Jobs was named Apple advisor. As Apple floundered, Jobs took control of the company and was named "interim CEO" in 1997, or as he jokingly referred to it, "iCEO". Under his leadership, Apple was saved from near bankruptcy, and became profitable by 1998.[15][16] Over the next decade, Jobs oversaw the development of the iMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone, and iPad, and on the services side, the company's Apple Retail Stores, iTunes Store and the App Store.[17] The success of these products and services, providing several years of stable financial returns, propelled Apple to become the world's most valuable publicly traded company in 2011.[18] The reinvigoration of the company is regarded by many commentators as one of the greatest turnarounds in business history.[19][20][21]
In 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with a pancreas neuroendocrine tumor. Though it was initially treated, he reported a hormone imbalance, underwent a liver transplant in 2009, and appeared progressively thinner as his health declined.[22] On medical leave for most of 2011, Jobs resigned as Apple CEO in August that year and was elected Chairman of the Board. He died of respiratory arrest related to his metastatic tumor on October 5, 2011.
Jobs has received a number of honors and public recognition for his influence in the technology and music industries. He has widely been referred to as "legendary", a "futurist" or simply "visionary",[23][24][25][26] and has been described as the "Father of the Digital Revolution",[27] a "master of innovation",[28][29] and a "design perfectionist".[30][31]
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Early life and education[link]
Steven Paul Jobs was born in San Francisco on February 24, 1955 to two university students, Joanne Carole Schieble and Syrian-born Abdulfattah "John" Jandali (Arabic: عبدالفتاح جندلي), who were both unmarried at the time.[32] Jandali, who was teaching in Wisconsin when Steve was born in 1955, said he had no choice but to put the baby up for adoption because his girlfriend's family objected to their relationship.[33] The baby was adopted at birth by Paul Reinhold Jobs (1922–1993) and Clara Jobs (1924–1986), an Armenian-American[3] whose maiden name was Hagopian.[34] Later, when asked about his "adoptive parents," Jobs replied emphatically that Paul and Clara Jobs "were my parents."[35] He stated in his authorized biography that they "were my parents 1,000%."[36] Unknown to him, his biological parents would subsequently marry (December 1955), have a second child Mona Simpson in 1957, and divorce in 1962.[36]
The Jobs family moved from San Francisco to Mountain View, California when Steve was five years old.[1][2] The parents later adopted a daughter, Patti. Paul was a machinist for a company that made lasers, and taught his son rudimentary electronics and how to work with his hands.[1] The father showed Steve how to work on electronics in the family garage, demonstrating to his son how to take apart and rebuild electronics such as radios and televisions. As a result, Steve became interested in and developed a hobby of technical tinkering.[37]
Clara was an accountant[35] who taught him to read before he went to school.[1] Clara Jobs had been a payroll clerk for Varian Associates, one of the first high-tech firms in what became known as Silicon Valley.[38]
Jobs's youth was riddled with frustrations over formal schooling. At Monta Loma Elementary school in Mountain View, he was a prankster whose fourth-grade teacher needed to bribe him to study. Jobs tested so well, however, that administrators wanted to skip him ahead to high school—a proposal his parents declined.[39]
Jobs then attended Cupertino Junior High and Homestead High School in Cupertino, California.[2] At Homestead, Jobs became friends with Bill Fernandez, a neighbor who shared the same interests in electronics. Fernandez introduced Jobs to another, older computer whiz kid, Stephen Wozniak (also known as "Woz"). In 1969 Woz started building a little computer board with Fernandez that they named “The Cream Soda Computer”, which they showed to Jobs; he seemed really interested.[40] Jobs frequented after-school lectures at the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto, California, and was later hired there, working with Wozniak as a summer employee.[41]
Following high school graduation in 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Reed was an expensive college which Paul and Clara could ill afford. They were spending much of their life savings on their son’s higher education.[40] Jobs dropped out of college after six months and spent the next 18 months dropping in on creative classes, including a course on calligraphy.[42] He continued auditing classes at Reed while sleeping on the floor in friends' dorm rooms, returning Coke bottles for food money, and getting weekly free meals at the local Hare Krishna temple.[43] Jobs later said, "If I had never dropped in on that single calligraphy course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts."[43]
Early career[link]
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In 1974, Jobs took a job as a technician at Atari, Inc. in Los Gatos, California.[44] He traveled to India in mid-1974[45] to visit Neem Karoli Baba[46] at his Kainchi Ashram with a Reed College friend (and, later, an early Apple employee), Daniel Kottke, in search of spiritual enlightenment. When they got to the Neem Karoli ashram, it was almost deserted as Neem Karoli Baba had died in September 1973.[44] Then they made a long trek up a dry riverbed to an ashram of Hariakhan Baba. In India, they spent a lot of time on bus rides from Delhi to Uttar Pradesh and back, then up to Himachal Pradesh and back.[44]
After staying for seven months, Jobs left India[47] and returned to the US ahead of Daniel Kottke.[44] Jobs had changed his appearance; his head was shaved and he wore traditional Indian clothing.[48][49] During this time, Jobs experimented with psychedelics, later calling his LSD experiences "one of the two or three most important things [he had] done in [his] life".[50] He also became a serious practitioner of Zen Buddhism, engaged in lengthy meditation retreats at the Tassajara Zen Mountain Center, the oldest Sōtō Zen monastery in the US.[51] He considered taking up monastic residence at Eihei-ji in Japan, and maintained a lifelong appreciation for Zen.[52] Jobs would later say that people around him who did not share his countercultural roots could not fully relate to his thinking.[50]
Jobs then returned to Atari, and was assigned to create a circuit board for the arcade video game Breakout. According to Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell, Atari offered $100 for each chip that was eliminated in the machine. At that time, Jobs had little specialized knowledge of circuit board design and made a deal with Wozniak to split the fee evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari engineers, Wozniak reduced the number of chips by 50, a design so tight that it was impossible to reproduce on an assembly line.[further explanation needed] According to Wozniak, Jobs told him that Atari gave them only $700 (instead of the offered $5,000), and that Wozniak's share was thus $350.[53] Wozniak did not learn about the actual bonus until ten years later, but said that if Jobs had told him about it and had said he needed the money, Wozniak would have given it to him.[54]
In the early 1970s, Jobs and Wozniak were drawn to technology like a magnet. Wozniak had designed a low-cost digital "blue box" to generate the necessary tones to manipulate the telephone network, allowing free long-distance calls. Jobs decided that they could make money selling it. The clandestine sales of the illegal "blue boxes" went well, and perhaps planted the seed in Jobs's mind that electronics could be fun and profitable.[55]
In 1976, Jobs and Wozniak formed their own business, which they named “Apple Computer Company” in remembrance of a happy summer Jobs had spent picking apples. At first they started off selling circuit boards, but eventually they produced a complete computer prototype.[56] Jobs began attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club with Wozniak in 1975.[2] He greatly admired Edwin H. Land, the inventor of instant photography and founder of Polaroid Corporation, and would explicitly model his own career after that of Land's.[57][58]
Career[link]
Apple Computer[link]
See also: History of Apple
Jobs and Steve Wozniak met in 1971, when their mutual friend, Bill Fernandez, introduced 21-year-old Wozniak to 16-year-old Jobs. In 1976, Wozniak invented the Apple I computer. Jobs, Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne founded Apple computer in the garage of Jobs's parents in order to sell it.[59] They received funding from a then-semi-retired Intel product-marketing manager and engineer Mike Markkula.[60]
In 1978, Apple recruited Mike Scott from National Semiconductor to serve as CEO for what turned out to be several turbulent years. In 1983, Jobs lured John Sculley away from Pepsi-Cola to serve as Apple's CEO, asking, "Do you want to sell sugar water for the rest of your life, or do you want to come with me and change the world?"[61]
In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa. One year later, Apple employee Jef Raskin invented the Macintosh.[62][63]
The following year, Apple aired a Super Bowl television commercial titled "1984". At Apple's annual shareholders meeting on January 24, 1984, an emotional Jobs introduced the Macintosh to a wildly enthusiastic audience; Andy Hertzfeld described the scene as "pandemonium".[64]
While Jobs was a persuasive and charismatic director for Apple, some of his employees from that time described him as an erratic and temperamental manager. Disappointing sales caused a deterioration in Jobs's working relationship with Sculley and it eventually became a power struggle between Jobs and Sculley.[65] Jobs kept meetings running past midnight, sent out lengthy faxes, then called new meetings at 7:00 am.[66]
Sculley learned that Jobs—believing Sculley to be "bad for Apple" and the wrong person to lead the company—had been attempting to organize a boardroom coup, and on May 24, 1985, called a board meeting to resolve the matter.[65] Apple's board of directors sided with Sculley and removed Jobs from his managerial duties as head of the Macintosh division.[67][68] Jobs resigned from Apple five months later[65] and founded NeXT Inc. the same year.[66][69]
In a speech Jobs gave at Stanford University in 2005, he said being fired from Apple was the best thing that could have happened to him; "The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life." And he added, "I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful-tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it."[43][70][71]
NeXT Computer[link]
See also: NeXT
After leaving Apple, Jobs founded NeXT Computer in 1985, with $7 million. A year later, Jobs was running out of money, and with no product on the horizon, he appealed for venture capital. Eventually, he attracted the attention of billionaire Ross Perot who invested heavily in the company.[72] NeXT workstations were first released in 1990, priced at $9,999. Like the Apple Lisa, the NeXT workstation was technologically advanced, but was largely dismissed as cost-prohibitive by the educational sector for which it was designed.[73] The NeXT workstation was known for its technical strengths, chief among them its object-oriented software development system. Jobs marketed NeXT products to the financial, scientific, and academic community, highlighting its innovative, experimental new technologies, such as the Mach kernel, the digital signal processor chip, and the built-in Ethernet port. Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web on a NeXT computer at CERN.[74]
The revised, second-generation NeXTcube was released in 1990, also. Jobs touted it as the first "interpersonal" computer that would replace the personal computer. With its innovative NeXTMail multimedia email system, NeXTcube could share voice, image, graphics, and video in email for the first time. "Interpersonal computing is going to revolutionize human communications and groupwork", Jobs told reporters.[75] Jobs ran NeXT with an obsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced by the development of and attention to NeXTcube's magnesium case.[76] This put considerable strain on NeXT's hardware division, and in 1993, after having sold only 50,000 machines, NeXT transitioned fully to software development with the release of NeXTSTEP/Intel.[77] The company reported its first profit of $1.03 million in 1994.[72] In 1996, NeXT Software, Inc. released WebObjects, a framework for Web application development. After NeXT was acquired by Apple Inc. in 1997, WebObjects was used to build and run the Apple Store,[77] MobileMe services, and the iTunes Store.
Pixar and Disney[link]
In 1986, Jobs bought The Graphics Group (later renamed Pixar) from Lucasfilm's computer graphics division for the price of $10 million, $5 million of which was given to the company as capital.[78]
The first film produced by the partnership, Toy Story, with Jobs credited as executive producer,[79] brought fame and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released in 1995. Over the next 15 years, under Pixar's creative chief John Lasseter, the company produced box-office hits A Bug's Life (1998); Toy Story 2 (1999); Monsters, Inc. (2001); Finding Nemo (2003); The Incredibles (2004); Cars (2006); Ratatouille (2007); WALL-E (2008); Up (2009); and Toy Story 3 (2010). Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Ratatouille, WALL-E, Up and Toy Story 3 each received the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, an award introduced in 2001.[80]
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In the years 2003 and 2004, as Pixar's contract with Disney was running out, Jobs and Disney chief executive Michael Eisner tried but failed to negotiate a new partnership,[82] and in early 2004, Jobs announced that Pixar would seek a new partner to distribute its films after its contract with Disney expired.
In October 2005, Bob Iger replaced Eisner at Disney, and Iger quickly worked to patch up relations with Jobs and Pixar. On January 24, 2006, Jobs and Iger announced that Disney had agreed to purchase Pixar in an all-stock transaction worth $7.4 billion. When the deal closed, Jobs became The Walt Disney Company's largest single shareholder with approximately seven percent of the company's stock.[12] Jobs's holdings in Disney far exceeded those of Eisner, who holds 1.7 percent, and of Disney family member Roy E. Disney, who until his 2009 death held about one percent of the company's stock and whose criticisms of Eisner — especially that he soured Disney's relationship with Pixar — accelerated Eisner's ousting. Jobs joined the company's board of directors upon completion of the merger and also helped oversee Disney and Pixar's combined animation businesses from a seat on a special six-person steering committee.[83] Upon Jobs's death his shares in Disney were transferred to the Steven P. Jobs Trust led by Laurene Jobs.[84]
Return to Apple[link]
In 1996, Apple announced that it would buy NeXT for $427 million. The deal was finalized in late 1996,[85] bringing Jobs back to the company he co-founded. Jobs became de facto chief after then-CEO Gil Amelio was ousted in July 1997. He was formally named interim chief executive in September.[86] In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs terminated a number of projects, such as Newton, Cyberdog, and OpenDoc. In the coming months, many employees developed a fear of encountering Jobs while riding in the elevator, "afraid that they might not have a job when the doors opened. The reality was that Jobs's summary executions were rare, but a handful of victims was enough to terrorize a whole company."[87] Jobs also changed the licensing program for Macintosh clones, making it too costly for the manufacturers to continue making machines.
With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology found its way into Apple products, most notably NeXTSTEP, which evolved into Mac OS X. Under Jobs's guidance, the company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the iMac and other new products; since then, appealing designs and powerful branding have worked well for Apple. At the 2000 Macworld Expo, Jobs officially dropped the "interim" modifier from his title at Apple and became permanent CEO.[88] Jobs quipped at the time that he would be using the title "iCEO".[89]
The company subsequently branched out, introducing and improving upon other digital appliances. With the introduction of the iPod portable music player, iTunes digital music software, and the iTunes Store, the company made forays into consumer electronics and music distribution. On June 29, 2007, Apple entered the cellular phone business with the introduction of the iPhone, a multi-touch display cell phone, which also included the features of an iPod and, with its own mobile browser, revolutionized the mobile browsing scene. While stimulating innovation, Jobs also reminded his employees that "real artists ship".[90]
Jobs was both admired and criticized for his consummate skill at persuasion and salesmanship, which has been dubbed the "reality distortion field" and was particularly evident during his keynote speeches (colloquially known as "Stevenotes") at Macworld Expos and at Apple Worldwide Developers Conferences. In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of Apple's poor recycling programs for e-waste in the US by lashing out at environmental and other advocates at Apple's Annual Meeting in Cupertino in April. A few weeks later, Apple announced it would take back iPods for free at its retail stores. The Computer TakeBack Campaign responded by flying a banner from a plane over the Stanford University graduation at which Jobs was the commencement speaker.[43] The banner read "Steve, don't be a mini-player—recycle all e-waste".
In 2006, he further expanded Apple's recycling programs to any US customer who buys a new Mac. This program includes shipping and "environmentally friendly disposal" of their old systems.[91]
Resignation[link]
In August 2011, Jobs resigned as CEO of Apple, but remained with the company as chairman of the company's board.[92][93] Hours after the announcement, Apple Inc. (AAPL) shares dropped five percent in after-hours trading.[94] This relatively small drop, when considering the importance of Jobs to Apple, was associated with the fact that his health had been in the news for several years, and he had been on medical leave since January 2011.[95] It was believed, according to Forbes, that the impact would be felt in a negative way beyond Apple, including at The Walt Disney Company where Jobs served as director.[96] In after-hours trading on the day of the announcement, Walt Disney Co. (DIS) shares dropped 1.5 percent.[97]
Business life[link]
Wealth[link]
Jobs earned only $1 a year as CEO of Apple,[98] Jobs held 5.426 million Apple shares worth $2.1 billion, as well as 138 million shares in Disney (which he received in exchange for Disney's acquisition of Pixar) worth $4.4 billion.[99][100] Jobs quipped that the $1 per annum he was paid by Apple was based on attending one meeting for 50 cents while the other 50 cents was based on his performance.[101] Forbes estimated his net wealth at $8.3 billion in 2010, making him the 42nd wealthiest American.[102]
Stock options backdating issue[link]
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In 2001, Jobs was granted stock options in the amount of 7.5 million shares of Apple with an exercise price of $18.30. It was alleged that the options had been backdated, and that the exercise price should have been $21.10. It was further alleged that Jobs had thereby incurred taxable income of $20,000,000 that he did not report, and that Apple overstated its earnings by that same amount. As a result, Jobs potentially faced a number of criminal charges and civil penalties. The case was the subject of active criminal and civil government investigations,[103] though an independent internal Apple investigation completed on December 29, 2006, found that Jobs was unaware of these issues and that the options granted to him were returned without being exercised in 2003.[104]
On July 1, 2008, a $7-billion class action suit was filed against several members of the Apple Board of Directors for revenue lost due to the alleged securities fraud.[105][106]
Management style[link]
Jobs was a demanding perfectionist[107][108] who always aspired to position his businesses and their products at the forefront of the information technology industry by foreseeing and setting trends, at least in innovation and style. He summed up that self-concept at the end of his keynote speech at the Macworld Conference and Expo in January 2007, by quoting ice hockey player Wayne Gretzky
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There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. 'I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been.' And we've always tried to do that at Apple. Since the very very beginning. And we always will.[109]
Much was made of Jobs's aggressive and demanding personality. Fortune wrote that he was "considered one of Silicon Valley's leading egomaniacs".[110] Commentaries on his temperamental style can be found in Michael Moritz's The Little Kingdom, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, by Alan Deutschman; and iCon: Steve Jobs, by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon. In 1993, Jobs made Fortune's list of America's Toughest Bosses in regard to his leadership of NeXT.
NeXT Cofounder Dan'l Lewin was quoted in Fortune as saying of that period, "The highs were unbelievable ... But the lows were unimaginable", to which Jobs's office replied that his personality had changed since then.[111]
In 2005, Jobs banned all books published by John Wiley & Sons from Apple Stores in response to their publishing an unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs.[112] In its 2010 annual earnings report, Wiley said it had "closed a deal ... to make its titles available for the iPad."[113] Jef Raskin, a former colleague, once said that Jobs "would have made an excellent king of France", alluding to Jobs's compelling and larger-than-life persona.[114] Floyd Norman said that at Pixar, Jobs was a "mature, mellow individual" and never interfered with the creative process of the filmmakers.[115]
Jobs had a public war of words with Dell Computer CEO Michael Dell, starting in 1987 when Jobs first criticized Dell for making "un-innovative beige boxes".[116] On October 6, 1997, in a Gartner Symposium, when Michael Dell was asked what he would do if he ran then-troubled Apple Computer, he said "I'd shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders."[117] In 2006, Jobs sent an email to all employees when Apple's market capitalization rose above Dell's. The email read:
Team, it turned out that Michael Dell wasn't perfect at predicting the future. Based on today's stock market close, Apple is worth more than Dell. Stocks go up and down, and things may be different tomorrow, but I thought it was worth a moment of reflection today. Steve.[118]
Jobs was also a board member at Gap Inc. from 1999 to 2002.[119]
Reality distortion field[link]
Main article: Reality distortion field
Apple's Bud Tribble coined the term "reality distortion field" in 1981, to describe Jobs's charisma and its effects on the developers working on the Macintosh project.[120] Tribble claimed that the term came from Star Trek.[120] Since then the term has also been used to refer to perceptions of Jobs's keynote speeches.[121]
The RDF was said by Andy Hertzfeld to be Steve Jobs's ability to convince himself and others to believe almost anything, using a mix of charm, charisma, bravado, hyperbole, marketing, appeasement, and persistence. Although the subject of criticism, Jobs's so-called reality distortion field was also recognized as creating a sense that the impossible was possible. Once the term became widely known, it was often used in the technology press to describe Jobs's sway over the public, particularly regarding new product announcements.[122][123]
Inventions and designs[link]
His design sense was greatly influenced by the Buddhism which he experienced in India while on a seven-month spiritual journey.[124] His sense of intuition was also influenced by the spiritual people with whom he studied.[124]
As of October 9, 2011 (2011 -10-09)[update], Jobs is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in 342 United States patents or patent applications related to a range of technologies from actual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including touch-based), speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, lanyards and packages. Most of these are design patents (specific product designs) as opposed to utility patents (inventions).[125][126] He has 43 issued US patents on inventions.[127] The patent on the Mac OS X Dock user interface with "magnification" feature was issued the day before he died.[128]
Applying his Triple F Model to Apple under Steve Jobs, Anand Kurian opines that Job's contribution in the area of pure ‘Function’ are less significant, but that his contribution in the areas of ‘Functionality’ and ‘Form’ are major and substantial.[129]
Apple I Computer[link]
Main article: Apple I
The first significant invention that Steve Jobs was involved in was the Apple I which came along in 1976. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, who was at the time working for HP, scraped together some cash for printed circuit boards. Then they planned to sell the machine as a kit for $666.66. A store called the Byte Shop ordered 50 fully assembled devices, and sold them all.[130] The Apple’s first computer was for hobbyists and engineers so it was made in small numbers.[131]
Apple II Computer[link]
Main article: Apple II
During 1976, Steve Wozniak began work on the Apple II, and left HP to join Apple computer. In March 1977, Apple Computer moved from Jobs's garage to an office in Cupertino. Apple Computer delivered its first Apple II system, for US$1295 in April 1977.[132] Steve Jobs once said the Apple II could be described as an "appliance" computer. The Apple II was the first computer to be enclosed in plastic.[133] Jobs insisted that molded plastic was essential to the computer as a consumer item. The Apple II was “elegantly styled" and it became compared to an "overgrown pocket calculator".[134]
Ten months after its introduction, Apple Computer began work on an enhanced Apple II with custom chips, code-named Annie, in 1978. At the same year, they began work on a supercomputer named Lisa; it featured a bit-sliced architecture. After two and a half years, 50,000 Apple II units had been sold until 1979. Nearly one-third of Canadians credited the Apple II as the first personal computer which having the most impact on society.[135]
The Macintosh Computer[link]
The Macintosh was introduced in January 1984. The computer had no “Mac” name on the front, but rather just the Apple logo.[130] The Macintosh have a friendly appearance since it was meant to be easy to use. The disk drive is below the display, the Macintosh was taller, narrower, more symmetrical, and far more suggestive of a face. The Macintosh was identified as a computer that ordinary people could understand.[136]
The NeXT Computer[link]
Main article: NeXT Computer
After Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985, he started a company that built workstation computers. The NeXT Computer was introduced in 1989. Sir Tim Berners-Lee created the world’s first web browser on the NeXT Computer. The NeXT Computer was the basis for today’s Macintosh OS X and iPhone operating system (iOS).[137]
iMac[link]
Main article: IMac
Apple iMac was introduced in 1998 and its innovative design was directly the result of Jobs's return to Apple. Apple boasted "the back of our computer looks better than the front of anyone else's".[138] Described as "cartoonlike" the first iMac, clad in Bondi Blue plastic, was unlike any personal computer that came before. In 1999, Apple introduced Graphite gray Apple iMac and since has switched to all-white. Design ideas were intended to create a connection with the user such as the handle and a breathing light effect when the computer went to sleep..[139] The Apple iMac sold for $1,299 at that time. There was some technical revolutions for iMac too. The USB ports being the only device inputs on the iMac. So the iMac’s success helped popularize the interface among third party peripheral makers, which is evidenced by the fact that many early USB peripherals were made of translucent plastic to match the iMac design.[140]
iPod[link]
Main article: IPod
The first generation of iPod was released October 23, 2001. The major innovation of the iPod was its small size achieved by using a 1.8" hard drive compared to the 2.5" drives common to players at that time. The capacity of the first generation iPod ranged from 5G to 10 Gigabytes.[141] The iPod sold for US$399 and more than 100,000 iPods were sold before the end of 2001. The introduction of the iPod resulted in Apple becoming a major player in the music industry.[142] Also, the iPod’s success prepared the way for the iTunes music store and the iPhone.[131] After the 1st generation of iPod, Apple released the hard drive-based iPod classic, the touchscreen iPod Touch, video-capable iPod Nano, screenless iPod Shuffle in the following years.[142]
iPhone[link]
Main article: IPhone
Jobs began work on the first iPhone in 2005 and the first iPhone was released on June 29, 2007. The iPhone created such a sensation that a survey indicated six out of ten Americans were aware of its release. Time magazine declared it "Invention of the Year" for 2007.[143] The Apple iPhone is a small device with multimedia capabilities and functions as a quad-band touch screen smartphone.[144] A year later, the iPhone 3G was released in July 2008 with the key feature was support for GPS, 3G data and quad-band UMTS/HSDPA. In June 2009, the iPhone 3GS, added voice control, a better camera, and a faster processor was introduced by Phil Schiller.[145] iPhone 4 was thinner than previous models, had a five megapixel camera which can record videos in 720p HD, and added a secondary front facing camera for video calls.[146] A major feature of the iPhone 4S, introduced in October 2011, was Siri, which is a virtual assistant that is capable of voice recognition.[143]
Philanthropy[link]
Arik Hesseldahl of BusinessWeek magazine stated that "Jobs isn't widely known for his association with philanthropic causes", compared to Bill Gates's efforts.[147] In contrast to Gates, Jobs did not sign the Giving Pledge of Warren Buffett which challenged the world’s richest billionaires to give at least half their wealth to charity.[148] In an interview with Playboy in 1985, Jobs said in respect to money that “the challenges are to figure out how to live with it and to reinvest it back into the world which means either giving it away or using it to express your concerns or values.”[149] Jobs also added that when he has some time we would start a public foundation but for now he does charitable acts privately.[150]
After resuming control of Apple in 1997, Jobs eliminated all corporate philanthropy programs initially.[151] Jobs’s friends told The New York Times that he felt that expanding Apple would have done more good than giving money to charity.[152] Later, under Jobs, Apple signed to participate in Product Red program, producing red versions of devices to give profits from sales to charity. Apple has gone on to become the largest contributor to the charity since its initial involvement with it. The chief of the Product Red project, singer Bono cited Jobs saying there was "nothing better than the chance to save lives," when he initially approached Apple with the invitation to participate in the program.[153] Through its sales, Apple has been the largest contributor to the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, according to Bono.[154]
Personal life[link]
Jobs's birth parents met at the University of Wisconsin. Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, a Syrian Muslim,[155] taught there. Joanne Carole Schieble was his student; they were the same age because Jandali had "gotten his PhD really young." [156][157][158] Schieble had a career as a speech language pathologist. Jandali taught political science at the University of Nevada in the 1960s, and then made his career in the food and beverage industry, and since 2006, has been a vice president at a casino in Reno, Nevada.[159][160] In December 1955, ten months after giving up their baby boy, Schieble and Jandali married. In 1957 they had a daughter, Mona. They divorced in 1962, and Jandali lost touch with his daughter.[161] Her mother remarried and had Mona take the surname of her stepfather, so she became known as Mona Simpson.[157]
In the 1980s, Jobs found his birth mother, Joanne Schieble Simpson, who told him he had a biological sister, Mona Simpson. They met for the first time in 1985[161] and became close friends. The siblings kept their relationship secret until 1986, when Mona introduced him at a party for her first book.[35]
After deciding to search for their father, Simpson found Jandali managing a coffee shop. Without knowing who his son had become, Jandali told Mona that he had previously managed a popular restaurant in the Silicon Valley where "Even Steve Jobs used to eat there. Yeah, he was a great tipper." In a taped interview with his biographer Walter Isaacson, aired on 60 Minutes,[162] Jobs said: "When I was looking for my biological mother, obviously, you know, I was looking for my biological father at the same time, and I learned a little bit about him and I didn't like what I learned. I asked her to not tell him that we ever met...not tell him anything about me."[163] Jobs was in occasional touch with his mother Joanne Simpson,[151][164] who lives in a nursing home in Los Angeles.[157] When speaking about his biological parents, Jobs stated: "They were my sperm and egg bank. That's not harsh, it's just the way it was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more."[36] Jandali stated in an interview with the The Sun in August 2011, that his efforts to contact Jobs were unsuccessful. Jandali mailed in his medical history after Jobs's pancreatic disorder was made public that year.[165][166][167]
In her eulogy to Jobs at his memorial service, Mona Simpson stated:
- I grew up as an only child, with a single mother. Because we were poor and because I knew my father had emigrated from Syria, I imagined he looked like Omar Sharif. I hoped he would be rich and kind and would come into our lives (and our not yet furnished apartment) and help us. Later, after I'd met my father, I tried to believe he'd changed his number and left no forwarding address because he was an idealistic revolutionary, plotting a new world for the Arab people. Even as a feminist, my whole life I'd been waiting for a man to love, who could love me. For decades, I'd thought that man would be my father. When I was 25, I met that man and he was my brother.[161]
Jobs's first child, Lisa Brennan-Jobs, was born in 1978, the daughter of his longtime partner Chris Ann Brennan, a Bay Area painter.[151] For two years, she raised their daughter on welfare while Jobs denied paternity by claiming he was sterile; he later acknowledged Lisa as his daughter.[151] Jobs later married Laurene Powell on March 18, 1991, in a ceremony at the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park. Presiding over the wedding was Kobun Chino Otogawa, a Zen Buddhist monk. Their son, Reed, was born September 1991, followed by daughters Erin in August 1995, and Eve in 1998.[168] The family lives in Palo Alto, California.[169]
In the unauthorized biography, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, author Alan Deutschman reports that Jobs once dated Joan Baez. Deutschman quotes Elizabeth Holmes, a friend of Jobs from his time at Reed College, as saying she "believed that Steve became the lover of Joan Baez in large measure because Baez had been the lover of Bob Dylan" (Dylan was the Apple icon's favorite musician). In another unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon, the authors suggest that Jobs might have married Baez, but her age at the time (41) meant it was unlikely the couple could have children.
Jobs was also a fan of The Beatles. He referred to them on multiple occasions at Keynotes and also was interviewed on a showing of a Paul McCartney concert. When asked about his business model on 60 Minutes, he replied:
My model for business is The Beatles: They were four guys that kept each other's negative tendencies in check; they balanced each other. And the total was greater than the sum of the parts. Great things in business are never done by one person, they are done by a team of people.[170]
In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment in The San Remo, an apartment building in New York City with a politically progressive reputation, where Demi Moore, Steven Spielberg, Steve Martin, and Princess Yasmin Aga Khan, daughter of Rita Hayworth, also had apartments. With the help of I.M. Pei, Jobs spent years renovating his apartment in the top two floors of the building's north tower, only to sell it almost two decades later to U2 singer Bono. Jobs never moved in.[171][172]
In 1984, Jobs purchased the Jackling House, a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m2), 14-bedroom Spanish Colonial mansion designed by George Washington Smith in Woodside, California. Although it reportedly remained in an almost unfurnished state, Jobs lived in the mansion for almost ten years. According to reports, he kept a 1966 BMW R60/2 motorcycle in the living room, and let Bill Clinton use it in 1998. From the early 1990s, Jobs lived in a house in the Old Palo Alto neighborhood of Palo Alto. President Clinton dined with Jobs and 14 Silicon Valley CEOs there on August 7, 1996, at a meal catered by Greens Restaurant.[173][174] Clinton returned the favor and Jobs, who was a Democratic donor, slept in the Lincoln bedroom of the White House.[175]
Jobs allowed Jackling House to fall into a state of disrepair, planning to demolish the house and build a smaller home on the property; but he met with complaints from local preservationists over his plans. In June 2004, the Woodside Town Council gave Jobs approval to demolish the mansion, on the condition that he advertise the property for a year to see if someone would move it to another location and restore it. A number of people expressed interest, including several with experience in restoring old property, but no agreements to that effect were reached. Later that same year, a local preservationist group began seeking legal action to prevent demolition. In January 2007, Jobs was denied the right to demolish the property, by a court decision.[176] The court decision was overturned on appeal in March 2010, and the mansion was demolished beginning in February 2011.[177]
Jobs usually wore a black long-sleeved mock turtleneck made by Issey Miyake (that was sometimes reported to be made by St. Croix), Levi's 501 blue jeans, and New Balance 991 sneakers.[178][179] Jobs told Walter Isaacson "...he came to like the idea of having a uniform for himself, both because of its daily convenience (the rationale he claimed) and its ability to convey a signature style." [180] He was a pescetarian.[181]
Jobs's car was a silver Mercedes-Benz SL 55 AMG, which did not display its license plates, as he took advantage of a California law which gives a maximum of six months for new vehicles to receive plates; Jobs leased a new SL every six months.[182]
In a 2011 interview with biographer Walter Isaacson, Jobs revealed at one point he met with U.S. President Barack Obama, complained of the nation's shortage of software engineers, and told Mr. Obama that he was "headed for a one-term presidency." Jobs proposed that any foreign student who got an engineering degree at a U.S. university should automatically be offered a green card. After the meeting, Jobs commented, "The president is very smart, but he kept explaining to us reasons why things can't get done.... It infuriates me." [183]
Jobs contributed to a number of political candidates and causes during his life, giving $209,000 to Democrats, $45,700 to associated special interests and $1,000 to a Republican.[184]
Health issues[link]
In October 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with cancer,[185] and in mid-2004, he announced to his employees that he had a cancerous tumor in his pancreas.[186] The prognosis for pancreatic cancer is usually very poor;[187] Jobs stated that he had a rare, far less aggressive type known as islet cell neuroendocrine tumor.[186] Despite his diagnosis, Jobs resisted his doctors' recommendations for mainstream medical intervention for nine months,[151] instead consuming a special alternative medicine diet in an attempt to thwart the disease. According to Harvard researcher Dr. Ramzi Amir, his choice of alternative treatment "led to an unnecessarily early death."[185] According to Jobs's biographer, Walter Isaacson, "for nine months he refused to undergo surgery for his pancreatic cancer – a decision he later regretted as his health declined."[188] "Instead, he tried a vegan diet, acupuncture, herbal remedies and other treatments he found online, and even consulted a psychic. He also was influenced by a doctor who ran a clinic that advised juice fasts, bowel cleansings and other unproven approaches, before finally having surgery in July 2004."[189] He eventually underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy (or "Whipple procedure") in July 2004, that appeared to successfully remove the tumor.[190][191][192] Jobs apparently did not receive chemotherapy or radiation therapy.[186][193] During Jobs's absence, Tim Cook, head of worldwide sales and operations at Apple, ran the company.[186]
In early August 2006, Jobs delivered the keynote for Apple's annual Worldwide Developers Conference. His "thin, almost gaunt" appearance and unusually "listless" delivery,[194][195] together with his choice to delegate significant portions of his keynote to other presenters, inspired a flurry of media and Internet speculation about his health.[196] In contrast, according to an Ars Technica journal report, Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) attendees who saw Jobs in person said he "looked fine".[197] Following the keynote, an Apple spokesperson said that "Steve's health is robust."[198]
Two years later, similar concerns followed Jobs's 2008 WWDC keynote address.[199] Apple officials stated Jobs was victim to a "common bug" and was taking antibiotics,[200] while others surmised his cachectic appearance was due to the Whipple procedure.[193] During a July conference call discussing Apple earnings, participants responded to repeated questions about Jobs's health by insisting that it was a "private matter". Others, however, voiced the opinion that shareholders had a right to know more, given Jobs's hands-on approach to running his company.[201][202] The New York Times published an article based on an off-the-record phone conversation with Jobs, noting that "While his health problems amounted to a good deal more than 'a common bug', they weren't life-threatening and he doesn't have a recurrence of cancer."[203]
On August 28, 2008, Bloomberg mistakenly published a 2500-word obituary of Jobs in its corporate news service, containing blank spaces for his age and cause of death. (News carriers customarily stockpile up-to-date obituaries to facilitate news delivery in the event of a well-known figure's death.) Although the error was promptly rectified, many news carriers and blogs reported on it,[204] intensifying rumors concerning Jobs's health.[205] Jobs responded at Apple's September 2008 Let's Rock keynote by quoting Mark Twain: "Reports of my death are greatly exaggerated."[206] At a subsequent media event, Jobs concluded his presentation with a slide reading "110/70", referring to his blood pressure, stating he would not address further questions about his health.[207]
On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that marketing vice-president Phil Schiller would deliver the company's final keynote address at the Macworld Conference and Expo 2009, again reviving questions about Jobs's health.[208][209] In a statement given on January 5, 2009, on Apple.com,[210] Jobs said that he had been suffering from a "hormone imbalance" for several months.[211]
On January 14, 2009, in an internal Apple memo, Jobs wrote that in the previous week he had "learned that my health-related issues are more complex than I originally thought", and announced a six-month leave of absence until the end of June 2009, to allow him to better focus on his health. Tim Cook, who previously acted as CEO in Jobs's 2004 absence, became acting CEO of Apple,[212] with Jobs still involved with "major strategic decisions."[212]
In April 2009, Jobs underwent a liver transplant at Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute in Memphis, Tennessee.[213][214] Jobs's prognosis was described as "excellent".[213]
On January 17, 2011, a year and a half after Jobs returned from his liver transplant, Apple announced that he had been granted a medical leave of absence. Jobs announced his leave in a letter to employees, stating his decision was made "so he could focus on his health". As during his 2009 medical leave, Apple announced that Tim Cook would run day-to-day operations and that Jobs would continue to be involved in major strategic decisions at the company.[215][216] Despite the leave, he made appearances at the iPad 2 launch event (March 2), the WWDC keynote introducing iCloud (June 6), and before the Cupertino city council (June 7).[217]
Jobs announced his resignation as Apple's CEO on August 24, 2011. "Unfortunately, that day has come," wrote Jobs, for he could "no longer meet [his] duties and expectations as Apple's CEO". Jobs became chairman of the board and named Tim Cook his successor.[218][219] Jobs had worked for Apple until the day before his death.[220]
Death[link]
Jobs died at his California home around 3 p.m. on October 5, 2011, due to complications from a relapse of his previously treated islet-cell neuroendocrine pancreatic cancer,[2][221][222] resulting in respiratory arrest.[223] He had lost consciousness the day before, and died with his wife, children and sister at his side.[224]
Both Apple and Microsoft flew their flags at half-staff throughout their respective headquarters and campuses.[225][226] Bob Iger ordered all Disney properties, including Walt Disney World and Disneyland, to fly their flags at half-staff, from October 6 to 12, 2011.[227]
His death was announced by Apple in a statement which read:
We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs passed away today.Steve's brilliance, passion and energy were the source of countless innovations that enrich and improve all of our lives. The world is immeasurably better because of Steve.
His greatest love was for his wife, Laurene, and his family. Our hearts go out to them and to all who were touched by his extraordinary gifts.[228]
For two weeks following his death, Apple's corporate Web site displayed a simple page, showing Jobs's name and lifespan next to his grayscale portrait.[229] Clicking on the image led to an obituary, which read:
Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost an amazing human being. Those of us who have been fortunate enough to know and work with Steve have lost a dear friend and an inspiring mentor. Steve leaves behind a company that only he could have built, and his spirit will forever be the foundation of Apple.[229]
An email address was also posted for the public to share their memories, condolences, and thoughts.[230][231] Over a million tributes were sent, which are now displayed on the Steve Jobs memorial page.
Also dedicating its homepage to Jobs was Pixar, with a photo of Jobs, John Lasseter and Edwin Catmull, and the eulogy they wrote:[232]
Steve was an extraordinary visionary, our very dear friend, and our guiding light of the Pixar family. He saw the potential of what Pixar could be before the rest of us, and beyond what anyone ever imagined. Steve took a chance on us and believed in our crazy dream of making computer animated films; the one thing he always said was to 'make it great.' He is why Pixar turned out the way we did and his strength, integrity, and love of life has made us all better people. He will forever be part of Pixar's DNA. Our hearts go out to his wife Laurene and their children during this incredibly difficult time.[232]
A small private funeral was held on October 7, 2011, of which details were not revealed out of respect to Jobs's family.[233] Apple announced on the same day that they had no plans for a public service, but were encouraging "well-wishers" to send their remembrance messages to an email address created to receive such messages.[234] Sunday, October 16, 2011, was declared "Steve Jobs Day" by Governor Jerry Brown of California.[235] On that day, an invitation-only memorial was held at Stanford University. Those in attendance included Apple and other tech company executives, members of the media, celebrities, close friends of Jobs, and politicians, along with Jobs's family. Bono, Yo Yo Ma, and Joan Baez performed at the service, which lasted longer than an hour. The service was highly secured, with guards at all of the university's gates, and a helicopter flying overhead from an area news station.[236][237]
A private memorial service for Apple employees was held on October 19, 2011, on the Apple Campus in Cupertino. Present were Cook, Bill Campbell, Norah Jones, Al Gore, and Coldplay, and Jobs's widow, Laurene, was in attendance. Some of Apple's retail stores closed briefly so employees could attend the memorial. A video of the service is available on Apple's website.[238]
Jobs is buried at Alta Mesa Memorial Park, the only non-denominational cemetery in Palo Alto.[239][240]. He is survived by Laurene, his wife of 20 years, their three children, and Lisa Brennan-Jobs, his daughter from a previous relationship.[241] His family released a statement saying that he "died peacefully".[242][243] He "looked at his sister Patty, then for a long time at his children, then at his life's partner, Laurene, and then over their shoulders past them" (Mona Simpson). His last words, spoken hours before his death, were:
- "Oh wow. Oh wow. Oh wow."[161]
Media coverage[link]
Steve Jobs's death broke news headlines on ABC, CBS, and NBC. [244] Numerous newspapers around the world carried news of his death on their front pages the next day. Several notable people, including US President Barack Obama,[245] British Prime Minister David Cameron,[246] Microsoft founder Bill Gates,[247] and The Walt Disney Company's Bob Iger commented on the death of Jobs. Wired News collected reactions and posted them in tribute on their homepage.[248] Other statements of condolence were made by many of Jobs's friends and colleagues, such as Steve Wozniak and George Lucas.[249][250]
Major media published commemorative works. Time published a commemorative issue for Jobs on October 8, 2011. The issues cover featured a portrait of Jobs, taken by Norman Seeff, in which he is sitting in the lotus position holding the original Macintosh computer, first published in Rolling Stone in January 1984. The issue marked the eighth time Jobs has been featured on the cover of Time.[251] The issue included a photographic essay by Diana Walker, a retrospective on Apple by Harry McCracken and Lev Grossman, and a six-page essay by Walter Isaacson. Isaacson's essay served as a preview of his biography, Steve Jobs.[252]
Bloomberg Businessweek also published an commemorative, ad-free issue, featuring extensive essays by Steve Jurvetson, John Sculley, Sean Wisely, William Gibson, and Walter Isaacson. On its cover, Steve Jobs is pictured in gray scale, along with his name and lifespan.
Although reporters wrote glowing elegies after Jobs died, Los Angeles Times media critic James Rainey reported that they "came courtesy of reporters who—after deadline and off the record—would tell stories about a company obsessed with secrecy to the point of paranoia. They remind us how Apple shut down a youthful fanboy blogger, punished a publisher that dared to print an unauthorized Jobs biography and repeatedly ran afoul of the most basic tenets of a free press."[253]
Free software pioneer Richard Stallman drew attention to the tight corporate control Apple exercised over consumer computers and handheld devices, how Apple restricted news reporters, and persistently violated privacy: "Steve Jobs, the pioneer of the computer as a jail made cool, designed to sever fools from their freedom, has died".[254][255] Malcolm Gladwell in The New Yorker asserted that "Jobs's sensibility was editorial, not inventive. His gift lay in taking what was in front of him ... and ruthlessly refining it."[256]
Apple "has taken stances that, in my opinion, are outright hostile to the practice of journalism," said longtime Silicon Valley reporter Dan Gillmor.[253] Under Jobs, Apple sued three "small fry" bloggers who reported tips about the company and its unreleased products and tried to use the courts to force them to reveal their sources. Under Jobs, Apple even sued a teenager, Nicholas Ciarelli, who wrote enthusiastic speculation about Apple products beginning at age 13. His popular blog, ThinkSecret, was a play on Apple's slogan "Think Different." [253] Rainey wrote that Apple wanted to kill ThinkSecret as "It thought any leaks, even favorable ones, diluted the punch of its highly choreographed product launches with Jobs, in his iconic jeans and mock turtleneck outfit, as the star." [253]
Honors and public recognition[link]
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After Apple's founding, Jobs became a symbol of his company and industry. When Time named the computer as the 1982 "Machine of the Year", the magazine published a long profile of Jobs as "the most famous maestro of the micro".[257][258]
Jobs was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President Ronald Reagan in 1985, with Steve Wozniak (among the first people to ever receive the honor),[259] and a Jefferson Award for Public Service in the category "Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under" (also known as the Samuel S. Beard Award) in 1987.[260] On November 27, 2007, Jobs was named the most powerful person in business by Fortune magazine.[261] On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Jobs into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.[262]
In August 2009, Jobs was selected as the most admired entrepreneur among teenagers in a survey by Junior Achievement,[263] having previously been named Entrepreneur of the Decade 20 years earlier in 1989, by Inc. magazine.[264] On November 5, 2009, Jobs was named the CEO of the decade by Fortune magazine.[265]
In November 2010, Jobs was ranked No.17 on Forbes: The World's Most Powerful People.[266] In December 2010, the Financial Times named Jobs its person of the year for 2010, ending its essay [267] by stating, "In his autobiography, John Sculley, the former PepsiCo executive who once ran Apple, said this of the ambitions of the man he had pushed out: 'Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. This was a lunatic plan. High-tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product.'".[268] The Financial Times closed by rhetorically asking of this quote, "How wrong can you be."[267]
At the time of his resignation, and again after his death, Jobs was widely described as a visionary, pioneer and genius[269][270][271][272]—perhaps one of the foremost—in the field of business,[265][273] innovation,[274] and product design,[275] and a man who had profoundly changed the face of the modern world,[269][271][274] revolutionized at least six different industries,[270] and who was an "exemplar for all chief executives".[270] His death was widely mourned[274] and considered a loss to the world by commentators across the globe.[272]
After his resignation as Apple's CEO, Jobs was characterized as the Thomas Edison and Henry Ford of his time.[276][277] In his The Daily Show eulogy, Jon Stewart said that unlike others of Jobs's ilk, such as Thomas Edison or Henry Ford, Jobs died young. He felt that we had, in a sense, "wrung everything out of" these other men, but his feeling on Jobs was that "we're not done with you yet."[278]
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On December 21, 2011, Graphisoft company in Budapest presented the world's first bronze statue of Steve Jobs, calling him one of the greatest personalities of the modern age.[279]
In January 2012, when young adults (ages 16 – 25) were asked to identify the greatest innovator of all time, Steve Jobs placed second behind Thomas Edison.[280]
On February 12, 2012, Jobs was posthumously awarded the Grammy Trustees Award, an award for those who have influenced the music industry in areas unrelated to performance.[281]
In March 2012, global business magazine Fortune named Steve Jobs the "greatest entrepreneur of our time", describing him as "brilliant, visionary, inspiring", and "the quintessential entrepreneur of our generation".[282]
The Disney movie John Carter is dedicated to Jobs[283], as well as the Pixar film Brave.
Portrayals and coverage in books, film, and theater[link]
Books[link]
- The Little Kingdom (1984) by Michael Moritz, documenting the founding of (then) Apple Computer.
- The Second Coming of Steve Jobs (2001), by Alan Deutschman
- iCon: Steve Jobs (2005), by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon
- iWoz (2006), by Steve Wozniak, a co-founder of Apple. It is an autobiography of Steve Wozniak, but it covers much of Jobs's life and work at Apple.
- Steve Jobs (2011), an authorized biography written by Walter Isaacson.
- Inside Apple (2012), a book by Adam Lashinsky that reveals the secret systems, tactics, and leadership strategies that allowed Steve Jobs and his company to work.
Documentaries[link]
- The Machine That Changed the World – Part 3 of this 1992 five-part documentary, called The Paperback Computer, prominently featured Jobs and his role in the early days of Apple.
- Triumph of the Nerds – a 1996 three-part documentary for PBS, about the rise of the home computer/personal computer.
- Nerds 2.0.1 – a 1998 three-part documentary for PBS, (and sequel to Triumph of the Nerds) which chronicles the development of the Internet.
- iGenius: How Steve Jobs Changed the World – a 2011 Discovery Channel documentary hosted by Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman.[284]
- Steve Jobs: One Last Thing – a 2011 PBS documentary produced by Pioneer Productions.[285] A slightly shortened and localized[286] version of the show was broadcast[287] in the United Kingdom the following day titled, Steve Jobs: iChanged the World – on Channel 4.[288]
- In February 2012, the Federal Bureau of Investigation released a 191-page file on Steve Jobs. The report was compiled during a 1991 background investigation of Jobs by the FBI after former president George H. W. Bush recommended his appointment to the President's Export Council. It consists of interviews with co-workers, friends, family members and even neighbors of Jobs.[289]
Films[link]
- Jobs – an upcoming independent film by Joshua Michael Stern. Jobs will be portrayed by Ashton Kutcher.[290]
- Pirates of Silicon Valley – a 1999 TNT film which chronicles the rise of Apple and Microsoft from the early 1970s to 1997. Jobs is portrayed by Noah Wyle.[291]
Theater[link]
- The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs - The Public Theater, New York City, 2012, starring Mike Daisey.[292]
References[link]
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- Joan Ferrante (2012). Sociology: A Global Perspective. Cengage Learning. p. 218. http://books.google.ca/books?id=JwvxLLrXGuMC&pg=PA218.
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- "Steve Jobs Dies: He Was The Most Famous Arab in the World". International Business Times. 2011-10-05. http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/225891/20111005/steve-jobs-apple-dies-iphone-arab-syria.htm.
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Holson, Laura M. (January 25, 2006). "Disney Agrees to Acquire Pixar in a $7.4 Billion Deal". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/25/business/25disney.html. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
"Pixar Becomes Unit of Disney". The New York Times. Associated Press. May 6, 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/06/business/media/06pixar.html. Retrieved January 17, 2010. - ^ "Life after Steve Jobs: What to Expect from the Next Generation at Apple". Knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu. http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=2859. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
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- ^ Nick Bilton, "Apple Is the Most Valuable Company", New York Times, 9 August 2011
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- ^ "Steve Jobs – A Farewell to the Legendary Icon". Business Today. 2011-10-07. http://www.businesstoday-eg.com/management/united-states/steve-jobs-a-farewell-to-the-legendary-icon.html. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
- ^ "The Traits That Made Steve Jobs Legendary". Consumer Evangelists. 2011-10-14. http://www.consumerevangelists.com/the-traits-that-made-steve-jobs-legendary/. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
- ^ "The Life and Times of the Legendary Steve Jobs". BusinessDictionary. 2012-03-15. http://www.everythingicafe.com/fortune-names-steve-jobs-greatest-entrepreneur-of-our-time/2012/03/26/. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
- ^ "Why Legendary is Synonymous With Steve Jobs". Design TAXI. 2012-10-05. http://www.everythingicafe.com/fortune-names-steve-jobs-greatest-entrepreneur-of-our-time/2012/03/26/. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
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- ^ "What is the story about Paul and Clara Jobs, Steve Jobs' adoptive parents?". Quora.com. http://www.quora.com/Steve-Jobs/What-is-the-story-about-Paul-and-Clara-Jobs-Steve-Jobs-adoptive-parents. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
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Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. That's why it hired a soft-drinks guy in the first place. By now, however, I knew this was a lunatic plan; our race to realize it had been a death march. Technology companies are only superficially in the same category as consumer products companies. We couldn't bend reality to all our dreams of changing the world. The world would also have to change us. Our perspective had been hopelessly wrong. High tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product. The consumer business had collapsed at the end of 1984. Most people who bought computers stuffed them in the closet because balancing a checkbook wasn't reason enough to flick on the switch. Consumers weren't ready to put computers in their homes as easily as they installed telephones, refrigerators, televisions, and even Cuisinarts. They weren't willing to pay a couple of thousand dollars for something they didn't know what to do with.—John Sculley and John A. Byrne, Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple – a journey of adventure, ideas and the future, Harper & Row, 1987
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- ^ a b "Steve Jobs statue unveiled in Hungary science park". GlobalPost. December 21, 2011. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/weird-wide-web/steve-jobs-apple-iphone-statue-budapest-hungary-graphisoft. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
- ^ "Thomas Edison, Steve Jobs top young adult list of greatest innovators". Los Angeles Times. 2012-01-27. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/01/thomas-edison-steve-jobs-top-young-adult-list-of-greatest-innovators.html. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
- ^ Arico, Joe (December 22, 2011). "Steve Jobs Wins Special Grammy". Mobiledia.com. http://www.mobiledia.com/news/121854.html. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
- ^ "Fortune Names Steve Jobs "Greatest Entrepreneur Of Our Time"". Fortune. 2012-03-26. http://www.everythingicafe.com/fortune-names-steve-jobs-greatest-entrepreneur-of-our-time/2012/03/26/. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
- ^ "John Carter Dedicated to Steve Jobs". Vulture. 2012-04-08. http://www.vulture.com/2012/02/john-carter-dedicated-to-steve-jobs.html. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
- ^ Nede, Jethro (October 10, 2011). ""MythBusters" stars Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman host the one-hour documentary". Hollywoodreporter.com. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/steve-jobs-documentary-on-discovery-246273. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ "Steve Jobs: One Last Thing PBS show website". Pbs.org. 2011-10-05. http://www.pbs.org/programs/steve-jobs-one-last-thing. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ The narrator in the UK version of the show has a British accent, for the purpose of catering to the local market.
- ^ Truta, Filip. "'Steve Jobs: iChanged the World' Documentary Airs Tonight in the UK". Softpedia. http://news.softpedia.com/news/Steve-Jobs-iChanged-the-World-Documentary-Airs-Tonight-in-the-UK-232019.shtml. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
- ^ "Steve Jobs: iChanged the World". http://www.channel4.com. http://www.channel4.com/programmes/steve-jobs-ichanged-the-world/4od. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
- ^ Hindustan Times- FBI releases file on Steve Jobs
- ^ Joshua Michael Stern will begin shooting the film in May, with Five Star Institute's Mark Hulme producing and financing; Sony is planning a separate Jobs biopic.
- ^ "Noah Wyle on playing Steve Jobs" Fortune
- ^ "The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs", The Public Theater website
Further reading[link]
- Butcher, Lee (1987). Accidental Millionaire: The rise and fall of Steve Jobs at Apple. Paragon House. ISBN 978-0-913729-79-3.
- Caddes, Carolyn (1986). Portraits of Success: Impressions of Silicon Valley Pioneers. Tioga Publishing Co.. ISBN 0-935382-56-9.
- Cringely, Robert X. (1996). Accidental Empires. HarperBusiness. ISBN 0-88730-855-4.
- Denning, Peter J.; Frenkel, Karen A. (1989). "A conversation with Steve Jobs". Communications of the ACM 32 (4): 436–433. DOI:10.1145/63334.63336.
- Deutschman, Alan (2001). The Second Coming of Steve Jobs. Broadway. ISBN 0-7679-0433-8.
- Freiberger, Paul; Swaine, Michael (1999). Fire in the Valley: The Making of The Personal Computer. McGraw-Hill Trade. ISBN 0-07-135892-7.
- Hertzfeld, Andy (2004). Revolution in the Valley. O'Reilly Books. ISBN 0-596-00719-1.
- Kahney, Leander (2004). The Cult of Mac. No Starch Press. ISBN 1-886411-83-2.
- Levy, Steven (1984). Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. Anchor Press, Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-19195-2.
- Levy, Steven (1994). Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer that Changed Everything. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-85244-9.
- Malone, Michael S. (1999). Infinite Loop. Aurum Press. ISBN 1-85410-638-4. Bantam Doubleday Dell. ISBN 0-385-48684-7.
- Markoff, John (2005). What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-03382-0.
- Simon, William L.; Young, Jeffrey S. (2005). iCon: Steve Jobs, The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-72083-6.
- Stross, Randall E. (1993). Steve Jobs and The NeXT Big Thing. Atheneum Books. ISBN 0-689-12135-0.
- Slater, Robert (1987). Portraits in Silicon. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19262-4. Chapter 28
- Young, Jeffrey S. (1988). Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward. Scott, Foresman & Co.. ISBN 0-673-18864-7.
- Wozniak, Steve (2006). iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I invented the personal computer, co-founded Apple and had fun doing it. W. W. Norton & Co.. ISBN 0-393-06143-4.
External links[link]
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Book: Apple Inc. |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
| Find more about Steve Jobs on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Jobs's Macworld keynote in 1997 where he announced the partnership with Microsoft on YouTube
- Steve Jobs (June 2005). Steve Jobs's 2005 Stanford Commencement Address. Stanford University. http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/videos/987.html.
- "Thoughts on Flash" by Steve Jobs, April 2010.
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Steve Jobs at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Steve Jobs in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Bloomberg Game Changers: Steve Jobs A 48 minute video on Steve Jobs by Bloomberg
- Steve Jobs Profile at Forbes
- Cammeron, Brenna (October 5, 2011). "Steve Jobs Dies: A Timeline Of His Health". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/05/steve-jobs-health-timeline_n_997313.html.
- "Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at". AllThingsD. http://allthingsd.com/tag/steve-jobs/.
- Steve Jobs remembrance notes from the community.
- Federal Bureau of Investigation dossier on Steven Paul Jobs.
Articles[link]
- "Thirty Years of Innovation at Apple: Jobs on the Job". Time (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). 2007. http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/2007/steve_jobs/. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012. [dead link]
- Hertzfeld, Andy. "The Original Macintosh". folklore.org (Andy Hertzfeld). http://folklore.org/ProjectView.py?project=Macintosh&characters=Steve%20Jobs&detail=medium. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.
- Lohr, Steve (January 12, 1997). "Creating Jobs". The New York Times Magazine (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/12/magazine/creating-jobs.html. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.
- Booth, Cathy; Jackson, David S.; Marchant, Valerie (October 6, 2011). "STEVE'S JOB: RESTART APPLE". Time (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986849,00.html. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.
- Elkind, Peter (March 5, 2008). "The trouble with Steve Jobs". Fortune (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index.htm. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
- McCracken, Harry (October 5, 2011). "Steve Jobs, 1955–2011: Mourning Technology's Great Reinventor". Time (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,2096251,00.html. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.
- "The FBI File on Steve Jobs". The Wall Street Journal (Dow Jones & Company). http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203646004577213042545376200.html. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
Interviews[link]
- Steve Jobs in 1994: The Rolling Stone Interview, Rolling Stone – 1994, republished January 17, 2011. Archived URL
- Smithsonian Institution Oral History InterviewPDF (143 KB) – April 20, 1995.
- The Seed of Apple's Innovation, BusinessWeek – October 12, 2004.
- How Big Can Apple Get?, Fortune – February 21, 2005.
- 'Good for the Soul' at the Wayback Machine (archived October 22, 2006) Newsweek, October 15, 2006.
- Bill Gates and Steve Jobs (video and transcript of on stage interview), AllThingsD, May 30, 2007.
- Videotaped Deposition of Steven P. Jobs in front of the Securities and Exchange Commission, March 18, 2008
- Interview with Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, Jobs's biological father, by Mohannad Al-Haj Ali, published in Al Hayat and reprinted by Ya Libnan, February 28, 2011
- Steve Jobs on Charlie Rose
- "Steve Jobs's Appearances at D, the Full Video Sessions". AllThingsD. http://allthingsd.com/20111005/steve-jobs-appearances-at-d-the-full-sessions/.
| Business positions | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Gil Amelio |
CEO of Apple 1997–2011 |
Succeeded by Tim Cook |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Jobs, Steve |
| Alternative names | Jobs, Steven Paul |
| Short description | CEO and Co-Founder of Apple, Inc. |
| Date of birth | 1955-02-24 |
| Place of birth | San Francisco, California, United States |
| Date of death | 2011-10-05 |
| Place of death | Palo Alto, California, United States |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the insult. For other uses, see Asshole (disambiguation).
The word asshole, a variant of arsehole, which is still prevalent in British and Australian English, is a vulgar to describe the anus, often pejoratively used to refer to people.
Contents |
History[link]
The word arse in English derives from the Germanic root *arsaz, which originated from the Proto-Indo-European root *ors — meaning buttocks or backside.[1] The combined form arsehole is first attested from 1500 in its literal use to refer to the anus. The metaphorical use of the word to refer to the worst place in a region, e.g., "the arsehole of the world") is first attested in print in 1865; the use to refer to a contemptible person is first attested in 1933.[2] In the ninth chapter of his 1945 autobiography, Black Boy, Richard Wright quotes a snippet of verse that uses the term: "All these white folks dressed so fine / Their ass-holes smell just like mine ...". Its first appearance as an insult term in a newspaper indexed by Google News is in 1965.[3] As with other vulgarities, these uses of the word may have been common in oral speech for some time before their first print appearances. By the 1970s, Hustler magazine featured people they did not like as "Asshole of the Month."[4] In 1972, Jonathan Richman's Modern Lovers recorded his song "Pablo Picasso," which includes the line "Pablo Picasso was never called an asshole."
Until the early 1990s, the word was considered one of a number of words that could not be uttered on commercial television in the United States. Comedian Andrew Dice Clay caused a major shock when he uttered the word during a televised MTV awards show in 1989.[5] However, there were PG-13 and R rated films in the 1980s that featured use of the word, such as the R-rated The Terminator (1984), the PG-13-rated National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), and the PG-rated Back to the Future (1985). By 1994, however, vulgarity had become more acceptable, and the word was featured in dialog on the long-running television series NYPD Blue, though it has yet to become anything close to commonplace on network TV. In some broadcast edits (such as the syndication airings of South Park), the word is partially bleeped out — ironically, as "assh—", with the profane half of the word intact.
Semantics[link]
The word is mainly used as a vulgarity, generally to describe people who are viewed as stupid or incompetent or detestable.[6]
This word or its literal translation is found in colloquial speech in a number of cultures (in both English and other languages).[7] This is because it describes an organ of elimination that is considered a taboo region (since it belongs to the intimate parts) of the body in many societies.[8]
The English word ass (meaning donkey, a cognate of its zoological name Equus asinus) may also be used as a term of contempt, referring to a silly or stupid person. In the United States, and, to a lesser degree, in Canada, the words arse and ass have become synonymous; however, in the rest of the English-speaking world, ass still only refers to the donkey, rather than the arse (buttocks). It is worth noting that speakers of some varieties of English "drop their Rs" before consonants, leading to a pronunciation of arse that is quite similar to ass.[9]
Political usage[link]
In 2000, during a Labor Day event, then candidate George W. Bush made an off-hand remark to his running mate, Dick Cheney, that New York Times reporter Adam Clymer was a "major league asshole." The gaffe was caught on microphone and led to a political advertisement chiding Bush for "using expletives ... in front of a crowd of families," produced for Democratic opponent Al Gore.[10]
In February 2004, American media reported that during a rally of supporters, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez called Bush "an asshole" for believing his aides in supporting a coup against Chavez in 2002.[11] The word in the original Spanish was "pendejo", and in news coverage the word was widely, though incorrectly, translated as "asshole"; the meaning of the word varies substantially in Latin America, and in Venezuela its meaning is closer to "fool".[12] The following year, in September, Nightline host Ted Koppel said to Chavez on national television, "I'm going to perhaps shock you a little, but these are your words. You called President Bush an asshole," to which Chavez replied, "I've said various things about him. I don't know if I actually used that word."[13]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Calvert Watkins, American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots revised second edition, p. 60
- ^ Lighter, J.: Historical Dictionary of American Slang, Random House, 1994.
- ^ "A refreshing radicalism." Lerner, Michael, The Harvard Crimson, May 28, 1965. Google Search done August 6, 2008.
- ^ "Out like Flynt." Time, April 9, 1979. Retrieved August 6, 2008.
- ^ MTV Video Music Awards | 1989
- ^ "Asshole". Webster's Online Dictionary. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/asshole. Retrieved 2011-05-30.
- ^ "Asshole In Other Language Than English". Organisasi.Org Community And Library Online. http://en.organisasi.org/translation/asshole-in-other-languages. Retrieved 2011-05-30.
- ^ Napoli, Donna Jo; Hoeksema, Jack. The grammatical versatility of taboo terms. 33.
- ^ Ass/Arse Online Encyclopedia
- ^ "A "major league asshole"". Salon.com. 09-04-2000. http://archive.salon.com/politics/feature/2000/09/04/cuss_word/.
- ^ "Chavez Calls Bush 'Asshole' as Foes Fight Troops". Washington Post. February 29, 2004. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17578-2004Feb29.html.
- ^ Venezuelanalysis.com, 2 August 2005, Memo to Time and Reuters: Chávez Did Not Call Bush an "Asshole"
- ^ "Transcript: Hugo Chavez Interview". Nightline. 09-16-2005. http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=1134098.
http://wn.com/Asshole
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asshole
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
