- published: 18 Feb 2013
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![Holy Temples of Jerusalem and the Ark of the Covenant (Biblical Mysteries EP23) [FULL VIDEO]](http://web.archive.org./web/20131028174214im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/yRNRywY9G58/default.jpg "An examination of the history of the three holy temples of Jerusalem and the ark of the covenant. There are rituals associated over time with different parts...")
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| RADIO STATION | GENRE | LOCATION |
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- Primitive Man
- Beyond the Grave
- She Came Like a Bat From Hell
- City on Fire
- Risen
- The Waiting Zone
- Umbrella
- Be There With You
- On the Road
- Likes Them
- Truth
- Face in the Crowd
- Tomorrow
- Berlin '38 (Next Year in Jerusalem)
- Soldier
- Noah
- Mr. Ego
- Wake Up
- The Flower
- Constantly Changing
- Warrior
- It's Mad
- Practice What You Preach
- Reach For The Stars
- Can't Stop Us Now
- The Wind Is Blowing
- Let's Go Dancing
- In His Majesty's Service
- Read Between The Lines
- Plunder Hell
- Dancing On The Head Of The Serpent
- Covered By Blood
- Dancing
- Plunder Hell and Populate Heaven
- Rebels of Jesus Christ
- Listen to Me
- Woe, Woe,... The Great Fall
- We're Gonna Take Europe
- Come Higher
- Catch the Devil, Catch the Thief
- The Night When Revelation Came into My Life
- Still
- Those Were The Days
- Must Come First
- You're A Liar
- Traveling Through the Ages
- Who's Got the Guts
- Smile, Smile, Smile
- Whenever You Are
- The Truth Has to Come
- Superstar
- Our Love Was Dead
- I'm Still Alive
- Constantly Changing
- Warrior
- Pilgrim
- It's Mad
- Man of The World
- Sodom
- Ashes in Our Hands
- Can't Stop us Now
- Loves You More
- The Wind I Blowing
- Tomorrow's World
- The Waiting
- Let's go (Dancin')
- Mourner's Parade
- Så Va' De' Då
- Du Kommer Först
- Du Ljuger
- Flugit Genom Rymden
- Finns Det Nå't Krut
- Le, Le, Le
- Var Du Än Är
- Sanningen
- Popidol
- Vår Kärlek Var Död
- Döden Besegrad
- Lossa Banden
- Ge Mej Ett Svar
- Close
- Vad Såg Du Då?
- Knapp Dina Hander
- R.A.D.
- Jantelagens Sverige
- USA, Kina & Sovjet
- Vand Om
- Ta Fram Din Bibel
- Surrender
- Bara Hos Dej
- Moderne Man
- Neutral
- Jag Vill Ge Dej En Blomma
- Uffes Story...
- Vänd Om
- Flugit Genom Rymden
- Trummdrag Ifrån Klas
- Ständig Förändring
- Noa
- Ajöss Med Dej Värld
- Kom Till Mej
- Introduktion
- Du Kommer Först
- Mossberg... Hej... Hej
- Så Va De Då
- Krigsman
- It's Mad
- Dagarna Går
- Var Du Än Är
- Pappa Vem Har Gjort
- Jag Längtar Efter Mer Av Dej
- Hög Tid
- Sodom
- Tänk Om Jesus Har Rätt
- Noa
- Kanske
- Pappa Vem Har Gjort
- Mr Ego
- Kom Till Mej
- Om Du Lyssnar
- Jesus Är Det Underbaraste
- Hög Tid
- Neutral
- Pass På
- Bara Rock'n Roll
- Getsemane
- Jag Behöver Dej
- Introduktion
- Ajöss Med Dej Värld
- Jag Vill Ge Dej En Blomma
- In His Majesty's Service
- From the Bottom of Our Heart
- Read Between the Lines
- The Tide
- Can't Stop Us Now
- Time
- Man of the World
- Dancing on the Head of the Serpent
- Plunder Hell and Populate Heaven
- Rebels of Jesus Christ
- Listen to Me
- Woe, Woe...... the Great Fall
- We're Gonna Take Europe
- Come Higher
- Catch the Devil, Catch the Thief
- The Night When Revelation Came Into My Life
- Still
Send this Playlist by SMS
History of Jerusalem HD: Making of a Holy City | BBC Documentary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 59:00
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
Author and Historian Simon Sebag Montefiore, presents a three part series exploring the history of the sacred, and peerlessly beautiful city - Jerusalem. Jer...
http://wn.com/History_of_Jerusalem_HD_Making_of_a_Holy_City_|_BBC_Documentary
Author and Historian Simon Sebag Montefiore, presents a three part series exploring the history of the sacred, and peerlessly beautiful city - Jerusalem. Jer...
Jerusalem - The Hymn
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
The unofficial 'anthem' of England from the poem written by William Blake. A tribute to the generations that have gone before us to preserve that 'green and ...
http://wn.com/Jerusalem_The_Hymn
The unofficial 'anthem' of England from the poem written by William Blake. A tribute to the generations that have gone before us to preserve that 'green and ...
- published: 27 Jun 2008
- views: 1495167
- author: piddflicks
History of Jerusalem HD: Reclaiming Zion | BBC Documentary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 59:02
- Updated: 20 Aug 2013
Author and Historian Simon Sebag Montefiore, presents a three part series exploring the history of the sacred, and peerlessly beautiful city - Jerusalem. Jer...
http://wn.com/History_of_Jerusalem_HD_Reclaiming_Zion_|_BBC_Documentary
Author and Historian Simon Sebag Montefiore, presents a three part series exploring the history of the sacred, and peerlessly beautiful city - Jerusalem. Jer...
- published: 18 Feb 2013
- views: 100404
- author: DocumentaryNation
History of Jerusalem HD: Invasions | BBC Documentary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 58:55
- Updated: 20 Aug 2013
Author and Historian Simon Sebag Montefiore, presents a three part series exploring the history of the sacred, and peerlessly beautiful city - Jerusalem. Jer...
http://wn.com/History_of_Jerusalem_HD_Invasions_|_BBC_Documentary
Author and Historian Simon Sebag Montefiore, presents a three part series exploring the history of the sacred, and peerlessly beautiful city - Jerusalem. Jer...
- published: 18 Feb 2013
- views: 104465
- author: DocumentaryNation
Amazing Jerusalem- Tour of the Old City
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:28
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
I'm taking you on a trip to this incredible old city beginning with the Main gate towards the old market passing in Via Dolorosa then visiting the Al Aqsa Mo...
http://wn.com/Amazing_Jerusalem_Tour_of_the_Old_City
I'm taking you on a trip to this incredible old city beginning with the Main gate towards the old market passing in Via Dolorosa then visiting the Al Aqsa Mo...
- published: 09 Jul 2012
- views: 188447
- author: LearnArabicwithMaha
Jerusalem: A Cup of Trembling
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:25
- Updated: 14 Aug 2013
"Behold, I will make Jerusalem a cup of trembling unto all the people round about, when they shall be in the siege both against Judah and against Jerusalem. ...
http://wn.com/Jerusalem_A_Cup_of_Trembling
"Behold, I will make Jerusalem a cup of trembling unto all the people round about, when they shall be in the siege both against Judah and against Jerusalem. ...
- published: 15 May 2013
- views: 4043
- author: Prophecy Update Videos
Holy Temples of Jerusalem and the Ark of the Covenant (Biblical Mysteries EP23) [FULL VIDEO]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:54
- Updated: 16 Aug 2013
An examination of the history of the three holy temples of Jerusalem and the ark of the covenant. There are rituals associated over time with different parts...
http://wn.com/Holy_Temples_of_Jerusalem_and_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_Biblical_Mysteries_EP23_FULL_VIDEO_
An examination of the history of the three holy temples of Jerusalem and the ark of the covenant. There are rituals associated over time with different parts...
- published: 26 Jun 2013
- views: 591
- author: DiscoveryHaven
Jerusalem - The Hoppers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:55
- Updated: 20 Aug 2013
Taken from the live from toronto homecoming purchased at www.gaithernet.com the hoppers singing jerusalem live, gospel, christian, god, jesus, music, quartet...
http://wn.com/Jerusalem_The_Hoppers
Taken from the live from toronto homecoming purchased at www.gaithernet.com the hoppers singing jerusalem live, gospel, christian, god, jesus, music, quartet...
- published: 28 Mar 2007
- views: 1758812
- author: Rick E
Jerusalem: 4000 Years in 5 Minutes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:16
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
Jerusalem, a mosaic of different peoples, faiths, and nationalities. Nevertheless, despite this diversity, under the sovereignty of Israel, Jerusalem is a ci...
http://wn.com/Jerusalem_4000_Years_in_5_Minutes
Jerusalem, a mosaic of different peoples, faiths, and nationalities. Nevertheless, despite this diversity, under the sovereignty of Israel, Jerusalem is a ci...
- published: 30 May 2011
- views: 608917
- author: TheJerusalemCenter
THE FIRST CRUSADE - THE FALL OF JERUSALEM
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 87:08
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
For more Historic Crusader Battles visit: http://www.greatmilitarybattles.com/
http://wn.com/THE_FIRST_CRUSADE_THE_FALL_OF_JERUSALEM
For more Historic Crusader Battles visit: http://www.greatmilitarybattles.com/
- published: 20 Mar 2013
- views: 106609
- author: GREATMILITARYBATTLES
Jerusalem
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:53
- Updated: 17 Aug 2013
Jerusalem takes audiences on an inspiring and breathtaking tour of one of the world's oldest and most enigmatic cities. Destroyed and rebuilt countless times...
http://wn.com/Jerusalem
Jerusalem takes audiences on an inspiring and breathtaking tour of one of the world's oldest and most enigmatic cities. Destroyed and rebuilt countless times...
- published: 16 Aug 2013
- views: 301
- author: NationalGeographic
Wake the Dawn: The Story of Jerusalem's Holy Temple
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 31:56
- Updated: 17 Aug 2013
http://www.messianic-temple.com/ The Talmud's account of many historical events differs from the general consensus amongst Archeologists and Historians. "Wak...
http://wn.com/Wake_the_Dawn_The_Story_of_Jerusalem's_Holy_Temple
http://www.messianic-temple.com/ The Talmud's account of many historical events differs from the general consensus amongst Archeologists and Historians. "Wak...
- published: 15 Jun 2012
- views: 19432
- author: Chaim Clorfene
Jerusalem - Last Night of the Proms 2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
Jerusalem - Last Night of the Proms 2009.
http://wn.com/Jerusalem_Last_Night_of_the_Proms_2009
Jerusalem - Last Night of the Proms 2009.
- published: 13 Sep 2009
- views: 318165
- author: WeShallFightOn
Leader of Sephardic community passes away at age 93
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:51
- Updated: 08 Oct 2013
Hundreds of thousands of Israelis have flooded the streets of Jerusalem to mourn the death of Rabbi Ovadia Yosef, the spiritual leader of the Sephardic Jewish community, who passed away Monday morning at the age of 93 after a long battle with illness. Streets in Israel's capital were closed off as throngs of mourners, some tearing their clothes in grief, participated in a funeral procession which took three hours to snake its way from the Porat Yosef yeshiva to the Sanhedria cemetery, normally a 5 minute drive.
http://wn.com/Leader_of_Sephardic_community_passes_away_at_age_93
Hundreds of thousands of Israelis have flooded the streets of Jerusalem to mourn the death of Rabbi Ovadia Yosef, the spiritual leader of the Sephardic Jewish community, who passed away Monday morning at the age of 93 after a long battle with illness. Streets in Israel's capital were closed off as throngs of mourners, some tearing their clothes in grief, participated in a funeral procession which took three hours to snake its way from the Porat Yosef yeshiva to the Sanhedria cemetery, normally a 5 minute drive.
- published: 08 Oct 2013
- views: 59
Matisyahu - Jerusalem
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
Matisyahu : Jerusalem : No Riddim : Youth : 200?
http://wn.com/Matisyahu_Jerusalem
Matisyahu : Jerusalem : No Riddim : Youth : 200?
- published: 24 Nov 2008
- views: 3571076
- author: LeboKunda
Matisyahu - Jerusalem (Out Of Darkness Comes Light)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
Music video by Matisyahu performing Jerusalem (Out Of Darkness Comes Light). (C) 2006 SONY BMG MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT.
http://wn.com/Matisyahu_Jerusalem_Out_Of_Darkness_Comes_Light
Music video by Matisyahu performing Jerusalem (Out Of Darkness Comes Light). (C) 2006 SONY BMG MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT.
- published: 25 Oct 2009
- views: 4425875
- author: MatisyahuVEVO
Last Night Proms 2011 - Jerusalem, God Save The Queen & Auld Lang Syne
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:06
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
Edward Gardner conducts BBC Symphony Orchestra, BBC Singers, BBC Symphony Chorus for Hubert Parrys Jerusalem and then God Save The Queen during the Last Nigh...
http://wn.com/Last_Night_Proms_2011_Jerusalem,_God_Save_The_Queen_Auld_Lang_Syne
Edward Gardner conducts BBC Symphony Orchestra, BBC Singers, BBC Symphony Chorus for Hubert Parrys Jerusalem and then God Save The Queen during the Last Nigh...
- published: 13 Sep 2011
- views: 360185
- author: RupertJones
The Royal Wedding - Jerusalem (HD) (29 April 2011)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:59
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
Uploading this as the moment was inspiring even to this American! Besides, the BBC's coverage lacked the camera shots of the pride-filled English crowds outs...
http://wn.com/The_Royal_Wedding_Jerusalem_HD_29_April_2011
Uploading this as the moment was inspiring even to this American! Besides, the BBC's coverage lacked the camera shots of the pride-filled English crowds outs...
- published: 29 Apr 2011
- views: 380909
- author: pishposhx
Mein neues Leben in Jerusalem - Eine Deutsche unter orthodoxen Juden
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:00
- Updated: 14 Aug 2013
Porträt der ins Judentum konvertierten Deutschen Elishewa, die in Jerusalem mit ihrem Mann und sieben Kindern das abgeschottete, entbehrungsreiche und streng...
http://wn.com/Mein_neues_Leben_in_Jerusalem_Eine_Deutsche_unter_orthodoxen_Juden
Porträt der ins Judentum konvertierten Deutschen Elishewa, die in Jerusalem mit ihrem Mann und sieben Kindern das abgeschottete, entbehrungsreiche und streng...
- published: 20 Jun 2012
- views: 25256
- author: dokujidd
Trip to Israel (jerusalem,masada) May 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 31:08
- Updated: 13 Aug 2013
A visit to; Jerusalem, the old city, a ramparts walk, the Citadel, the Jewish quarter, church of the Holy Sepulchre, Masada, ...........
http://wn.com/Trip_to_Israel_jerusalem,masada_May_2012
A visit to; Jerusalem, the old city, a ramparts walk, the Citadel, the Jewish quarter, church of the Holy Sepulchre, Masada, ...........
- published: 09 Mar 2013
- views: 957
- author: sakru sacona
Jerusalem - Discovery Channel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 76:28
- Updated: 12 Jul 2013
Video Documental del Discovery Channel.
http://wn.com/Jerusalem_Discovery_Channel
![Jerusalem | Filmed in Imax 3D [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20131028174214im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/hkKytHCHCYI/default.jpg "Jerusalem | Filmed in Imax 3D [HD]")
Jerusalem | Filmed in Imax 3D [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:06
- Updated: 17 Aug 2013
Join the production : jerusalemthemovie.com After a year of research and preparation, the giant screen film JERUSALEM advanced into production with an unprec...
http://wn.com/Jerusalem_|_Filmed_in_Imax_3D_HD_
Join the production : jerusalemthemovie.com After a year of research and preparation, the giant screen film JERUSALEM advanced into production with an unprec...
- published: 04 Sep 2011
- views: 41043
- author: JerusalemTheMovie
Walk Through the Old City of Jerusalem
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 28:32
- Updated: 15 Aug 2013
Tour the Old City of Jerusalem with Dr. David Reagan on the television show Christ in Prophecy!
http://wn.com/Walk_Through_the_Old_City_of_Jerusalem
Tour the Old City of Jerusalem with Dr. David Reagan on the television show Christ in Prophecy!
- published: 16 May 2012
- views: 12007
- author: ChristInProphecy
photo: Public Domain / Rob39
26 Oct 2013
After news broke Friday that the long-running show about three magical sisters would be returning as a CBS pilot, longtime star Alyssa Milano took to Twitter, expressing a lack of enthusiasm in the project. Milano, who played Phoebe Halliwell in the series, said it seemed to early for a Charmed reboot. “The thing about them doing a #charmed reboot is… it just… it feels like yesterday ... It feels too close ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: USAF / Staff Sgt. Joseph Swafford
26 Oct 2013
An Afghan soldier has been killed at a military base in the capital Kabul, after shooting at international troops. The incident, which injured at least one foreign soldier, began after an argument, Nato officials said. It is the fourth such attack in a month. Last year, attacks by Afghan servicemen on their Nato colleagues accounted for around 15% of all international troop casualties ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
26 Oct 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. In Kenya, popular Muslim clerics were just gunned down by fundamental Islamists. In Somalia and Sudan, Al-Shabab, consisting of young Muslim jihadists, are battling other Muslims while trying to impose Islamic Law ... Throughout the same areas, Sunni and Shiite factions are in the midst of sectarian conflicts ... Meanwhile, U.S ... In Afghanistan, U.S.-NATO forces just killed five civilians ... 39 ... 51. ....(size: 6.2Kb)
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Xinhua
28 Oct 2013
• Two rockets were launched from the Gaza Strip toward Israel early Monday morning. • One rocket was intercepted by the anti-missile battery, another landed near the coast of Ashkelon. • The rocket fire came as Israel approved the release of 26 Palestinian prisoners. JERUSALEM, Oct ... One of the rockets was intercepted by the Iron Dome anti- missile battery ... Related. ... JERUSALEM/BEIRUT, Aug ... JERUSALEM/BEIRUT, Aug ... JERUSALEM, Aug ... JERUSALEM, Aug....(size: 2.8Kb)
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The Irish Times
28 Oct 2013
“The list will include prisoners defined in Israel as ‘prisoners with blood on their hands’ but the list will contain only Palestinian prisoners who are residents of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and not Israeli Arabs or residents of east Jerusalem.” The decision was criticised by right-wing coalition parties and by politicians from within Mr Netanyahu’s ruling Likud party....(size: 2.4Kb)
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Xinhua
28 Oct 2013
• An Israeli ministerial committee approved a list of 26 Palestinian prisoners to be released Tuesday. • Among the 26 prisoners, 21 are from the West Bank and the other five are from the Gaza Strip. • The committee rejected a bill seeking to block the future release of Palestinian prisoners. (File photo). Click here to see more photos>>>. JERUSALEM, Oct ... Related. ... JERUSALEM, Oct ... report. JERUSALEM, Oct ... official. RAMALLAH, Oct ... Editor ... ....(size: 3.5Kb)
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The Himalayan
28 Oct 2013
JERUSALEM ... In August, Israel approved the construction of more than 2,000 settlement units in east Jerusalem and the West Bank just days before a round of bilateral talks, leading the Palestinians to warn the fledgling process was in danger of collapse ... of new settler housing in the occupied West Bank and predominantly Arab east Jerusalem....(size: 3.7Kb)
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The Associated Press
28 Oct 2013
JERUSALEM (AP) -- Israel's prime minister faced a political uproar from across the political spectrum on Monday over the planned release of 26 Palestinian prisoners, all according to authorities convicted on murder charges connected to deadly attacks on Israelis ... The Palestinians claim the West Bank, east Jerusalem and Gaza Strip, captured by Israel in 1967, for their future state....(size: 3.6Kb)
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The Gleaner
28 Oct 2013
JERUSALEM (AP).. Israel agreed yesterday to release 26 long-serving Palestinian prisoners as part of a United States-brokered deal that led to the resumption of Mideast peace talks ... Many of those to be freed were involved in killing Israelis ... The Palestinians consider settlements a major obstacle to establishing a state that includes the West Bank and east Jerusalem, territories Israel captured from Jordan in the 1967 war ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
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Newstrack India
28 Oct 2013
A 20-member delegation led by Deputy Chief Minister Francis D'Souza, which was in Jerusalem to pitch for a more comprehensive tourism-oriented relationship, returned last week with what they say amounts to boosting tourism ties between Goa and Israel ... pilgrimage destination, with its rich Christian heritage which includes the holy city of Jerusalem....(size: 3.1Kb)
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Jamaica Observer
28 Oct 2013
Elizabeth Mellows is one of the exceptions ... "Sir Hugh and Lady Foot lived at Government House ... The Mellows were in Jamaica in September on behalf of Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth II to invest current Governor-General Sir Patrick Allen as a Knight of Grace in the Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem ... "He came from an army background." ... the St John Eye Hospital in Jerusalem and St John Ambulance Association worldwide ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
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The Los Angeles Times
28 Oct 2013
JERUSALEM -- Israeli officials have approved a list of 26 Palestinian prisoners to be released later this week as part of the peace talks that were renewed this past summer, according to a government statement Sunday evening ... Most would be in a controversial Jerusalem development on land claimed by the Palestinians for a future state; the remainder would be elsewhere in the West Bank....(size: 7.5Kb)
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Bloomberg
28 Oct 2013
The Bank of Israel left the benchmark lending rate unchanged in its first decision since the cabinet approved Karnit Flug as governor, as it assesses the impact of last month’s cut ... Finance Minister Yair Lapid said Oct ... That would risk fueling housing prices, which soared 72 percent between 2007 and 2012, according to the Central Bureau of Statistics in Jerusalem ... Alisa Odenheimer in Jerusalem at aodenheimer@bloomberg.net ... Andrew J....(size: 3.6Kb)
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Stuff
28 Oct 2013
Military officials reached by The Associated Press declined to comment about the video posted Saturday in the name of the Ansar Jerusalem militant group, which has carried out other attacks in the Sinai ... Ansar Jerusalem already claimed responsibility for last week's bomb attack on a military intelligence compound in the Suez canal city of Ismailia ......(size: 4.9Kb)
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Philadelphia Daily News
28 Oct 2013
0 comments. Travel Deals. $1086* & up -- Nonstop to Abu Dhabi from East Coast (R/T). ... JERUSALEM - Israel agreed Sunday to release 26 long-serving Palestinian prisoners as part of a U.S.-brokered deal that led to the resumption of Mideast peace talks ... The Palestinians consider settlements a major obstacle to establishing a state that includes the West Bank and east Jerusalem, territories Israel captured from Jordan in the 1967 war ... ....(size: 7.0Kb)
"al-Quds" redirects here. For other uses, see al-Quds (disambiguation).
For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation).
| Jerusalem יְרוּשָׁלַיִם (Yerushalayim)
القُدس (al-Quds) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| — City — | |||
 |
|||
|
|||
| Nickname(s): Ir ha-Kodesh (Holy City), Bayt al-Maqdis (House of the Holiness) | |||
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|||
| Coordinates: 31°47′N 35°13′E / 31.783°N 35.217°E / 31.783; 35.217Coordinates: 31°47′N 35°13′E / 31.783°N 35.217°E / 31.783; 35.217 | |||
| District | Jerusalem | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | Nir Barkat | ||
| Area | |||
| • City | 125,156 dunams (125.156 km2 or 48.323 sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 652,000 dunams (652 km2 or 252 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 754 m (2,474 ft) | ||
| Population (2012) | |||
| • City | 801,000 | ||
| • Density | 6,400/km2 (17,000/sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 1,029,300 | ||
| Demonym | Jerusalemite | ||
| Time zone | IST (UTC+2) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | IDT (UTC+3) | ||
| Area code(s) | overseas dialing +972-2; local dialing 02 | ||
| Website | jerusalem.muni.il[iv] | ||
|
Jerusalem |
|
| History | |
|
Timeline · 1000 BC · 721 BC · 597 BC |
|
| Religious significance | |
|
Judaism · Christianity · Islam |
|
| Demographics · People |
|
| Names · Positions |
|
| Places |
|
|
Old City · Archaeological sites |
|
| Other topics |
|
|
Mayors · Flag · Emblem
|
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Jerusalem (
/dʒəˈruːsələm/; Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Yerushaláyim ; Arabic: القُدس al-Quds and/or أورشليم Ûrshalîm)[i] is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such,[ii] and one of the oldest cities in the world.[1] It is located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area,[2][3] with a population of 801,000 residents[4] over an area of 125.1 km2 (48.3 sq mi).[5][6][iii] Jerusalem is also a holy city to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times.[7] The oldest part of the city was settled in the 4th millennium BCE.[1] In 1538, walls were built around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent. Today those walls define the Old City, which has been traditionally divided into four quarters—known since the early 19th century as the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarters.[8] The Old City became a World Heritage site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger.[9] Modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond its boundaries.
In Judaism, Jerusalem has been the holiest city since, according to the Hebrew Bible, King David of Israel first established it as the capital of the united Kingdom of Israel in c.1000 BCE, and his son, King Solomon, commissioned the building of the First Temple in the city.[10] In Christianity, Jerusalem has been a holy city since, according to the New Testament, Jesus was crucified there, possibly in c.33 CE,[11][12][13] and 300 years later Saint Helena identified the pilgrimage sites of Jesus' life. In Sunni Islam, Jerusalem is the third-holiest city.[14][15] It became the first Qibla, the focal point for Muslim prayer (Salah) in 610 CE,[16] and, according to Islamic tradition, Muhammad made his Night Journey there ten years later.[17][18] As a result, despite having an area of only 0.9 square kilometres (0.35 sq mi),[19] the Old City is home to many sites of tremendous religious importance, among them the Temple Mount, the Western Wall, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque.
Today, the status of Jerusalem remains one of the core issues in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, West Jerusalem was among the areas captured and later annexed by Israel, while East Jerusalem, including the Old City, was captured by Jordan. Israel captured East Jerusalem during the 1967 Six-Day War and subsequently annexed it. Currently, Israel's Basic Law refers to Jerusalem as the country's "undivided capital". The international community has rejected the annexation as illegal and treats East Jerusalem as Palestinian territory held by Israel under military occupation.[20][21][22][23] The international community does not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, and the city hosts no foreign embassies.
According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, 208,000 Palestinians live in East Jerusalem, which is sought by the Palestinian Authority as a future capital of a future Palestinian state.[24][25][26]
All branches of the Israeli government are located in Jerusalem, including the Knesset (Israel's parliament), the residences of the Prime Minister and President, and the Supreme Court. Jerusalem is home to the Hebrew University and to the Israel Museum with its Shrine of the Book. The Jerusalem Biblical Zoo has ranked consistently as Israel's top tourist attraction for Israelis.[27][28]
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Further information: Names of Jerusalem
A city called Rušalimum or Urušalimum (Foundation of Shalem)[29] appears in ancient Egyptian records as the first two references to Jerusalem, dating back to the 19th and 18th centuries BCE.[30][31] The name recurs in Akkadian cuneiform as Urušalim, in the Amarna tablets datable to the 1400-1360 BCE. The name “Jerusalem” is variously etymologised to mean “foundation (Sumerian yeru, ‘settlement’/Semitic yry, ‘found’) of the god Shalem”, ‘dwelling of peace’, ‘founded in safety’,[32] or to mean ‘Salem gives instruction’ (yrh, ‘show, teach, instruct’). The god Shalem has a special relationship with Jerusalem.[33] Others dismiss the Sumerian link, and point to yarah, Semitic/Hebrew for ‘to lay a cornerstone’, yielding the idea of laying a cornerstone to the temple of the god Shalem, who was a member of the West Semitic pantheon (Akkadian Shalim, Assyrian Shulmanu), the god of the setting sun and the nether world, as well as of health and perfection.[34]
The form Yerushalayim (Jerusalem) first appears in the Bible, in the book of Joshua. This form has the appearance of a portmanteau (blend) of Yireh (an abiding place of the fear and the service of God) [35] The meaning of the common root S-L-M is unknown but is thought to refer to either "peace" (Salam or Shalom in modern Arabic and Hebrew) or Shalim, the god of dusk in the Canaanite religion.[36][37] The name gained the popular meanings "The City of Peace"[29][38] and "Abode of Peace",[39][40] alternately "Vision of Peace" in some Christian theology.[41] Typically the ending -im indicates the plural in Hebrew grammar and -ayim the dual, thus leading to the suggestion that the name refers to the fact that the city sits on two hills.[42][43] However the pronunciation of the last syllable as -ayim appears to be a late development, which had not yet appeared at the time of the Septuagint.
The most ancient settlement of Jerusalem, founded as early as the Bronze Age on the hill above the Gihon Spring, was according to the Bible named Jebus.[44] It was renamed the City of David in the first millennium BCE,[44] and was known by this name in antiquity.[45][46] Another name, "Zion", initially referred to a distinct part of the city, but later came to signify the city as a whole and to represent the biblical Land of Israel. In Greek and Latin the city's name was transliterated Hierosolyma (Greek: Ἱεροσόλυμα; in Greek hieròs, ἱερός, means holy), although the city was renamed Aelia Capitolina for part of the Roman period of its history.
In Arabic, Jerusalem is most commonly known as القُدس, transliterated as al-Quds and meaning "The Holy" or "The Holy Sanctuary".[39][40] Official Israeli government policy mandates that أُورُشَلِيمَ, transliterated as Ūršalīm, which is the cognate of the Hebrew and English names, be used as the Arabic language name for the city in conjunction with القُدس. أُورُشَلِيمَ-القُدس.[47]
History[link]
Main articles: Timeline of Jerusalem and History of Jerusalem
Given the city's central position in both Israeli nationalism (Zionism) and Palestinian nationalism, the selectivity required to summarise more than 5,000 years of inhabited history is often[48][49] influenced by ideological bias or background (see Historiography and nationalism). For example, the Jewish periods of the city's history are important to Israeli nationalists (Zionists), whose discourse suggests that modern Jews descend from the Israelites and Maccabees,[50][51] whilst the Islamic, Christian and other non-Jewish periods of the city's history are important to Palestinian nationalism, whose discourse suggests that modern Palestinians descend from all the different peoples who have lived in the region.[52][53] As a result, both sides claim the history of the city has been politicized by the other in order to strengthen their relative claims to the city,[48][48][49][54][55] and that this is borne out by the different focuses the different writers place on the various events and eras in the city's history.
Overview of Jerusalem's historical periods[link]
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Ancient period[link]
Further information: City of David and History of ancient Israel and Judah
Ceramic evidence indicates occupation of the City of David, within present-day Jerusalem, as far back as the Copper Age (c. 4th millennium BCE),[1][56] with evidence of a permanent settlement during the early Bronze Age (c. 3000–2800 BCE).[56][57] The Execration Texts (c. 19th century BCE), which refer to a city called Roshlamem or Rosh-ramen[56] and the Amarna letters (c. 14th century BCE) may be the earliest mention of the city.[58][59] Some archaeologists, including Kathleen Kenyon, believe Jerusalem[60] as a city was founded by Northwest Semitic people with organized settlements from around 2600 BCE. According to Jewish tradition, the city was founded by Shem and Eber, ancestors of Abraham. In the biblical account, Jerusalem ("Salem") when first mentioned is ruled by Melchizedek, an ally of Abraham (identified with Shem in legend). Later, in the time of Joshua, Jerusalem lay within territory allocated to the tribe of Benjamin (Joshua 18:28), but continued to be under the independent control of the Jebusites until it was conquered by David and made into the capital of the united Kingdom of Israel (c. 11th century BCE).[61][62][v] Recent excavations of a Large Stone Structure and a nearby Stepped Stone Structure are widely believed[by whom?] to be the remains of King David's palace. The excavations have been interpreted by some archaeologists as lending credence to the biblical narrative, while others disagree.[63]
According to Hebrew scripture, King David reigned for 40 years. The generally accepted estimate of the conclusion of this reign is 970 BCE. The Bible records that David was succeeded by his son Solomon,[64] who built the Holy Temple on Mount Moriah. Solomon's Temple (later known as the First Temple), went on to play a pivotal role in Jewish history as the repository of the Ark of the Covenant.[65] For more than 400 years, until the Babylonian conquest in 587 BCE, Jerusalem was the political capital of the united Kingdom of Israel and then the Kingdom of Judah. During this period, known as the First Temple Period,[66] the Temple was the religious center of the Israelites.[67] On Solomon's death (c. 930 BCE), the ten northern tribes split off to form the Kingdom of Israel. Under the leadership of the House of David and Solomon, Jerusalem remained the capital of the Kingdom of Judah.[68]
When the Assyrians conquered the Kingdom of Israel in 722 BCE, Jerusalem was strengthened by a great influx of refugees from the northern kingdom. The First Temple period ended around 586 BCE, as the Babylonians conquered Judah and Jerusalem, and laid waste to Solomon's Temple.[66]
Classical antiquity[link]
Main articles: Yehud Medinata and Jerusalem during the Achaemenid period
Further information: Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period and Aelia Capitolina
In 538 BCE, after 50 years of Babylonian captivity, Persian King Cyrus the Great invited the Jews to return to Judah to rebuild the Temple.[69] Construction of the Second Temple was completed in 516 BCE, during the reign of Darius the Great, 70 years after the destruction of the First Temple.[70][71] In about 445 BCE, King Artaxerxes I of Persia issued a decree allowing the city and the walls to be rebuilt.[72] Jerusalem resumed its role as capital of Judah and center of Jewish worship.
When Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire, Jerusalem and Judea came under Macedonian control, eventually falling to the Ptolemaic dynasty under Ptolemy I. In 198 BCE, Ptolemy V lost Jerusalem and Judea to the Seleucids under Antiochus III. The Seleucid attempt to recast Jerusalem as a Hellenized city-state came to a head in 168 BCE with the successful Maccabean revolt of Mattathias and his five sons against Antiochus Epiphanes, and their establishment of the Hasmonean Kingdom in 152 BCE with Jerusalem again as its capital.
In 63 BCE, Pompey the Great intervened in a Hasmonean struggle for the throne and captured Jerusalem, extending the influence of the Roman Republic over Judea.[73] Following a short invasion by Parthians, backing the rival Hasmonean rulers, Judea became a scene of struggle between pro-Roman and pro-Parthian forces, eventually leading to the emergence of Edomite Herod, who would be appointed King of the Jews by the Roman senate and establish the Herodian dynasty.
As Rome became stronger it installed Herod as a Jewish client king. Herod the Great, as he was known, devoted himself to developing and beautifying the city. He built walls, towers and palaces, and expanded the Temple Mount, buttressing the courtyard with blocks of stone weighing up to 100 tons. Under Herod, the area of the Temple Mount doubled in size.[64][74][75] Shortly after Herod's death, in 6 CE Judea came under direct Roman rule as the Iudaea Province,[76] although Herod's descendants through Agrippa II remained client kings of neighbouring territories until 96 CE. Roman rule over Jerusalem and the region began to be challenged with the First Jewish–Roman War, which resulted in the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. Jerusalem once again served as the capital of Judea during the three-year rebellion known as the Bar Kokhba revolt, beginning in 132 CE. The Romans succeeded in suppressing the revolt in 135 CE. Emperor Hadrian combined Iudaea Province with neighboring provinces to create Syria Palaestina, erasing the name of Judea,[77] romanized the city, renaming it Aelia Capitolina,[78] and banned the Jews from entering it on pain of death, except for one day each year (9 Ab). These anti-Jewish measures[79][80][81] which affected also Jewish Christians,[82] was taken to ensure 'the complete and permanent secularization of Jerusalem.'[83] The enforcement of the ban on Jews entering Aelia Capitolina continued until the 4th century CE.
In the five centuries following the Bar Kokhba revolt, the city remained under Roman then Byzantine rule. During the 4th century, the Roman Emperor Constantine I constructed Christian sites in Jerusalem, such as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Jerusalem reached a peak in size and population at the end of the Second Temple Period, when the city covered two square kilometers (0.8 sq mi.) and had a population of 200,000.[80][84] From the days of Constantine until the 7th century, Jews were banned from Jerusalem.[85]
The eastern continuation of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, maintained control of the city for years. Within the span of a few decades, Jerusalem shifted from Byzantine to Persian rule and returned to Roman-Byzantine dominion once more. Following Sassanid Khosrau II's early 7th century push into Byzantine, advancing through Syria, Sassanid Generals Shahrbaraz and Shahin attacked the Byzantine-controlled city of Jerusalem (Persian: Dej Houdkh). They were aided by the Jews of Palaestina Prima, who had risen up against the Byzantines.[86]
In the Siege of Jerusalem (614), after 21 days of relentless siege warfare, Jerusalem was captured. The Byzantine chronicles relate that the Sassanid army and the Jews slaughtered tens of thousands of Christians in the city, an episode which has been the subject of much debate between historians.[87] The conquered city would remain in Sassanid hands for some fifteen years until the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius reconquered it in 629.[86][verification needed] Reinstalled Byzantine rule resulted in wide-scale massacre of the Jews throughout Palaestina Prima and Palaestina Secunda provinces, which would practically erase the 150,000-strong Jewish community. The remnants of the Palaestinian and Jerusalemite Jews found refuge in Egypt and Mesopotamia.
Middle Ages[link]
Byzantine Jerusalem was conquered by the Arab armies of Omar ibn Hattab in 634. Among Muslims of Islam's earliest era it was referred to as Madinat bayt al-Maqdis ("City of the Temple")[88] which was restricted to the Temple Mount. The rest of the city "...was called Iliya, reflecting the Roman name given the city following the destruction of 70 c.e.: Aelia Capitolina".[89] Later the Temple Mount became known as al-Haram al-Sharif, “The Noble Sanctuary”, while the city around it became known as Bayt al-Maqdis,[90] and later still, al-Quds al-Sharif "The Noble City". The Islamization of Jerusalem began in the first year A.H. (620 CE), when Muslims were instructed to face the city while performing their daily prostrations and, according to Muslim religious tradition, Muhammad's night journey and ascension to heaven took place. After 16 months, the direction of prayer was changed to Mecca.[91] In 638 the Islamic Caliphate extended its dominion to Jerusalem.[92] With the Arab conquest, Jews were allowed back into the city.[93] The Rashidun caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab signed a treaty with Monophysite Christian Patriarch Sophronius, assuring him that Jerusalem's Christian holy places and population would be protected under Muslim rule.[94] Christian-Arab tradition records that, when led to pray at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the holiest site for Christians, the caliph Umar refused to pray in the church so that Muslims would not request conversion of the church to a mosque.[95] He prayed outside the church, where the Mosque of Umar (Omar) stands to this day, opposite the entrance to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. According to the Gaullic bishop Arculf, who lived in Jerusalem from 679 to 688, the Mosque of Umar was a rectangular wooden structure built over ruins which could accommodate 3,000 worshipers.[96] When the Muslims went to Bayt Al-Maqdes for the first time, They searched for the site of the Far Away Holy Mosque (Al-Masjed Al-Aqsa) that was mentioned in Quran and Hadith according to Islamic beliefs. Contemporary Arabic and Hebrew sources say the site was full of rubbish, and that Arabs and Jews cleaned it.[97] The Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik commissioned the construction of the Dome of the Rock in the late 7th century.[98] The 10th century historian al-Muqaddasi writes that Abd al-Malik built the shrine in order to compete in grandeur with Jerusalem's monumental churches.[96] Over the next four hundred years Jerusalem's prominence diminished as Arab powers in the region jockeyed for control.[99]
In 1099, The Fatimid ruler expelled the native Christian population before Jerusalem was conquered by the Crusaders, who massacred most of its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants when they took the solidly defended city by assault, after a period of siege; later the Crusaders created the Kingdom of Jerusalem. By early June 1099 Jerusalem’s population had declined from 70,000 to less than 30,000.[100]
In 1187, the city was wrested from the Crusaders by Saladin who permitted Jews and Muslims to return and settle in the city.[101] Under the Ayyubid dynasty of Saladin, a period of huge investment began in the construction of houses, markets, public baths, and pilgrim hostels as well as the establishment of religious endowments. However, for most of the 13th century, Jerusalem declined to the status of a village due to city's fall of strategic value and Ayyubid internecine struggles.[102]
In 1244, Jerusalem was sacked by the Khwarezmian Tartars, who decimated the city's Christian population and drove out the Jews.[103] The Khwarezmian Tartars were driven out by the Ayyubids in 1247. From 1250 to 1517, Jerusalem was ruled by the Mamluks. During this period of time many clashes occurred between the Mamluks on one side and the crusaders and the Mongols on the other side. The area also suffered from many earthquakes and black plague.[citation needed] Some European Christian presence was maintained in the city by the Order of the Holy Sepulchre.
Early modern period[link]
In 1517, Jerusalem and environs fell to the Ottoman Turks, who generally remained in control until 1917.[101] Jerusalem enjoyed a prosperous period of renewal and peace under Suleiman the Magnificent – including the rebuilding of magnificent walls around the Old City. Throughout much of Ottoman rule, Jerusalem remained a provincial, if religiously important center, and did not straddle the main trade route between Damascus and Cairo.[104] The English reference book Modern history or the present state of all nations written in 1744 stated that "Jerusalem is still reckoned the capital city of Palestine".[105]
The Ottomans brought many innovations: modern postal systems run by the various consulates; the use of the wheel for modes of transportation; stagecoach and carriage, the wheelbarrow and the cart; and the oil-lantern, among the first signs of modernization in the city.[106] In the mid 19th century, the Ottomans constructed the first paved road from Jaffa to Jerusalem, and by 1892 the railroad had reached the city.[106]
Modern period[link]
With the annexation of Jerusalem by Muhammad Ali of Egypt in 1831, foreign missions and consulates began to establish a foothold in the city. In 1836, Ibrahim Pasha allowed Jerusalem's Jewish residents to restore four major synagogues, among them the Hurva.[107] In the 1834 Arab revolt in Palestine, Qasim al-Ahmad led his forces from Nablus and attacked Jerusalem, aided by the Abu Ghosh clan, entered the city on 31 May 1834. The Christians and Jews of Jerusalem were subjected to attacks. Ibrahim's Egyptian army routed Qasim's forces in Jerusalem the following month.[108]
Ottoman rule was reinstated in 1840, but many Egyptian Muslims remained in Jerusalem and Jews from Algiers and North Africa began to settle in the city in growing numbers.[107] In the 1840s and 1850s, the international powers began a tug-of-war in Palestine as they sought to extend their protection over the region's religious minorities, a struggle carried out mainly through consular representatives in Jerusalem.[109] According to the Prussian consul, the population in 1845 was 16,410, with 7,120 Jews, 5,000 Muslims, 3,390 Christians, 800 Turkish soldiers and 100 Europeans.[107] The volume of Christian pilgrims increased under the Ottomans, doubling the city's population around Easter time.[110]
In the 1860s, new neighborhoods began to develop outside the Old City walls to house pilgrims and relieve the intense overcrowding and poor sanitation inside the city. The Russian Compound and Mishkenot Sha'ananim were founded in 1860.[111] In 1867 an American Missionary reports an estimated population of Jerusalem of 'above' 15,000, with 4,000 to 5,000 Jews and 6,000 Muslims. Every year there were 5,000 to 6,000 Russian Christian Pilgrims.[112]
Until the 1880s there were no formal orphanages in Jerusalem, as families generally took care of each other. In 1881 the Diskin Orphanage was founded in Jerusalem with the arrival of Jewish children orphaned by a Russian pogrom. Other orphanages founded in Jerusalem at the beginning of the 20th century were Zion Blumenthal Orphanage (1900) and General Israel Orphan's Home for Girls (1902).[113]
British Mandate[link]
Further information: British Mandate of Palestine
In 1917 after the Battle of Jerusalem, the British Army, led by General Edmund Allenby, captured the city,[114] and in 1922, the League of Nations at the Conference of Lausanne entrusted the United Kingdom to administer the Mandate for Palestine, the neighbouring mandate of Transjordan to the east across the River Jordan, and the Iraq Mandate beyond it.
From 1922 to 1948 the total population of the city rose from 52,000 to 165,000 with two thirds of Jews and one-third of Arabs (Muslims and Christians).[115] The situation between Arabs and Jews in Palestine was not quiet. In Jerusalem, in particular, riots occurred in 1920 and in 1929. Under the British, new garden suburbs were built in the western and northern parts of the city[116][117] and institutions of higher learning such as the Hebrew University were founded.[118]
Division and reunification 1948–1967[link]
Further information: 1947-1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and Siege of Jerusalem (1948)
See also: United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194, Occupation of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan, and East Jerusalem
As the British Mandate for Palestine was expiring, the 1947 UN Partition Plan recommended "the creation of a special international regime in the City of Jerusalem, constituting it as a corpus separatum under the administration of the UN."[119] The international regime (which also included the city of Bethlehem) was to remain in force for a period of ten years, whereupon a referendum was to be held in which the residents were to decide the future regime of their city. However, this plan was not implemented, as the 1948 war erupted, while the British withdrew from Palestine and Israel declared its independence.[120] The war led to displacement of Arab and Jewish populations in the city. The 1,500 residents of the Jewish Quarter of the Old City were expelled and a few hundred taken prisoner when the Arab Legion captured the quarter on 28 May.[121][122] The Arab Legion also attacked Western Jerusalem with snipers.[123] Arab residents of Katamon, Talbiya, and the German Colony were driven from their homes. By the end of the war Israel had control of 12 of Jerusalem's 15 Arab residential quarters. An estimated minimum of 30,000 people had become refugees.[124][125]
The war of 1948 resulted in Jerusalem being divided, with the old walled city lying entirely on the Jordanian side of the line. A no-man's land between East and West Jerusalem came into being in November 1948: Moshe Dayan, commander of the Israeli forces in Jerusalem, met with his Jordanian counterpart Abdullah el Tell in a deserted house in Jerusalem’s Musrara neighborhood and marked out their respective positions: Israel’s position in red and Jordan's in green. This rough map, which was not meant as an official one, became the final line in the 1949 Armistice Agreements, which divided the city and left Mount Scopus as an Israeli exclave inside East Jerusalem.[126] Barbed wire and concrete barriers ran down the center of the city, passing close by Jaffa Gate on the western side of the old walled city, and a crossing point was established at Mandelbaum Gate slightly to the north of the old walled city. Military skirmishes frequently threatened the ceasefire. After the establishment of the State of Israel, Jerusalem was declared its capital. Jordan formally annexed East Jerusalem in 1950, subjecting it to Jordanian law.[120][127] Only the United Kingdom and Pakistan formally recognized such annexation, which, in regard to Jerusalem, was on a de facto basis.[128] Also, it is dubious if Pakistan recognized Jordan's annexation.[129][130]
After 1948, since the old walled city in its entirety was to the east of the armistice line, Jordan was able to take control of all the holy places therein, and contrary to the terms of the armistice agreement, denied Jews access to Jewish holy sites, many of which were desecrated. Jordan allowed only very limited access to Christian holy sites.[131] Of the 58 synagogues in the Old City, half were either razed or converted to stables and hen-houses over the course of the next 19 years, including the Hurva and the Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue. The Jewish Cemetery on the Mount of Olives was desecrated, with gravestones used as to build roads and latrines.[132] Many other historic and religiously significant buildings were demolished and replaced by modern structures.[133] During this period, the Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque underwent major renovations.[134] The Jewish Quarter became known as Harat al-Sharaf, and was resettled with refugees from the 1948 war. In 1966 the Jordanian authorities relocated 500 of them to the Shua'fat refugee camp as part of plans to redevelop the area.[135]
In 1967, despite Israeli pleas that Jordan remain neutral during the Six-Day War, Jordanian forces attacked Israeli-held West Jerusalem on the war's second day. After hand to hand fighting between Israeli and Jordanian soldiers on the Temple Mount, the Israel Defense Force captured East Jerusalem, along with the entire West Bank. East Jerusalem, along with some nearby West Bank territory, was subsequently annexed by Israel. On 27 June 1967, a few weeks after the war ended, Israel extended its law and jurisdiction to East Jerusalem and some surrounding area, incorporating it into the Jerusalem Municipality.[136] Although at the time Israel informed the United Nations that its measures constituted administrative and municipal integration rather than annexation, later rulings by the Israeli Supreme Court indicated that the eastern sector of Jerusalem had become part of Israel. In 1980, Israel passed the Jerusalem Law as an addition to its Basic Laws, which declared Jerusalem the "complete and united" capital of Israel.[137] Following the annexation, Israel conducted a census of Arab residents in the areas annexed. Residents were given permanent residency status and the option of applying for Israeli citizenship.
Jewish and Christian access to the holy sites inside the old walled city was restored. Israel left the Temple Mount under the jurisdiction of an Islamic waqf, but opened the Western Wall to Jewish access. The Moroccan Quarter, which was located adjacent to the Western Wall, was evacuated and razed[138] to make way for a plaza for those visiting the wall.[139] In the following days, Arabs living in the Jewish Quarter were also evicted. On April 18, 1968, the Israeli Treasury Ministry official expropriated the land of the former Moroccan Quarter and the Jewish Quarter for public use, and offered 200 Jordanian dinars to each displaced Arab family.
After the Six-Day War, Palestinians from the West Bank began moving to Jerusalem. In the decade following the war, the city's Arab population increased by more than 50 percent. In response, Israeli Agriculture Minister Ariel Sharon proposed building a ring of Jewish neighborhoods around the city's eastern edges. The plan was intended to make East Jerusalem more Jewish and prevent it from becoming part of an urban Palestinian bloc stretching from Bethlehem to Ramallah. On October 2, 1977, the Israeli cabinet approved the plan, and seven neighborhoods were subsequently built on the city's eastern edges. They became known as the Ring Neighborhoods. Other Jewish neighborhoods were built within East Jerusalem, and Israeli Jews also settled in Arab neighborhoods.[140][141]
The annexation of East Jerusalem was met with international criticism. Following the passing of the Jerusalem Law, the United Nations Security Council passed a resolution that declared the law "a violation of international law" and requested all member states to withdraw all remaining embassies from the city.[142] The Israeli Foreign Ministry disputes that the annexation of Jerusalem was a violation of international law.[143][144]
Today[link]
Further information: Positions on Jerusalem
The status of the city, and especially its holy places, remains a core issue in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The Israeli government has approved building plans in the Muslim Quarter of the Old City[145] in order to expand the Jewish presence in East Jerusalem, while prominent Islamic leaders have made claims that Jews have no historical connection to Jerusalem, alleging that the 2,500-year old Western Wall was constructed as part of a mosque.[146] Palestinians envision East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state,[147][148] and the city's borders have been the subject of bilateral talks. A strong longing for peace is symbolized by the Peace Monument (with farming tools made out of scrap weapons), facing the Old City wall near the former Israeli-Jordanian border and quoting from the book of Isaiah in Arabic and Hebrew.[149]
Geography[link]
Jerusalem is situated on the southern spur of a plateau in the Judean Mountains, which include the Mount of Olives (East) and Mount Scopus (North East). The elevation of the Old City is approximately 760 m (2,490 ft).[150] The whole of Jerusalem is surrounded by valleys and dry riverbeds (wadis). The Kidron, Hinnom, and Tyropoeon Valleys intersect in an area just south of the Old City of Jerusalem.[151] The Kidron Valley runs to the east of the Old City and separates the Mount of Olives from the city proper. Along the southern side of old Jerusalem is the Valley of Hinnom, a steep ravine associated in biblical eschatology with the concept of Gehenna or Hell.[152] The Tyropoeon Valley commenced in the northwest near the Damascus Gate, ran south-southeasterly through the center of the Old City down to the Pool of Siloam, and divided the lower part into two hills, the Temple Mount to the east, and the rest of the city to the west (the lower and the upper cities described by Josephus). Today, this valley is hidden by debris that has accumulated over the centuries.[151] In biblical times, Jerusalem was surrounded by forests of almond, olive and pine trees. Over centuries of warfare and neglect, these forests were destroyed. Farmers in the Jerusalem region thus built stone terraces along the slopes to hold back the soil, a feature still very much in evidence in the Jerusalem landscape.[citation needed]
Water supply has always been a major problem in Jerusalem, as attested to by the intricate network of ancient aqueducts, tunnels, pools and cisterns found in the city.[153]
Jerusalem is 60 kilometers (37 mi)[154] east of Tel Aviv and the Mediterranean Sea. On the opposite side of the city, approximately 35 kilometers (22 mi)[155] away, is the Dead Sea, the lowest body of water on Earth. Neighboring cities and towns include Bethlehem and Beit Jala to the south, Abu Dis and Ma'ale Adumim to the east, Mevaseret Zion to the west, and Ramallah and Giv'at Ze'ev to the north.[156][157][158]
Mount Herzl, at the western side of the city near the Jerusalem Forest, serves as the national cemetery of Israel.
Climate[link]
The city is characterized by a Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers, and mild, wet winters. Snow flurries usually occur once or twice a winter, although the city experiences heavy snowfall every three to four years, on average, with short-lived accumulation. January is the coldest month of the year, with an average temperature of 9.1 °C (48.4 °F); July and August are the hottest months, with an average temperature of 24.2 °C (75.6 °F), and the summer months are usually rainless. The average annual precipitation is around 550 mm (22 in), with rain occurring almost entirely between October and May.[159] Jerusalem has nearly 3,400 annual sunshine hours.[citation needed]
Most of the air pollution in Jerusalem comes from vehicular traffic.[160] Many main streets in Jerusalem were not built to accommodate such a large volume of traffic, leading to traffic congestion and more carbon monoxide released into the air. Industrial pollution inside the city is sparse, but emissions from factories on the Israeli Mediterranean coast can travel eastward and settle over the city.[160][161]
| Climate data for Jerusalem (1881–2007) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 23.4 (74.1) |
25.3 (77.5) |
27.6 (81.7) |
35.3 (95.5) |
37.2 (99.0) |
36.8 (98.2) |
40.6 (105.1) |
44.4 (111.9) |
37.8 (100.0) |
33.8 (92.8) |
29.4 (84.9) |
26 (79) |
44.4 (111.9) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 11.8 (53.2) |
12.6 (54.7) |
15.4 (59.7) |
21.5 (70.7) |
25.3 (77.5) |
27.6 (81.7) |
29.0 (84.2) |
29.4 (84.9) |
28.2 (82.8) |
24.7 (76.5) |
18.8 (65.8) |
14.0 (57.2) |
21.5 (70.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 9.1 (48.4) |
9.5 (49.1) |
11.9 (53.4) |
17.1 (62.8) |
20.5 (68.9) |
22.7 (72.9) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.5 (76.1) |
23.4 (74.1) |
20.7 (69.3) |
15.6 (60.1) |
11.2 (52.2) |
17.5 (63.5) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 6.4 (43.5) |
6.4 (43.5) |
8.4 (47.1) |
12.6 (54.7) |
15.7 (60.3) |
17.8 (64.0) |
19.4 (66.9) |
19.5 (67.1) |
18.6 (65.5) |
16.6 (61.9) |
12.3 (54.1) |
8.4 (47.1) |
13.5 (56.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −6.7 (19.9) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
0.8 (33.4) |
7.6 (45.7) |
11 (52) |
14.6 (58.3) |
15.5 (59.9) |
13.2 (55.8) |
9.8 (49.6) |
1.8 (35.2) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
| Rainfall mm (inches) | 133.2 (5.244) |
118.3 (4.657) |
92.7 (3.65) |
24.5 (0.965) |
3.2 (0.126) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0.3 (0.012) |
15.4 (0.606) |
60.8 (2.394) |
105.7 (4.161) |
554.1 (21.815) |
| % humidity | 72 | 69 | 63 | 58 | 41 | 44 | 52 | 57 | 58 | 56 | 61 | 69 | 58.3 |
| Avg. rainy days | 12.9 | 11.7 | 9.6 | 4.4 | 1.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 3.6 | 7.3 | 10.9 | 62 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 192.2 | 226.3 | 243.6 | 267.0 | 331.7 | 381.0 | 384.4 | 365.8 | 309.0 | 275.9 | 228.0 | 192.2 | 3,397.1 |
| Source no. 1: Israel Meteorological Service[162][163] | |||||||||||||
| Source no. 2: Hong Kong Observatory for data of sunshine hours[164] | |||||||||||||
Demographics[link]
Demographic history[link]
Main article: Demographic history of Jerusalem
Jerusalem's population size and composition has shifted many times over its 5,000 year history. Since medieval times, the Old City of Jerusalem has been divided into Jewish, Muslim, Christian, and Armenian quarters.
Most population data pre-1905 is based on estimates, often from foreign travellers or organisations, since previous census data usually covered wider areas such as the Jerusalem District.[165] These estimates suggest that since the end of the Crusades, Muslims formed the largest group in Jerusalem until the mid-nineteenth century.
Between 1838 and 1876, a number of estimates exist which conflict as to whether Jews or Muslims were the largest group during this period, and between 1882 and 1922 estimates conflict as to exactly when Jews became a majority of the population.
Current demographics[link]
In December 2007, Jerusalem had a population of 747,600—64% were Jewish, 32% Muslim, and 2% Christian.[5] At the end of 2005, the population density was 5,750.4 /km2 (14,893 /sq mi).[3][166] According to a study published in 2000, the percentage of Jews in the city's population had been decreasing; this was attributed to a higher Muslim birth rate, and Jewish residents leaving. The study also found that about nine percent of the Old City's 32,488 people were Jews.[167]
In 2005, 2,850 new immigrants settled in Jerusalem, mostly from the United States, France and the former Soviet Union. In terms of the local population, the number of outgoing residents exceeds the number of incoming residents. In 2005, 16,000 left Jerusalem and only 10,000 moved in.[3] Nevertheless, the population of Jerusalem continues to rise due to the high birth rate, especially in the Haredi Jewish and Arab communities. Consequently, the total fertility rate in Jerusalem (4.02) is higher than in Tel Aviv (1.98) and well above the national average of 2.90. The average size of Jerusalem's 180,000 households is 3.8 people.[3]
In 2005, the total population grew by 13,000 (1.8%)—similar to Israeli national average, but the religious and ethnic composition is shifting. While 31% of the Jewish population is made up of children below the age fifteen, the figure for the Arab population is 42%.[3] This would seem to corroborate the observation that the percentage of Jews in Jerusalem has declined over the past four decades. In 1967, Jews accounted for 74 percent of the population, while the figure for 2006 is down nine percent.[168] Possible factors are the high cost of housing, fewer job opportunities and the increasingly religious character of the city, although proportionally, young Haredim are leaving in higher numbers.[citation needed] Many people are moving to the suburbs and coastal cities in search of cheaper housing and a more secular lifestyle.[169] In 2009, the percentage of Haredim in the city was increasing. As of 2009, out of 150,100 schoolchildren, 59,900 or 40% are in state-run secular and National Religious schools, while 90,200 or 60% are in Haredi schools. This correlates with the high number of children in Haredi families.[170][171]
While some Israelis see Jerusalem as poor, rundown and riddled with religious and political tension, the city has been a magnet for Palestinians, offering more jobs and opportunity than any city in the West Bank or Gaza Strip. Palestinian officials have encouraged Arabs over the years to stay in the city to maintain their claim.[172][173] Palestinians are attracted to the access to jobs, healthcare, social security, other benefits, and quality of life Israel provides to Jerusalem residents.[174] Arab residents of Jerusalem who choose not to have Israeli citizenship are granted an Israeli identity card that allows them to pass through checkpoints with relative ease and to travel throughout Israel, making it easier to find work. Residents also are entitled to the subsidized healthcare and social security benefits Israel provides its citizens, and have the right to vote in municipal elections. Arabs in Jerusalem can send their children to Israeli-run schools, although not every neighborhood has one, and universities. Israeli doctors and highly regarded hospitals such as Hadassah Medical Center are available to residents.[175]
Demographics and the Jewish-Arab population divide play a major role in the dispute over Jerusalem. In 1998, the Jerusalem Development Authority proposed expanding city limits to the west to include more areas heavily populated with Jews.[176]
Urban planning issues[link]
Critics of efforts to promote a Jewish majority in Jerusalem say that government planning policies are motivated by demographic considerations and seek to limit Arab construction while promoting Jewish construction.[177] According to a World Bank report, the number of recorded building violations between 1996 and 2000 was four and half times higher in Jewish neighborhoods but four times fewer demolition orders were issued in West Jerusalem than in East Jerusalem; Arabs in Jerusalem were less likely to receive construction permits than Jews, and "the authorities are much more likely to take action against Palestinian violators" than Jewish violators of the permit process.[178] In recent years, private Jewish foundations have received permission from the government to develop projects on disputed lands, such as the City of David archaeological park in the 60% Arab neighborhood of Silwan (adjacent to the Old City),[179] and the Museum of Tolerance on Mamilla cemetery (adjacent to Zion Square).[178][180] Opponents view such urban planning moves as geared towards the Judaization of Jerusalem.[181][182][183]
Local government[link]
The Jerusalem City Council is a body of 31 elected members headed by the mayor, who serves a five-year term and appoints eight deputies. The former mayor of Jerusalem, Uri Lupolianski, was elected in 2003.[184] In the November 2008 city elections, Nir Barkat came out as the winner and is now the mayor. Apart from the mayor and his deputies, City Council members receive no salaries and work on a voluntary basis. The longest-serving Jerusalem mayor was Teddy Kollek, who spent 28 years—-six consecutive terms-—in office. Most of the meetings of the Jerusalem City Council are private, but each month, it holds a session that is open to the public.[184] Within the city council, religious political parties form an especially powerful faction, accounting for the majority of its seats.[185] The headquarters of the Jerusalem Municipality and the mayor's office are at Safra Square (Kikar Safra) on Jaffa Road. The municipal complex, comprising two modern buildings and ten renovated historic buildings surrounding a large plaza, opened in 1993.[186] The city falls under the Jerusalem District, with Jerusalem as the district's capital.
Political status[link]
See also: Positions on Jerusalem
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Under the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine passed by the UN in 1947, Jerusalem was envisaged to become a corpus separatum administered by the United Nations. While the Jewish leaders accepted the partition plan, the Arab leadership (the Arab Higher Committee in Palestine and the Arab League) rejected it, opposing any partition.[187][188] In the war of 1948, the western part of the city was occupied by forces of the nascent state of Israel, while the eastern part was occupied by Jordan. The international community largely considers the legal status of Jerusalem to derive from the partition plan, and correspondingly refuses to recognize Israeli sovereignty in the city. On 5 December 1949, the State of Israel's first Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, proclaimed Jerusalem as Israel's capital,[189] and since then all branches of the Israeli government—legislative, judicial, and executive—have resided there, except for the Ministry of Defense, located at HaKirya in Tel Aviv.[190] At the time of the proclamation, Jerusalem was divided between Israel and Jordan and thus only West Jerusalem was proclaimed Israel's capital. Following the Six-Day War, Israel annexed East Jerusalem, and a provision stipulating that the city was the united capital of Israel was added to the country's Basic Law.[191] The status of a "united Jerusalem" as Israel's "eternal capital"[189][192] has been a matter of immense controversy within the international community. Although some countries maintain consulates in Jerusalem, all embassies are located outside the city proper, mostly in Tel Aviv.[193][194] Due to the non-recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital, some non-Israeli press use Tel Aviv as a metonym for Israel.[195][196][197][198]
The non-binding United Nations Security Council Resolution 478, passed on 20 August 1980, declared that the Basic Law was "null and void and must be rescinded forthwith". Member states were advised to withdraw their diplomatic representation from Jerusalem as a punitive measure. Most of the remaining countries with embassies in Jerusalem complied with the resolution by relocating them to Tel Aviv, where many embassies already resided prior to Resolution 478. Currently, there are no embassies located within the city limits of Jerusalem, although there are embassies in Mevaseret Zion, on the outskirts of Jerusalem, and four consulates in the city itself.[194] In 1995, the United States Congress had planned to move its embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem with the passage of the Jerusalem Embassy Act.[199] However, U.S. presidents have argued that Congressional resolutions regarding the status of Jerusalem are merely advisory. The Constitution reserves foreign relations as an executive power, and as such, the United States embassy is still in Tel Aviv.[200]
On 28 October 2009, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon warned that Jerusalem must be the capital of both Israel and Palestine if peace is to be achieved.[201]
The Palestinian National Authority views East Jerusalem as occupied territory according to United Nations Security Council Resolution 242. The Palestinian Authority claims all of East Jerusalem, including the Temple Mount, as the capital of the State of Palestine, and claims that West Jerusalem is also subject to permanent status negotiations. However, it has stated that it would be willing to consider alternative solutions, such as making Jerusalem an open city.[202]
In 2010, Israel approved legislation giving Jerusalem the highest national priority status in Israel. The law prioritized construction throughout the city, and offered grants and tax benefits to residents to make housing, infrastructure, education, employment, business, tourism, and cultural events more affordable. Communications Minister Moshe Kahlon said that the bill sent "a clear, unequivocal political message that Jerusalem will not be divided", and that "all those within the Palestinian and international community who expect the current Israeli government to accept any demands regarding Israel's sovereignty over it's [sic] capital are mistaken and misleading".[203]
Government precinct and national institutions[link]
Most national institutions of Israel are located in Jerusalem. The city is home to the Knesset,[204] the Supreme Court,[205] the official residences of the President and Prime Minister, the Cabinet, all ministries except the Ministry of Defense, and the Bank of Israel. Prior to the creation of the State of Israel, Jerusalem served as the administrative capital of the British Mandate for Palestine, which included present-day Israel and Jordan.[206] From 1949 until 1967, West Jerusalem served as Israel's capital, but was not recognized as such internationally because UN General Assembly Resolution 194 envisaged Jerusalem as an international city. As a result of the Six-Day War in 1967, the whole of Jerusalem came under Israeli control. On 27 June 1967, the government of Levi Eshkol extended Israeli law and jurisdiction to East Jerusalem, but agreed that administration of the Temple Mount compound would be maintained by the Jordanian waqf, under the Jordanian Ministry of Religious Endowments.[207] In 1988, Israel ordered the closure of Orient House, home of the Arab Studies Society, but also the headquarters of the Palestine Liberation Organization, for security reasons. The building reopened in 1992 as a Palestinian guesthouse.[208][209] The Oslo Accords stated that the final status of Jerusalem would be determined by negotiations with the Palestinian Authority. The accords banned any official Palestinian presence in the city until a final peace agreement, but provided for the opening of a Palestinian trade office in East Jerusalem. The Palestinian Authority regards East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state.[24] President Mahmoud Abbas has said that any agreement that did not not include East Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine would be unacceptable.[210] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has similarly stated that Jerusalem would remain the undivided capital of Israel. Due to its proximity to the city, especially the Temple Mount, Abu Dis, a Palestinian suburb of Jerusalem, has been proposed as the future capital of a Palestinian state by Israel. Israel has not incorporated Abu Dis within its security wall around Jerusalem. The Palestinian Authority has built a possible future parliament building for the Palestinian Legislative Council in the town, and its Jerusalem Affairs Offices are all located in Abu Dis.[211]
Religious significance[link]
Main article: Religious significance of Jerusalem
Jerusalem has been sacred to Judaism for roughly 3000 years, to Christianity for around 2000 years, and to Islam for approximately 1400 years. The 2000 Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem lists 1204 synagogues, 158 churches, and 73 mosques within the city.[212] Despite efforts to maintain peaceful religious coexistence, some sites, such as the Temple Mount, have been a continuous source of friction and controversy.
Jerusalem has been sacred to the Jews since King David proclaimed it his capital in the 10th century BCE. Jerusalem was the site of Solomon's Temple and the Second Temple.[10] Although not mentioned in the Torah / Pentateuch,[213] it is mentioned in the Bible 632 times. Today, the Western Wall, a remnant of the wall surrounding the Second Temple, is a Jewish holy site second only to the Holy of Holies on the Temple Mount itself.[214] Synagogues around the world are traditionally built with the Holy Ark facing Jerusalem,[215] and Arks within Jerusalem face the "Holy of Holies".[216] As prescribed in the Mishna and codified in the Shulchan Aruch, daily prayers are recited while facing towards Jerusalem and the Temple Mount. Many Jews have "Mizrach" plaques hung on a wall of their homes to indicate the direction of prayer.[216][217]
Christianity reveres Jerusalem not only for its Old Testament history but also for its significance in the life of Jesus. According to the New Testament, Jesus was brought to Jerusalem soon after his birth[218] and later in his life cleansed the Second Temple.[219] The Cenacle, believed to be the site of Jesus' Last Supper, is located on Mount Zion in the same building that houses the Tomb of King David.[220][221] Another prominent Christian site in Jerusalem is Golgotha, the site of the crucifixion. The Gospel of John describes it as being located outside Jerusalem,[222] but recent archaeological evidence suggests Golgotha is a short distance from the Old City walls, within the present-day confines of the city.[223] The land currently occupied by the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is considered one of the top candidates for Golgotha and thus has been a Christian pilgrimage site for the past two thousand years.[223][224][225]
Jerusalem is considered by some as the third-holiest city in Sunni Islam.[14] For approximately a year, before it was permanently switched to the Kabaa in Mecca, the qibla (direction of prayer) for Muslims was Jerusalem.[226] The city's lasting place in Islam, however, is primarily due to Muhammad's Night of Ascension (c. CE 620). Muslims believe Muhammad was miraculously transported one night from Mecca to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, whereupon he ascended to Heaven to meet previous prophets of Islam.[227][228] The first verse in the Qur'an's Surat al-Isra notes the destination of Muhammad's journey as al-Aqsa (the farthest) mosque,[229] in assumed reference to the location in Jerusalem. Today, the Temple Mount is topped by two Islamic landmarks intended to commemorate the event—al-Aqsa Mosque, derived from the name mentioned in the Qur'an, and the Dome of the Rock, which stands over the Foundation Stone, from which Muslims believe Muhammad ascended to Heaven.[230]
Culture[link]
Although Jerusalem is known primarily for its religious significance, the city is also home to many artistic and cultural venues. The Israel Museum attracts nearly one million visitors a year, approximately one-third of them tourists.[231] The 20-acre (81,000 m2) museum complex comprises several buildings featuring special exhibits and extensive collections of Judaica, archaeological findings, and Israeli and European art. The Dead Sea scrolls, discovered in the mid-20th century in the Qumran caves near the Dead Sea, are housed in the Museum's Shrine of the Book.[232]
The Youth Wing, which mounts changing exhibits and runs an extensive art education program, is visited by 100,000 children a year. The museum has a large outdoor sculpture garden, and a scale-model of the Second Temple.[231] The Rockefeller Museum, located in East Jerusalem, was the first archaeological museum in the Middle East. It was built in 1938 during the British Mandate.[233][234]
Yad Vashem, Israel's national memorial to the victims of the Holocaust, houses the world's largest library of Holocaust-related information,[235] with an estimated 100,000 books and articles. The complex contains a state-of-the-art museum that explores the genocide of the Jews through exhibits that focus on the personal stories of individuals and families killed in the Holocaust and an art gallery featuring the work of artists who perished. Yad Vashem also commemorates the 1.5 million Jewish children murdered by the Nazis, and honors the Righteous among the Nations.[236] The Museum on the Seam, which explores issues of coexistence through art, is situated on the road dividing eastern and western Jerusalem.[237]
The Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra, established in the 1940s,[238] has appeared around the world.[238] Other arts facilities include the International Convention Center (Binyanei HaUma) near the entrance to city, where the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra plays, the Jerusalem Cinemateque, the Gerard Behar Center (formerly Beit Ha'am) in downtown Jerusalem, the Jerusalem Music Center in Yemin Moshe,[239] and the Targ Music Center in Ein Kerem. The Israel Festival, featuring indoor and outdoor performances by local and international singers, concerts, plays and street theater, has been held annually since 1961; for the past 25 years, Jerusalem has been the major organizer of this event. The Jerusalem Theater in the Talbiya neighborhood hosts over 150 concerts a year, as well as theater and dance companies and performing artists from overseas.[240] The Khan Theater, located in a caravansarai opposite the old Jerusalem train station, is the city's only repertoire theater.[241] The station itself has become a venue for cultural events in recent years, as the site of Shav'ua Hasefer, an annual week-long book fair, and outdoor music performances.[242] The Jerusalem Film Festival is held annually, screening Israeli and international films.[243]
The Ticho House, in downtown Jerusalem, houses the paintings of Anna Ticho and the Judaica collections of her husband, an ophthalmologist who opened Jerusalem's first eye clinic in this building in 1912.[244] Al-Hoash, established in 2004, is a gallery for the preservation of Palestinian art.[245]
in 1974 was founded the Jerusalem Cinematheque by Lia van Lear,. in 1981 he passed a to new building in Hebron rd. near to the Valley of Hinnom and the Old City with the foundation of the "National Israeli Film Archive".
Jerusalem was declared the Capital of Arab Culture in 2009.[246] Jerusalem is home to the Palestinian National Theatre, which engages in cultural preservation as well as innovation, working to rekindle Palestinian interest in the arts.[247] The Edward Said National Conservatory of Music sponsors the Palestine Youth Orchestra[248] which toured the Gulf states and other Middle East countries in 2009.[249] The Islamic Museum on the Temple Mount, established in 1923, houses many Islamic artifacts, from tiny kohl flasks and rare manuscripts to giant marble columns.[250] While Israel approves and financially supports Arab cultural activities, Arab Capital of Culture events were banned because they were sponsored by the Palestine National Authority.[246] In 2009, a four-day culture festival was held in the Beit 'Anan suburb of Jerusalem, attended by more than 15,000 people[251]
The Abraham Fund[252] and the Jerusalem Intercultural Center] (JICC)[253] promote joint Jewish-Palestinian cultural projects. The Jerusalem Center for Middle Eastern Music and Dance[254] is open to Arabs and Jews, and offers workshops on Jewish-Arab dialogue through the arts.[255] The Jewish-Arab Youth Orchestra performs both European classical and Middle Eastern music.[256]
In 2006, a 38 km (24 mi) Jerusalem Trail was opened, a hiking trail that goes to many cultural sites and national parks in and around Jerusalem.
In 2008, the Tolerance Monument, an outdoor sculpture by Czesław Dźwigaj, was erected on a hill between Jewish Armon HaNetziv and Arab Jebl Mukaber as a symbol of Jerusalem's quest for peace.[257]
Media[link]
Jerusalem is the state broadcasting center in Israel. Office is located in Jerusalem and the Israel Broadcasting Authority TV and radio studios of her - Israel Channel, Israel Radio studios. City offices are also located in the Second Authority for Television and Radio with Israel Channel 2 and Israel Channel 10, part of the radio studios of BBC News, and post offices in Israel.
Local media entities are radio Jerusalem city, local newspapers such as Yedioth Jerusalem, Jerusalem time, and the whole city, and local newspapers in different neighborhood.
Economy[link]
Historically, Jerusalem's economy was supported almost exclusively by religious pilgrims, as it was located far from the major ports of Jaffa and Gaza.[258] Jerusalem's religious landmarks today remain the top draw for foreign visitors, with the majority of tourists visiting the Western Wall and the Old City,[3] but in the past half-century it has become increasingly clear that Jerusalem's providence cannot solely be sustained by its religious significance.[258]
Although many statistics indicate economic growth in the city, since 1967 East Jerusalem has lagged behind the development of West Jerusalem.[258] Nevertheless, the percentage of households with employed persons is higher for Arab households (76.1%) than for Jewish households (66.8%). The unemployment rate in Jerusalem (8.3%) is slightly better than the national average (9.0%), although the civilian labor force accounted for less than half of all persons fifteen years or older—lower in comparison to that of Tel Aviv (58.0%) and Haifa (52.4%).[3] Poverty in the city has increased dramatically in recent years. According to a report by the Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI), 78% of Palestinians in Jerusalem lived in poverty in 2012. This marks a steady increase from 2006 when 64% of Palestinians were in poverty. While the ACRI attributes the increase to the lack of employment opportunities, infrastructure and a worsening educational system, Ir Amim blames the legal status of Palestinians in Jerusalem.[259] In 2006, the average monthly income for a worker in Jerusalem was NIS5,940 (US$1,410), NIS1,350 less than that for a worker in Tel Aviv.[citation needed]
During the British Mandate, a law was passed requiring all buildings to be constructed of Jerusalem stone in order to preserve the unique historic and aesthetic character of the city.[117] Complementing this building code, which is still in force, is the discouragement of heavy industry in Jerusalem; only about 2.2% of Jerusalem's land is zoned for "industry and infrastructure." By comparison, the percentage of land in Tel Aviv zoned for industry and infrastructure is twice as high, and in Haifa, seven times as high.[3] Only 8.5% of the Jerusalem District work force is employed in the manufacturing sector, which is half the national average (15.8%). Higher than average percentages are employed in education (17.9% vs. 12.7%); health and welfare (12.6% vs. 10.7%); community and social services (6.4% vs. 4.7%); hotels and restaurants (6.1% vs. 4.7%); and public administration (8.2% vs. 4.7%).[260] Although Tel Aviv remains Israel's financial center, a growing number of high tech companies are moving to Jerusalem, providing 12,000 jobs in 2006.[261] Northern Jerusalem's Har Hotzvim industrial park is home to some of Israel's major corporations, among them Intel, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ophir Optronics and ECI Telecom. Expansion plans for the park envision one hundred businesses, a fire station, and a school, covering an area of 530,000 m2 (130 acres).[262]
Since the establishment of the State of Israel, the national government has remained a major player in Jerusalem's economy. The government, centered in Jerusalem, generates a large number of jobs, and offers subsidies and incentives for new business initiatives and start-ups.[258]
In 2010, Jerusalem was named the top leisure travel city in Africa and the Middle East by Travel + Leisure magazine.[263]
Transportation[link]
Main article: Transport in Jerusalem
Jerusalem is served by highly-developed communication infrastructures, making it a leading logistics hub for Israel.
The Jerusalem Central Bus Station, located on Jaffa Road, is the busiest bus station in Israel. It is served by Egged Bus Cooperative, which is the second-largest bus company in the world,[264] The Dan serves the Bnei Brak-Jerusalem route along with Egged, and Superbus serves the routes between Jerusalem, Modi'in Illit, and Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut. The companies operate from Jerusalem Central Bus Station. Arab neighborhoods in East Jerusalem and routes between Jerusalem and locations in the West Bank are served by the East Jerusalem Central Bus Station, a transportation hub located near the Old City's Damascus Gate. The Jerusalem Light Rail initiated service in August 2011. According to plans, the first rail line will be capable of transporting an estimated 200,000 people daily, and has 23 stops. The route is from Pisgat Ze'ev in the north via the Old City and city center to Mt. Herzl in the south.
Another work in progress[265] is a new high-speed rail line from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, which is scheduled to be completed in 2017. Its terminus will be an underground station (80 m (262.47 ft) deep) serving the International Convention Center and the Central Bus Station,[266] and is planned to be extended eventually to Malha station. Israel Railways operates train services to Malha train station from Tel Aviv via Beit Shemesh.[267][268]
Begin Expressway is one of Jerusalem's major north-south thoroughfares; it runs on the western side of the city, merging in the north with Route 443, which continues toward Tel Aviv. Route 60 runs through the center of the city near the Green Line between East and West Jerusalem. Construction is progressing on parts of a 35-kilometer (22 mi) ring road around the city, fostering faster connection between the suburbs.[269][270] The eastern half of the project was conceptualized decades ago, but reaction to the proposed highway is still mixed.[269]
Education[link]
Jerusalem is home to several prestigious universities offering courses in Hebrew, Arabic and English. Founded in 1925, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem has been ranked among the top 100 schools in the world.[271] The Board of Governors has included such prominent Jewish intellectuals as Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud.[118] The university has produced several Nobel laureates; recent winners associated with Hebrew University include Avram Hershko,[272] David Gross,[273] and Daniel Kahneman.[274] One of the university's major assets is the Jewish National and University Library, which houses over five million books.[275] The library opened in 1892, over three decades before the university was established, and is one of the world's largest repositories of books on Jewish subjects. Today it is both the central library of the university and the national library of Israel.[276] The Hebrew University operates three campuses in Jerusalem, on Mount Scopus, on Giv'at Ram and a medical campus at the Hadassah Ein Kerem hospital.
Al-Quds University was established in 1984[277] to serve as a flagship university for the Arab and Palestinian peoples. It describes itself as the "only Arab university in Jerusalem".[278] New York Bard College and Al-Quds University agreed to open a joint college in a building originally built to house the Palestinian Legislative Council and Yasser Arafat’s office. The college gives Master of Arts in Teaching degrees.[279] Al-Quds University resides southeast of the city proper on a 190,000 square metres (47 acres) Abu Dis campus.[277] Other institutions of higher learning in Jerusalem are the Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance[280] and Bezalel Academy of Art and Design,[281] whose buildings are located on the campuses of the Hebrew University.
The Jerusalem College of Technology, founded in 1969, combines training in engineering and other high-tech industries with a Jewish studies program.[282] It is one of many schools in Jerusalem, from elementary school and up, that combine secular and religious studies. Numerous religious educational institutions and Yeshivot, including some of the most prestigious yeshivas, among them the Brisk, Chevron, Midrash Shmuel and Mir, are based in the city, with the Mir Yeshiva claiming to be the largest.[283] There were nearly 8,000 twelfth-grade students in Hebrew-language schools during the 2003–2004 school year.[3] However, due to the large portion of students in Haredi Jewish frameworks, only fifty-five percent of twelfth graders took matriculation exams (Bagrut) and only thirty-seven percent were eligible to graduate. Unlike public schools, many Haredi schools do not prepare students to take standardized tests.[3] To attract more university students to Jerusalem, the city has begun to offer a special package of financial incentives and housing subsidies to students who rent apartments in downtown Jerusalem.[284]
Schools for Arabs in Jerusalem and other parts of Israel have been criticized for offering a lower quality education than those catering to Israeli Jewish students.[285] While many schools in the heavily Arab East Jerusalem are filled to capacity and there have been complaints of overcrowding, the Jerusalem Municipality is currently building over a dozen new schools in the city's Arab neighborhoods.[286] Schools in Ras el-Amud and Umm Lison opened in 2008.[287] In March 2007, the Israeli government approved a 5-year plan to build 8,000 new classrooms in the city, 40 percent in the Arab sector and 28 percent in the Haredi sector. A budget of 4.6 billion shekels was allocated for this project.[288] In 2008, Jewish British philanthropists donated $3 million for the construction of schools in Arab East Jerusalem.[287] Arab high school students take the Bagrut matriculation exams, so that much of their curriculum parallels that of other Israeli high schools and includes certain Jewish subjects.[285]
Sports[link]
The two most popular sports are football (soccer) and basketball.[289] Beitar Jerusalem Football Club is one of the most well known in Israel. Fans include political figures who often attend its games.[290] Jerusalem's other major football team, and one of Beitar's top rivals, is Hapoel Jerusalem F.C. Whereas Beitar has been Israel State Cup champion seven times,[291] Hapoel has won the Cup only once. Beitar has won the top league six times, while Hapoel has never succeeded. Beitar plays in the more prestigious Ligat HaAl, while Hapoel is in the second division Liga Leumit. Since its opening in 1992, Teddy Kollek Stadium has been Jerusalem's primary football stadium, with a capacity of 21,600.[292] The most popular Palestinian football club is Jabal Al Mukaber (since 1976) which plays in West Bank Premier League. The club hails from Mount Scopus at Jerusalem, part of the Asian Football Confederation, and plays at the Faisal Al-Husseini International Stadium at Al-Ram, across the West Bank Barrier.[293][294]
In basketball, Hapoel Jerusalem plays in the top division. The club has won the State Cup three times, and the ULEB Cup in 2004.[295]
The Jerusalem Half Marathon is an annual event in which runners from all over the world compete on a course that takes in some of the city's most famous sights. In addition to the 21.0975 kilometres (13.1094 mi) Half Marathon, runners can also opt for the shorter 10 km (6.2 mi) Fun Run. Both runs start and finish at the stadium in Givat Ram.[296][297]
Notable residents[link]
_cropped.jpg)
- Ancient
- Abdi-Heba
- Melchizedek
- Araunah
- Zadok
- King David (c. 1040 BCE-c. 970 BCE), second king of the united Kingdom of Israel
- Solomon the Great (c. 1011 BCE-c. 931 BCE), a King of Israel
- Modern
- Naomi Ben-Ami (born 1960), Israeli government official and head of Lishkat Hakesher
- Amram Blau
- Rachel Bluwstein
- Trude Dothan (born 1923), archaeologist
- Shlomo Hillel
- William Holman Hunt
- Helena Kagan
- Ephraim Katzir (1916–2009), biophysicist and fourth President of Israel
- Teddy Kollek (1911–2007), mayor of Jerusalem and founder of the Jerusalem Foundation
- Dan Meridor
- Sallai Meridor
- Shlomo Moussaieff (1852-1922), a founder of the Bukharim neighborhood
- Uzi Narkiss
- Ezra Nawi
- Yoni Netanyahu (1946–76), commander of Sayeret Matkal; killed in action during Operation Entebbe
- Sari Nusseibeh (born 1949), writer and philosopher.
- Amos Oz (born 1939), writer, novelist, and journalist
- Herbert Plumer
- Natalie Portman (born 1981), actress
- Menachem Porush
- Yitzhak Rabin (1922–95), general and the fifth Prime Minister of Israel
- Reuven Rivlin
- Afif Safieh (born 1950), Palestinian diplomat
- Conrad Schick
- Nahman Shai
- Chemi Shalev
- Michael Sfard
- Menachem Ussishkin
- Matan Vilnai
- Yigael Yadin
- A.B. Yehoshua
- Rehavam Ze'evi
Twin towns and sister cities[link]
See List of Israeli twin towns and sister cities
- New York City, United States (since 1993)[298][299]
- Prague, Czech Republic [300]
Partner city[link]
- Marseille, France
See also[link]
- Walls of Jerusalem
- Jerusalem Day (Yom Yerushalayim)
- Quds Day (Yawm al-Quds)
- List of places in Jerusalem
- List of songs about Jerusalem
Endnotes[link]
| i. | ^ In other languages: official Arabic in Israel: أورشليم القدس Ûrshalîm-Al Quds (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); Russian: Иерусалим Ijerusalím; Armenian: Երուսաղեմ Erusaġem. |
| ii. | ^ Jerusalem is the capital under Israeli law. The presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament (Knesset) are located there. The Palestinian Authority foresees East Jerusalem as the capital of its future state. The UN and most countries do not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, taking the position that the final status of Jerusalem is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Most countries maintain their embassies in Tel Aviv and its suburbs or suburbs of Jerusalem, such as Mevaseret Zion (see CIA Factbook and Map of IsraelPDF (319 KB)) See Positions on Jerusalem for more information. |
| iii. | ^ Statistics regarding the demographics of Jerusalem refer to the unified and expanded Israeli municipality, which includes the pre-1967 Israeli and Jordanian municipalities as well as several additional Palestinian villages and neighborhoods to the northeast. Some of the Palestinian villages and neighborhoods have been relinquished to the West Bank de facto by way of the Israeli West Bank barrier,[176] but their legal statuses have not been reverted. |
| iv. | ^ The website for Jerusalem is available in three languages—Hebrew, English, and Arabic. |
| v. | ^ a b Much of the information regarding King David's conquest of Jerusalem comes from Biblical accounts, but some modern-day historians have begun to give them credit due to a 1993 excavation.[301] |
| vi. | ^ Sources disagree on the timing of the creation of the Pact of Umar (Omar). Whereas some say the Pact originated during Umar's lifetime but was later expanded,[302][303] others say the Pact was created after his death and retroactively attributed to him.[304] Further still, other historians believe the ideas in the Pact pre-date Islam and Umar entirely.[305] |
References[link]
- ^ a b c "Timeline for the History of Jerusalem". Jewish Virtual Library. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/jerutime.html. Retrieved 16 April 2007.
- ^ Largest city:
- "... modern Jerusalem, Israel's largest city ..." (Erlanger, Steven. Jerusalem, Now, The New York Times, 16 April 2006.)
- "Jerusalem is Israel's largest city." ("Israel (country)[dead link]", Microsoft Encarta, 2006, p. 3. Retrieved 18 October 2006. Archived 31 October 2009.)
- "Since 1975 unified Jerusalem has been the largest city in Israel." ("Jerusalem"[dead link], Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2006. Retrieved 18 October 2006. Archived 21 June 2008)
- "Jerusalem is the largest city in the State of Israel. It has the largest population, the most Jews and the most non-Jews of all Israeli cities." (Klein, Menachem. Jerusalem: The Future of a Contested City, New York University Press, 1 March 2001, p. 18. ISBN 0-8147-4754-X)
- "In 1967, Tel Aviv was the largest city in Israel. By 1987, more Jews lived in Jerusalem than the total population of Tel Aviv. Jerusalem had become Israel's premier city." (Friedland, Roger and Hecht, Richard. To Rule Jerusalem, University of California Press, 19 September 2000, p. 192. ISBN 0-520-22092-7).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Press Release: Jerusalem Day" (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics. 24 May 2006. http://www.cbs.gov.il/hodaot2006n/11_06_106e.pdf. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
- ^ Jewish Birthrate Exceeds Arab in Jerusalem
- ^ a b "TABLE 3. – POPULATION(1) OF LOCALITIES NUMBERING ABOVE 2,000 RESIDENTS AND OTHER RURAL POPULATION ON 31/12/2008" (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2009/table3.pdf. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
- ^ "Local Authorities in Israel 2007, Publication #1295 – Municipality Profiles – Jerusalem" (in Hebrew) (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2009/table3.pdf. Retrieved 31 December 2007.
- ^ "Do We Divide the Holiest Holy City?". Moment Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080603214950/http://www.momentmag.com/Exclusive/2008/2008-03/200803-Jerusalem.html. Retrieved 5 March 2008. . According to Eric H. Cline’s tally in Jerusalem Besieged.
- ^ Ben-Arieh, Yehoshua (1984). Jerusalem in the 19th Century, The Old City. Yad Izhak Ben Zvi & St. Martin's Press. p. 14. ISBN 0-312-44187-8.
- ^ "Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls". Whc.unesco.org. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/148. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
- ^ a b Since the 10th century BCE:[v]
- "Israel was first forged into a unified nation from Jerusalem some 3,000 years ago, when King David seized the crown and united the twelve tribes from this city... For a thousand years Jerusalem was the seat of Jewish sovereignty, the household site of kings, the location of its legislative councils and courts. In exile, the Jewish nation came to be identified with the city that had been the site of its ancient capital. Jews, wherever they were, prayed for its restoration." Roger Friedland, Richard D. Hecht. To Rule Jerusalem, University of California Press, 2000, p. 8. ISBN 0-520-22092-7
- "The Jewish bond to Jerusalem was never broken. For three millennia, Jerusalem has been the center of the Jewish faith, retaining its symbolic value throughout the generations." Jerusalem- the Holy City, Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 23 February 2003. Accessed 24 March 2007.
- "The centrality of Jerusalem to Judaism is so strong that even secular Jews express their devotion and attachment to the city, and cannot conceive of a modern State of Israel without it.... For Jews Jerusalem is sacred simply because it exists... Though Jerusalem's sacred character goes back three millennia...". Leslie J. Hoppe. The Holy City: Jerusalem in the theology of the Old Testament, Liturgical Press, 2000, p. 6. ISBN 0-8146-5081-3
- "Ever since King David made Jerusalem the capital of Israel 3,000 years ago, the city has played a central role in Jewish existence." Mitchell Geoffrey Bard, The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Middle East Conflict, Alpha Books, 2002, p. 330. ISBN 0-02-864410-7
- "For Jews the city has been the pre-eminent focus of their spiritual, cultural, and national life throughout three millennia." Yossi Feintuch, U.S. Policy on Jerusalem, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1987, p. 1. ISBN 0-313-25700-0
- "Jerusalem became the center of the Jewish people some 3,000 years ago" Moshe Maoz, Sari Nusseibeh, Jerusalem: Points of Friction – And Beyond, Brill Academic Publishers, 2000, p. 1. ISBN 90-411-8843-6
- "The Jewish people are inextricably bound to the city of Jerusalem. No other city has played such a dominant role in the history, politics, culture, religion, national life and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaism. Since King David established the city as the capital of the Jewish state circa 1000 BCE, it has served as the symbol and most profound expression of the Jewish people's identity as a nation." Basic Facts you should know: Jerusalem, Anti-Defamation League, 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2007.
- ^ Maier, P.L. (1968). "Sejanus, Pilate, and the Date of the Crucifixion". Church History 37 (1): 3–13. JSTOR 3163182.
- ^ Fotheringham, J.K. (1934). "The evidence of astronomy and technical chronology for the date of the crucifixion". Journal of Theological Studies 35: 146–162. http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/astronomy_fotheringham.pdf.
- ^ The Mystery of the Last Supper, by Colin J. Humphreys (2011), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge ISBN 0-521-73200-0 page 193
- ^ a b Third-holiest city in Islam:
- Esposito, John L. (2 November 2002). What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 157. ISBN 0-19-515713-3. "The Night Journey made Jerusalem the third holiest city in Islam"
- Brown, Leon Carl (15 September 2000). "Setting the Stage: Islam and Muslims". Religion and State: The Muslim Approach to Politics. Columbia University Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-231-12038-9. "The third holiest city of Islam—Jerusalem—is also very much in the center..."
- Hoppe, Leslie J. (August 2000). The Holy City: Jerusalem in the Theology of the Old Testament. Michael Glazier Books. p. 14. ISBN 0-8146-5081-3. "Jerusalem has always enjoyed a prominent place in Islam. Jerusalem is often referred to as the third holiest city in Islam..."
- ^ "Middle East peace plans" by Willard A. Beling": The Aqsa Mosque on the Temple Mount is the third holiest site in Sunni Islam after Mecca and Medina
- ^ Lewis, Bernard; Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann, eds. (1986). Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ [Quran 17:1–3]
- ^ Allen, Edgar (2004). States, Nations, and Borders: The Ethics of Making Boundaries. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52575-6. http://books.google.com/?id=bntCSupRlO4C&pg=PA192&dq=Al-Masjid+Al-Aqsa. Retrieved 9 June 2008.
- ^ Kollek, Teddy (1977). "Afterword". In John Phillips. A Will to Survive – Israel: the Faces of the Terror 1948-the Faces of Hope Today. Dial Press/James Wade. "about 225 acres (0.91 km2)"
- ^ "Israel plans 1,300 East Jerusalem Jewish settler homes". BBC News. 9 November 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11709617. "East Jerusalem is regarded as occupied Palestinian territory by the international community, but Israel says it is part of its territory."
- ^ "The status of Jerusalem". The Question of Palestine & the United Nations. United Nations Department of Public Information. http://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/palestine/ch12.pdf. "East Jerusalem has been considered, by both the General Assembly and the Security Council, as part of the occupied Palestinian territory."
- ^ Israeli authorities back 600 new East Jerusalem homes BBC 26 February 2010
- ^ Resolution 298 September 25, 1971: "Recalling its resolutions... concerning measures and actions by Israel designed to change the status of the Israeli-occupied section of Jerusalem,..."
- ^ a b Segal, Jerome M. (Fall 1997). "Negotiating Jerusalem". The University of Maryland School of Public Policy. Archived from the original on 14 May 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060514191731/http://www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/IPPP/Fall97Report/negotiating_jerusalem.htm. Retrieved 25 February 2007.
- ^ Møller, Bjørn (November 2002) (PDF). A Cooperative Structure for Israeli-Palestinian Relations. Working Paper No. 1. Centre for European Policy Studies. Archived from the original on 6 January 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20040106192631/http://shop.ceps.be/downfree.php?item_id=171. Retrieved 16 April 2007.
- ^ Press, Associated (2008-02-09). "Palestinians grow by a million in decade". Fr.jpost.com. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1202246355071&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
- ^ Rosenblum, Irit. "Haareez Biblical Zoo favorite tourist site in 2006". Haaretz. Israel. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/843385.html. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
- ^ Lis, Jonathan. "Jerusalem Zoo is Israel's number one tourist attraction". Haaretz. Israel. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/978314.html. Retrieved 2011-09-09.
- ^ a b Binz, Stephen J. (2005). Jerusalem, the Holy City. Connecticut, USA.: Twenty-Third Publications. p. 2. http://books.google.co.il/books?id=7zLuDlzdTFYC&lpg=PP1&dq=Jerusalem,+the+Holy+City+By+Stephen+J.+Binz&pg=PA2&=false#v=onepage&q=Jerusalem%2C%20the%20Holy%20City%20By%20Stephen%20J.%20Binz&f=false. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ^ G.Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren (eds.) Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, (tr.David E.Green) William B.Eerdmann, Grand Rapids Michigan, Cambridge, UK 1990, Vol. VI, p.348
- ^ "''The El Amarna Letters from Canaan''". Tau.ac.il. http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/semitic/EA263-end.html. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
- ^ Marten H.Wouldstra, The Book of Joshua, William B.Eerdmanns Co. Grand Rapids, Michigan (1981) 1995 p.169 n.2
- ^ G.Johannes Bottereck, Helmer Ringgren, Heinz-Josef Fabry, (eds.) Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, tr. David E.Green, vol.XV, pp.48-49 William B.Eeerdmanns Co.Grand Rapids, Michigan/Cambridge UK 2006 pp.45-6
- ^ Meir Ben-Dov, Historical Atlas of Jerusalem, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002 p.23.
- ^ The Legends of the Jews Volume 1 by Louis Ginzberg, Release Date: October, 1998
- ^ Elon, Amos. Jerusalem. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0-00-637531-6. http://www.usna.edu/Users/history/tucker/hh362/telavivandjerusalem.htm. Retrieved 26 April 2007. "The epithet may have originated in the ancient name of Jerusalem—Salem (after the pagan deity of the city), which is etymologically connected in the Semitic languages with the words for peace (shalom in Hebrew, salam in Arabic)."
- ^ Ringgren, H., Die Religionen des Alten Orients (Göttingen, 1979), 212.
- ^ Hastings, James (2004). A Dictionary of the Bible: Volume II: (Part II: I -- Kinsman), Volume 2. Honolulu, Hawaii: Reprinted from 1898 edition by University Press of the Pacific. p. 584. ISBN 1-4102-1725-6. http://books.google.co.il/books?id=0wvtFPz03GsC&pg=PA584&dq=jerusalem+abode+of+peace&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=jerusalem%20abode%20of%20peace&f=false. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ^ a b Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2007). Historic cities of the Islamic world. The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. pp. 225–226. ISBN 90-04-15388-8. http://books.google.co.il/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&pg=PA226&dq=Jerusalem+Abode+of+Peace&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Jerusalem%20Abode%20of%20Peace&f=false. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ^ a b Denise DeGarmo (9 September 2011). "Abode of Peace?". Wandering Thoughts. Center for Conflict Studies. http://centre4conflictstudies.org/wanderingthoughts/category/denise-degarmo/. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ^ Bosworth, Francis Edward (1968). Millennium: a Latin reader, A. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 183. ISBN B0000CO4LE. http://books.google.co.il/books?id=5sC2pJYlzbsC&pg=PA183&dq=jerusalem+abode+of+peace&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=jerusalem%20abode%20of%20peace&f=false. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ^ Wallace, Edwin Sherman (August 1977). Jerusalem the Holy. New York: Arno Press. p. 16. ISBN 0-405-10298-4. "A similar view was held by those who give the Hebrew dual to the word"
- ^ Smith, George Adam (1907). Jerusalem: The Topography, Economics and History from the Earliest Times to A.D. 70. Hodder and Stoughton. p. 251. ISBN 0-7905-2935-1. "The termination -aim or -ayim used to be taken as the ordinary termination of the dual of nouns, and was explained as signifying the upper and lower cities" (see here [1])
- ^ a b The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome, Volume 1, p. 113
- ^ Bar-Kochva, Bezalel (2002). Judas Maccabeus: The Jewish Struggle Against the Seleucids. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 447. ISBN 0-521-01683-5. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=SIKuW_bl6LAC&pg=PA447.
- ^ Mazar, Eilat (2002). The Complete Guide to the Temple Mount Excavations. Jerusalem: Shoham Academic Research and Publication. p. 1. ISBN 965-90299-1-8.
- ^ "The Official Website of Jerusalem". Municipality of Jerusalem. 19 September 2011. http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/jer_main/defaultnew.asp?lng=3.
- ^ a b c Azmi Bishara. "A brief note on Jerusalem". http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2010/995/focus.htm. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
- ^ a b Daniel Pipes. "Constructing a Counterfeit History of Jerusalem". http://www.danielpipes.org/blog/2002/05/counterfeit-history-jerusalem. Retrieved 22 2010.
- ^ “No city in the world, not even Athens or Rome, ever played as great a role in the life of a nation for so long a time, as Jerusalem has done in the life of the Jewish people.” David Ben-Gurion, 1947
- ^ “For three thousand years, Jerusalem has been the center of Jewish hope and longing. No other city has played such a dominant role in the history, culture, religion and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaism. Throughout centuries of exile, Jerusalem remained alive in the hearts of Jews everywhere as the focal point of Jewish history, the symbol of ancient glory, spiritual fulfillment and modern renewal. This heart and soul of the Jewish people engenders the thought that if you want one simple word to symbolize all of Jewish history, that word would be ‘Jerusalem.’” Teddy Kollek (DC: Washington Institute For Near East Policy, 1990), pp. 19–20.
- ^ "Throughout history a great diversity of peoples has moved into the region and made Palestine their homeland: Canaanites, Jebusites, Philistines from Crete, Anatolian and Lydian Greeks, Hebrews, Amorites, Edomites, Nabateans, Arameans, Romans, Arabs, and European crusaders, to name a few. Each of them appropriated different regions that overlapped in time and competed for sovereignty and land. Others, such as Ancient Egyptians, Hittites, Persians, Babylonians, and Mongols, were historical 'events' whose successive occupations were as ravaging as the effects of major earthquakes ... Like shooting stars, the various cultures shine for a brief moment before they fade out of official historical and cultural records of Palestine. The people, however, survive. In their customs and manners, fossils of these ancient civilizations survived until modernity—albeit modernity camouflaged under the veneer of Islam and Arabic culture." Ali Qleibo, Palestinian anthropologist
- ^ "(With reference to Palestinians in Ottoman times) Although proud of their Arab heritage and ancestry, the Palestinians considered themselves to be descended not only from Arab conquerors of the seventh century but also from indigenous peoples who had lived in the country since time immemorial, including the ancient Hebrews and the Canaanites before them. Acutely aware of the distinctiveness of Palestinian history, the Palestinians saw themselves as the heirs of its rich associations." Walid Khalidi, 1984, Before Their Diaspora: A Photographic History of the Palestinians, 1876–1948. Institute for Palestine Studies
- ^ Eric H. Cline. "How Jews and Arabs Use (and Misuse) the History of Jerusalem to Score Points". http://hnn.us/articles/7257.html. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
- ^ Eli E. Hertz. [http:// www.mythsandfacts.com/conflict/3/jerusalem.pdf "One Nation’s Capital Throughout History"]. http:// www.mythsandfacts.com/conflict/3/jerusalem.pdf. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
- ^ a b c Freedman, David Noel (1 January 2000). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 694–95. ISBN 0-8028-2400-5.
- ^ Killebrew Ann E. "Biblical Jerusalem: An Archaeologiref name="mfa-40th">"TABLE 3. – POPULATION(1) OF LOCALITIES NUMBERING ABOVE 2,000 RESIDENTS AND OTHER RURAL POPULATION ON 31/12/2008" (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2009/table3.pdf. Retrieved 26 October 2009. cal Assessment" in Andrew G. Vaughn and Ann E. Killebrew, eds., "Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period" (SBL Symposium Series 18; Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2003)
- ^ Vaughn, Andrew G.; Ann E. Killebrew (1 August 2003). "Jerusalem at the Time of the United Monarchy". Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: the First Temple Period. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 32–33. ISBN 1-58983-066-0.
- ^ Shalem, Yisrael (3 March 1997). "History of Jerusalem from Its Beginning to David". Jerusalem: Life Throughout the Ages in a Holy City. Bar-Ilan University Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies. http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/rennert/history_2.html. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
- ^ the original name URU URU salem KI in Akkadian—listed in the Amarna letters when it was still a fortified well of the Egyptians and ruled by Abi Heba—meant "city of peace"
- ^ Greenfeld, Howard (29 March 2005). A Promise Fulfilled: Theodor Herzl, Chaim Weizmann, David Ben-Gurion, and the Creation of the State of Israel. Greenwillow. p. 32. ISBN 0-06-051504-X.
- ^ "Timeline". City of David. Ir David Foundation. http://www.cityofdavid.org.il/timeline_eng.asp. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
- ^ Erlanger, Steven (5 August 2005). "King David's Palace Is Found, Archaeologist Says". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/05/international/middleeast/05jerusalem.html?ex=1280894400&en=3c435bc7bd0cd531&ei=5088. Retrieved 24 May 2007.
- ^ a b Michael, E.; Sharon O. Rusten, Philip Comfort, and Walter A. Elwell (28 February 2005). The Complete Book of When and Where: In The Bible And Throughout History. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc.. pp. 20–1, 67. ISBN 0-8423-5508-1.
- ^ Merling, David (26 August 1993). "Where is the Ark of the Covenant?". Andrew's University. http://www.andrews.edu/ARCHAEOLOGY/archive/merling/newpage3.htm. Retrieved 22 January 2007.
- ^ a b Zank, Michael. "Capital of Judah I (930–722)". Boston University. http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/p/period2-2-1.htm. Retrieved 22 January 2007.
- ^ Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p. 11
- ^ Zank, Michael. "Capital of Judah (930–586)". Boston University. http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/p/period2-2.htm. Retrieved 22 January 2007.
- ^ "Ezra 1:1–4; 6:1–5". Biblegateway.com. http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezra%201:1-4;%206:1-5&version=51;. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
- ^ Sicker, Martin (30 January 2001). Between Rome and Jerusalem: 300 Years of Roman-Judaean Relations. Praeger Publishers. p. 2. ISBN 0-275-97140-6.
- ^ Zank, Michael. "Center of the Persian Satrapy of Judah (539–323)". Boston University. http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/p/period2-3.htm. Retrieved 22 January 2007.
- ^ "Nehemiah 1:3; 2:1–8". Biblegateway.com. http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nehemiah%201:3;%202:1-8;&version=51;. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
- ^ Schiffman, Lawrence H. (1991). From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism. Ktav Publishing House. pp. 60–79. ISBN 0-88125-371-5.
- ^ Har-el, Menashe (1977). This Is Jerusalem. Canaan Publishing House. pp. 68–95. ISBN 0-86628-002-2.
- ^ Zank, Michael. "The Temple Mount". Boston University. http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Michael_Zank/Jerusalem/templemount.html. Retrieved 22 January 2007.
- ^ Crossan, John Dominic (26 February 1993). The Historical Jesus: the life of a Mediterranean Jewish peasant (Reprinted ed.). San Francisco: HarperCollins. p. 92. ISBN 0-06-061629-6. "from 4 BCE until 6 CE, when Rome, after exiling [Herod Archelaus] to Gaul, assumed direct prefectural control of his territories"
- ^ Elizabeth Speller, Following Hadrian: A Second-Century Journey Through the Roman Empire, Oxford University Press, 2004 p.218
- ^ Lehmann, Clayton Miles. "Palestine: People and Places". The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces. The University of South Dakota. Archived from the original on 10 March 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080310053409/http://www.usd.edu/erp/Palestine/people&p.htm. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
- ^ Peter Schäfer (2003). The Bar Kokhba war reconsidered: new perspectives on the second Jewish revolt against Rome. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 36–. ISBN 978-3-16-148076-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=1TA-Fg4wBnUC&pg=PA36. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ a b Lehmann, Clayton Miles (22 February 2007). "Palestine: History". The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces. The University of South Dakota. Archived from the original on 10 March 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080310053428/http://www.usd.edu/erp/Palestine/history.htm. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
- ^ Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1996). "Judaism to Mishnah: 135–220 C.E". In Hershel Shanks. Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism: A Parallel History of their Origins and Early Development. Washington DC: Biblical Archaeology Society. p. 196.
- ^ Emily Jane Hunt,Christianity in the second century: the case of Tatian, Psychology Press, 2003 p.7
- ^ E. Mary Smallwood The Jews under Roman rule: from Pompey to Diocletian : a study in political relations BRILL, 1981 p.460.
- ^ Har-el, Menashe. This Is Jerusalem. Canaan Publishing House. pp. 68–95. ISBN 0-86628-002-2.
- ^ Zank, Michael. "Byzantian Jerusalem". Boston University. http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/p/period3-2.htm. Retrieved 1 February 2007.
- ^ a b Conybeare, Frederick C. (1910). The Capture of Jerusalem by the Persians in 614 AD. English Historical Review 25. pp. 502–517.
- ^ Horowitz, Elliot. "Modern Historians and the Persian Conquest of Jerusalem in 614". Jewish Social Studies. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=96507514. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
- ^ Ben-Dov, M. Historical Atlas of Jerusalem. Translated by David Louvish. New York: Continuum, 2002, p. 171
- ^ Linquist, J.M., The Temple of Jerusalem, Praeger, London, 2008, p.184
- ^ Grabar, Oleg. The Shape of the Holy: Early Islamic Jerusalem. With Contributions by Mohammad al-Asad, Abeer Audeh, Said Nuseibeh. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996, p.112
- ^ "The Significance of Jerusalem for Muslims". Pij.org. http://www.pij.org/details.php?id=169. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
- ^ Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p. 7
- ^ Gil, Moshe (February 1997). A History of Palestine, 634–1099. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–71. ISBN 0-521-59984-9.
- ^ Runciman, Steven (1951). A History of the Crusades:The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Penguin Books. Vol.1 pp.3–4. ISBN 0-521-34770-X.
- ^ Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, (3 vols.1951-1954, Cambridge University Press), Penguin Books, 1965 vol.1.pp.3-4, citing Eutychius, Michael the Syrian and Elias of Nisibin. The many sources conserving the story are summarized in Hugues Vincent, F. M. Abel, Jérusalem Nouvelle, 1914 tome 2, pp.930-932,
- ^ a b Shalem, Yisrael. "The Early Arab Period – 638–1099". Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies, Bar-Ilan University. http://www.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_8.html. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
- ^ Rivka Gonen, Contested holiness: Jewish, Muslim, and Christian perspectives on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, Ktav Publishing House, 2003 p.85.
- ^ Hoppe, Leslie J. (August 2000). The Holy City: Jerusalem in the Theology of the Old Testament. Michael Glazier Books. p. 15. ISBN 0-8146-5081-3.
- ^ Zank, Michael. "Abbasid Period and Fatimid Rule (750–1099)". Boston University. http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/p/period4-3.htm. Retrieved 1 February 2007.
- ^ Hull, Michael D. (June 1999). "First Crusade: Siege of Jerusalem". Military History. http://www.historynet.com/historical_conflicts/3028446.html?page=4&c=y. Retrieved 18 May 2007.
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- ^ Jerusalem - Legal and Political Background - Professor Ruth Lapidoth. Israeli Foreign Ministry website, June 30, 1998
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- ^ Biblical verses on public display: the Peace Monument
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- ^ a b Bergsohn, Sam (15 May 2006). "Geography". Cornell University. Archived from the original on 14 July 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070714134629/http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/nes263/spring06/scb48/Final+Website/Geography+Page.html. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
- ^ Walvoord, John; Zachary J. Hayes, Clark H. Pinnock, William Crockett, and Stanley N. Gundry (7 January 1996). "The Metaphorical View". Four Views on Hell. Zondervan. p. 58. ISBN 0-310-21268-5.
- ^ "The Water Supply of Jerusalem, Ancient and Modern", E. W. G. Masterman, The Biblical World, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Feb 1902), pp. 87–112, University of Chicago Press[dead link]
- ^ Rosen-Zvi, Issachar (June 2004). Taking Space Seriously: Law, Space and Society in Contemporary Israel. Ashgate Publishing. p. 37. ISBN 0-7546-2351-3. "Thus, for instance, the distance between the four large metropolitan regions are—39 miles"
- ^ Federman, Josef (18 August 2004). "Debate flares anew over Dead Sea Scrolls". AP via MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5750610/. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
- ^ "Introduction". The Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Expedition. Bar Ilan University. Archived from the original on 5 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080205182616/http://faculty.biu.ac.il/~maeira/About+us/Introduction/Introduction.html. Retrieved 24 April 2007. (Image located here [2])
- ^ "Map of Israel". Eye On Israel. http://www.eyeonisrael.com/Israel-touring-map.html. Retrieved 25 April 2007. (See map 9 for Jerusalem)
- ^ ""One more Obstacle to Peace" – A new Israeli Neighborhood on the lands of Jerusalem city". The Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem. 10 March 2007. http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view.php?recordID=1025. Retrieved 24 April 2007. (Image located here [3])
- ^ "Monthly Averages for Jerusalem, Israel". The Weather Channel. http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/ISXX0010?from=month_bottomnav_business. Retrieved 7 February 2007.
- ^ a b Ma'oz, Moshe; Sari Nusseibeh (March 2000). Jerusalem: Points of Friction-And Beyond. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 44–6. ISBN 90-411-8843-6.
- ^ Rory Kess (16 September 2007). "Worst ozone pollution in Beit Shemesh, Gush Etzion". The Jerusalem Post. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1189411414621&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 23 October 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "Long Term Climate Information for Israel". June 2011. http://ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/LongTermInfo.
- ^ "Record Data in Israel". http://ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael/.
- ^ "Climatological Information for Jerusalem, Israel". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/gr_tu/jerusalem_e.htm.
- ^ Usiel Oskar Schmelz, in Ottoman Palestine, 1800-1914: studies in economic and social history, Gad G. Gilbar, Brill Archive, 1990 [4]
- ^ "Population and Density per km2 in Localities Numbering Above 5,000 Residents on 31 XII 2005" (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2006. http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton57/st02_14.pdf. Retrieved 11 April 2007.
- ^ "Arab population growth outpaces Jews in Jerusalem" Reuters, 26 September 2000
- ^ Sel, Neta. "Jerusalem: More tourists, fewer Jews". YNet. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3254277,00.html. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
- ^ Hockstader, Lee. "Jewish Drop In Jerusalem Worries Israel". The Washington Post via Cornell University. Archived from the original on 9 September 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060909060853/http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/jerus.htm. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
- ^ "Most Jerusalemites Attend Hareidi-Religious Schools". Arutz Sheva. http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/165421. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
- ^ Nadav Shragai (21 May 2009). "Most of Jerusalem's non-Jewish children live below poverty line". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1086819.html. Retrieved 2011-09-09.
- ^ Richard Boudreaux. "Clashing values alter a city's face". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-orthodox5jun05,1,1841144.story?page=2&coll=la-util-nationworld-world. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
- ^ Greg Myre (13 May 2007). "Israeli Riddle: Love Jerusalem, Hate Living There". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/13/weekinreview/13myre.html?_r=2&oref=slogin. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
- ^ Ken Ellingwood (4 June 2007). "Change cast in concrete". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-barrier4jun04,1,5137437.story?coll=la-util-nationworld-world. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
- ^ Ken Ellingwood (4 June 2007). "Change cast in concrete". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-barrier4jun04,1,5853828,full.story. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
- ^ a b Laub, Karin (2 December 2006). "Jerusalem Barrier Causes Major Upheaval". The Associated Press via The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/02/AR2006120200463_pf.html. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
- ^ Allison Hodgkins, "The Judaization of Jerusalem – Israeli Policies Since 1967"; PASSIA publication No. 101, December 1996, (English, Pp. 88)
- ^ a b "Movement and Access Restrictions in the West Bank: Uncertainty and Inefficiency"; World Bank Technical Team, 9 May 2007
- ^ Meron Rapoport.Land lords[dead link]; Haaretz, 20 January 2005
- ^ Esther Zandberg."The architectural conspiracy of silence"; Haaretz, 24 February 2007
- ^ Allison Hodgkins. "The Judaization of Jerusalem – Israeli Policies Since 1967"; PASSIA publication No. 96, December 1996, (English, Pp. 88)
- ^ Meron Rapaport. "Group 'Judaizing' East Jerusalem accused of withholding donation sources"; Haaretz, 22 November 2007
- ^ Rothchild, Alice. "The Judaization of East Jerusalem"; CommonDreams, 26 November 2007
- ^ a b Cidor, Peggy (15 March 2007). "Corridors of Power: A tale of two councils". The Jerusalem Post. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1173879092720&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 28 March 2007. [dead link]
- ^ Coker, Margaret (11 November 2006). "Jerusalem Becomes A Battleground Over Gay Rights Vs. Religious Beliefs". Cox Newspapers. Archived from the original on 23 December 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071223111106/http://www.coxwashington.com/hp/content/reporters/stories/2006/11/11/BC_ISRAEL_GAYS10_COX.html. Retrieved 28 March 2007.
- ^ "Safra Square – City Hall". The Municipality of Jerusalem. http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/jer_sys/picture/atarim/site_form_atar_eng.asp?site_id=147&pic_cat=2&icon_cat=6&york_cat=7. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
- ^ Plascov, Avi (2008). The Palestinian refugees in Jordan 1948–1957. Routledge. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-7146-3120-2. http://books.google.com/?id=daLPXTYcoewC&printsec=frontcover&q=. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
- ^ Bovis, H. Eugene (1971). The Jerusalem question, 1917–1968. Hoover Institution Press,U.S.. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-8179-3291-6. http://books.google.com/?id=1L49R1xKA6QC&printsec=frontcover&q=. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
- ^ a b Ben-Gurion, David (5 December 1949). "Statements of the Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion Regarding Moving the Capital of Israel to Jerusalem". The Knesset. http://www.knesset.gov.il/docs/eng/bengurion-jer.htm. Retrieved 2 April 2007.
- ^ "Jerusalem and Berlin Embassy Relocation Act of 1998". The Library of Congress. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c105:H.R.4181.IH:. Retrieved 12 February 2007.
- ^ "Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 30 July 1980. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1980_1989/Basic%20Law-%20Jerusalem-%20Capital%20of%20Israel. Retrieved 2 April 2007.
- ^ "The Status of Jerusalem". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 14 March 1999. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1990_1999/1999/3/The%20Status%20of%20Jerusalem. Retrieved 12 February 2007.
- ^ Kellerman, Aharon (January 1993). Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century. State University of New York Press. p. 140. ISBN 0-7914-1295-4. "[Tel Aviv] also contains most embassies, given the nonrecognition by many countries of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel."
- ^ a b "Embassies and Consulates in Israel". Israel Science and Technology Homepage. http://www.science.co.il/Embassies.asp. Retrieved 3 May 2007.
- ^ Tapsfield, James (18 February 2010). "Israel must co-operate over fake passports, says David Miliband". The Independent (UK). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-must-cooperate-over-fake-passports-says-david-miliband-1903544.html. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
- ^ "Dubai Hamas killing pledge by UK foreign secretary". BBC News. 18 February 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8521246.stm. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
- ^ "EDITORIAL A bloody new year in Gaza". Japan Times. 4 January 2009. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20090104a1.html. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
- ^ Times Online Style Guide – J "Jerusalem must not be used as a metonym or variant for Israel. It is not internationally recognised as the Israeli capital, and its status is one of the central controversies in the Middle East."
- ^ "Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995". U.S. Government Printing Office. 8 November 1995. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ45/content-detail.html. Retrieved 15 February 2007.
- ^ "Statement on FY 2003 Foreign Relations Authorization Act". http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/09/print/20020930-8.html. Retrieved 23 May 2007.
- ^ "Jerusalem must be capital of both Israel and Palestine, Ban says". United Nations. 28 October 2009. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=32762&Cr=jerusalem&Cr1=. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
- ^ In the Palestine Liberation Organization's Palestinian Declaration of Independence of 1988, Jerusalem is stated to be the capital of the State of Palestine. In 2000 the Palestinian Authority passed a law designating the city as such, and in 2002 this law was ratified by Chairman Yasser Arafat. See Arafat Signs Law Making Jerusalem Palestinian Capital, People's Daily, published October 6, 2002; Arafat names Jerusalem as capital, BBC News, published October 6, 2002.
- ^ Tzippe Barrow (25 October 2010). "Bill to Grant Jerusalem Priority Status – Inside Israel – CBN News – Christian News 24–7". CBN.com. http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2010/October/Bill-to-Grant-Jerusalem-Priority-Status/. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
- ^ "English gateway to the Knesset website". http://www.knesset.gov.il/main/eng/home.asp. Retrieved 18 May 2007.
- ^ "The State of Israel: The Judicial Authority". http://elyon1.court.gov.il/eng/home/index.html. Retrieved 18 May 2007.
- ^ Jerusalem as administrative capital of the British Mandate:
- Orfali, Jacob G. (March 1995). Everywhere You Go, People Are the Same. Ronin Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 0-914171-75-5. "In the year 1923, [Jerusalem] became the capital of the British Mandate in Palestine"
- Oren-Nordheim, Michael; Ruth Kark (September 2001). Jerusalem and Its Environs: Quarters, Neighborhoods, Villages, 1800–1948. Wayne State University Press. p. 36. ISBN 0-8143-2909-8. "The three decades of British rule in Palestine (1917/18–1948) were a highly significant phase in the development, with indelible effects on the urban planning and development of the capital – Jerusalem." Ruth Kark is a professor in the Department of Geography at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
- Dumper, Michael (15 April 1996). The Politics of Jerusalem Since 1967. Columbia University Press. p. 59. ISBN 0-231-10640-8. "...the city that was to become the administrative capital of Mandate Palestine..."
- ^ Dore Gold. "Jerusalem in International Diplomacy". http://www.jcpa.org/jcprg10.htm. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
- ^ "The New Orient House: A History of Palestinian Hospitality". jerusalemites.org. http://www.jerusalemites.org/jerusalem/cultural_dimensions/3.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-09.
- ^ Klein, Menachem (March 2001). "The PLO and the Palestinian Identity of East Jerusalem". Jerusalem: The Future of a Contested City. New York University Press. p. 189. ISBN 0-8147-4754-X.
- ^ "No agreement without a Palestinian capital in Jerusalem: Mahmoud Abbas". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 10 June 2010. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/No-agreement-without-a-Palestinian-capital-in-Jerusalem-Mahmoud-Abbas-/articleshow/6030905.cms. Retrieved 2011-09-09.
- ^ Bard, Mitchell G. Will Israel Survive?
- ^ Guinn, David E. (2 October 2006). Protecting Jerusalem's Holy Sites: A Strategy for Negotiating a Sacred Peace (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 142. ISBN 0-521-86662-6.
- ^ "Parshat Re'eh: No Jerusalem in Torah - Israel Opinion, Ynetnews". Ynetnews.com. 1995-06-20. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3136760,00.html. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
- ^ "What is the Western Wall?". The Kotel. http://english.thekotel.org/content.asp?id=212. Retrieved 6 March 2007.
- ^ Goldberg, Monique Susskind. "Synagogues". Ask the Rabbi. Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies. Archived from the original on 31 January 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080131205934/http://www.schechter.edu/askrabbi/synagoguetemple.htm. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
- ^ a b Segal, Benjamin J. (1987). Returning: The Land of Israel as Focus in Jewish History. Jerusalem, Israel: Department of Education and Culture of the World Zionist Organization. p. 124. http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id=AdditionalReadings&content=content/segal_ch12. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
- ^ The Jewish injunction to pray toward Jerusalem comes in the Orach Chayim section of Shulchan Aruch (94:1) – "When one rises to pray anywhere in the Diaspora, he should face towards the Land of Israel, directing himself also toward Jerusalem, the Temple, and the Holy of Holies."
- ^ From the King James Version of the Bible: "And when the days of her purification according to the law of Moses were accomplished, they brought [Jesus] to Jerusalem, to present him to the Lord;" (Luke 2:22)
- ^ From the King James Version of the Bible: "And they come to Jerusalem: and Jesus went into the temple, and began to cast out them that sold and bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the moneychangers, and the seats of them that sold doves;" (Mark 11:15)
- ^ Boas, Adrian J. (12 October 2001). "Physical Remains of Crusader Jerusalem". Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades. Routledge. p. 112. ISBN 0-415-23000-4. "The interesting, if not reliable illustrations of the church on the round maps of Jerusalem show two distinct buildings on Mount Zion: the church of St Mary and the Cenacle (Chapel of the Last Supper) appear as separate buildings."
- ^ Endo, Shusaku (1999). Richard A. Schuchert. ed. A Life of Jesus. Paulist Press. p. 116. ISBN 0-8091-2319-3.
- ^ From the King James Version of the Bible: "This title then read many of the Jews: for the place where Jesus was crucified was nigh to the city: and it was written in Hebrew, and Greek, and Latin." (John 19:20)
- ^ a b Stump, Keith W. (1993). "Where Was Golgotha?". Worldwide Church of God. http://www.wcg.org/lit/jesus/golgotha.htm. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
- ^ Ray, Stephen K. (October 2002). St. John's Gospel: A Bible Study Guide and Commentary for Individuals and Groups. San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press. p. 340. ISBN 0-89870-821-4.
- ^ O'Reilly, Sean; James O'Reilly (30 November 2000). PilgrFile: Adventures of the Spirit (1st ed.). Travelers' Tales. p. 14. ISBN 1-885211-56-2. "The general consensus is that the Church of the Holy Sepulchre marks the hill called Golgotha, and that the site of the Crucifixion and the last five Stations of the Cross are located under its large black domes."
- ^ Cordesman, Anthony H. (30 October 2005). "The Final Settlement Issues: Asymmetric Values & Asymmetric Warfare". The Israeli-Palestinian War: Escalating to Nowhere. Praeger Security International. p. 62. ISBN 0-275-98758-2.
- ^ Peters, Francis E. (20 October 2003). "Muhammad the Prophet of God". The Monotheists: The Peoples of God. Princeton University Press. pp. 95–6. ISBN 0-691-11460-9.
- ^ "Sahih Bukhari". Compendium of Muslim Texts. University of Southern California. http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/093.sbt.html#009.093.608. Retrieved 2011-09-09. (from an English translation of Sahih Bukhari, Volume IX, Book 93, Number 608)
- ^ From Abdullah Yusuf Ali's English translation of the Qur'an: "Glory to (Allah) Who did take His servant for a Journey by night from the Sacred Mosque to the farthest Mosque, whose precincts We did bless,- in order that We might show him some of Our Signs: for He is the One Who heareth and seeth (all things)." (17:1)
- ^ "The Early Arab Period – 638–1099". Jerusalem: Life Throughout the Ages in a Holy City. Bar-Ilan University Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies. March 1997. http://www.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_8.html. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
- ^ a b "About the Museum". The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. http://www.imj.org.il/eng/about/index.html. Retrieved 27 February 2007.
- ^ "Shrine of the Book". The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. http://www.imj.org.il/eng/shrine/index.html. Retrieved 27 February 2007.
- ^ "The Rockefeller Archaeological Museum". The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. http://www.imj.org.il/eng/branches/rockefeller/index.html. Retrieved 28 February 2007.
- ^ "The Rockefeller Archaeological Museum: About the Museum: The Permanent Exhibition". The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 11 December 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071211171315/http://www.imj.org.il/eng/branches/rockefeller/permanent.html. Retrieved 28 February 2007.
- ^ "Yad Vashem". The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. http://www.yadvashem.org/. Retrieved 28 February 2007.
- ^ "About Yad Vashem". The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. Archived from the original on 17 February 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070217113512/http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_yad/index_about_yad.html. Retrieved 28 February 2007.
- ^ "The Museum". Museum On The Seam. http://www.mots.org.il/eng/museum/about.asp. Retrieved 2011-09-09.
- ^ a b "History". Jerusalem Orchestra. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928091514/http://www.jso.co.il/history_english.php. Retrieved 4 March 2007.
- ^ "Jerusalem Music Center". http://www.jmc.co.il/Default.asp. Retrieved 18 May 2007.
- ^ "The Jerusalem Centre for the Performing Arts". Jerusalem Theater. Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070202220213/http://www.jerusalem-theatre.co.il/about_en.asp. Retrieved 4 March 2007.
- ^ "About Us". The Khan Theatre. 2004. http://www.khan.co.il/about/index_english.php. Retrieved 2011-09-09.
- ^ "Summer Nights Festival 2008". Jerusalem Foundation. http://www.jerusalemfoundation.org/news_article.aspx?MID=547&CID=558&AID=738&ID=2452. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
- ^ "About The Festival". Jerusalem Film Festival. http://www.jff.org.il/?CategoryID=361&ArticleID=163&sng=1. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
- ^ "Ticho House". The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. http://www.imj.org.il/eng/branches/Ticho_house/index.html. Retrieved 28 February 2007.
- ^ "About Alhoash". Palestinian ART Court. http://www.alhoashgallery.org/aboutus.shtml. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
- ^ a b "Israel bans Palestinian cultural events – Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynetnews.com. 20 June 1995. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3689673,00.html. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
- ^ "History". Palestinian National Theatre. http://www.pnt-pal.org/history.php. Retrieved 4 March 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "Palestine Youth Orchestra". Ncm.birzeit.edu. http://ncm.birzeit.edu/pyo/about.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
- ^ Joel Epstein, "Teaching in Palestine", The Strad June 2009, p. 42.
- ^ "List of Palestinian Cultural & Archeological Sites". Jerusalem Media & Communication Centre. Archived from the original on 25 January 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080125080612/http://jmcc.org/palculture/go.htm. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
- ^ "Promoting Palestinian culture presents challenge to occupation and celebrates heritage". Alquds2009.org. http://alquds2009.org/etemplate.php?id=273. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
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- ^ "Jerusalem Intercultural Center". Jicc.org.il. 2010-11-25. http://www.jicc.org.il/. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
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- ^ "''"Speaking Art" Conference: Jewish-Arab Dialogue Through the Arts'' at the Jerusalem Intercultural Center". Jicc.org.il. http://www.jicc.org.il/activityPage.asp?activityID=7&subActivityID=14&activityPageID=19. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
- ^ "The Jewish-Arab Youth Orchestra". Jerusalemfoundation.org. http://www.jerusalemfoundation.org/he/project_overview.aspx?TAB=0&MID=769&CID=792&PID=841. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
- ^ KERSHNER, Isabel (17 October 2008). "Symbol of Peace Stands at Divide Between Troubled Jerusalem's East and West". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/18/world/middleeast/18jerusalem.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=tolerance%20monument&st=cse&oref=slogin. Retrieved 18 October 2008.
- ^ a b c d Dumper, Michael (15 April 1996). The Politics of Jerusalem Since 1967. Columbia University Press. pp. 207–10. ISBN 0-231-10640-8.
- ^ Hasson, Nir (2012-05-20). "Report: 78% of East Jerusalem Palestinians live in poverty". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/report-78-of-east-jerusalem-palestinians-live-in-poverty-1.431384?localLinksEnabled=false. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
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- ^ Solomon, Shoshanna (1 November 2001). "Facets of the Israeli Economy – Transportation". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2001/11/Facets%20of%20the%20Israeli%20Economy-%20Transportation. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
- ^ Afra, Orit (8 February 2007). "Panacea or pain?". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 3 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080203224846/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1170359814381. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
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- ^ "About the Library: Main Collections". Jewish National and University Library. http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/col_general.html. Retrieved 27 March 2007.
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- ^ a b "Science & Technology". al-Quds University. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928061028/http://www.alquds.edu/faculties/science/index.php?page=overview. Retrieved 19 March 2007.
- ^ "Urgent Appeal". al-Quds University. Archived from the original on 17 March 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070317104232/http://www.alquds.edu/press/urgent_appeal.php. Retrieved 27 March 2007.
- ^ Bard College and Al-Quds University to Open Joint Campus The Chronicle of Higher Education, February 2008, by Matthew Kalman
- ^ Official site of the Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance: (Hebrew), (English)
- ^ Official site of Bezalel Academy of Art and Design: (Hebrew), (English)
- ^ "About JCT". Jerusalem College of Technology. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080201120754/http://www.jct.ac.il/NR/exeres/56FCED6F-06D1-4E02-8C2F-15E36061D279.htm. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
- ^ Wohlgelernter, Elli (28 December 2000). "The village of Mir, where Torah once flowed". Jewish Agency for Israel. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080202163159/http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Home/About/Press+Room/Jewish+Agency+In+The+News/2000+and+before/jpdec28.htm+188.htm. Retrieved 26 March 2007.
- ^ Jonathan Lis (4 May 2005). "The best medicine for Jerusalem". http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=572046. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
- ^ a b "Summary". Second Class Discrimination Against Palestinian Arab Children in Israel's Schools. Human Rights Watch. September 2001. http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/israel2/ISRAEL0901-01.htm. Retrieved 27 March 2007.
- ^ Bridging the gap[dead link]
- ^ a b Lis, Jonathan (21 April 2008). "Mayor to raise funds for E. J'lem Arabs to block Hamas". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/976126.html. Retrieved 2011-09-09.
- ^ Or Kashti (18 March 2007). "8,000 new classrooms to be built in Arab, ultra-Orthodox schools". Archived from the original on 7 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080607102540/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/839099.html. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
- ^ Torstrick, Rebecca L. (30 June 2004). Culture and Customs of Israel. Greenwood Press. p. 141. ISBN 0-313-32091-8. "The two most popular spectator sports in Israel are football and basketball."
- ^ Griver, Simon (October 1997). "Betar Jerusalem: A Local Sports Legend Exports Talent to Europe's Top Leagues". Israel Magazine via the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 31 December 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071231081639/http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/MFA/Israel+beyond+the+conflict/Betar+Jerusalem-+A+Local+Sports+Legend+Exports+Tal. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
- ^ "בית"ר ירושלים האתר הרשמי – דף הבית". Bjerusalem.co.il. http://bjerusalem.co.il/. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
- ^ Eldar, Yishai (1 December 2001). "Jerusalem: Architecture Since 1948". Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/2000_2009/2001/12/focus%20on%20israel-%20jerusalem%20-%20architecture%20since%2019. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
- ^ "Palestinian Football Association, Jabal Al-Mokaber". Pfa.ps. http://www.pfa.ps/clubdetails.aspx?clubid=13. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
- ^ Football and the wall: The divided soccer community of Jerusalem, by James Montague, CNN 17 September 2010
- ^ (Hebrew) "Home". Hapoel Migdal Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080102043627/http://www.hapoel.co.il/hapoel.asp. Retrieved 7 March 2007. (The listing of championship wins are located at the bottom after the completion of the Flash intro.)
- ^ "Jerusalem Half Marathon official website". Jerusalem.muni.il. https://www.jerusalem.muni.il/jer_main/TopSiteJeruEng.asp?newstr=4&src=/jer_sys/publish/HtmlFiles/1616/results_pub_id=15283.html&cont=736. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
- ^ "Events site Half Marathon and Fun Run summary". Iexplore.com. 3 January 2009. http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Israel/Event/16248. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
- ^ "Online Directory: Israel, Middle East". Sister Cities International. Archived from the original on 17 January 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080117184923/http://www.sci-icrc.org/icrc/directory/MiddleEast/Israel. Retrieved 5 April 2007.
- ^ "New York City Global Partners". NYC.gov. http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml. Retrieved 2011-09-09.
- ^ "Partner Cities (Portal of Prague)". Praha.eu. http://www.praha.eu/jnp/en/city_hall/foreign_activities/partner_cities/. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
- ^ Pellegrino, Charles R. (1 December 1995). Return to Sodom & Gomorrah (Second revised ed.). Harper Paperbacks. p. 271. ISBN 0-380-72633-5. "[see footnote]"
- ^ Marcus, Jacob Rader (March 2000). The Jew in the Medieval World: A Source Book, 315–1791 (Revised ed.). Hebrew Union College Press. pp. 13–15. ISBN 0-87820-217-X. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/jews-umar.html. Retrieved 1 February 2007.
- ^ Jonsson, David J. (19 February 2005). The Clash of Ideologies. Xulon Press. p. 256. ISBN 1-59781-039-8. "During the reign of Umar, the Pact of Umar was established."
- ^ Goddard, Hugh (25 April 2001). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. New Amsterdam Books. p. 46. ISBN 1-56663-340-0. "Although the documents are attributed to `Umar, in all probability they actually come from the second Islamic century... The covenant was drawn up in the schools of law, and came to be ascribed, like so much else, to `Umar I"
- ^ Goddard, Hugh (25 April 2001). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. New Amsterdam Books. p. 47. ISBN 1-56663-340-0. "It has recently been suggested that many of the detailed regulations concerning what the ahl al-dhimma were and were not permitted to do come from an earlier historical precedent, namely the regulations which existed in the Sassanian Persian Empire with reference to its religious minorities in Iraq."
Further reading[link]
- Cheshin, Amir S.; Bill Hutman and Avi Melamed (1999). Separate and Unequal: the Inside Story of Israeli Rule in East Jerusalem Harvard University Press ISBN 978-0-674-80136-3
- Cline, Eric (2004) Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press ISBN 0-472-11313-5.
- Collins, Larry, and La Pierre, Dominique (1988). O Jerusalem! Simon and Shuster, N.Y. ISBN 0-671-66241-4
- Gold, Dore (2007) The Fight for Jerusalem: Radical Islam, The West, and the Future of the Holy City International Publishing Company J-M, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-59698-029-7
- Köchler, Hans (1981) The Legal Aspects of the Palestine Problem with Special Regard to the Question of Jerusalem Vienna: Braumüller ISBN 3-7003-0278-9
- The Holy Cities: Jerusalem produced by Danae Film Production, distributed by HDH Communications; 2006
- Wasserstein, Bernard (2002) Divided Jerusalem: The Struggle for the Holy City New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09730-1
- "Keys to Jerusalem: A Brief Overview", The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Center, Amman, Jordan, 2010. http://www.rissc.jo/docs/J101-10-10-10.pdf
- Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2011) Jerusalem: the Biography, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ISBN 978-0-297-85265-0
External links[link]
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- Official website of Jerusalem Municipality
- Jerusalemp3, offers free virtual tours in mp3 format from the Jerusalem Municipality
- Jerusalem travel guide from Wikitravel
Government
- The Status of JerusalemPDF (159 KB), United Nations document related to the recent dispute over Jerusalem
- Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel, Government of Israel, the Israeli law making Jerusalem the capital of Israel
Culture
- Israel Museum, one of Jerusalem's premier art museums
- Yad Vashem, Israeli memorial to victims of The Holocaust
Education
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem's foremost institution of higher learning
- al-Quds University, the only Palestinian university in Jerusalem
Maps
- Modern-day map of Jerusalem, from City of Jerusalem.
- Ancient Maps of Jerusalem, from the Jewish National Library at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Modern maps, post-1947 from PASSIA
- Maps of Jerusalem, from Israel Star News
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- Jerusalem - Rod Stewart
- Jerusalem - Neil Diamond
- Jerusalem - Engelbert Humperdinck
- Jerusalem - Steve Earle
- Jerusalem - Alphaville
- Jerusalem - Black Sabbath
- Jerusalem - Sinead O'Connor
- Jerusalem - Beenie Man
- Jerusalem - Cya
- Jerusalem - Current 93
- Jerusalem - Edguy
- Jerusalem - Charlotte Church
- Jerusalem - Don McLean
- Jerusalem - Anouk
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- Jerusalem - Patrick Wolf
- Jerusalem - Mirah
- Jerusalem - Matisyahu
- Jerusalem - Vangelis
- Jerusalem - Astral Doors
- Jerusalem - Libera
- Jerusalem - Bruce Dickinson
- Jerusalem - Alvin & The Chipmunks
- Jerusalem - Tony Martin
- Jerusalem - David Crosby
- Jerusalem - One Way System
- Jerusalem - Dan Bern
- Jerusalem - G4
- Jerusalem - Morgenstern
- Jerusalem - Siegfried
- Jerusalem - Bern Dan
- Jerusalem - Anuna
- Jerusalem - Blake
- Jerusalem - Stampin' Ground
- Jerusalem - Alpha Blondy
- Jerusalem - Holy Blood
- Jerusalem - Hypnos 69
- Jerusalem - Antje Duvekot
- Jerusalem - Lesley Garrett
- Jerusalem - Eddie From Ohio
- Jerusalem - Indelicates
- Jerusalem - Sleep
- Jerusalem - Daliah Lavi
- Jerusalem - Spliff
- Jerusalem - Les Fat
- Jerusalem - Spirogyra
- Jerusalem - Disconnected
- Jerusalem - Soweto Gospel Choir
- Jerusalem - Ofra Haza
(traditional, arr. ron wood)
[instrumental]
You know that you can find me
On the way to Jerusalem
But I took a magic carpet ride
To a popular movie show
And that's where I found her
Was on the way to Jerusalem
She was hangin' on silver screen
A techni-color Michelangelo
Well I was rollin'
On the way to Jerusalem
I was headed for the Promised Land
And nothing make me go against the tide
But I took a little turn, yeah
Was on the way to Jerusalem
What's another day more or less
You pay your money
And you take your ride
One more day, gonna stay one more day
Then I got to go
On my way,
Tell them I'm on my way
But I need to know
Does Jerusalem close?
Does Jerusalem close?
When does it close?
Oh, yeah
(You know that you could find me)
Oh, yeah
(On the way to Jerusalem)
Oh, yeah
(You know that you can find me)
Oh yeah
(On the way to Jerusalem)
Oh, yeah
(You know that you can find me)
Oh, yeah
(On the way to Jerusalem)
Oh, yeah
(You know that you can find me)
Oh, yeah
(On the way to Jerusalem)
Oh, yeah
(You know that you can find me)
Oh, yeah
(On the way to Jerusalem)
Oh, yeah
You know that you can find me
Oh, yeah....
And did those feet in ancient time
Walk upon England's mountains green?
And was the holy Lamb of God
On England's pleasant pastures seen?
And did the Countenance Divine
Shine forth upon our clouded hills?
And was Jerusalem builded here
Among these dark satanic mills?
Bring me my bow of burning gold!
Bring me my arrows of desire!
Bring me my spear! O clouds, unfold!
Bring me my chariot of fire!
I will not cease from mental fight,
Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand,
Till we have built Jerusalem
(Steve Earle)
I woke up this mornin' and none of the news was good
And death machines were rumblin' 'cross the ground where Jesus stood
And the man on my TV told me that it had always been that way
And there was nothin' anyone could do or say
And I almost listened to him
Yeah, I almost lost my mind
Then I regained my senses again
And looked into my heart to find
That I believe that one fine day all the children of Abraham
Will lay down their swords forever in Jerusalem
Well maybe I'm only dreamin' and maybe I'm just a fool
But I don't remember learnin' how to hate in Sunday school
But somewhere along the way I strayed and I never looked back again
But I still find some comfort now and then
Then the storm comes rumblin' in
And I can't lay me down
And the drums are drummin' again
And I can't stand the sound
But I believe there'll come a day when the lion and the lamb
Will lie down in peace together in Jerusalem
And there'll be no barricades then
There'll be no wire or walls
And we can wash all this blood from our hands
And all this hatred from our souls
And I believe that on that day all the children of Abraham
Will lay down their swords forever in Jerusalem
(Gold/Lloyd/Echolette)
Waiting on this empty street, watching the river's waves go by
Feeling mellow, lighting a cigarette, silver moon floats through the night
Eris, Princess of the Isles, disperse your sparkling traces
Lead him on to the house of love where the Gods my turn his eyes
To Jerusalem we pray -- It's time to meet you there
Let's take love to Jerusalem -- Oh yeah -- Let's make love
You might be the one I'm waiting for, I think we've met somewhere for sure
Chasing shadows leaves you feelin' blue, this situation needs a cure
New assassins, new messiahs, keepers of the balanced law
Strangest lovers of the fire which ignites the Halo of our souls
To Jerusalem we pray -- It's time to meet you there
Let's take love to Jerusalem -- Oh yeah -- Let's make love
Big yellow cadillac, carry me back home
On glory roads of pure delight we head out for the stars
The highway's screamin', callin' out your name
Cause every road that you travel on
There's a price to pay
A thousands eyes are starin'
But the blind still lead the blind
CHORUS
Where will you turn if it all goes wrong and you're on the run
Jerusalem?
You say you walked through the valley
You say you've seen the signs
Echoes call you from a distant age
Or is it in your mind?
Then a thousands souls rise from the sea
Holding up the sun
And an angel cries beware your lies'
It could be the end of it all
CHORUS
Everybody knows your name, every road leads to anger
Will it always be the same, is there reason to return?
CHORUS
When an angel cries - Jerusalem
Better watch your lies - Jerusalem
Ran down and the lady said it
It got torn down
And the priest just said it
It got burned
They give me five years five years
It's my turn
Ran down and the lady said it
It got torn down
And the priest just said it
It got burned
They give me five years five years
It's my turn
Oh Jerusalem
Oh Jerusalem
Getting tired of you doing this to me
I'm gonna hit you if you say that to me
One more time
I want to see you
And you're saying you're busy
I want to stop it
And you said it would be easy
It sure takes time
Hope your next time
Gonna be the last time
Hope you don't two-time
It'll be the best time
There won't be no next time
It's show time
I hope you do
What you said
When you swore
You'd make it better
Deliver all the letters
On time
Jerusalem
Jerusalem
Jerusalem
Jerusalem
Jerusalem
Intro:
Woh deh deh, oh lord
Woh these words, these words of thy mouth
Woh deh deh, woh these words, yes now
Chorus 1:
I lift my head unto the almighty god
He showed me what I had he said
Stand firm and beat thy drums
An prepare all thy children of Israel
Then wait for thy coming d-a-a-a-y
Chorus 2:
So I beat the kette drum
And mek it sound in a Jerusalem
And echo round a Jordon-dan-dan
Beat di kette drum an mek it sound in a Bethlehem
Echo up in a Zion
Verse 1:
So man mi beat di kette, kette
Beat di kette drum cause man a no streggae, streggae
From di kette drum unoo get di reggae, reggae
People dem a come an all a say, say ,say ,say
Never know say shocking vibes did deh, deh, deh, deh
Africans a sing alot a yelleh, yelleh
Beat di kette drum an mek we
Woh, nigh, nigh, Africans a come an dem a
Woh, nigh, nigh, that's why mi sing say
Chorus
Beat di kette drum an mek it sound in a Jerusalem
An echo back in a Jordan-dan-dan
Beat di kette drum mek it sound in a Bethlehem
An echo back in a Zion-on-on
Verse 2:
So Bingi Man a beat di kette drum, knock di kette drum
Lick di kette drum Congo Man deh come down
Kick di kette drum, knock di kette drum
Lick di kette drum, Guad Man a come
Marcus Garvey was a prophet, but him still dis di king
Call di king all a coward, and fly a flag against him
Marcus Garvey face death, a could a judgement tek him
But Selassie done did bless him
But 1966 when di king come visit
Ole heap a kette drum a beat a rastaman a beat it
Welve tribe from Israel, Gaud Man dem star it
Watch di bobo dread come, come join it
Well house a dread a come
Chorus
Beat di kette drum, knock di kette drum
Beat di kette drum, Bingi Man deh come down
Lick di kette drum, bust di kette drum
Knock di kette drum, Congo Man deh come down
Fi beat di kette drum an mek it sound in a Jerusalem
An echo up in a Jordan-dan-dan
Kick di kette drum an mek it sound in a Bethlehem
An echo up in a Zion, one more time
Beat di kette drum an mek it sound in a Jerusalem
Echo back round a Jordan-dan-dan
Lick di kette drum an mek it sound in a Bethlehem
Woh lord, lord, woh nigh
Verse 3:
Woh, all sons of Selassie me a talk
If unoo love di reggae music, mek di kette drum talk
Indian a beat di kette drum when a war
Ethiopian a answer back from far
Now Jamaicans a beat di kette an a dance
People all a jump an prance
But hear mi sing
Chorus
Beat di kette drum, knock di kette drum
Gimmi di kette drum til morning come down
Lick di kette drum, knock di kette drum
Gimmi di kette drum til a morning come
Chorus 1 & 2
Repeat
Beat di kette drum, bust di kette drum
Lick di kette drum til a morning come down
Beat di kette drum, knock di kette drum
Beat di kette til a morning, woh lord
Beat di kette drum an mek it sound in a Jerusalem
An echo back round a Jordan-dan-dan
I dressed up in my best
My Ropers and my vest
And waited by the door with these roses
Till you came walkin' in
With your high falutin' friends
So busy lookin' down your noses
Now here you are ignorin' me
Girl I might as well be
Walkin' to Jerusalem
Marchin' with Methuselah
Readin' signs in Arabic
Ravin' like a lunatic
By the time you tell me I'm the one
I'll be stickin' out my thumb
And walkin' to Jerusalem
You wore your boots last night
You kissed me and held me tight
You said you'd always be my cowgirl
But tonight you're hangin' out
With that Christian Dior crowd
So where does that leave me now girl
You're as cold as Polar regions
I oughta join the French Foreign Legion And Go
Walkin' to Jerusalem
Marchin' with Methuselah
Readin' signs in Arabic
Ravin' like a lunatic
By the time you tell me I'm the one
I'll be stickin' out my thumb
And walkin' to Jerusalem
I can see me in a long robe
Studyin' the book of Job and
Walkin' to Jerusalem
Marchin' with Methuselah
Readin' signs in Arabic
And ravin' like a lunatic
By the time you tell me I'm the one
I'll be stickin' out my thumb
And walkin'
By the time you tell me I'm the one
I'll be stickin' out my thumb
And walkin' to Jerusalem
And walkin' to Jerusalem
The smell of newly-cut corn
came sifting through the palm trees
My eyes they were blinded
by the sun reflecting on the seas
One hundred dozen mermaids smiled
as I passed through the haze
The sound of familiar voices
of yonder days
Jerusalem Jerusalem Jerusalem oh no
Jerusalem was made by a guy
Oh I forget his name
And Jesus was a drop-out
A king who bore no crown
Only his long hair
flowing and blowing in the wind
And Jesus was a fisherman
That's all he had to say
Oh yeah, said "Now follow me disciples.
Lead your lives a different way."
And he rode into Jerusalem
on a donkey both bedraggled and lame
And his Pharisees cursed
his every word but did not laugh
That made a change
And Jesus was a good guy
who lived on figs and wine
A political revolutionary
out to let you have a good time
Jerusalem Jerusalem Jerusalem oh no
The sun it was rising
just to christen his cross of fame
Did he imagine at that moment
two hundred million hypocrites
would praise his name?
And were he now to come down those
hypocrites would crucify him again
And through the sweating crowds
tears streaming down my face
till I'm going insane
I'm crying
Jerusalem Jerusalem Jerusalem oh no
The smell of newly-cut corn
came sifting through the palm trees
My eyes they were blinded
by the sun reflecting on the seas
Well that same sun was rising
just to christen his cross of fame
Did he imagine at that moment
two hundred million hypocrites
would praise his name?
And were he now to come down those
hypocrites would crucify him again
And through the sweating crowds
tears streaming down my face
till I'm going insane
I'm crying
Jerusalem Jerusalem Jerusalem oh no
They're gonna put him inside
And I'm yelling all I can
Can't you see he's the Christ? oh no no
And they don't understand
a single word I say
But I'm crying just the same
Jerusalem Jerusalem Jerusalem oh no
Gonna put him inside
I'm yelling all I can
Can't you see he's the Christ
Cold in the wind, starless the night
Rain pouring down when the last one arrives
So many stories telling of pain
Are told by the freaks they've been throwing away
Ride out, set off to the sea
Odd fellows, you and me
Sail on to a world far away
That might not exist, we must be insane
Torn and feathered
Put in the pillory my friend
Accused as a fool marching on
In quest for a place they don't know
To Jerusalem
The piper inside, can't you feel him calling
You don't be afraid of the horizon
To Jerusalem
Don't you give in to their fingers pointing
So don't be afraid, you won't crash at the horizon
The dwarf and the giant, children who stray
The dreamer who's walking far off their way
A jester cast out, he can't laugh anymore
Here comes the freakshow... Welcome on aboard
Torn and feathered
They'll never get what you say
Kill what they don't understand
And did those feet in ancient time
Walk upon England's mountains green?
And was the holy Lamb of God
On England's pleasant pastures seen?
And did the countenance divine
Shine forth upon our clouded hills?
And was Jerusalem builded here
Among those dark Satanic mills?
Bring me my bow of burning gold
Bring me my arrows of desire
Bring me my spear, oh, clouds unfold
Bring me my chariot of fire
I will not cease from mental fight
Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand
'Til we have built Jerusalem
Jerusalem, Jerusalem all roads lead to you.
Jerusalem, Jerusalem your light is shinning through.
And you will show, show the way, to all who see it shine,
That we can live, in peace, in Jerusalem this time.
The walls will keep you in, the walls will keep you out.
The gates are calling those, who know what it's about.
Jerusalem, Jerusalem all roads lead to you.
Jerusalem, Jerusalem your light is shinning through.
And you will show (you will show), show the way (show the way), to all who see it shine,
That we can live, in peace, in Jerusalem this time.
Jerusalem is old, Jerusalem is new,
Jerusalem can hold, Moslem, Christian, Jew.
In Jerusalem, Jerusalem all roads lead to you.
Jerusalem, Jerusalem your light is shinning through.
And you will show (you will show), show the way (show the way), to all who see it shine,
That we can live, in peace, in Jerusalem this time.
(Bridge)
The markets and the alleys, the temples and the tombs.
A place for all believers, it has so many rooms.
In Jerusalem, Jerusalem all roads lead to you.
Jerusalem, Jerusalem your light is shinning through.
And you will show (you will show), show the way (show the way), to all who see it shine,
That we can live, in peace, in Jerusalem this time.
Sir can you tell me how to get to Jerusalem
'Cause I have kinda lost my way
Sir will you help me get there as fast as I can
Tomorrow might be too late
'Cause things ain't what they used to be
My love for life is gone you see
Am I fighting things I cannot see
People always tellin' me how sweet and simple life could be
They say you might as well live before you die
But one thing I know for sure
I am a danger to myself, how come
Yeah one thing I know for sure
I need some guidance, to get me out of this hellhole
Jerusalem, can you help me find my way back to Jerusalem, yeah
It took me quite a while to get into Jerusalem
'Cause I had kinda lost my way
I want to save me from myself so here I am
I hope it's not too late
'Cause things ain't what they used to be
My love for life is gone you see
Am I fighting things I cannot see
I am so afraid to love
'Cause of the way I've been hurt before
I think by now it's time for me to leave
But one thing I know for sure
I am a danger to myself, how come
Yeah one thing I know for sure
I need some guidance, to get me out of this hellhole
Jerusalem, can you help me find my way back to Jerusalem
Jerusalem, can you help me find what I have lost
Things ain't what they used to be
My love for life is gone you see
Am I fighting things I cannot see
I don't wanna die this way
Wishing that I could turn back time
Wasted time, there is work to be done
But one thing I know for sure
I am a danger to myself, how come
Yeah one thing I know for sure
I need some guidance, to get me out of this hellhole
Jerusalem, can you help me find my way back to Jerusalem
Jerusalem, can you help me find what I have lost, yeah yeah
And did those feet in ancient time,
Walk upon England's mountains green?
And was the Holy Lamb of God
on England's pleasant pastures seen?
And did the Countenance Divine,
Shine forth upon our clouded hills?
And was Jerusalem builded here
Among these dark Satanic mills?
Bring me my bow of burning gold!
Bring me my arrows of desire!
Bring me my spear: O clouds unfold!
Bring me my Chariot of Fire!
I will not cease from mental fight;
Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand
Til we have built Jerusalem
In England's green and pleasant land.
And did those feet in acient time
walk upon England's mountains green?
and was the holy lamb of god
on England's pleasant pastures seen?
and did the countenance divine
shine forth upon cluoded hills?
and was Jerusalem builded here
among these dark satanic mills?
bring me my bow of burning gold
bring me my arrows of desire
bring me my spear, o clouds unfold!
bring me my chariot of fire!
I will not cease from mental fight
nor shall mw sword sleep in my hand
till we have built Jerusalem
We celebrate the wars we won
The blood of history's ancient sons
We followed judah maccabee
We fought against iniquity
We saved ourselves with help from one
Who loves his children, everyone
Everyone, everyone
Everyone, everyone
So now jerusalem, you know that it's not right
After all you've been through, you should know better than
To become the wicked ones almighty god once saved you from
The lessons we should learn from all
The fighting in the days of old
When providence was still divine
The sanctuary purified
Let lightning circle all you hold
And then uproot the olive grove
So now jerusalem, you know that it's not right
After all you've been through, you should know better than
To become the wicked ones almighty god once saved you from
So now jerusalem, you know that it's not right
After all you've been through, you should know better than
To become the wicked ones almighty god once saved you from
[Chorus]
Jerusalem, if I forget you,
fire not gonna come from me tongue.
Jerusalem, if I forget you,
let my right hand forget what it's supposed to do.
In the ancient days, we will return with no delay
Picking up the bounty and the spoils on our way
We've been traveling from state to state
And them don't understand what they say
3,000 years with no place to be
And they want me to give up my milk and honey
Don't you see, it's not about the land or the sea
Not the country but the dwelling of his majesty
[chorus]
Rebuild the temple and the crown of glory
Years gone by, about sixty
Burn in the oven in this century
And the gas tried to choke, but it couldn't choke me
I will not lie down, I will not fall asleep
They come overseas, yes they're trying to be free
Erase the demons out of our memory
Change your name and your identity
Afraid of the truth and our dark history
Why is everybody always chasing we
Cut off the roots of your family tree
Don't you know that's not the way to be
[chorus]
Caught up in these ways, and the worlds gone craze
Don't you know it's just a phase
Case of the Simon says
If I forget the truth then my words won't penetrate
Babylon burning in the place, can't see through the haze
Chop down all of them dirty ways,
That's the price that you pay for selling lies to the youth
No way, not ok, oh no way, not ok, hey
Aint no one gonna break my stride
Aint no one gonna hold me down
Oh no, I got to keep on moving
Stay alive
And did those feet in ancient time
Walk upon england's mountains green?
And was the holy lamb of god
On england's pleasant pastures seen?
And did the countenance divine
Shine forth upon our clouded hills?
And was jerusalem builded here
Among those dark satanic mills?
Bring me my bow of burning gold!
Bring me my arrows of desire!
Bring me my spear: o clouds unfold!
Bring me my chariots of fire!
I will not cease from metal fight;
Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand
Till we have built jerusalem
City of David, kingdom of Israel
King Solomon built the holy temple on mount Muriah
Alexander the Great of Macedonia
Then the emperor of Rome
Crusaders, Arabians
Broke down the people
Their will to survive
It's a part of the real world
What's here to live has to die
A holy city you are
Like a light in the far
Home of the holy men
You are the key of mankind
The rock must roll again
Nothing has changed, this war will go on and on
Victims of wrath in memory forevermore
There by the dome of the rock and the western wall
Father forgive what they've done
Foundations about to fall
What can be sacred?
Is there an end?
This is an ocean of stories
They're just a part of the plan
A holy city you are
Like a light in the far
Home of the holy men
You are the key of mankind
The rock must roll again
What is right, what is wrong?
I just don't know
We should learn how to play
'cause no one is here to stay
Light to the people
They will survive
It's a part of the real world
And the hatred must die
A holy city you are
Like a light in the far
Home of the holy men
A holy city you are
Like a light in the far
Home of the holy men
You are the key of mankind
And did those feet in ancient time walk upon England's
mountains green
and was the holy Lamb of God on England's pleasant
pastures seen
and did the countenance divine shine forth upon our
clouded hills
and was Jerusalem builded here among those dark satanic
mills
Bring me my bow of burning gold, bring me my arrows of
desire
Bring me my spear, O clouds unfold, bring me my chariots
of fire
I will not cease from mental fight, nor shall my sword
sleep in my hand
'til we have built Jerusalem in England's green and
And did those feet in ancient times
Walk upon England's mountains green
And was the holy lamb of god
On England's pleasant pastures seen
And did the countenance divine
Shine forth on our clouded hill
Was Jerusalem built here
On England's green and pleasant land
Let it rain
Let it rain
Wash the scales from my eyes
Let it rain
Let it rain
Let me see again
Bring me my bow of burning gold
Bring me my arrows of desire
I shall not sleep o clouds unfold
Bring me my chariot of fire
Let it rain
Let it rain
Tears of blood fall out of the sky
Let it rain
Let it rain
Wash me clean again
From the frozen waters
The king will rise again
With 2 suns in the sky
I shall not cease from mental fight
Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand
Till we have built Jerusalem
In England's green and pleasant land
Let it rain
Let it rain
Tears of blood fall out or the sky
Let it rain
Let it rain
Set me free again
See the gleaming spires of the citadel
The king and Queen will dwell
In our hearts
Can Jerusalem
Be bebuilded here
In this trivial time
In this land of fear
Where the Grail remains
Walk into the light and dissolve the chains
And did those feet in ancient time
Walk upon England's mountains green?
And was the holy Lamb of God
On England's pleasant pastures seen?
And did the countenance divine
Shine forth upon our clouded hills?
And was Jerusalem builded here
Among those dark Satanic mills?
Bring me my bow of burning gold
Bring me my arrows of desire
Bring me my spear! Oh, clouds unfold!
Bring me my chariot of fire
I will not cease from mental fight
Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand
Til we have built Jerusalem
The highway's screamin' callin' out your name
Cause every road that you travel on
There's a price to pay
A thousand eyes are starin'
But the blind still lead the blind
CHORUS
Where will you turn if it all goes wrong
And you're on the run
Jerusalem?
You say you walked through the valley
You say you've seen the signs
Echoes call you from a distant age
Or is it in your mind
Then a thousand should rise from the sea
Holding up the sun
And an angel cries 'beware your lies'
It could be the end of it all
CHORUS
Everybody knows your name,
Every road leads to anger
Will it always be the same,
Is there reason to return
CHORUS
When an angel cries - Jerusalem
Better watch your lies - Jerusalem
Jerusalem
(James Raymond)
I came back to Jerusalem
Just to see if the light had changed
But it all seems about the same
My friends are here on a holy mission
A mass convergence of Judeo-Christians
It's nice to put the faces with the names
Don't you know me by my ancient eyes
Sweet salvation what a lonely prize
I came back to Jerusalem
I came back to Jerusalem
And it's all coming down right now
I ran into Magdalena
She said she's staying for the Y2 Cana
But I see the sadness in her eyes
We all lost the one we loved
He's up there livin' high above us
Fire and love gonna rain on down, down, down
Don't you know me by my well worn shoes
I walked this road beside the King of Jews
I came back to Jerusalem
I came back to Jerusalem
And it's all coming down right now
But I've been waiting for two thousand years
That's a lot of blood
And a lot of tears
Call me certified delusional
But I got stoned against this very wall
I came back to Jerusalem
I came back to Jerusalem
And it's all coming down right now
I came back to Jerusalem
I came back to Jerusalem
when we get back to jerusalem
everybody's gonna praise our name
when we get back to jerusalem
ain't nothing gonna be the same
when the system hits jerusalem
all the waters gonna turn to beer
when we get back to jerusalem
you won't never see us hanging round here
jerusalem can't you feel the heat
jerusalem dare you walk the streets
with everybody looking after number one
your face ain't noticed till you're gone
the last time we went to jerusalem
everyone said we sounded fine
the last time we went to jerusalem
everybody had a real good time
the punks ain't punks in jerusalem
they all think they know how to pose
opinions don't matter in jerusalem
When I tell you that I love you don't test my love
Accept my love, don't test my love
'Cause maybe I don't love you all that much
Don't ask what kind of music I'm gonna play tonight
Just stay a while, hear for yourself a while
And if you must put me in a box, make sure it's a big box
With lots of windows and a door to walk through
And a nice high chimney so we can burn, burn, burn
Everything that we don't like
And watch the ashes fly up to Heaven
Maybe all the way to India, I'd like that
All the ancient kings came to my door
They said, "Do you want to be an ancient king too?"
I said, "Oh yes, very much, but I think my timing's wrong"
They said, "Time is relative or did you misread Einstein?"
I said, "Do you really mean it?"
They said, "What do you think we come here for
Our goddamn health or something?"
Everybody's waiting for the Messiah, the Jews are waiting
Christians are waiting, also the Muslims
It's like everybody's waiting, they've been waiting a long time
I know how I hate to wait like even for a bus or something
An important phone call so I can just imagine
How darned impatient everybody must be getting
So I think it's time now, time to reveal myself
I am the Messiah, I am the Messiah
Yes, I think you heard me right, I am the Messiah
I was gonna wait till next year, build up the suspense a little
Make it a really big surprise but I could not resist
It's like when you got a really big secret
You're just bursting to tell someone
It was sort like that with this
And now that I've told you, I feel this great weight lifted
Dr. Nusbaum was right, he's my therapist
He said get it out in the open
I spent ten whole days in Jerusalem, mmm Jerusalem
Sweet Jerusalem and all I ate was olives, nothing but olives
Mountains of olives, it was a good ten days
I like olives, I like you too
So when I tell you that I love you don't test my love
Accept my love, don't test my love
And did those feet in ancient time,
Walk upon England's mountains green?
And was the Holy Lamb of God
on England's pleasant pastures seen?
And did the Countenance Divine,
Shine forth upon our clouded hills?
And was Jerusalem builded here
Among those dark Satanic mills?
Bring me my bow of burning gold!
Bring me my arrows of desire!
Bring me my spear: O clouds unfold!
Bring me my Chariot of Fire!
I will not cease from mental fight;
Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand
Til we have built Jerusalem
Mit den Rittern kam ich an
Das Grabdes Erlösers anzuschauen
Hier zu beten und zu bitten
Für mich und die, die mit mir ritten
Mit Schwert und Feuer kamen wir
In Schutt und Asche legten wir
Des Herren auserwählte Stadt
Der Sturm treibt das Schiff durch das Dunkel der Nacht,
An die Mauern von Akkon, voran in die Schlacht!
Unser Stahl erntet Blut aus der Saat der Gewalt -
Bis der Schlachtruf der Heiden für immer verhallt.
Jerusalem - zerbrich die Ketten!
Jerusalem - zerbrich die Ketten!
Der Halbmond bedroht uns mit eiserner Faust!
Das Grab Jesu Christi von Tieren behaust!
Das Gold unsrer Kirchen geraubt und verbrannt -
Der Teufel - er wütet I'm heilige Land!
Das Lamm liegt in Ketten am Grunde der Schlucht,
Die Pilger ermordet auf heilloser Flucht.
Die Tempel der Heiden zerstören die Pracht
Der heiligen Kirche und christlichen Macht.
Ein Engel der stirbt - seine Schwingen haben mein Herz berührt!
Ein Engel der stirbt - seine Tränen haben die Welt verführt!
Gott steh uns bei - es ist heiliger Krieg!
Bestraf unsre Feinde und schenk uns den Sieg!
Die Sichel schlägt Wunden, der Sand färbt sich rot!
Tausend Gebete geboren aus Not!
Jerusalem - zerbrich die Ketten!
Jerusalem - zerbrich die Ketten!
Tief sitzt der Stachel I'm christlichen Fleisch!
Blutende Helden bezahlen den Preis:
Die Engel aus Eisen verrecken I'm Kot!
Ikonen geschmiedet aus Feuer und Tod!
Ein Engel der stirbt - seine Schwingen haben mein Herz berührt!
Here is a song
From the wrong side of town
Where I'm bound
To the ground
By the loneliest sound
That pounds from within
And is pinning me down
Here is a page
From the emptiest stage
A cage or the heaviest cross ever made
A gauge of the deadliest trap ever laid
And I thank you
For bringing me here
For showing me home
For singing these tears
Finally I've found
That I belong here
The heat and the sickliest
Sweet smelling sheets
That cling to the backs of my knees
And my feet
I'm drowning in time
To a desperate beat
And I thank you
For bringing me here
For showing me home
For singing these tears
Finally I've found
That I belong
Feels like home
I should have known
From my first breath
God send the only true friend
I call mine
Pretend that I'll make amends
the next time
Befriend the glorious end of the line
And I thank you
For bringing me here
For showing me home
For singing these tears
Finally I've found
That I belong here
Chorus (after each verse):
Jerusalem, our happy home
When shall we come to thee?
When shall our sorrows have an end?
Thy joys when shall we see?
They see no one that sent her there
Their palms spring from the ground
No tongue can tell, no heart can think
What joys do there abound
Forever more the trees perfumed
And ever more they spring
And ever more the saints are glad
And ever more they sing
Fair Magdalene, she has less moan
Likewise there she does sing
The happy saints in harmony
Through every street doth ring
Fair Magdalene hath dried her tears
She'll sing no more to thee
Nor wet the ringlets of her hair
And did those feet in ancient time
Walk upon England's mountains green?
And was the holy Lamb of God
On England's pleasant pastures seen?
And did the countenance divine
Shine forth upon our clouded hills?
And was Jerusalem builded here
Among those dark Satanic mills?
Bring me my bow of burning gold
Bring me my arrows of desire
Bring me my spear! Oh, clouds unfold!
Bring me my chariot of fire
I will not cease from mental fight
Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand
Til we have built Jerusalem
[bonus track]
Barouh ata adonai
Barouh aba yeroushalaim
From the bible to the coran
Revelation in jerusalem
Shalom, salamalekoum
You can see christians jews and muslims
Living together and praying
Amen! let's give thanks and praises
Barouh atat adonai
Barouh aba yeroushalaim
Jerusalem here I am
Jerusalem je t'aime
Jerusalem here I am
Jerusalem je t'aime
Israela yakirati
Israela yakirati
Ani ohev otarh
Israela yakirati
From the bible to the coran
Revelation time
Shalom, salamalekoum
You can see christians jews and muslims
Living together and praying...
Amen! let's give thanks and praises
Barouh atat adonai
Barouh aba yeroushalaim
Jerusalem here I am
Day will come, heaven will shine
All the land will burn then
And the holy town of Jerusalem
Will come down from heaven, in God's glory.
All the land will burn
When Jerusalem will come down.
Holy town, Jerusalem
Unearthly, but coming down from heaven
Opens the gates to all
Who take salvation.
God's truth will be made
The sinful world will burn
But for God's sons of truth
Jerusalem will come down.
All the land will burn
When Jerusalem will come down.
Hey, open your eyes
Hey, listen, the land
Hey, holy day
Hey, not so far away.
Hey open your eyes
Hey, save yourself
Hey, anger will come
But the holy town
will be open to every holy person.
A flame of furious fire
Will burn this land
For all the sins
The anger of God will avenge.
The day will come holy and fearful
All the land will then burn
And He who sits on the throne
Will open the gates to Jerusalem.
It's where I'm living In heaven or in hell Jerusalem The place where Angels fell
One Man sailing the World
The truth ascending With chains that bind us here Jerusalem The place where God is near
One man saving the World
Are we forgiving Into the eyes of Ra Jerusalem Where God will never die
So, a city wakes up in the morning
And all the infidels get in their cars
As a father is floating, ????
And driven into your heart
Cause you live in a town that is delicate
Where old grudges run deeper than mud
Where peace is a term that is relative
And written in blood
Jerusalem, Jerusalem
Oh, you lie bleeding in the doorways of Eden
Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Jerusalem
Another city wakes up in the morning
You are the martyr who is taking the stage
You're laying flowers on the eyes of your brother
In his funeral parade
And you are filled with a love for your people
All your life you have drunk bitter milk
You say, "The ones who have wounded my brother
Are the ones I must kill"
Jerusalem, Jerusalem
Oh, you lie bleeding in the doorways of Eden
Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Jerusalem
Now the blood has run down to a stand
For generations, it's marked up the sand
Where the scars are as deep as the rivers
And as old as the land
Your god's armies, they are marching on heaven
In the name of what is holy and sacred
Casting poisonous seeds for their children to reap
Out of the rubbles of hatred
Jerusalem, Jerusalem
Oh, you lie bleeding in the doorways of Eden
And did those feet in ancient time,
Walk upon England's mountains green?
And was the Holy Lamb of God
on England's pleasant pastures seen?
And did the Countenance Divine,
Shine forth upon our clouded hills?
And was Jerusalem builded here
Among those dark Satanic mills?
Bring me my bow of burning gold!
Bring me my arrows of desire!
Bring me my spear: O clouds unfold!
Bring me my Chariot of Fire!
I will not cease from mental fight;
Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand
Til we have built Jerusalem
Do you see heaven
Like I do
Or is it just me
Wanting you
Tonight I'm special
Like no one else
I hope you need me
For yourself
Does it make you happy
To be so free
The times we shared
You loving me
And as you leave
And walk away
Your eyes they tell me
Someday you'll stay
What's going on here
What must we fear
To live in this fantasyland in your mind
Who'll carry the load
For dreams left untold
Can you live in this world all mine
I would walk this journey
To say goodbye
To have you close would
Make me high
All the good things
That made you see
It was the strong thing
Being with me
[CHORUS]
Just look high above
And you'll see where we should be
And if tomorrow makes
If tomorrow breaks us
Then you stand still and I'll
Show you me
Like you never knew
Or is it just me
Wanting you
So as you leave
And walk away
I knew you'd come back
Now let's play
[CHORUS]
In a compact on the edge of town
Security to keep the outside out
You and your friends discussing how
It seems rebellious to vote Conservative now
Your mind’s so sharp and your eyes so bright
You shine in love, you are born anointed
You mean so well, and you’ll hurt so bad
When you come to be disappointed
And I will never go home again
And we will build Jerusalem
And I don’t know about us but I know about them
And we will build Jerusalem, Jerusalem..
You know exactly how clever sounds
The soft consonants and rounded vowels
You know the land that she labours and
Your hypotheses have been confirmed
We all love The Smiths, and we dig The Clash
But the smell of leather is intoxicating
Brilliant minds, we are genii
We excel at drama and formal debating
And I am never going home again
And we will build Jerusalem
And I don’t know about us but I know about them
And we will build Jerusalem
Jerusalem (x3)
And you can take your burning goal
You can take your swords and spears
You can take your lamb of God
You can take these deadly years
You can win and win and win again
The dice are loaded, you’ll never miss
And I am never going home again
And we will build Jerusalem
And I don’t know about us but I know about them
Barouh atat adonai
(Barouh atat adonai)
Barouh atat yéroushalaim
(Barouh atat yéroushalaim)
Barouh atat adonai
(Barouh atat adonai)
Barouh atat yéroushalaim
(Barouh atat yéroushalaim)
From the Bible an the Coran
Revelation in Jerusalem
Shalom, salamalekoum
You can see Christians, Jews and Muslims
Living together and praying
Amen, let's gives thanks and praises
Barouh atat adonai
(Barouh atat adonai)
Barouh atat yéroushalaim
(Barouh atat yéroushalaim)
Jerusalem here I am
Jerusalem je t'aime
Jerusalem here I am
Jerusalem je t'aime
Israela yakirati
Israela yakirati
Ani ohêv otarh
Israela yakirati
Israela yakirati
Israela yakirati
Israela yakirati
Ani ohêv otarh
Israela yakirati
From the Bible an the Coran
Revelation in Jerusalem
Shalom, salamalekoum
You can see Christians, Jews and Muslims
Living together and praying
Amen, let's gives thanks and praises
Barouh atat adonai
(Barouh atat adonai)
Barouh atat yéroushalaim
(Barouh atat yéroushalaim)
Jerusalem here I am
Jerusalem je t'aime
Jerusalem here I am
Jerusalem je t'aime
Israela yakirati
Israela yakirati
Ani ohêv otarh
Israela yakirati
Israela yakirati
Israela yakirati
Israela yakirati
Ani ohêv otarh
Israela yakirati
Jerusalem here I am
Jerusalem je t'aime
Jerusalem here I am
Where the mothers of sonsnever cease their weeping
where the fathers of faith in the ground lie sleeping
where the seeds of time have a whirlwind reaping
Jerusalem is.
Where the cobblestones
wet with the blood of ages
hear the echo of wheels turning hist'ry's pages -
where the cries of fools stilled the words of sages
Jerusalem is.
'neath an olive tree branch anyone can listen
to the song of songs as the green leaves glisten.
Then a summer rain falls and the raindrops christen
what Jerusalem is.
And the river runs on and the world keeps turning
and the water's cold
tho the sands are burning
and the mountains know while we still are learning
what Jerusalem is.
when will tomorrow's sons
tomorrow's daughters
never taste of the bread cast upon the waters
and put down the sword that performed the slaughters
Where Jerusalem is ?
Where the cobblestones
wet with the blood of ages
hear the echo of wheels turning hist'ry's pages -
where the cries of fools stilled the words of sages
Jerusalem is.
And the river
the river runs and the world keeps turning
and the water's cold
tho the sands are burning
and the mountains know while we still are learning
what Jerusalem is.
And the river
Ich kenne ein Land,
wo alte Männer regiern,
da kann man nicht bleiben,
weil da darf nix passiern.
Da sitzen die Tyrannen,
fett auf dem Thron
und träumen vom Ruhm.
Da brauchen wir nicht traurig zu sein,
da gibts noch was andres,
das ziehen wir uns rein.
Die Welt ist so groß
und diese Dinge sind klein,
hat eh' keine Sinn,
so einsam zu sein.
Wir reiten nach Jerusalem.
Wir reiten nach Jerusalem,
mit dalialailialailailaio.
Keine Zeit! Keine Zeit! Keine Zeit!
Sie lieben die Kanonen
und fliegen öfter zum Mond.
Die Spitzenwichser ohne Schädelkraft,
die machen hier einfach,
was keiner mehr rafft.
Es gibt Tage wo die Sonne marschiert,
wir lieben das Grelle und die Nächte sind wild.
Wir gehen den dummen Dingen dieser Welt aus der Weg,
nur das ist der Weg, der nach Jerusalem geht.
Wir reiten nach Jerusalem,
mit dalialailio,
reiten nach Jerusalem,
mit dalialaililaiaiaio.
Keine Zeit! Keine Zeit! Keine Zeit!
Verkehr am Morgen,
verkehrter Verkehr.
Sie liebt nur deinen Namen,
doch dein Gewehr ist leer.
Sie hält dich so fest,
du denkst dich weit weg
Willst keinen mehr fragen,
hat eh' keinen Zweck.
Keine Zeit! Keine Zeit! Keine Zeit!
Keine Zeit! Keine Zeit! Keine Zeit!
And did those feet in ancient time
Walk upon England's mountains green
And was the holy lamb of God
On England's pleasant pastures seen
And did the countenance divine
Shine forth upon our clouded hills
And was Jerusalem builded here
Among these dark Satanic mills
Bring me my bow (my bow) of burning gold
Bring me my arrows of desire
Bring me my spear o'clouds unfold
Bring me my chariot of fire
I will not cease from mental fight
Nor shall my (my) sword sleep in hand
'Til we have built Jerusalem
In England's green and pleasant land
'Til we have built Jerusalem
In England's green and pleasant land
Days at ease with no telephone
Uncle Moustache on the coffee machine
I found a way into Jerusalem
I found a way into Jerusalem
Never been religious
Never been that way at all
But man you look beyond the city wall
I found a way into Jerusalem
I found a way into Jerusalem
I walked with Juicy to the Old Bazaar
Through the back streets
To the Mosque of Saint Omar
I found a way into Jerusalem
I found a way into Jerusalem
I found a way into Jerusalem
Heard a lot about the men who died
Now I understand the reason why they cried
I found a way into Jerusalem
I found a way into Jerusalem
I found a way into Jerusalem
Tell us what you want don’t kill in Palestine
What is going wrong? Why don’t you make it right?
We must care for each other, don’t disgrace our father
We keep moving on and we’ll survive
You cast out human being and try to take their place
Where are they going to stay then?
You realized what you’ve done, but there’s still more
time to kill
The victims are increasing
Kindness in your heart it’s been there all the time
But what is going on? Turned out to be that bad
Kill a lots of people there, you should have to share
Jerusalem
Zulu Traditional
Jerusalem ikhaya lam
Engi lithandayo
Jerusalem ikhaya lam
Engi lithandayo
Wovezwa nini umzamo
Sengi khumble kuwe
Wobanani?
Wobanani amehlo am
Lamasango mahle
Nizi trata zegolide
Zomzi wo sindiso
English - Jerusalem
Jerusalem is my home
That I love so much
My wishes and hopes are for you
My eyes will see beautiful gates
And the street of gold
Of the City of Salvation MALAIKA (My Beautiful Angel)
I love you my angel
I want to marry you to be my wife
But I don't have any money to pay for lobola (dowry)
You're the only angel I think of
You bring happiness to my heart
Jerusalem, Jerusalem
Jerusalem, Jerusalem
He was born the King Solomon
He was a wise and had a thousand wives
He was a righteous and feeling judge
He was the king and the father of the people
Jerusalem, Jerusalem
Jerusalem, Jerusalem
Two young women came with a child
Claiming I'm the mother of this child
He said: Bring me a sword,
Divide the baby in two
Oh, in two!
Jerusalem, Jerusalem
Jerusalem, Jerusalem
The real mother cried: Don't!
The other one said: Divide!
Everybody knew who was really true
Jerusalem, Jerusalem
Jerusalem, Jerusalem
How can the people divide a little child?
How can the people divide such a little heart?
Jerusalem, Jerusalem
![[2]](http://web.archive.org./web/20131028174214/http://web.archive.org/web/20080307052847/http://faculty.biu.ac.il/~maeira/About+us/Introduction/Map_Jerusalem_K_Menahem_small.jpg){kind=link}
![[3]](http://web.archive.org./web/20131028174214/http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/GJ_2006.jpg){kind=link}