- For other meanings see Beersheba (disambiguation).
Beersheba (/bɪərˈʃiːbə/; officially Be'er Sheva; Hebrew: בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע [bəʔe̞rˈʃe̞va]; Greek: Βηρσαβεε; Latin: Bersabee; Arabic: بئر السبع, Bi'r as-Sab` (info); Turkish: Birüssebi) is the largest city in the Negev desert of southern Israel. Often referred to as the "Capital of the Negev", it is the seventh-largest city in Israel with a population of 194,300.[1]
Beersheba grew in importance in the 19th century, when the Ottoman Turks built a regional police station there. The Battle of Beersheba was part of a wider British offensive in World War I aimed at breaking the Turkish defensive line from Gaza to Beersheba. In 1947, Bir Seb'a (Arabic: بيئر شيبع), as it was known, was envisioned as part of the Arab state in the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine. Following the declaration of Israel's independence, the Egyptian army amassed its forces in Beersheba as a strategic and logistical base. In October 1948, the city was conquered by the Israel Defense Forces.[2]
Beersheba has grown considerably since then. A large portion of the population is made up of Jews who immigrated from Arab countries after 1948, and has been significantly boosted since 1990 by immigrants from Ethiopia and the former Soviet Union. With the influx of Russian immigrants, chess became a major sport in Beersheba. The city is now Israel's national chess center, home to more chess grandmasters than any city in the world.[3]
There are several etymologies for the origin of the name "Beersheba": The oath of Abraham and Abimelech (well of the oath); the seven wells dug by Isaac (seven wells), though only three or four have been identified; the oath of Isaac and Abimelech (well of the oath); the seven ewes that sealed Abraham and Abimelech's oath (well of the seven).
Be'er is the Hebrew word for well; sheva could mean "seven" or "oath" (from the Hebrew word shvu'a).
Human settlement in the area dates from the Copper Age. The inhabitants lived in caves, crafting metal tools and raising cattle.[4] Findings unearthed at Tel Be'er Sheva, an archaeological site a few kilometers northeast of modern day Beersheba, suggest the region has been inhabited since the 4th millennium BC.[5] The city has been destroyed and rebuilt many times over the centuries.
The town was founded by the Israelites during the 10th century BC, on the site of what is today referred to as Tel Be'er Sheva, after the land was conquered by King David. The ruins of the original Israelite settlement remain largely intact.
The site was probably chosen due to the abundance of water, as evidenced by the numerous wells in the area. According to the Bible, the wells were dug by Abraham and Isaac when they arrived there. The streets were laid out in a grid, with separate areas for administrative, commercial, military, and residential use. According to the Hebrew Bible, Beersheba was the southernmost city of the territories actually settled by Israelites, hence the expression "from Dan to Beersheba" to describe the whole kingdom.[6]
Beersheba is mentioned in the Book of Genesis in connection with Abraham the Patriarch and his pact with Abimelech. Isaac built an altar in Beersheba (Genesis 26:23–33). Jacob had his dream about a stairway to heaven after leaving Beersheba. (Genesis 28:10–15 and 46:1–7). Beersheba was the territory of the tribe of Shimon and Judah (Joshua 15:28 and 19:2). The prophet Elijah took refuge in Beersheba when Jezebel ordered him killed (I Kings 19:3). The sons of the prophet Samuel were judges in Beersheba (I Samuel 8:2). Saul, Israel's first king, built a fort for his campaign against the Amalekites (I Samuel 14:48 and 15:2–9). The prophet Amos mentions the city in regard to idolatry (Amos 5:5 and 8:14).[6] Following the Babylonian conquest and subsequent enslavement of many Israelites, the town was abandoned. After the slaves returned from Babylon, the town was resettled.
During the Roman and later Byzantine periods, the town served as a front-line defense against Nabatean attacks. The last inhabitants of Tel Be'er Sheva were the Byzantines, who abandoned the city during the Arab conquest of Palestine in the 7th century.
The Turkish Ottomans, who had controlled Palestine since the 16th century, took no interest in Beersheba until the end of the 19th century.[7] At the beginning of the 19th century, Beersheba was portrayed by European pilgrims as a barren stretch of land with a well and a handful of Bedouins living nearby. Towards the end of the 19th century, the Ottomans built a police station in Beersheba in order to keep the Bedouin in check.[8] They built roads and a number of small buildings from local materials which are still standing today. A town plan was created by a Swiss and a German architect, which called for a grid street pattern,[9] a pattern which can still be seen today in Beersheba's Old City. All houses built during that period were of one storey, and the two-storey police station towered above them. Most of the residents at the time were Arabs from Hebron and the Gaza area, although Jews also began settling in the city, and a slew of Bedouin abandoned their nomadic lives and built homes in Beersheba.[10]
During World War I, the Turks built a military railroad from the Hejaz line to Beersheba, inaugurating the station on October 30, 1915.[11] The celebration was attended by the Turkish army commander Jamal Pasha, along with senior government officials. The train line was active until the British Army took over the region.
Beersheba played an important role in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in World War I. On October 31, 1917, three months after taking Rafah, General Allenby's troops breached the line of Turkish defense between Gaza and Beersheba.[12] 800 soldiers of the Australian 4th and 12th Regiments of the 4th Light Horse Brigade under Brigadier General William Grant, with only horses and bayonets, charged the Turkish trenches, overran them and captured the wells of Beersheba in what has become known as the "last successful cavalry charge in British military history." On the edge of Beersheba's Old City is a Commonwealth cemetery containing the graves of Australian and British soldiers. The town also contains a memorial park dedicated to them.
Beersheba was a major administrative center during the period of the British Mandate for Palestine. A railway was constructed between Rafah and Beersheba in October 1917; it opened to the public in May 1918, serving the Negev and settlements south of Mount Hebron.[13] In 1928, at the beginning of the tension between the Jews and the Arabs over Palestine, and wide-scale rioting which left 133 Jews dead and 339 wounded, many Jews abandoned Beersheba, although some returned occasionally. After an Arab attack on a Jewish bus in 1936, which escalated into the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, the remaining Jews left.
Old mosque in Remez Garden
The 1947 UN Partition Plan included Beersheba in the territory allotted to the proposed Arab state as the city's population of 4,000 was primarily Arab.[14] The Egyptian army was stationed in Beersheba in May 1948. During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion ordered the city conquered, calling for the "conquest of Beersheba, occupation of outposts around it, [and] demolition of most of the town."[15] Israeli Air Force bombing raids began during the night of October 18/19, 1948. The Arab residents fled en masse the next day on foot and in buses. More bombing raids followed that night, and on October 21 at 4:00 in the morning, the 8th Brigade's 89th battalion and the Negev Brigade's 7th and 9th battalions moved in, some of the troops advancing from Mishmar HaNegev junction, 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Beersheba, others from the Turkish train station and Hatzerim. By 09:45, the Egyptian forces were surrounded and Beersheba was in Israeli hands. Around 120 Egyptian soldiers were taken prisoners, and the remaining civilians, 200 men and 150 women and children, were taken to the police fort. On October 25, the women, children, disabled, and elderly were driven by truck to the Gaza border. The Egyptian soldiers were interned in POW camps. Some men lived in the local mosque and were put to work cleaning but when it was discovered that they were supplying information to the Egyptian army, they were also deported.[15] Looting on the part of Israeli troops occurred and was criticized by David Ben-Gurion and Dov Shafrir, the first Custodian of Absentees Property.[15]
In the 1950s, Beersheba expanded northward. The majority of Indian Jews emigrated to the newly independent Israel after the 1948 Partition estimated to be around 20,000, and the main place for them to settle was Beersheba. Soroka Hospital opened its doors in 1960, and The Negev University, later renamed Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, was established in 1970. Egyptian president Anwar Sadat visited Beersheba in 1979.
As part of its Blueprint Negev project, the Jewish National Fund is funding major redevelopment projects in Beersheba. One project is the Beersheba River Walk, a 900-acre (3.6 km2) riverfront district with green spaces, hiking trails, a 3,000-seat sports hall, a boating lake made from recycled waste water, promenades, restaurants, cafés, galleries, boat rentals, a 12,000-seat amphitheater, playgrounds, and a bridge made up of Mekorot water pipes. Four new shopping malls are planned, including a 115,000-square meter ecologically planned mall with pools for collecting rainwater and lighting generated by solar panels on the roof. It will be situated next to an 8,000-meter park with bicycle paths.[16][17][18] In recent years, some $10.5 million has been invested in renovating Beersheba's Old City, preserving historical buildings and upgrading infrastructure.[19]
The city is currently undergoing a major construction boom, which includes both elements of urban design such as water fountains and bridges, and environmental development such as playgrounds and parks.[20]
On August 31, 2004, sixteen people were killed in two suicide bombings on buses in Beersheba for which Hamas claimed responsibility. On August 28, 2005, another suicide bomber attacked the central bus station, seriously injuring two security guards and 45 bystanders.[21] During Operation Cast Lead, which began on December 27, 2008, Hamas fired multiple Grad rockets from Gaza into Beersheba. The rocket attacks have continued, but have only been partially effective since the introduction of the Iron Dome rocket defense system.[22][23][24][25] In 2010 an Arab attacked and injured two [26] with an axe [27][28]. In 2012, a Palestinian from Jenin had been stopped before a stabbing attack [29][30] in a "safe house".
Dry riverbed in Nahal Ashan park
Beersheba is located on the northern edge of the Negev desert 115 kilometres (71 mi) south-east of Tel Aviv and 120 kilometres (75 mi) south-west of Jerusalem. The city is located on the main route from the center and north of the country to Eilat in the far south. The Valley of Beer Sheva has been populated for thousands of years due to the presence of water which flows from the Hebron hills in the winter and is stored underground in vast quantities.[31] The main river in Beersheba is Nahal Beersheva, a wadi which floods in the winter. The Kovshim and Katef streams are other important wadis which pass through the city. Beersheba is surrounded by a number of satellite towns, including Omer, Lehavim, and Meitar, and the Bedouin localities of Rahat, Tel as-Sabi, and Lakiya.
Beersheba has an arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh) with Mediterranean influences. The city has both characteristics of Mediterranean and desert climates. Summers are hot and dry, and winters are cool and rainy. In summer, the temperature is high in daytime and nighttime with an average high of 32.3 °C (90 °F) and an average low of 19.9 °C (68 °F). In winter, the temperature are cool and the weather is rainy and snow is very rare. Winters have an average high of 17.7 °C (64 °F) and average low of 8 °C (46 °F).
Precipitation in summer are rare, the most rainfalls come in winter between September to May, but the annually amount is low, with 204.1 millimeters (8.0 in) each year. Sandstorms, haze and fog are common especially in winter, as a result of the high humidity.
| Climate data for Beersheba |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Record high °C (°F) |
28.4
(83.1) |
31
(88) |
35.4
(95.7) |
40.9
(105.6) |
42.2
(108.0) |
46
(115) |
41.5
(106.7) |
40.5
(104.9) |
41.2
(106.2) |
39.6
(103.3) |
34
(93) |
31.4
(88.5) |
46
(115) |
| Average high °C (°F) |
16.7
(62.1) |
17.5
(63.5) |
20.1
(68.2) |
25.8
(78.4) |
29
(84) |
31.3
(88.3) |
32.7
(90.9) |
32.8
(91.0) |
31.3
(88.3) |
28.5
(83.3) |
23.5
(74.3) |
18.8
(65.8) |
25.7
(78.3) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
7.5
(45.5) |
7.6
(45.7) |
9.3
(48.7) |
12.7
(54.9) |
15.4
(59.7) |
18.4
(65.1) |
20.5
(68.9) |
20.9
(69.6) |
19.5
(67.1) |
16.7
(62.1) |
12.6
(54.7) |
8.9
(48.0) |
14.2
(57.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) |
−5
(23) |
−0.5
(31.1) |
2.4
(36.3) |
4
(39) |
8
(46) |
13.6
(56.5) |
15.8
(60.4) |
15.6
(60.1) |
13
(55) |
10.2
(50.4) |
3.4
(38.1) |
3
(37) |
−5
(23) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) |
49.6
(1.953) |
40.4
(1.591) |
30.7
(1.209) |
12.9
(0.508) |
2.7
(0.106) |
0
(0) |
0
(0) |
0
(0) |
0.4
(0.016) |
5.8
(0.228) |
19.7
(0.776) |
41.9
(1.65) |
204.1
(8.035) |
| Avg. precipitation days |
9.2 |
8 |
6.4 |
2.6 |
0.8 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.1 |
1.8 |
4.6 |
7.5 |
41 |
| Source: Israel Meteorological Service[32][33] |
Pedestrian mall in Beersheba
|
|
This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Please see the talk page for more information. (March 2012) |
Beersheba had a population of 185,400 by the end of 2006,[34] compared to 110,800 in a survey conducted 20 years earlier. In the 1990s, the population was substantially increased by a large influx of Russian and Ethiopian Jews. In 2001, the ethnic make-up of the city was 98.9% Jewish and other non-Arab, with no significant Arab population (see Population groups in Israel). In 2001, there were 86,500 males and 91,400 females living in Beersheba. The population breakdown by age was 31.8% for 19 years old or younger, 17.4% for 20–29 year olds, 19.6% for 30–44 year olds, 15.8% for 45–59 year olds, 4.0% for 60–64 year olds, and 11.4% for 65 years of age or older. The population growth rate in 2001 was 2.9%.
Many people live in Beersheba for short periods of time, e.g. while studying at the university or working at the nearby army bases. According to CBS, Beersheba had 61,016 salaried workers and 3,010 self-employed citizens in 2000. Salaried workers earned an average monthly wage of 5,223 NIS (about 1085 Euros or US $1350). Men earned an average monthly wage of NIS 6,661 (a real change of 5.2%) compared to NIS 3,760 for females (a real change of 3.9%). Self-employed persons had an average income of NIS 6,533. A total of 4,719 persons received unemployment benefits, and 26,469 persons received income supplements.
In 1982, Israel airlifted a large part of the Ethiopian Jewish community to Israel, and many settled in Beersheba. There are now approximately 10,000 Ethiopian Israelis in the city, with a community center built in the style of the thatched tukuls of Ethiopia.
The largest employers in Beersheba are the municipality, Israel Defense Forces, Ben-Gurion University and the Soroka Medical Center. There are also a number of electronics and chemical plants including Teva Pharmaceutical Industries in and around the city. A large high-tech park is also being built near the Be'er Sheva North Railway Station.[35] A major Israel Aerospace Industries complex is located in the main industrial zone, north of Highway 60. There are three industrial zones on the southeastern side of the city – Makhteshim, Emek Sara and Kiryat Yehudit – and a light industry zone between Kiryat Yehudit and the Old City. A high-tech park is located near Omer. A Science Park funded by the RASHI-SACTA Foundation, Beersheba Municipality and private donors was completed in 2008.[35] The tallest buildings in the city are the towers of the Rambam Square complex. Rambam Square 2 is the tallest apartment building in Israel outside of the Gush Dan Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area.[36]
The Beersheba municipality was plagued for many years by an ineffectual leadership, political problems and poor financial planning. Since 2005, attention has been focused on developing parks and infrastructure. A new youth center opened in 2005, and a new cultural centre opened in 2008. In 2006, after many years of financial struggle,the municipality has achieved a balanced budget.[37] The official emblem of the municipality of Beersheba depicts an eshel (tamarisk tree), the tree planted by Abraham according to Genesis,[38] and the observation tower connected to the municipality building.
The mayor of Beersheba is Ruvik Danilovich, who was deputy mayor under Yaakov Turner.[39]
Sami Shamoon College of Engineering
According to CBS, Beersheba has 81 schools and a student population of 33,623: 60 elementary schools with an enrollment of 17,211, and 39 high schools with an enrollment of 16,412. Of Beersheba's 12th graders, 52.7% earned a Bagrut matriculation certificate in 2001. The city also has several private schools and Yeshivot which cater to the religious sector. Beersheba is home to one of Israel's major universities, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev located on an urban campus in the city (Dalet neighborhood). Other schools in Beersheva include:
Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology
The historic mosque in Beersheba was renovated and used as a municipal museum, as the city had no significant Arab population, but Muslim groups in the vicinity are negotiating for its reopening as a functioning mosque.[43]
After Israeli independence, Beersheba became a "laboratory" for Israeli architecture.[44] Mishol Girit, a neighborhood built in the late 1950s, was the first attempt to create an alternative to the standard public housing projects in Israel. Hashatiah (lit. "the carpet"), also known as Hashekhuna ledugma ("the model neighborhood"), was hailed by architects around the world.[44] Today, Beersheba is divided into seventeen residential neighbourhoods in addition to the Old City and Ramot, an umbrella neighborhood of 4 sub-districts. Many of the neighbourhoods are named after letters of the Hebrew alphabet, which also have numerical value, but descriptive place names have been given to some of the newer neighborhoods.
Library, Ben Gurion University of the Negev
Light horse monument, Australian soldier park
Beersheba is the home base of the Israel Sinfonietta, founded in 1973. Over the years, the Sinfonietta has developed a broad repertoire of symphonic works, concerti for solo instruments and large choral productions, among them Handel's "Israel in Egypt," masses by Schubert and Mozart, Rossini's "Stabat Mater" and Vivaldi's "Gloria." World-famous artists have appeared as soloists with the Sinfonietta, including Pinhas Zuckerman, Jean-Pierre Rampal, Shlomo Mintz, Gary Karr and Paul Tortelier.[45] In the 1970s, a memorial commemorating fallen Israeli soldiers designed by the sculptor Danny Karavan was erected on a hill north-east of the city.[46] The Beersheba Theater opened in 1973. The Light Opera Group of the Negev, established in 1980, performs musicals in English every year.[47] The Negev Museum reopened as an art museum, and an art and media center for young people was established. In 2009, a new tourist and information center, Gateway to the Negev, was built.[48] Landmarks in the city include Abraham's Well and the old Turkish train station, now the focus of development plans.[49]
Beersheba is the central transportation hub of southern Israel, served by roads, railways and air. Beersheba is connected to Tel Aviv via Highway 40, the second longest highway in Israel, which passes to the east of the city and is called the Beersheba bypass because it allows travellers from the north to go to southern locations, avoiding the more congested city center. From west to east, the city is divided by Highway 25, which connects to Ashkelon and the Gaza Strip to the northwest, and Dimona to the east. Finally, Highway 60 connects Beersheba with Jerusalem and the Shoket Junction, and goes through the West Bank. On the local level, a partial ring road surrounds the city from the north and east, and Road 406 (Rager Blvd.) goes through the city center from north to south.
Metrodan Beersheba, established in 2003, has a fleet of 90 buses and operates 19 lines in the city, most of which depart from the Beersheba Central Bus Station.[50] These lines were formerly operated by the municipality as the 'Be'er Sheva Urban Bus Services'. Inter-city buses to and from Beersheba are operated by Egged, Egged Ta'avura and Metropoline.[51]
Mexico Bridge from train station to Ben Gurion University
Israel Railways operates two stations in the city that form part of the railway to Beersheba: the old Be'er Sheva North University station, adjacent to Ben Gurion University and Soroka Medical Center, and the new Be'er Sheva Central station, adjacent to the central bus station. Between the two stations, the railway splits into two, and also continues to Dimona and the Dead Sea factories. An extension is planned to Eilat[52] and Arad.
The Be'er Sheva North University station is the terminus of the line to Dimona. All stations of Israel Railways can be accessed from Beersheba using transfer stations in Tel Aviv and Lod. Currently, the railway line to Beersheba uses a slow single-track configuration with several sharp curves limiting speed. However, its alignment is being improved and the entire line converted to dual-track. The project will significantly decrease travel time from Tel Aviv and Haifa to Beersheba, at a cost of NIS 1.885 billion.[53]
Hapoel Be'er Sheva plays in the Israeli Premier League, the top tier of Israeli football, having been promoted in the 2008–2009 Liga Leumit season. The club has won the Israeli championship twice, in 1975 and 1976, as well as the State Cup in 1997. Beersheba has two other local clubs, Maccabi Be'er Sheva (based in Neve Noy) and MS Be'er Sheva (based in the north of Dalet), a continuation of the defunct Beitar Avraham Be'er Sheva. Hapoel and Maccabi both play at the Vasermil Stadium, a 14,000-capacity concrete bowl located in the Bet neighbourhood.
Beersheba has become Israel's national chess center; thanks to Soviet immigration, it is home to the largest number of chess grandmasters of any city in the world.[54] The city hosted the World Team Chess Championship in 2005, and chess is taught in the city's kindergartens.[55] The Israeli chess team won the silver medal at the 2008 Chess Olympiad[56] and the bronze at the 2010 Olympiad. The chess club was founded in 1973 by Eliyahu Levant, who is still the driving spirit behind it.[57]
The city has the second largest wrestling center (AMI wrestling school) in Israel.[citation needed] The center is run by Leonid Shulman and has approximately 2,000 students most of whom are from Russian immigrant families since the origins of the club are in the Nahal Beka integration camp. Maccabi Be'er Sheva has a freestyle wrestling team, whilst Hapoel Be'er Sheva has a Greek-Romi wrestling team. In 2010 world championships by FILA in wrestling 5 medals were won by AMI students.[58] Cricket is played under the auspices of Israel Cricket Association. Beersheba is also home to a rugby team whose senior and youth squads have won several national titles (including the recent Senior National League 2004–2005 championship).[59] Beersheba's tennis center, which opened in 1991, features eight lighted courts, and the Be'er Sheva (Teyman) airfield is used for gliding.
- Aref al-Aref, Arab historian
- Orna Banai, Israeli actress, comedian, and entertainer
- Elyaniv Barda, football (soccer) player
- Zehava Ben, singer
- Avishay Braverman, professor and politician
- Anat Draigor, basketball player
- Ronit Elkabetz, actress
- Zvika Hadar, comedian and show host
- Victor Mikhalevski, chess grandmaster
- David Newman, professor and Dean of Social Science and Humanities, BGU
- Ilan Ramon, Israel's first astronaut; died in the Columbia disaster
- Yehudit Ravitz, singer
- Eli Zizov, football (soccer) player
- Ze'ev Zrizi, second mayor of Beersheba
- Almog Cohen, soccer player
Beersheba is twinned with twelve other towns and cities:[60]
- ^ a b "Table 3 – Population of Localities Numbering Above 2,000 Residents and Other Rural Population". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2010-06-30. http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2010/table3.pdf. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
- ^ Guide to Israel, Zev Vilnay, Hamakor Press, Jerusalem, 1972, pp.309–14
- ^ Beersheba Masters Kings, Knights, Pawns Los Angeles Times, 30 January 2005
- ^ Beersheba
- ^ Z. Herzog. Beer-sheba II: The Early Iron Age Settlements. Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University and Ramot Publishing Co. Tel Aviv 1984
- ^ a b "Beer Sheva". Jewishmag.com. http://www.jewishmag.com/61mag/beersheva/beersheva.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ Yehuda Gradus, Beer-Sheva, Capital of the Negev Desert – Function and internal structure, http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=30967058u211166t&size=largest, "only at the end of the nineteenth century did Beer-Sheva become the Turkish administrative center for the Negev."
- ^ A Bedouin century: Education and development among the Negev tribes in the 20th century Aref Abu-Rabia
- ^ Gerdos, Yehuda (1985). "Basis of Beersheba City Planning". In Mordechai Na'or. Settlement of the Negev, 1900–1960. Jerusalem, Israel: Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi. pp. 167–177. (Hebrew)
- ^ Vilnai, Ze'ev (1969). "Be'er Sheva". Ariel Encyclopedia. Volume 1. Tel Aviv, Israel: Sifriyat HaSadeh. pp. 473–515. (Hebrew)
- ^ Cotterell, Paul (1986). "Chapter 3". The Railways of Palestine and Israel. Abingdon, UK: Tourret Publishing. pp. 14–31. ISBN 978-0-905878-04-1.
- ^ An Empire in the Holy Land: Historical Geography of the British Administration in Palestine, 1917–1929, Gideon Biger, St. Martin's Press, New York, Magnes Press, Jerusalem, 1994, p. 23-24
- ^ An Empire in the Holy Land: Historical Geography of the British Administration in Palestine, 1917–1929, Gideon Biger, St. Martin's Press, New York, Magnes Press, Jerusalem, 1994, p. 119
- ^ Palestine Plan of Partition Map United Nations, 1956
- ^ a b c Morris, Benny. The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, Cambridge University Press, p. 467.
- ^ Jweekly.com
- ^ JNF.org[dead link]
- ^ Jpost.com
- ^ Upwelling of Renewal
- ^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4228131,00.html
- ^ Palestinian Bomber Kills Only Himself Near Israeli Bus Station – New York Times
- ^ http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/300/858.html
- ^ http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4109451,00.html
- ^ http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/271/094.html
- ^ http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/272/910.html
- ^ http://www.hageula.com/news/israel/6890.html
- ^ http://news.walla.co.il/?w=/10/1835762
- ^ http://news.walla.co.il/?w=/1/1835677
- ^ http://news.nana10.co.il/Article/?ArticleID=856797
- ^ http://www.mako.co.il/news-military/security/Article-676211d39b7a431017.htm
- ^ "The climate of Beer Sheva". Archived from the original on 2008-03-25. http://web.archive.org/web/20080325061505/http://www.geocities.com/thetropics/harbor/7883/bs-climt.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-24.
- ^ "Averages and Records for Beersheba (Precipitation, Temperature and Records [Excluding January and June written in the page)"]. Israel Meteorological Service. August 2011. http://ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/LongTermInfo.
- ^ "Records Data for Israel (Data used only for January and June)". Israel Meteorological Service. http://ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael.
- ^ "Table 3—Population of Localities Numbering Above 1,000 Residents and Other Rural Population". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2007-12-31. http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2009/table3.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
- ^ a b "© Dun's 100 2007 – Be'er-Sheva Municipality VP". Duns100.dundb.co.il. http://duns100.dundb.co.il/2007/vp/600143622/index.asp. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ Rambam Square 2, Beer Sheva
- ^ Beer-Sheva Municipality Dun's 100, 2006
- ^ Genesis / Bereishit 21:33
- ^ "Secular candidate elected Jerusalem mayor". Enews20.com. 2008-11-12. http://www.enews20.com/news_Secular_candidate_elected_Jerusalem_mayor_14085.html. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ he:האוניברסיטה הפתוחה
- ^ technical college website
- ^ school website
- ^ "Will Be'er Sheva allow Muslims to use city's only mosque? – Haaretz – Israel News". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1089841.html. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
- ^ a b Haaretz.com, Magic Carpet: The Carpet-Style Patio Homes of Be'er Sheva, Haaretz
- ^ Sounds from the South[dead link]
- ^ "h2g2 – Be'er Sheva, Israel – A4499625". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A4499625. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ "The salons of the South – Haaretz – Israel News". Haaretz. 2006-12-24. http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasen/pages/ShArtStEngPE.jhtml?itemNo=957537&contrassID=2&subContrassID=5&title='The%20salons%20of%20the%20South%20'&dyn_server=172.20.5.5. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ Lubliner, Elan (2009-02-21). "'Gateway' center aims to help the Negev bloom again | Around Israel | Jerusalem Post". Jpost.com. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1233304840270&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ Blueprint for Beersheba
- ^ "Transportation in the Negev". Negev Information Center. http://eng.negev-net.org.il/HTMLs/article.aspx?C2004=12553&BSP=12316. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
- ^ "Map of lines of the Metropoline company". Metropoline. http://metropoline.com/map.asp. Retrieved 2008-11-24. (Hebrew)
- ^ Hazelkorn, Shahar (2008-03-17). "Mofaz Decided: A Railway to Eilat Will Be Built" (in Hebrew). Ynet. http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3520156,00.html. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
- ^ "Details of the Israel Railways Development Project". Israel Ministry of Transportation. p. 52. Archived from the original on 2008-04-10. http://web.archive.org/web/20080410092657/http://www.mof.gov.il/budget2007/docs2008/tahbura.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
- ^ Bekerman, Eitan (4 September 2006), "Chess masters set to compete in world blitz championship", Haaretz, http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/758461.html [dead link]
- ^ World Team Championship in Beer Sheva, Israel, World Chess Federation, 1 November 2005, http://www.fide.com/component/content/article/9-other/2182-673-world-team-championship-in-beer-sheva-israel, retrieved 13 March 2009
- ^ Tzahor, Uri (26 November 2008), "Israel takes silver medal at Chess Olympiad", Ynewnews.com, http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3628765,00.html
- ^ Gavin Rabinowitz (12 December 2004). "Beersheba is king of world chess". Jerusalem Post: p. 4. http://highbeam.com/doc/1P1-103365216.html. "By all accounts it is Levant, 76, who is responsible for chess taking root in these arid surroundings... Klenburg says the club's success is all owed to Levant. "He was the right man at the right time,""
- ^ http://www.mynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3833478,00.html
- ^ The Camels-ASA Beersheba Rugby in Beersheba
- ^ "International Relations of the City of Beersheba". Beersheba Municipality. http://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/openning.asp?Lang=1. Retrieved 2012-02-08. (Hebrew)
- ^ "Partner Cities of Lyon and Greater Lyon". © 2008 Mairie de Lyon. http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
- ^ "Sister Relationships: Sister Cities, States, Counties & Ports". Office of Lieutenant Governor of the state of Washington. http://www.ltgov.wa.gov/International/Washington%20Organizations/Sisters/default.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
- Thareani-Sussely, Yifat, "The 'Archaeology of the Days of Manasseh' Reconsidered in the Light of Evidence From The Beersheba Valley," Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 139,2 (2007), 69-77.
|
|
|
| 500,000+ |
|
|
| 200,000 – 499,999 |
|
|
| 100,000 – 199,999 |
|
|
| 50,000 – 99,999 |
|
|
