| Hyderabad |
| City of Pearls |
| — metropolitan city — |
|
Clockwise from top : Charminar, Birla Mandir, Hussain Sagar and Chowmahalla Palace
|
Location of Hyderabad in India
|
| Coordinates |
17°21′58″N 78°28′34″E / 17.366°N 78.476°E / 17.366; 78.476Coordinates: 17°21′58″N 78°28′34″E / 17.366°N 78.476°E / 17.366; 78.476 |
| Country |
India |
| Region |
Deccan |
| State |
Andhra Pradesh |
| District(s) |
|
| Founded |
1591 AD |
| Mayor |
Mohammad Majid Hussain |
| City Police Commissioner |
Abdul Khayum Khan |
| Members of Parliament |
Asaduddin Owaisi, Anjan Kumar Yadav, Sarve Satyanarayana |
| Planning Agency |
GHMC, HMDA |
Population
• Metro
|
6,809,970 (4th) (2011[update])
• 7,749,334 (6th) (2011[update])
|
| Official languages |
Telugu and Urdu |
| Time zone |
IST (UTC+05:30) |
Area
• Elevation
• Coastline
|
• 536 metres (1,759 ft)
• 0 kilometres (0 mi)
|
Climate
• Precipitation
Temperature
• Summer
• Winter
|
Aw (Köppen)
• 603 mm (23.7 in)
• 26.0 °C (78.8 °F)
• 35.9 °C (96.6 °F)
• 2 °C (36 °F)
|
|
|
Codes
-
| • Pincode |
• 500 xxx, 501 xxx, 502 xxx, 508 xxx, 509 xxx |
| • Telephone |
• +91–40, 8413, 8414, 8415, 8417, 8418, 8453, 8455 |
| • UN/LOCODE |
• IN HYD |
| • Vehicle |
• AP 09, 10, 11, 12, 13, 22, 23, 24, 28 & 29 |
|
| Website |
www.ghmc.gov.in |
Hyderabad (
i/ˈhaɪdərəbæd/) is the capital of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Located on the banks of the Musi River in the Deccan Plateau, the city is one of the largest in India with an area of 650 square kilometres (250 sq mi) and a population of 6.8 million, while the metropolitan area contains 7.7 million residents, making it the fourth most populous city and the sixth most populous urban agglomeration in the country. In 2008, the nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of Hyderabad was US$ 60 billion—ranking fourth in India and ninety third in the world.
Hyderabad city was established in 1591 CE by Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, whose dynasty lasted until 1658 when Mughal emperor Aurangzeb occupied Golconda Sultanate and the city became part of the Mughal empire's Deccan province. In 1724 Asif Jah I, a Mughal viceroy, declared his sovereignty and formed the Asif Jahi Dynasty, also known as the Nizams of Hyderabad. The Nizams ruled the princely state of Hyderabad for more than two centuries, under subsidiary alliance with the British Raj. The city remained the dynasty's capital from 1769 until 1948—when the Nizam signed an Instrument of Accession with the Indian Union following Operation polo. In 1956, the city was merged with Andhra State. Since 1969 Hyderabad is a major center of the Telangana movement, which demands a separate state for the Telengana region of Andhra Pradesh.
Situated on the crossroads of North and South India, the city has been noted for its unique culture. As the capital of the largest and richest Princely state of India, and with the patronage from Nizams, the city established local traditions in drama, art, theater, literature, architecture and cuisine. The city is a regular tourist destination and home to many places of interest, including the UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage site of Chowmahalla Palace, and other notable landmarks such as the Charminar and Golconda fort. Hyderabad is home to numerous museums, Bazaars, galleries, libraries, sporting events and other cultural institutions, including the Salarjung museum, Laad Bazaar, Hyderabad International Convention Centre (HICC) and Shilpakala Vedika.
Hyderabad was once a global center of the diamond and pearls trade, for which it is known by the sobriquet City of Pearls. The municipal boundaries of the city was expanded in 2007 and the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad came under the ambit of a single municipal unit, the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. The city has emerged as a hub for the information technology, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology industries, alongside traditional service industries. Hyderabad International Airport, serving 5–15 million passengers annually, was adjudged the world's fifth best airport. Hyderabad's 13 universities and business schools form a major location for higher education and research in India. The city is home to the Telugu film industry known as Tollywood. As a growing metropolitan city in a developing country, Hyderabad confronts substantial urban pollution, traffic congestion, poverty, overpopulation, and other logistic and socioeconomic problems.
The etymology of Hyderabad is marred by myths. One popular myth postulates that Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, the founder of Hyderabad,[1] named the city Bhaganagar after Bhagmathi, a local nautch girl who he fell in love with. He married Bhagmathi who converted to Islam and adopted the title Hyder Begum. The city was rechristened after Hyder Begum to Hyderabad.[2] Another theory says Hyderabad was named to honour the Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib, who was also known as Hyder.[3]
Although Hyderabad was established in 1591, archaeologists have unearthed Iron Age sites near the city that could date back to 500 BCE.[4] The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surrounding was known as Golkonda (English: The Shepherd's Hill),[5] which was ruled by the Chalukya dynasty from 731 CE to 966 CE.[6] Following the dissolution of Chalukyas into four empires in the 11th century, Golkonda came under the control of the Kakatiya dynasty (1000–1310).[7] The Kakatiya dynasty's headquarters was at Warangal, located 148 kilometres (92 mi) northeast of modern Hyderabad.[8]
The
Golkonda fort is the oldest existing structure in Hyderabad.
[9]
When Sultan Alauddin Khilji of Delhi took over Warangal, the Hyderabad region came under the Khilji dynasty (1310–1321). Alauddin Khilji carried with him to Delhi the Koh-i-Noor diamond, which was mined from the Kollur Mines in Golkonda.[10] Afterwards Muhammad bin Tughluq annexed Delhi, which brought Warangal under the direct rule of the Tughlaq dynasty until 1347. Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah a governor of Muhammad bin Tughluq revolted against the Sultanate and established the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan with Gulbarga (200 kilometres (124 mi) west of Hyderabad) as its capital. The Bahmani kings ruled the region until 1518, becoming the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan.[8]
In 1518, Sultan Quli, a governor of Golkonda, revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty.[8] Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, the fifth sultan of the Qutb Shahi dynasty, established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591;[11] the city was established to avoid water shortage experienced at Golkonda, the capital of the Sultanate.[12] He constructed the Charminar, Purana pul and Mecca Masjid in the city.[13]
On 21 September 1687,[14] the Golkonda Sultanate came under the rule of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golkonda fort.[15] The area under the Sultanate was renamed as Deccan Suba (Deccan Provence) and, during this period of Mughal rule, the capital was shifted from Golkonda to Aurangabad (about 550 kilometres (342 mi) northwest of Hyderabad).[15][16]
In 1712, the sixth of Aurangzeb's successor, Farrukhsiyar appointed Asaf Jah I as the Viceroy of the Deccan with the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk (Regulator of the Realm) Fateh Jung. In 1724, Asaf Jah I gained autonomy by defeating a rival official to establish control over the Deccan Suba and named it Hyderabad Deccan, thus starting the dynasty which came to be known as the Asaf Jahi dynasty. The rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk, and were referred to as Asif Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad.[15][16] In 1748, Asaf Jah I died, and until 1761 there was internal political unrest in the state, due to ascension of throne among the son's of Asaf Jah I, who were alliance with either British, French or neighboring rulers. The region of Asif Jah II brought the end to the internal political disturbance. In 1768 and 1798, Asif Jah II signed a treaty of the Masulipatnam and the Subsidiary alliance with the East India Company, when the regular threats from neighboring rulers of Mysore, Maratha and Basalath Jung (Asaf Jah II's elder brother supported by de Bussy of French) grew. Through this treaty the Nizam gave the control of the coastal region (including the cities of Masulipatnam and the Kondapalli Fort) to the India Company and permitted to station British troops in and around the Bolaram (modern Secunderabad) suburb of Hyderabad. In return the East India Company would have to pay a fixed annual rent to the Nizam and protect the borders of the Hyderabad State.[17][18][19] In 1769, Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Asaf Jahi dynasty. The Nizams ruled the city until 17 September 1948, a year after India's independence from the British Raj.[15][16]
During the period of Nizam rule, Hyderabad State became the richest,[20] and the senior-most salute state among the Indian princely States.[21] It was spread over 223,000 km2 (86,000 sq mi) in the Deccan, ruled by the Asaf Jahi dynasty. The Nizam's were conferred with the title of His Exalted Highness,[21] and "Faithful Ally of the British Government" by the United Kingdom,[22] becoming the only Indian prince to be given these both statuses.[23] The rule of the Nizams brought cultural and economic growth for Hyderabad city. One example of the wealth of Nizam rule is the Jewels of the Nizams, which is an international tourist attraction occasionally displayed in Salar Jung Museum. In 1948 Hyderabad had an estimated population of 1.7 crore, and it generated an estimated annual revenue of £90,029,000.[22] The state had its own currency known as the Hyderabadi rupee, until 1951.[24] The pace at which the last Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan amassed wealth made him one of the world's richest men in 1937.[23] As per the Forbes All-Time Wealthiest List of 2008, Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan is the fifth richest man ever, with an estimated worth of US$210.8 billion (adjusted with the present value of the US dollar).[24]
The Nizams set up numerous institutions in the name of the dynasty including hospitals and schools, colleges, universities that imparted education in Urdu.[24] Inspired by the Indian Civil Service, the Nizams established the Hyderabad Civil Service and built large reservoirs. Survey work on the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam was initiated during this time, though the actual work was completed by the Government of India in 1969.[25][26]
Following India's independence from the British Empire in 1947, the Asaf Jahi Nizam declared his intention to remain independent.[27] In 1948, the Hyderabad State Congress began agitating against the Nizam, with the support of Indian National Congress and the Communist Party of India. On 17 September 1948, the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad state through Operation Polo and the Nizam joined India by signing the Instrument of Accession, which made him the Rajpramukh ("Princely Governor") of Hyderabad State.[16][28] A peasant uprising or Telangana uprising was a communist-led peasant rebellion against the feudal lords of the Telangana region and later against the princely state of Hyderabad between 1946 and 1951.[29] The Constitution of India, which became effective on 26 January 1950, made Hyderabad State one of the part B states of India and Hyderabad city continued to be its capital. In 1955, B. R. Ambedkar, the then chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution, expressed in his report that the city should be designated as the second capital of India after Delhi. He expressed:
"Hyderabad has all the amenities which Delhi has and it is a far better city than Delhi. It has all the grandeur which Delhi has. Buildings are going cheap and they are really beautiful buildings, far superior to those in Delhi. The only thing that is wanting is a Parliament House which the Government of India can easily build."[30]
Since 1956, The Rashtrapati Nilayam located in Hyderabad is the second official residence and business office of the President of India, The Indian President visits and stay here almost two months every year.[31] On 1 November 1956, the states of India were reorganised on linguistic grounds. Hyderabad State was split on linguistic lines to become the parts of three newly carved states. Nine Telugu and Urdu speaking districts of Hyderabad State, also known as Telangana, were merged with the Telugu speaking Andhra State to create the state of Andhra Pradesh with Hyderabad city as its capital.[32] There are several movements to invalidate the merger of Telangana and Andhra; major being in 1969, 1972 and now. The Telangana movement gained momentum over decades becoming a widespread political demand of creating a new state from the Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh.[33] As of 2011, the movement continues with Hyderabad being major center of strikes and agitations.[34]
Hyderabad, the capital of Andhra Pradesh, is located in the north-western part of the state.[35][36] Geographically it is located in the northern part of Deccan plateau, a large plateau that forms most of the southern part of the country. The historic locality established by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, on the southern banks of Musi river exists as the Old City, while the New City encompasses the urban sprawl largely on the northern bank of Musi River. The Old and New Cities are connected by multiple bridges over the river, with the bridge Purana pul being the oldest.[37] Hyderabad is twined with neighbouring Secunderabad which is separated through Hussain Sagar lake. Both the twins come under the ambit of a single municipal unit of Greater Hyderabad.[38][36]
Greater Hyderabad is spread over an area of 650 km2 (250 sq mi), making it one of the largest metros in India.[35] The predominant topography of the city is sloping rocky terrain of grey and pink granites. Some locations with higher altitude are scattered throughout, giving rise to the appearance of several small hillocks. Hyderebad has an average altitude of about 1,778 feet (542 m) above mean sea Level (MSL), while the highest point in the city is Banjara Hills at 2,206 feet (672 m).[36][39] The city houses multiple lakes and large water tanks. The lakes are often referred to as sagar which means sea. The Hussain Sagar lake, built in 1562, is located at the heart of the city. The Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar are two artificial lakes created as a result of dams on Musi River.[36][40]
Average temperature and precipitation in Hyderabad
Hyderabad has a combination of a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw) that borders on a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh).[41] The city has a moderate climate during September to February, with a small amount of variation. The monsoon is spread over a period of three months from June to August,[42] and the normal rainfall is 786.8 milliliter.[36]
The mean maximum temperature ranges between 34 °C (93 °F) and 40 °C (104 °F) in May. After the withdrawal of the monsoon, the maximum temperature rises slightly due to increased insulation. The mean minimum temperature is 9 °C (48 °F) to 18 °C (64 °F) in December and January, but it rises to 22 °C (72 °F) to 32 °C (90 °F) in May. The minimum temperature falls rapidly after October, and less than 10 °C (50 °F) has been recorded on individual days. The climate is mild from November to February. The summer months of April and May are hot, and the city frequently records temperatures exceeding 40 °C (104 °F). The period from July to September is warm and humid. Temperatures in the evenings and mornings are generally cooler because of the city's moderate elevation. Hyderabad receives around 1,019 millimetres (40.1 in) of rain every year, most of it concentrated in the monsoon months. The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is 241.5 millimetres on 24 August 2000 . The maximum (day) temperature ever recorded was 45.5 °C (114 °F) on 2 June 1966, while the minimum recorded temperature was 8 °C (46 °F) on 8 January 1946.[43][42]
| Climate data for Hyderabad |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Average high °C (°F) |
28.6
(83.5) |
31.8
(89.2) |
35.2
(95.4) |
37.6
(99.7) |
38.8
(101.8) |
34.4
(93.9) |
30.5
(86.9) |
29.6
(85.3) |
30.1
(86.2) |
30.4
(86.7) |
28.8
(83.8) |
27.8
(82.0) |
32.0
(89.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
14.7
(58.5) |
17.0
(62.6) |
20.3
(68.5) |
24.1
(75.4) |
26.0
(78.8) |
23.9
(75.0) |
22.5
(72.5) |
22.0
(71.6) |
21.7
(71.1) |
20.0
(68.0) |
16.4
(61.5) |
14.1
(57.4) |
20.2
(68.4) |
| Rainfall mm (inches) |
3.2
(0.126) |
5.2
(0.205) |
12.0
(0.472) |
21.0
(0.827) |
37.3
(1.469) |
96.1
(3.783) |
163.9
(6.453) |
171.1
(6.736) |
181.5
(7.146) |
90.9
(3.579) |
16.2
(0.638) |
6.1
(0.24) |
804.5
(31.673) |
| Avg. rainy days |
.3 |
.4 |
.9 |
1.8 |
2.7 |
7.6 |
10.6 |
10.1 |
8.9 |
5.7 |
1.6 |
.4 |
51.0 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours |
279.0 |
271.2 |
263.5 |
273.0 |
282.1 |
180.0 |
142.6 |
136.4 |
168.0 |
226.3 |
246.0 |
263.5 |
2,731.6 |
| Source no. 1: Indian Meteorological Department (1951–1980) [44] |
| Source no. 2: Hong Kong Observatory (sun only, 1971–1990) [45] |
The Andhra Pradesh high court in Hyderabad.
The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) is in charge of the civic administration and infrastructure of the city.[46] It was formed in April 2007 by merging 100 wards of the erstwhile Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) with twelve municipalities of neighbouring two districts. GHMC covers an area of 650 km2 (250 sq mi), spread over the three districts—Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy and Medak. The GHMC is divided into five zones and eighteen circles that contain 150 municipal wards. Each ward is headed by a corporator, elected by popular vote. The corporators elect The City Mayor who is the titular head of GHMC. The executive powers of the GHMC lie with the Municipal Commissioner appointed by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. The State Election Commission (SEC) monitors the municipal elections that are held in the city once in every five years. The first election of the GHMC were held in December 2009. The Indian National Congress alliance with Majlis Ittehadul Muslimeen formed the majority, with the agreement of sharing the mayor post equally between the two parties.[47][48][49][50]
The Secunderabad Cantonment Board (SCB) an area of 40.1 km2 (15.5 sq mi),[51] is a jurisdiction which contains some suburbs of Hyderabad and Secunderabad. The SCB area houses multiple camps of the Indian Army and Indian Air Force, the civic administration and infrastructure of this area is overseen by with SCB rather than GHMC. The Chief Executive Officer (a civilian) appointed by the Indian Defense Ministry possesses the executive powers while the board president is an Indian army commander of the Brigadier grade, stationed in Secunderabad.[52] The Osmania University a part of modern Hyderabad is an area of 3.4 km2 (1.3 sq mi) administered independently by its management.[51] The Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA) was formed in 2008 as an umbrella authority by merging multiple local development bodies. The jurisdiction of HMDA extends to 54 mandals located in five districts with a total area of 7,100 km2 (2,700 sq mi).[53] It manages the development activities of the area including the administration of the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB), the Andhra Pradesh Transmission Corporation, and the Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC).[51]
The Hyderabad City Police, established in 1847, is the law and order enforcement agency.[54] Hyderabad Police Commissionerate jurisdiction is divided into five police zones, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner.[55] The Hyderabad Traffic Police is headed by a Deputy Commissioner who is answerable to the Hyderabad City Police Commissioner.[56] The area under the jurisdiction of Hyderabad City Police is smaller than the GHMC area, thus the suburbs of the city falls under the jurisdiction of Cyberabad Police Commissionerate. As of 2012, The "Greater Hyderabad Police Commissionerate" is a proposed plan of Andhra Pradesh Government which would be formed by merging Hyderabad Police Commissionerate and Cyberabad Police Commissionerate. There will be four zones, each headed by Police commissioner, who will be reporting to the chief Commissioner.[57]
Hyderabad houses the offices of the local governing bodies, along with the Andhra Pradesh Legislature Assembly, the Andhra Pradesh Secretariat, the Andhra Pradesh High Court. Under the jurisdiction of High Court comes the lower city civil court and the Metropolitan Criminal Court.[58] Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation area contains 24 state Legislative Assembly constituencies which come under five Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Parliament of India) constituncies.[59][60]
Electricity, water and sewerage services to general public were first commissioned in 1925, with the establishment of The City Endowment Board.[25][61] Rainwater harvesting, water and sewerage services are regulated by the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB).[53] The HMWSSB sources water supply from multiple dams located in the suburbs of the city.[62] To meet the growing consumption requirement and to provide regular water supply in the city, in 2005 the HMWSSB started operating 150 kilometres (93 mi)-long water supply piple-line from Nagarjuna Sagar Dam.[62] The HMWSSB operates a service named "Dial-a-Tanker" to provide water in emergencies to the residents of the city. A registered customer can obtain the water tanker with the payment of minimal charges.[63] The rapid economical growth leading to the rise in the city's population and consequent increased demand of water has further jeopardized the water shortage of the city which receives scanty rainfall. The region's ground water levels are shrinking, and dams are facing water shortages.[62][63] Inadequately treated effluents from industrial treatment plants are polluting the drinking water sources of the city.[64]
The electricity is regulated through Andhra Pradesh Central Power Distribution Company.[53] Fire services are provided by the Andhra Pradesh Fire Services department, headed by a director general.[65] The institution was established by the Andhra Pradesh Fire Services act of 1999.[66] As of March 2012, there are 13 fire stations in Hyderabad and the annual budget for the service was Rs. 185 crore (US$ 36.91 million).[67] The Indian Postal Service is the major service provider in the city with five head post offices and multiple sub-post offices; many private courier services also operate in the city.[36] In 1999, the AP state government launched e-Seva (electronic service) services for multiple utility agency's bill payment from one platform. The e-Seva is integrated with the departments of central and state governments.[68]
The city produces around 4,500 metric tonnes of solid waste everyday, which is transported from three collection units located in Imlibun, Yousufguda and Lower Tank Bund to the garbage dumping site of Jawaharnagar.[69] The "Integrated Solid Waste Management" project was started in 2010 by GHMC to manage the waste disposal in the city. The project started with a sum of 
434 crore, funded by the state government.[70]
The Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB) is a regulatory and screening authority of pollution in Hyderabad. The rapid rate of urbanisation with increased economic activities had encouraged migration and industries in Hyderabad, these changes led to an increase of air pollution, industrial waste, sound pollution and water pollution.[71] The city is among the 16 most polluted cities of India, transportation vehicles are the main source of air pollution in the city. Every year there are around 1 million vehicles registrations in the city that increase air and sound pollution. The estimated deaths from particulate matter are about 1700–3000 persons every year in Hyderabad.[72] As of 2006, the air pollution statistics are 20-50% from vehicle, 40-70% combining vehicle discharge with road dust, 10-30% from industrial discharges and 3-10% from household garbage burning.[73] Hyderabad houses 140 large and small size lakes in and around the city and As of 1996, there are 834 water tanks of below the size of 10 hectare.[74] The ground water in Hyderabad has total water hardness up to 1000 ppm.[75] APPCB and local authorities have designed and implemented multiple actions to control pollution in the city.[76]
Medical care in Hyderabad is provided by hospitals and clinics run by government, corporate and charity organizations.[77] As of 2010-11, the city houses 50 government hospitals,[78] 300 corporate and charity hospitals, 194 nursing homes (smaller privately run acute inpatient care providers); together these facilities provide the city with approximately 12,000 hospital beds, which is less than 50% of required 25000 hospital beds.[77][79] For every 10,000 people in the city, there are 17.6 hospital beds,[80] 9 doctors, 14 nurses and 6 physicians.[79] In addition the city houses about 4000 individual clinics,[81] and 500 medical diagnostic centers.[77] The majority of residents prefer treatment at private facilities and only 28% of residents uses government facilities, due to distant locations, poor quality of patient care and extreme waiting time.[82] As of 2012, 15 international corporate chains had acquired spaces to develop super specialty hospitals in the city.[81] The healthcare services in Hyderabad are standardized and easily affordable compared to many other cities in India.[83] The Government of Andhra Pradesh also supports and provide traditional health facility of Unani, Homeopathy and Ayurvedic medical treatment system for both outpatient and inpatient.[84]
According to the 2005 National Family Health Survey, 24% of Hyderabad households were covered under government health schemes or health insurance, which is highest covered proportion in India among the surveyed cities.[82] In Hyderabad total fertility rate is 1.8,[82] and 66% of the married women used contraceptives,[82] In Hyderabad only 61% children had been provided with all basic vaccines which is second least among the surveyed cities.[82] The infant mortality rate in Hyderabad was 35 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per 1,000 live births.[82] As per the survey, about one third of women and one fourth of men are overweight and obese, about 49% of children below 5 years are anemic and up to 20% children are underweight.[82] Diabetes is emerging major health problem in urban areas of India, more than 2% of women and 3% of men suffers from diabetes in Hyderabad.[82]
| Hyderabad Population |
| Census |
Pop. |
|
%± |
| 1971 |
1,796,000 |
|
—
|
| 1981 |
2,546,000 |
|
41.8% |
| 1991 |
3,059,262 |
|
20.2% |
| 2001 |
3,637,483 |
|
18.9% |
| 2011 |
6,809,970 |
|
87.2% |
| World Gazetteer[85] |
Urban agglomeration in Hyderabad
The city of Hyderabad, covering an area of 650 square kilometres (250 sq mi),[86] has a population of 6,809,970 making it the fourth most populous city in India.[87] There are 3,500,802 male and 3,309,168 female citizens. The area under the municipality increased from 170 square kilometres (66 sq mi) to 650 square kilometres (250 sq mi) in 2007 when the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation was created.[88] As a consequence, the total population leaped from 3,637,483 in 2001 census to 6,809,970 in 2011 census, an increase of over 87%. Migrants from rest of India constitute 24% of the city population.[52] The sex ratio of Hyderabad city is 945 female per 1000 males,[89] higher than the national average of 926 per 1000.[90] Among children aged 0–6 years, 373,794 are boys and 352,022 are girls, leading to the ratio of 942 girls per 1000 boys.[89] The city's population density is 18,480 /km2 (47,900 /sq mi).[91] Hyderabad city's literacy rate is 82.96% (male 85.96% and female 79.79%), higher than the national average of 74.04%.[92] Hyderabad city is governed by Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation that comes under the Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration, which has a population of 7,749,334, the sixth most populous urban agglomeration in the country,[87] with 3,985,240 males and 3,764,094 females.[89][87]
Residents of Hyderabad are called Hyderabadi. Telugu people comprise the majority of Hyderabad's population, followed by Marathi and Arab communities. The minority communities of Hyderabad are Kannadi (including Nawayathi), Marwari, Bengali, Tamil, Malayali, Gujarati, Punjabi, and Uttar Pradeshi. Among the foreign-origin communities Yemeni Arabs forms the majority while African Arabs, Iranian, Pathan and Turkish ethnicities are also present. The foreign-origin population declined since Hyderabad State became a part of the Indian Union.[93]
Telugu and Urdu are the most used languages of the city, while English is also used particularly among white-collar workers.[94][95] Telugu in Hyderabad has a varied dialect called the Telangana dialect,[96] and the Urdu spoken in the city is called Deccani Urdu.[97] A significant population of the city speaks different languages such as Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, Kannada and Tamil.[98]
Though Hindus form a majority of the population, Muslims have substantial presence across the city and are predominant in and around the Old City. The other religious communities are Christian, Sikh, Jain, Buddhist and Parsi. Iconic temples, mosques and churches are housed in the city.[99] According to 2001 census, (before Greater Hyderabad was formed), the Hyderabad city's religious make up included Hindus (55.4%), Muslims (41.17%), Christians (2.13%), Sikhs (0.03%), Buddhists (0.04%), and Jains (0.04%).[100]
According to 2001 census, Hyderabad housed 1,631 slums with 1,951,201 people leave in the slums.[101] Among the slum-dwellers, 22% of the households migrated from different parts of India and 63% of the households had been staying in the slums for over 10 years.[52] The literacy rate in the slums is 60–80% and the female literacy rate varies from 52–73%. One third of the city's slums have individual basic service connections, and 90% slums have proper water supply lines. There are 405 government schools, 267 government aided schools, 175 private schools and 528 community halls across the slums of Hyderabad.[101] According to a survey conducted in 2008 by the Centre for Good Governance, 87.6% of the slum household are the nuclear families, 18% households are very poor with an income of 20,000 per annum, 73% of the household leave below poverty line—(a standard poverty line recognized by the AP Government is 24,000 per annum), 27% chief wage earner's (CWE) are casual labour and 38% of the CWE are illiterate. About 3.72% of the slum children age group 5–14 years does not go to school and 3.17% of slum children work as child labour—(among those 64% are boys and 36% are girls), the highest employer of child labour are street shops and construction sites and among working children 65% are engaged in hazardous jobs.[52]
i-Labs Centre and i-Labs OVAL at HITEC City
Hyderabad is the largest contributor to the state's GDP, state tax and other revenues.[102] As of 2011, the city generates the revenue of 70,000 crore (US$13.97 billion) and one-third of the state's revenue tax.[103] The per capita income of Hyderabad was up to 44,300 (US$883.79) in the year 2011.[104] the nominal GDP was US$ 60 billion fourth in India and ninety third in the world, in 2008.[105][106] Hyderabad and its suburbs houses the maximum number of special economic zones in India.[104] The main economic sectors of Hyderabad are traditional manufacturing, knowledge sector and tourism.[107] Service industry is the major contributor, with urban workforce constituting 90% of the total workforce.[106] As of 2006, the largest employers of Hyderabad are the Governments of Andhra Pradesh and India with 113,098 and 85,155 employees, respectively.[108] Starting in the 1990s, the economic pattern of the city changed from a primarily service hub to a more diversified spectrum.[109]
In March 2012, The Indian Union Tourism Ministry declared Hyderabad as the first ever "Best Heritage City of India".[110] In 2011 the city ranked nineteenth in the world by The New York Times in The list of 41 Places to Go in 2011.[111] Hyderabad is known as the City of Pearls, due to the presence of pearls trading industry, and until 18th century the city was the only global trade center of large diamonds.,[14][112][113] Many traditional and historical bazaars are located in the city.[114][115] The Laad Bazaar and nearby markets have shops that sell pearls, diamonds and other traditional ware and cultural antiques,[114] this all attributes to make the city a tourist center.[116]
Hyderabad emerged as a pharmaceutical and biotechnology hub and is known as India's pharmaceutical capital and Genome Valley of India.[117][118] In 2008–09, Hyderabad's bio-pharmaceuticals exports reached US$3.1 billion.[119] The establishment of public sector in life science and the Genome Valley, 'Fab City' and the 'Nano Technology park' established extensive infrastructure in bio-technology; these attributes attracted regional companies and MNCs to set up offices, warehouses, research and development centres in the city.[120] In 2012, the city will host the Convention on Biological Diversity (2012 COP 11), at the Hyderabad International Convention Centre (HICC) making it largest international event ever held in India, the estimated expense would cross 1000 crore.[121] Since 2007, The retail industry in Hyderabad is on the rise,[122] and multiple Central business district are spread across the city.[123] Many national and international companies have set up retail business across the city.[124] A number of malls have come up and more are being built.[125]
The World Bank Group ranked the city as the second best Indian city for doing business in 2009.[126] In 2010, the city was listed among the Gamma+ World City by GaWC.[127] In 2011, DTZ ranked Hyderabad as world's third most affordable office location,[128] while Business Today ranked Hyderabad as the fourth best city to live in India.[129] Hyderabad witnessed a high growth in the real estate business, making it among the top five concentrated cities for housing in India, which led to the decline of vegetable supply in the city in the period around 2010.[130] In 2007–08, the city's prime residential areas of Banjara Hills and Jubilee Hills reached the highest growth percentage in India. The Economic Times evaluated Banjara Hills to be worth US$20.7 billion.[131]
Hyderabad is among the global centers of information technology for which it is known as Cyberabad (Cyber City).[132][133] The city's IT sector includes the IT-enabled services, business process outsourcing, entertainment industries,[133] and Financial services.[52] During 2008–09, Hyderabad's IT exports reached US$ 4.7 billion,[119] and 22% of the NASSCOM's total membership is from Hyderabad.[104] The development of a township with related technological infrastructure called HITEC City prompted global and particularly US—based companies to establish their operations in Hyderabad.[132] The Deloitte, Franklin Templeton Investments, GE Capital, Accenture, HSBC, Bank of America, ABN Amro and others are some of the financial services companies having offices in the city.[52] The city is home to more than 1300 IT firms, The major multinational IT firms located in Hyderabad are; Microsoft (the largest R&D campus outside the US), Google, CA Technologies, Amazon.com, IBM, Motorola, Samsung, Agilent, Automatic Data Processing, Oracle Corporation, Yahoo!, Dell, Texas Instruments, Hewlett-Packard, Virtusa, Facebook and others,[134][135][52] the major Indian firms who set up there IT development centers in the city are; Mahindra Satyam, Infosys, Wipro, Cognizant, Tata Consultancy Services, Polaris and others.[52] The main areas where such IT and ITeS campuses have been set up are Madhapur, Gachibowli,[136] Kondapur,[137] and Uppal.[138]
In Hyderabad, the main means of transport are Motorcycle, cars and public transport. The growth in motor vehicles is 11.5% per annum during 1996-2001.[139] The composition of vehicles in Hyderabad among the total vehicles are; 75% two-wheelers, 14% cars, 1% taxis, 4% goods vehicles, 2% buses (including 3,800 RTC buses[140]) and 4% other vehicles (including 71,000 auto rickshaws[139]).[51] In some parts of the city cycle rickshaw are used as a means of public transport to travel or carry goods for smaller distances.[51] As of 2001, two-wheeler and cars are involved in 50% of road accidents, public transport buses and trucks in 10% and Auto-rickshaws are involved in 15% of the road accidents, where as 12% are fatal accident and 88% are injurious (including 40% of total accidents that occurs due to non availability of pedestrian facilities[51]).[139] As of 2010, The maximum speed limits assigned for individual vehicles while in the city limits are; 50 kmph for two-wheelers and cars, 35 kmph for auto-rickshaw and 40 kmph for light commercial vehicle and transport buses.[141]
Three National Highways (NH) pass through the city—NH-7, NH-9 and NH-202.[142] and five state highways SH-1, SH-2, SH-4, SH-5 and SH-6 begins from Hyderabad and consequently connect with multiple towns and district head quarters of the state.[51] As a growing city, regular multiple development projects,[143] around the city had made traffic congestion a common issue.[144] Like many other Indian metropolitan cities, Hyderabad also face parking problems, particularly in the city center due to growing population density, encrochment of pavements, developing commercial centers. In Hyderabad the roads occupy 10% of the total city area,[51] the HMDA developed multiple projects such as Inner Ring Road, Outer Ring Road, interchanges, overpasses and underpasses to ease the traffic congestion in and around the city and its suburbs.[145] As of 2011, Hyderabad Elevated Expressway is the longest expressway in India.[145] The HMDA and GHMC had came up with multiple development projects of mechanised multi storeyed parking complexes and Intelligent Transportation System (ITS).[146]
The bus service, governed by Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC), is the most frequently used means of public transport within the city.[147] According to the Guinness World Records (2005), APSRTC operates the world's largest fleet of buses, estimated to be carrying 13 million passengers a day.[148] Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station, located at center of the city,[149] is the main bus station.[150] Parallel to APSRTC under the sponsorship of the Setwin, minibuses play in the city to facilitate the small distance travellers.[151] Hired modes of transport include taxi and the widely used yellow auto rickshaws.[152]
The Secunderabad Railway Station is the headquarters of the South Central Railway zone of the Indian Railways and the largest railway station in Hyderebad. Other major railway stations are Hyderabad Deccan Station, Kachiguda Railway Station and Begumpet Railway Station.[153] Hyderabad's light rail transportation system, known as the MultiModal Transport System (MMTS), is used by over 150,000 passengers daily, as of 2010.[154] Hyderabad Metro, the city's under-construction rapid transit system, is expected to operate three lines by 2014.[155]
The Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA) (IATA: HYD, ICAO: VOHS) inaugurated on 14 March 2008 as a new airport to serve the Hyderabad,[156] earlier it was Begumpet Airport which served the city. As of 2010, the RGIA at Shamshabad neighbourhood has been judged among the world's top airports in the category of serving 5–15 million passengers, and world's top fifth airport in the category of Airport Service Quality, according to Airports Council International,[157][158]
Distinct linguistic and cultural traditions of North and South India meet and mingle in the city of Hyderabad.[159] This blending was the result of the geographic location of the city and the variety of historical dynasties that ruled the city across different periods—its inception by the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1591 AD, the occupation by the Mughal Empire and its decline, and the patronage under the Asaf Jahi dynasty. Hyderabadis, as residents of the city are known, have developed a distinctive culture which is a mixture of Hindu and Muslim traditions. A typical Hyderabadi could be either a Telugu or a Urdu speaking person.[160] The traditional Hyderabadi garb is Sherwani and Kurta Paijama for men,[161] Khara Dupatta and Salwar kameez for women.[162][163] Burqa and Hijab is commonly practised among the Muslim women in public.[164] Most of the youth wear western clothing.[165] Public carnivals celebrated in Hyderabad include the Ganesh Chaturthi,[166] Bonalu,[167] Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha.[168]
Hyderabad city as the former capital of Hyderabad State had received the royal patronage for arts, literature and architecture by the former rulers, which also attracting men of letters and arts from different parts of the world to get settled in the city. Such multi-ethnic settlements popularised multi cultural events such as Mushairas, literary and stage drama.[169] Besides the popularity of Western and other Indian popular musics such as the filmi music, the residents of Hyderabad play city based Marfa Music which had become an integral part of every event.[170][171] The Osmania University and University of Hyderabad offers Masters and Doctoral (PhD) level programs in classical languages, modern languages, dance, theatre arts, painting, fine art and communication.[172][173] The Ravindra Bharati, Shilpakala Vedika and Lalithakala Thoranam are well-known auditoria for theatre and performing arts in the city.[174] The modern Hyderabad International Convention Centre (HICC), also known as HITEX, constructed with the cost of 3 billion has become well known venue address internationally.[175] The Hyderabad Literary Festival, held since 2010, is an annual event which showcases the city's literary and cultural aspects.[176] In the year 2010, the first ever International Congress of Mathematicians was organised in the city.[177] Other cultural events include annual Numaish and literary festival for promoting regional Indian literature.[178] Some of the nationally and internationally acclaimed cultural representatives from the city are Sarojini Naidu, Amjad Hyderabadi, M F Hussain,[179] Talat Aziz, Harsha Bhogle, Sharmila Tagore, Vithal Rao, Shaik Dawood Khan, Janardhan Mitta and Rashid Ali.
Hyderabad is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions which are major tourist attractions as well as playing a research role. The first of these to be established was the AP State Archaeology Museum (former name Hyderabad Museum) in 1930.[180] the other important museums including, the Salar Jung Museum which houses "world largest one man collection".[181] the Nizam Museum, the City Museum,[182] and the Birla Science Museum which also comprises a planetarium.[183] The State Central Library, Hyderabad (former name Asifia Kutubkhana) since 1891 is the biggest library of Andhra Pradesh.[184] The other popular libraries in the city are the Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam, the British Library[185] and the Sundarayya Vignana Kendram which also houses Urdu research center's collection.[186][187][116]
Deccani style painting originated in the 16th century in and around Hyderabad, contains a insightful native style with the blend of foreign techniques and had a similarity of neighbouring Vijayanagara paintings. The highly use of luminous, gold and white colours are generally found in Deccani paintings. Due to the Islamic influence in the sultanate the Deccani paintings are mostly of nature with the background of floral and fauna, and the major use of regional landscape are reflected commonly with regional culture, some of the Deccani paintings present the historical events of the region.[188][189]
A Fine art metal handicraft Bidri ware (the skill's and techniques which came form Middle East to India during 14th century), was popularised in Hyderabad during Asif Jahi region in 18th century. Today the production of Bidriware in Hyderabad and neighbouring Bidar accounts highest in India. The Bidri ware is an Geographical Indication (GI) awarded craft of India.[190] The Kalamkari, a fine art of Handicraft (originated in Machilipatnam 3000 year ago is a Handicraft of Andhra Pradesh) is also popular in the city.[191]
Film-making in Hyderabad was started in early 1917 by Lotus film Co during the Nizams era.[192] The city is home to the Telugu film industry, popularly known as Tollywood,[193] the second largest in India after Bollywood.[194] Since 2005, parallel to Tollywood and Bollywood the city base Hyderabad lingo movies initiated by "Hyderabad Deccan Film Club" had gained popularity in the region.[195] Annually the city host, "International Children Film Festival",[196] and since 2007, the city has hosted the Hyderabad International Film Festival (HIFF),[197] The Prasad IMAX Theaters houses the world's largest IMAX-3D,[198] In the year 2005, the Guinness World Records declared, The Ramoji Film City located in Hyderabad since 1996, as the world's largest film studio.[199]
A distinct Indo-Islamic architecture style with local contribution is reflected in Hyderabad buildings, making it the first and "Best Heritage City of India" as of March 2012.[110] The Qutb Shahi architecture since 15th century, manifested itself in colossal arches found in Charminar, Mecca Masjid and Charkaman. Qutub Shahi's built with massive granite walls using granite and lime mortar as the chief ingredients. Later from 17th century Asif Jahi architecture emerged with palatial style outweighed secular construction, Osman Ali Khan, the Nizam VII, is called as the maker of modern Hyderabad. The buildings constructed during his reign are impressive and represent a rich variety of architecture. The structures such as the Osmania University, Osmania General Hospital and High Court are designed and constructed in the styles of medieval and the Mughal architecture. The Nizam's, applied the European styles in some of the constructions such as Falaknuma and King Kothi Palaces.[170][200] The city houses many famous historical sites constructed during Qutb Shahi and Asif Jahi period, including the Golconda, Chowmahalla Palace, Purani Haveli, Andhra Pradesh Legislature and others.[201]
Hyderabadi cuisine is prominent since the Nizams.[202] Hyderabadi's are large repertoire of spices, rice, wheat and meat food dishes, the Hyderabadi Biryani and Hyderabadi Haleem, with a blend of Mughalai and Arabic cuisine,[203] had become some of the iconic dishes of India.[204] Hyderabadi cuisine is highly influenced by Mughals and partially by French,[202] Arabic, Turkish and Irani food along with the influence of native Telugu and Marathwada cuisines where rice, wheat, spices and meat are widely used to great effect bringing in a unique taste to the Hyderabadi dishes.[203].[162] The other popular unique native food dishes include Nahari, Kulche, Chakna, Baghara baingan and in desserts Qubani ka meetha, Double ka meetha and Kaddu Ki Kheer (a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd)..[162][205] Other popular cuisines among expatriates and other residents are south Indian, Italian, Mexican, Chinese and Continental.[205][206] Modern day's Coffee bars and pubs are also popular among the youth in the city.[207]
Among the early newspapers in Hyderabad was The Deccan Times establish in the 1780s.[208] The major Telugu dailies published in Hyderabad are Eenadu, Sakshi and Andhra Jyothy; the major English dailies are The Times of India, The Hindu and The Deccan Chronicle[209] and the major Urdu dailies include The Siasat Daily, The Munsif Daily and Etemaad. Multiple coffee table magazines, professional magazines and research journals are regularly published from Hyderabad.[210] In 1919 the British cantonment of Secunderabad established the communication station in the Hyderabad State and in 1924 an unknown spark station was operated from same region. Deccan Radio was the first general broadcasting radio station of Hyderabad to go on air on 3 February 1935.[211] In 2000, radio stations were permitted to broadcast in FM.[212] Notable FM radio channels in the city include AIR, Radio Mirchi, Radio City and Big FM.[213]
Television relay in Hyderabad was started in 1974, with the launch of Doordarshan (DD), the government of India's public service broadcaster.[214] DD transmit two free-to-air terrestrial television channels and one satellite channel from Hyderabad. The private satellite channels were started in July 1992, with the launch of Star TV.[215] Satellite TV channels are accessible via cable subscription, direct-broadcast satellite services or internet-based television.[212][216] In Hyderabad, the first dial-up Internet access were started in the early 1990s, which were limited to software development companies.[217] In 1995 first public dial-up internet service was started and in 1998 first private internet access service was initiated.[218] In 2000, Cable Internet access were launched in Hyderabad.[219]
Primary education Schools in Hyderabad are affiliated to either CBSE, SSC[221] or ICSE, run by government aid or private (local governing bodies, individuals, missionaries or other agencies). In schools the medium of instruction is mostly English, Hindi, Urdu[222] or Telugu. Children have to study for ten years in schools, followed by two years in junior college, where they have to choose discipline for three–four years graduation program. Admissions to professional colleges in Hyderbad is through Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test (EAMCET). Majority of the colleges are categorised and affiliated with either Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University or Osmania University.[223]
As of 2012, Hyderabad houses 13 universities, of which two are private universities, two deemed universities, six state universities and three central universities. The central universities in the city are the University of Hyderabad,[224] Maulana Azad National Urdu University and English and Foreign Languages University.[225] The Osmania University established in 1918 is the earliest university in Hyderabad, As of 2012, it is the second most popular education destination in India, for foreign students, numbering up to 4000.[226] The Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University since 1982, is the first distance learning open university in India.[227]
Among business and management schools, The Indian School of Business (ISB) ranked 1st in India by The Week as of 2011,[228] and number 12 in global MBA ranking by the Financial Times of London in 2010.[229] The Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India (ICFAI) is another notable business school and deemed to be university based in Hyderabad.[230] The city also houses the national premier institutes such as the Institute of Public Enterprise (IPE),[231] the Administrative Staff College of India (ASCI),[232] and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy (SVP-NPA),[233] for the administrative development training of Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police Services (IPS) and other Indian government administrators.[232][233] Hyderabad is home to five major medical schools – Osmania Medical College since 1846, Gandhi Medical College since 1954, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences since 1961, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Shadan Institute Of Medical Sciences,[234] and has many affiliated teaching hospitals.[235] The Government Nizamia Tibbi College since 1810, is a unani medicine college in Hyderabad.[236] The city is also a major centre for biomedical, biotechnology and pharmaceutical studies and research,[237][238] the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) is a major centre of medical science and bio-medical education in Hyderabad.[239] The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University are popular in the field of agricultural engineering.
The city is home to many of India's premier technical and engineering schools, including the International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad (IIIT-H) and the Indian Institute Of Technology (IIT-H)[240] which is set up with the collaboration of Government of Japan,[241] as well as the Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS) since 2008.[242] The premier professional fashion designing institutions in the city are Raffles Millennium International, NIFT Hyderabad and Wigan and Leigh College.[243]
Cricket and football (soccer) are the most popular sports in Hyderabad.[245] The city has hosted national and international sports events such as the 2002 National Games of India, the 2003 Afro-Asian Games, the 2004 Hyderabad Open, the 2007 Military World Games, the 2009 BWF World Championships,[246][247] and IBSF World Snooker Championship (2009).[248]
The Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium and the latest Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium with a capacity of 55,000 are associated with cricket and serves as a home ground of Hyderabad Cricket Association which hosted matches during the 1987 Cricket World Cup and 1996 Cricket World Cup.[249] The Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex and the G.M.C. Balayogi Stadium at Gachibowli are associated for hockey and football.[250]
The Hyderabad cricket team represents the city in the Ranji Trophy.[251] The Deccan Chargers, a franchise in the Indian Premier League (IPL),[252] won the 2009 Indian Premier League competition held in South Africa.[253] In the Indian Cricket League, the city is represented by the Hyderabad Heroes.[254] In the Premier Hockey League, Hyderabad is represented by the Hyderabad Sultans, who won the inaugural championship in 2005.[255] In 2011, with the establishment of the Elite Football League of India, Hyderabad is represented by the Hyderabad Skykings.[256]
The city houses many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and British, the Secunderabad Club, the Nizam Club and the Hyderabad Race Club known for its horse racing[257] conducts the Deccan derby, a popular annual event of this club.[258] The Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club organises popular events like the Deccan 1/4 Mile Drag, TSD Rallies and 4x4 Off road.[259] The Hyderabad Golf Club is a eighteen-hole golf course.[260]
Famous sports persons of international stature from Hyderabad include cricketers Ghulam Ahmed, M. L. Jaisimha, Mohammed Azharuddin, V. V. S. Laxman, Venkatapathy Raju, Shivlal Yadav, Arshad Ayub, Noel David, football players Syed Abdul Rahim, Syed Nayeemuddin, Shabbir Ali (football),[261] Tennis player Sania Mirza,[262] badminton players S. M. Arif, Pullela Gopichand, Saina Nehwal, Jwala Gutta, Chetan Anand, hockey players Syed Mohammad Hadi, Mukesh Kumar and bodybuilder Mir Mohtesham Ali Khan.[263]
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Articles Related to Hyderabad, India
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- Austin Ian (1992). City of Legends:The Story of Hyderabad. Calcutta: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-6708472-4-0.
- Jayaram R, (1988). Administrative System under the Nizams. Banglore: Ultra Publications. ISBN 8-1900998-4-1.
- Omar Khalidi (1988). Hyderabad after the Fall,. U.S.A: Wichita, Kan. ISBN 978-093081102-0.
