Drug overdose
Classification and external resources
Activated carbon is a commonly used agent for decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract in overdoses.
ICD-10	T36-T50
ICD-9	960-979
MeSH	D015537

The term drug overdose (or simply overdose or OD) describes the ingestion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities greater than are recommended^[1] or generally practiced.^[2] An overdose may result in a toxic state or death.^[2]

Classification[link]

The word "overdose" implies that there is a common safe dosage and usage for the drug; therefore, the term is commonly only applied to drugs, not poisons, though even certain poisons are harmless at a low enough dosage.

Drug overdoses are sometimes caused intentionally to commit suicide or as self-harm, but many drug overdoses are accidental, the result of intentional or unintentional misuse of medication. Intentional misuse leading to overdose can include using prescribed or unprescribed drugs in excessive quantities in an attempt to produce euphoria.

Usage of illicit drugs of unexpected purity, in large quantities, or after a period of drug abstinence can also induce overdose. Cocaine users who inject intravenously can easily overdose accidentally, as the margin between a pleasurable drug sensation and an overdose is small.^[3]

Unintentional misuse can include errors in dosage caused by failure to read or understand product labels. Accidental overdoses may also be the result of over-prescription, failure to recognize a drug's active ingredient, or unwitting ingestion by children^[4] A common unintentional overdose in young children involves multi-vitamins containing iron. Iron is a component of the hemoglobin molecule in blood, used to transport oxygen to living cells. When taken in small amounts, iron allows the body to replenish hemoglobin, but in large amounts it causes severe pH imbalances in the body. If this overdose is not treated with chelation therapy, it can lead to death or permanent coma.

The term 'overdose' is often misused as a descriptor for adverse drug reactions or negative drug interactions due to mixing multiple drugs simultaneously.

Signs and symptoms[link]

Signs and symptoms of an overdose varies depending on the drug or toxin exposure. The symptoms can often be divided into differing toxidromes. This can help one determine what class of drug or toxin is causing the difficulties.

Symptoms of opioid overdoses include slow breathing, heart rate and pulse.^[6] Opioid overdoses can also cause pinpoint pupils, and blue lips and nails due to low levels of oxygen in the blood. A person experiencing an opioid overdose might also have muscle spasms, seizures and decreased consciousness. A person experiencing an opiate overdose usually will not wake up even if their name is called or if they are shaken vigorously.

Causes[link]

The drugs or toxins which are most frequently involved in overdose and death (grouped by ICD-10):

Diagnosis[link]

Determination of the substance which has been taken may often be determined by asking the person. However, if they will not, or cannot, due to an altered level of consciousness, provide this information, a search of the home or questioning of friends and family may be helpful.

Examination for toxidromes, drug testing, or laboratory test may be helpful. Other laboratory test such as glucose, urea and electrolytes, paracetamol levels and salicylate levels are typically done. Negative drug-drug interactions have sometimes been misdiagnosed as an acute drug overdose, occasionally leading to the assumption of suicide.^[7]

Prevention[link]

The distribution of naloxone to injection drug users and other opioid drug users decreases the risk of death from overdose.^[8] CDC estimates that US programs for drug users and their caregivers prescribing take-home doses of naloxone and training on its utilization are estimated to have reversed 10,000 opioid overdose deaths.^[9][10] Healthcare institution-based naloxone prescription programs have also helped reduce rates of opioid overdose in the US state of North Carolina, and have been replicated in the US military.^[11][12] Nevertheless, scale-up of healthcare-based opioid overdose interventions is limited by providers’ insufficient knowledge and negative attitudes towards prescribing take-home naloxone to prevent opioid overdose.^[13] Programs training police and fire personnel in opioid overdose response using naloxone have also shown promise in the US.^[14][15]

Management[link]

Stabilization of the ABCs are the initial treatment of an overdose. Ventilation is considered when there is a low respiratory rate or when blood gases show the person to be hypoxic. Monitoring of the patient should continue before and throughout the treatment process, with particular attention to temperature, pulse, respiratory rate, blood pressure, urine output, electrocardiography (ECG) and O₂ saturation.^[16] Poison control centers and Medical toxicologists are available in many areas to provide guidance in overdoses to both physicians and the general public.

Antidotes[link]

Specific antidotes are available for certain overdoses--for example, Naloxone is the antidote for opiates such as heroin or morphine. Charcoal is frequently recommended if available within one hour of the ingestion and the ingestion is significant.^[17] Gastric lavage, syrup of ipecac, and whole bowel irrigation are rarely used.^[17]

Epidemiology[link]

The National Center for Health Statistics report that 19,250 people died of accidental poisoning in the U.S. in the year 2004 (8 deaths per 100,000 population).^[18]

In 2008 testimony before a Senate subcommittee, Medical Epidemiologist Dr. Leonard J. Paulozzi^[19] of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stated that in 2005 (the most recent year for which data was available) more than 22,000 American lives were lost due to overdoses, and the number is growing rapidly. Dr. Paulozzi also testified that all available evidence suggests that unintentional overdose deaths are related to the increasing use of prescription drugs, especially opioid painkillers.^[20]

See also[link]

• List of drug-related deaths
• Water intoxication

References[link]

Further reading[link]

External links[link]

Look up overdose in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Fact sheets on illicit drugs, overdose prevention, detox and harm reduction strategies.

v t e Recreational drug use Major recreational drugs Opioids Buprenorphine (Subutex · Suboxone) Codeine Dextropropoxyphene (Darvon · Darvocet) Diamorphine (heroin) \ Morphine (Opium) Hydrocodone Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) Methadone Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) Oxycodone Depressants Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Ethanol (Alcoholic beverages) GHB Kava Nonbenzodiazepines Stimulants Amphetamine Arecoline (Areca) Betel Caffeine (Coffee Tea) Cathinone (Khat) Cocaine (Coca) Ephedrine (Ephedra) Mephedrone Methamphetamine Methylphenidate Nicotine (Tobacco) Theobromine (Cocoa) Entactogens MDA MDMA (Ecstasy) Hallucinogens Psychedelics Bufotenin Psychoactive toads Vilca Yopo DMT (Ayahuasca) LSA LSD-25 Mescaline Peruvian Torch Peyote San Pedro Psilocybin \ Psilocin (Psilocybin mushrooms) Dissociatives DXM Inhalants Nitrous oxide alkyl nitrites – poppers, such as amyl nitrite Ketamine MXE Muscimol (Amanita muscaria) PCP Salvinorin A (Salvia divinorum) Deliriants Atropine and Scopolamine Datura Deadly Nightshade Henbane Mandrake Dimenhydrinate Diphenhydramine Cannabinoids JWH-018 THC (Cannabis Hashish Hash oil) Oneirogens Calea zacatechichi Silene capensis Drug culture Cannabis 420 Cannabis cultivation Cannabis smoking Legal history of cannabis in the United States Legality of cannabis Marijuana Policy Project Medical cannabis NORML Religious and spiritual use of cannabis Stoner film Psychedelic Art Drug Experience Literature Music Other Club drug Counterculture of the 1960s Dance party Drug paraphernalia Drug tourism Entheogen Hippie Party and play Poly drug use Rave Self-medication Sex and drugs Problems with drug use Abuse Dependence Prevention Opioid replacement therapy Rehabilitation Responsible use Drug-related crime Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder Illegal drug trade Long-term effects of cannabis Neurotoxicity Overdose Date-rape drug Passive smoking (of tobacco or other substances) Legality of drug use International 1961 Narcotic Drugs 1971 Psychotropic Substances 1988 Drug Trafficking Cannabis reform at the international level State level Drug policy Decriminalization Prohibition Supply reduction Policy reform Demand reduction Drug Policy Alliance Harm reduction Law Enforcement Against Prohibition Liberalization Students for Sensible Drug Policy Transform Drug Policy Foundation Drug policy by country Australia Canada Germany India Netherlands Portugal Sweden Switzerland Soviet Union United States Just Say No Office of National Drug Control Policy School district drug policies California Colorado Maryland Virginia Other Arguments for and against drug prohibition Capital punishment for drug trafficking Designer drug Drug court Drug possession Drug test Hard and soft drugs Illegal drug trade in Colombia Mexican Drug War Narc Opium production in Afghanistan Politics of drug abuse War on Drugs Zero tolerance Lists of countries by... Alcohol consumption Cannabis legality Annual use Lifetime use Cigarette consumption Cocaine use Opiates use

Virginia Wynette Pugh, known professionally as Tammy Wynette, (May 5, 1942 – April 6, 1998) was an American country music singer-songwriter and one of the genre's best-known artists and biggest-selling woman singers.

Wynette was sometimes called the "First Lady of Country Music", and her best-known song, Stand by Your Man, was one of the best-selling hit singles by a woman in the history of the country music genre. Many of Wynette's hits dealt with classic themes of loneliness, divorce, and the difficulties of man-woman relationships. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Wynette ranked high in the country sales charts with 17 number-one songs. Along with Loretta Lynn, Lynn Anderson, and Dolly Parton, Wynette defined the role of women in country music during the 1970s.

Wynette's marriage to the country singer George Jones in 1969, which end in divorce in 1975, created a country music "couple", following the earlier success of Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash. Jones and Wynette recorded a sequence of duet albums and single records that hit the charts throughout the 1970s.

Early years[link]

Childhood & teen years[link]

Tammy Wynette was born Virginia Wynette Pugh^[1] near Tremont, Mississippi, the only child of William Hollice Pugh (died February 13, 1943) and Mildred Faye Russell Pugh (1922–1991).^[2] She was always called Wynette (pronounced Win-net), or Nettie, instead of Virginia.

Wynette's father was a farmer and local musician. He died of a brain tumor when Wynette was nine months of age.^[3] Her mother worked in an office, as a substitute school teacher, as well as on the family farm. After her husband's death, Mildred Pugh left her daughter in the care of her own parents, Thomas Chester and Flora Russell, and moved to Memphis to work in a defense plant during World War II. In 1946, Mildred Pugh remarried, and her husband was Foy Lee, a farmer.^[4]

Wynette was born and raised on a farm in Itawamba County, Mississippi that belonged to her maternal grandparents. This farm was located very close to the border with Alabama. Wynette claimed that the state line ran right through their farm, joking that "my top half came from Alabama and my bottom half came from Mississippi." As a girl, she worked in the fields picking cotton along with the crews of hired hands to harvest the crops. She grew up with her aunt, Carolyn Russell, who was only five years older than she was. As a girl, Wynette taught herself to play a variety of musical instruments that had been left by her deceased father.^[5]

As a girl and then as a [tteenager]], Wynette found in country music an escape from her hard life on the farm,. Wynette grew up idolizing Hank Williams, Skeeter Davis, Patsy Cline, and George Jones. She played their music records over and over on the children's record player, and she dreamed of someday becoming a star herself.

Rise to fame[link]

Wynette attended the Tremont High School, where she was an all-star basketball player. A month before graduation, she married her first husband, Euple Byrd. He was a construction worker, but je had trouble keeping a job, and they moved from place to place several times. Wynette worked as a waitress, as a receptionist, and asa barmaid, and she also worked in a shoe factory. In 1963, she attended beauty school in Tupelo, Mississippi, where she learned to be a hairdresser. She continued to renew her cosmetology license every year for the rest of her life -- just in case she ever had to go back to a daily job. She left her first husband before the birth of their third daughter. He did not support her ambition to become a country singer, and, according to Wynette, told her "Dream on, Baby".^[6]

Wynette's baby developed spinal meningitis, and she tried to earn extra money by performing at night. In 1965, Wynette sang on the Country Boy Eddie Show on WBRC-TV in Birmingham, Alabama, and this led to performances with Porter Wagoner.

In 1966, Wynette moved with her three daughters from Birmingham to Nashville, where she attempted to get a recording contract. After being turned down repeatedly by all of the other record companies, she auditioned for the producer Billy Sherrill. Sherrill, who was originally reluctant to sign her up, but decided to do so after finding himself in need of a singer for Apartment No. 9 When Sherrill heard Wynette sing it, he was impressed and decided to sign her up to Epic Records in 1966.^[7]

Musical career[link]

1966 - 79: Breakthrough[link]

Once she was signed to Epic, Sherrill suggested she change her name to make more of an impression. According to her 1979 memoir, Stand by Your Man, during their meeting, Wynette was wearing her long, blonde hair in a ponytail, and Sherill noted that she reminded him of Debbie Reynolds in the film Tammy and the Bachelor. He suggested "Tammy" as a possible name, so she became Tammy Wynette.

Her first single, Apartment No. 9 (written by Bobby Austin and Johnny Paycheck), was released in December 1966, and just missed the Top 40 on the Country charts, peaking at No. 44. It was followed by "Your Good Girl's Gonna Go Bad," which became a big hit, peaking at number three. The song launched a string of Top Ten hits that ran through the end of the '70s, interrupted only by three singles that didn't crack the Top Ten. After "Your Good Girl's Gonna Go Bad" was a success, "My Elusive Dreams", a duet with David Houston, became her first number one in the summer of 1967, followed by "I Don't Wanna Play House" later that year.^[5] "I Don't Wanna Play House" won Wynette a Grammy award in 1967 for Best Female Country Vocal Performance, one of two wins for Wynette in that category.^{[citation needed]}

During 1968 and 1969, Wynette had five number one hits — "Take Me to Your World," "D-I-V-O-R-C-E", "Stand by Your Man" (all 1968), "Singing My Song," and "The Ways to Love a Man" (both 1969).^[5] "Stand by Your Man" was reportedly written in the Epic studio in just 15 minutes by Billy Sherrill and Wynette,^[8] and was released at a time when the women's rights movement was beginning to stir in the U.S. The message in the song stated that a woman should stay with her man, despite his faults and shortcomings. It stirred up controversy and was criticized initially, and it became a lightning rod for feminists. However, the song became very successful, reaching the top spot on the Country charts, and was also a Top 20 pop hit, peaking at No. 19 on the Billboard pop charts in 1968, Wynette's only Top 40 hit as a solo artist on the pop charts. In 1969, Wynette won the Grammy award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance for "Stand by Your Man", which is now, according to critics, considered a "classic" or Country music "standard". She earned a Gold record (awarded for albums selling in excess of 500,000 copies) for Tammy's Greatest Hits which was certified in 1970 by the RIAA. The album would later be awarded Platinum record status (awarded for albums selling in excess of 1,000,000 copies) in June 1989. In 1970, director Bob Rafelson used a number of her songs in the soundtrack of his 1970 film Five Easy Pieces.^{[citation needed]}

During the early 1970s, Wynette, along with singer Loretta Lynn, ruled the country charts and was one of the most successful female vocalists of the genre. During the early 1970s, number one singles included "He Loves Me All the Way" "Run Woman, Run" and "The Wonders You Perform" (all from 1970), "Good Lovin' (Makes it Right)", "Bedtime Story" (both 1971) "My Man (Understands)", "'Til I Get it Right" (1972), and "Kids Say the Darndest Things" (1973). One of them, "The Wonders You Perform", was a hit in Italy in 1971, thanks to Ornella Vanoni,who recorded the song in an Italian version, "Domani è un altro giorno" ("Tomorrow is another day"). Concurrent to her solo success, a number of her duets with Jones reached the top ten on the U.S. country singles charts during this time, including "The Ceremony" (1972), "We're Gonna Hold On" (1973), and "Golden Ring (1975). In 1968, Wynette became the second female vocalist to win the Country Music Association Awards' "Female Vocalist of the Year" award, later winning an additional two other times (1969, 1970). For nearly two decades, Wynette held the record for most consecutive wins, until 1987 when Reba McEntire won the award for the fourth consecutive time.^{[citation needed]}

Wynette was married to George Jones from 1969-75 (she had divorced her second husband in 1968). Even after their 1975 divorce (due largely to Jones' alcoholism), their professional collaboration continued with regularity through 1980; years later in 1995, they made a reunion album entitled One . It was well received, although it didn't achieve their earlier chart success. Jones and Wynette had one daughter together, Tamala Georgette, born in 1970.^[9]

In 1976, after having her public divorce from Jones the previous year, Wynette recorded, "'Til I Can Make It on My Own". Often said by music critics to be about her break-up from Jones and moving on with her life, the song reached No. 1 on the U.S. country singles charts, and No. 84 on the pop singles charts, becoming her first single in eight years to enter the pop charts. Often considered to be one of her signature songs, it more or less helped Wynette's career after her divorce, showing she could remain popular. It was recorded two years later as a duet by Kenny Rogers and Dottie West, whose version reached No. 3 on the country singles charts in 1979. In 1976, Wynette had another No. 1 as a solo artist, "You and Me", which became her final No. 1 as a solo artist. Her last No. 1 came as a duet with George Jones in early 1977 titled, "Near You".

Following 1976, Wynette's popularity slightly slowed, however, she continued to reach the Top 10 until the end of the decade, with such hits as "Let's Get Together (One Last Time), "One of a Kind" (both 1977), "Womanhood" (1978) "No One Else in this World" and "They Call It Makin' Love" (both 1979). She had a total of 21 number one hits on the U.S. country singles charts (17 solo, three with Jones, and one with Houston). Along with Loretta Lynn, Dolly Parton, Barbara Mandrell, Dottie West, and Lynn Anderson, she helped redefine the role and place of female country singers.^[10]

1980–1990: Career in the 1980s[link]

In 1981, a TV movie about Wynette's life was aired called Stand by Your Man, which was based on her memoir of the same title. Actress Annette O'Toole portrayed Wynette in the film. Beginning in the early 1980s, however, her chart success began to wane, though, she did continue to have top-20 hits during this period, including "Starting Over" and "He Was There (When I Needed You)" (both 1980), a cover of the Everly Brothers' hit "Crying in the Rain" (1981), "Another Chance", "You Still Get to Me in My Dreams" (both 1982) and "A Good Night's Love" (1983). A 1985 cover of the '70s Dan Hill hit "Sometimes When We Touch", performed with Mark Grey, reached No. 6 in 1985.^{[citation needed]}

In 1982 she recorded a track with The Ray Conniff Singers, a rendition of "Delta Dawn", in order to be included in the Conniff's duets album "The Nashville Connection," but ultimately the track didn't enter. Meanwhile her medical problems continued, including inflammations of her bile duct. In 1986, she acted on the CBS TV soap opera Capitol, playing beautician/singer Darlene Stankowski. In 1988, she filed for bankruptcy as a result of a bad investment in two Florida shopping centers.^[11]

Wynette's 1987 album Higher Ground featured a neotraditional country sound and was both a critical and relative commercial success. The album featured contributions from Vince Gill, Ricky Van Shelton, Rodney Crowell, Ricky Skaggs, Emmylou Harris and The O'Kanes.^[12] Two of the singles released from the album, "Your Love" and "Talkin' to Myself Again", reached the top 20 on the U.S. country singles charts; a third single, "Beneath a Painted Sky" (featuring duet vocals from Emmylou Harris) reached No. 25 in early 1988 (it would ultimately be Tammy Wynette's final top-40 country single).

1990–1998: Final years[link]

She recorded a song with the British electronica group The KLF in late 1991 titled "Justified and Ancient (Stand by the JAMs)", which became a No. 1 hit in eighteen countries the following year,^[13] and reached No. 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States. The song gave Wynette a new following, and was her highest-charting single on the Billboard Pop charts. In the video, scrolling electronic titles said that "Miss Tammy Wynette is the first lady of country music" and listed a number of her accomplishments in the recording industry. Wynette appeared in the video wearing a crown and seated on a throne.

In 1992, future First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton said during a 60 Minutes interview either “I'm not sitting here as some little woman standing by my man like Tammy Wynette”.^[14] or "I'm not sitting here like some little woman standing by my man like Tammy Wynette".^[15] (The end of this quotation has also appeared as "some little woman, standing by my man and baking cookies, like Tammy Wynette.") However, the reference to cookie baking more likely comes from an unrelated remark by Hillary Clinton: "I suppose I could have stayed home and baked cookies and had teas, but what I decided to do was to fulfill my profession which I entered before my husband was in public life."^[16] Either way, the remark set off a firestorm of controversy. Wynette wrote to Clinton saying, "With all that is in me, I resent your caustic remark. I believe you have offended every true country-music fan and every person who has made it on their own with no one to take them to the White House."^[17] She soon received an apology from Mrs. Clinton. (Wynette was nonetheless a Clinton supporter and later performed at a Clinton fundraiser.)

In 1990, Heart Over Mind was released and showed that Wynette's popularity on radio was declining. The album yielded no Top 40 Country hits, although numerous singles were released between 1990 and 1991, including a duet with Randy Travis titled, "We're Strangers Again".

The 1993 album Honky Tonk Angels gave her a chance to record with Dolly Parton and Loretta Lynn for the first time; though yielding no hit singles (mainstream country radio had long since stopped playing artists approaching or over 50), the album did well on the country charts and even reached number 42 on the Billboard Pop Charts. The one single that was released from the album, a cover of "Silver Threads and Golden Needles" peaked outside the Country Top 40 in 1993. The following year, she released Without Walls, a collection of duets with a number of country, pop and rock and roll performers, including Wynonna Judd, Elton John, Lyle Lovett, Aaron Neville, Smokey Robinson, Sting and a number of others. An album cut titled, "Girl Thang", a duet with Wynonna Judd, reached No. 64 in 1994, but no singles were released from this album. She also appeared as a celebrity contestant on Wheel of Fortune during that same year.

Wynette also designed and sold her own line of jewelry in the 1990s. In 1995, she and George Jones recorded their first new duet album in fifteen years titled, One, which spawned a single of the same name. The single was the duo's first music video together. They last performed together in 1997 at Lanierland Music Park.

She recorded a cover version of The Beach Boys' "In My Room", a duet with Brian Wilson, for the group's 1996 comeback album Stars and Stripes Vol.1. The track was held back for a proposed second volume, which never appeared, but Wynette's performance is included in the TV documentary Beach Boys: Nashville Sounds. Wynette lent her vocals on the UK #1 hit Perfect Day in 1997, which was written by Lou Reed.

Wynette was also the voice for the character Tilly Hill (Hank Hill's mother) on the animated series King of the Hill until her death. Actress K Callan took over the voice role.

She appeared as herself in The Married With Children episode 1108 (243) 'The Juggs Have Left The Building' Original air date December 1, 1996.

Personal life[link]

Marriages[link]

Wynette was married five times: to Euple Byrd (married 1959–divorced 1966); Don Chapel, born Lloyd Franklin Amburgey, (married 1967–annulled 1968); George Jones (married 1969–divorced 1975); Michael Tomlin (married 1976–annulled 1976); and singer/songwriter George Richey (married 1978–her death 1998). Wynette was linked romantically with actor Burt Reynolds and musician Rudy Gatlin in the mid to late 1970s but said Richey was her "true love" when she met him, and theirs was her longest marriage.^[18] Richey was her manager throughout much of the 1980s.

Her house was severely damaged by fire in 1975, and she was also victimized for some time by a stalker. In Nashville, in 1978, she claimed she had been kidnapped from a shopping center and then beaten but her claim was never substantiated. Georgette Jones, daughter of Wynette and George Jones, claimed that Wynette "and Richey had had a fight and he had beaten her. He threatened to destroy her life and write a tell-all book so she decided to stay with him ... so they had to come up with a cover story why she had all these bruises ... so he concocted the kidnapping story for PR."^[19]

As a result of numerous health ailments and operations, Wynette became dependent on painkillers in the late 1970s. She became critically ill with a liver infection at the end of 1993. Pamela Lansden of People quoted Wynette's personal spin on life's tribulations as "The sad part about happy endings is there's nothing to write about."^[18]

Children[link]

She had three children with Byrd, Gwendolyn Lee ("Gwen") Byrd (born 1961), Jacquelyn Faye ("Jackie") Byrd (born 1962) and Tina Denise Byrd (born 1965, she is featured on one of Jones and Wynette's duet albums, George and Tammy and Tina), She had a daughter with George Jones, Tamala Georgette Jones (born 1970), who is also a country singer.^[20]

Health problems[link]

Wynette had many serious physical ailments beginning in the 1970s, including operations on her gallbladder, kidney and on the nodules on her throat. In 1994, she suffered an abdominal infection that almost killed her. She was in a coma for six days. She developed a chronic inflammation of the bile ducts and was intermittently hospitalized, from 1970 until her death in 1998.^[18] She had 26 major surgeries during her lifetime. Although some of these problems were often very serious, Wynette was still able to pursue her singing career and regularly tour to promote her work.

Wynette also developed a serious addiction to painkiller medication in the 1980s, which became quite a problem in her life during that time.^[21] However, in 1986, she sought help entering the Betty Ford Center for drug treatment that year. In spite of the time away for treatment, she performed in a soap opera, "Capitol," in 1986.^[13]

Death[link]

After years of medical problems,^[22] numerous hospitalizations, approximately 26 major operations and an addiction to large doses of pain medication, Wynette died while sleeping on her couch on April 6, 1998, at age 55. Wynette's doctor from Pennsylvania said she died of a blood clot in her lung. Despite her persistent illnesses, she continued to perform until shortly before her death and had other performances scheduled.

A public memorial service, attended by about 1,500 people, was held at Nashville's historic Ryman Auditorium on April 9, 1998. A private grave-side service had been held earlier with a crypt entombment at Nashville's Woodlawn Memorial Park Cemetery.^[23] Her death solicited commentary such as that of songwriter Bill Mack, quoted in the Dallas Morning News that she was a "class act" and "irreplaceable" and that "She never knew a flat note." Lee Ann Womack was quoted also; she said of Wynette, whose songs often evoked strength and controlled passion, "You knew she knew what she was singing about. You can put her records on and listen and learn so much." Wynette was survived by her husband George Richey, four daughters and eight grandchildren.^[18]

In April 1999, her body was exhumed from her crypt in an attempt to settle a dispute over how the country music legend died.^[24] A new autopsy was conducted on her a week after three of her daughters filed a wrongful death lawsuit against her doctor and her husband/manager, George Richey, claiming they were responsible for her death 12 months earlier. The coroner declared that she died of a cardiac arrhythmia.^{[citation needed]} In May 1999, George Richey was dropped from the wrongful death lawsuit. Wynette was reinterred in the Woodlawn Cross Mausoleum, at Woodlawn Memorial Park Cemetery, Nashville, Tenn.^{[citation needed]} She rests in the same Nashville cemetery as other country music luminaries as Webb Pierce, Jerry Reed, Marty Robbins, Bobby Russell, Porter Wagoner, Red Foley and Eddy Arnold, among many others. In January 2001, in a small ceremony at a small church in small College Grove, Tennessee, Wynette's widower, George Richey (then aged 66), married his girlfriend, Sheila Slaughter, a former Dallas Cowboys cheerleader turned television producer.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy[link]

Tammy Wynette is considered by numerous music critics from Allmusic and Rolling Stone to be one of the greatest and most influential female singers in Country Music history. Many other female Country singers have been influenced by Wynette, including Sara Evans, Faith Hill, and Lee Ann Womack. In 1998, following Wynette's death, she was elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame, one of the highest honors of her career. A special CD collection titled Tammy Wynette: Collector's Edition was released in 1998, that included Wynette's signature "Stand By Your Man", which even charted outside the Top 40 on the Country charts that year.

Wynette's signature song "Stand by Your Man" has been covered by both men and women alike. Fellow Country singers, including Lynn Anderson, Dottie West, and Loretta Lynn have covered the song, as well as Rock bands, including Me First and the Gimme Gimmes. Martina McBride covered Wynette's 1976, "'Til I Can Make It on My Own" for her 2005, Timeless album, which was a cover album of Country music standards. "Stand by Your Man" placed at No. 48 on RIAA's 1997 list of Songs of the Century, which consisted of the 300 of their considered-to-be greatest and best-known songs of the twentieth century.

The musical Stand By Your Man: The Tammy Wynette Story, which premiered at the Ryman Auditorium in 2001 and later toured, is a biographical treatment of Wynette's life and music, and features several songs recorded by Wynette and/or George Jones.

In 2002, she was ranked No. 2 on CMT's 40 Greatest Women of Country Music. Patsy Cline was ranked No. 1 (one of Wynette's biggest inspirations) and at No. 3 was fellow Country star, Loretta Lynn. Wynette's former husband, George Jones was ranked No. 3 on CMT's special 40 Greatest Men of Country Music in 2003.

In 2003, a survey of country music writers, producers and stars listed "Stand By Your Man" as the top country song of all time. Country Music Television broadcast a special for the top 100 songs, with the No. 1 song performed by Martina McBride.

Judson Baptist Church, which neighbors Wynette's house, purchased the house and land, which belonged to Hank Williams before he died, for a little over a million dollars. The Wynette house is used as a Youth Center as well as a guest .

In April 2008, the CD "Stand By Your Man - The Best of Tammy Wynette," released by Sony BMG to mark the 10th anniversary of her death, entered the UK Official Top 75 Album chart at number 23.

In April 2011, Wynette's 1968 original recording of "Stand By Your Man" was selected by the U.S. Library of Congress to be preserved as one of that year's 25 recordings chosen for their cultural significance.

Awards & honors[link]

Discography[link]

See also[link]

• Academy of Country Music
• Country Music Association
• Country Music Hall of Fame
• List of country music performers
• Starlight Express a musical in which a character, Dinah the Dining Car, sings a number based on her song, "D.I.V.O.R.C.E."

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Bufwack, Mary A. (1998). "Tammy Wynette". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 602–3.
• Tammy Wynette; Joan Dew (1979-10). Stand by your man. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-22884-2. http://books.google.com/?id=qn55kyQO1oUC. 

External links[link]

• Tammy Wynette Official Website
• Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum — Tammy Wynette
• Tammy Wynette at Rolling Stone
• Tammy Wynette at the Internet Movie Database

Cory Monteith
Monteith at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival
Born	Cory Allan Michael Monteith (1982-05-11) May 11, 1982 (age 30) Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Occupation	Actor, Musician
Years active	2004–present

Cory Allan Michael Monteith^[1] (born May 11, 1982)^[2] is a Canadian actor and musician, best known for his role of Finn Hudson on the Fox television series Glee.

Early life[link]

Monteith was born in Calgary, Alberta and raised in Victoria, British Columbia.^[3] His parents divorced when he was seven, and he was raised by his mother.^[4][5] By 13, Monteith, once a promising student, who, at age 5, could read at a fourth-grade level, dropped out of school. Monteith estimates that by the time he quit school for good at age 16, he had attended 12 different schools, including alternative programs for troubled teens. He went drinking with his friends and had a drug addiction. Monteith went to rehab at 19 after his family gave him an ultimatum: either he gets clean or they would report him to the police and press charges for stealing a significant amount of money to fuel his addiction. Looking back, he stated, "I finally said, 'I'm gonna start looking at my life and figure out why I'm doing this.'"^[6]

He has worked various jobs, such as a Wal-Mart people greeter, taxi driver, school bus driver, and roofer.^[7]

He received his high school diploma in 2011 from an alternative school he attended in Victoria, British Columbia.^[6]

Monteith is a huge fan of the NHL's Vancouver Canucks.^[8]

Career[link]

Acting[link]

Monteith began his acting career in Vancouver, British Columbia. He played minor roles in Final Destination 3, Whisper, and Deck the Halls. He had a recurring role in Kyle XY.^[9] He also made guest appearances in such Canadian-filmed television serials as Smallville, Supernatural, Flash Gordon, Stargate Atlantis and Stargate SG-1.^[7]

Monteith at Venice High School for a Glee location shoot in December 2011^[10]

In 2005 he appeared in Killer Bash about a tormented geek's soul that was taking revenge on his murderer's children by taking over a girl's twin body. The following year he made a brief appearance in Urban Legend: a Bloody Mary. In 2007, he starred in the MTV series Kaya.^[11]

In 2009, Monteith was cast in the Fox series Glee, playing Finn Hudson, the male lead of the glee club and the quarterback of McKinley High School.^[9] For his audition tape, he drummed on Tupperware using pencils. The first time he sang in front of an audience was at his in-person audition, at which he sang "Honesty" by Billy Joel.

In April 2010, Monteith was cast in the romantic comedy movie Monte Carlo.^[12] In May 2010, the cast of Glee went on a two week live tour with stops in Los Angeles, Phoenix, Chicago and New York City.^[13] The cast performed hits from the show and several skits between songs. The following May, the cast went on a second, longer tour with mostly new songs and all-new skits, performing for four weeks in the U.S. and Canada, and eleven days in England and Ireland.^[14][15]

On August 8, 2010, he co-hosted the Teen Choice Awards.^[16] Monteith hosted the Gemini Awards in Toronto on November 13, 2010.^[17]

In December 2010, it was announced that Monteith would be starring in and co-producing a new untitled workplace-caper comedy for Fox 2000.^[18] In January 2011, he shot the film Sisters&Brothers with Dustin Milligan, which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11, 2011.^[19][20]

In 2011, he filmed a PSA for Straight But Not Narrow, an online PSA organization aimed at changing the minds of young, straight guys and girls in their attitude and viewpoint towards the LGBT community.^[21]

In 2012, he co-hosted the GLAAD Media Awards in New York City with co-star Naya Rivera.^[22]

Music[link]

Monteith plays drums for the Indie rock band Bonnie Dune based in Los Angeles. Members include lead singer Justin Wilczynski (who co-starred with Monteith on the short-lived MTV series, Kaya), guitarist Seth Roberts (who is the singer of the band Lakes), and bassist Joshua Kerr.

Filmography[link]

Monteith at the GLAAD Awards on April 17, 2010

Awards[link]

Awards won[link]

• Hollywood Style Awards 2010
  • Male Future Style Icon Award
• SAG Awards 2010
  • Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series
• 2011 Teen Choice Awards
  • Choice TV: Actor Comedy

Nominations[link]

• SAG Awards 2011
  • Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series
• Teen Choice Awards 2009
  • Choice TV: Actor Breakout Star Male
• Teen Choice Awards 2010
  • Choice TV: Comedy Actor
  • Choice Smile^[3]
• 2011 Teen Choice Awards
  • Summer: Movie Star – Male
• 2012 People's Choice Awards
  • Favorite TV Comedy Actor

Discography[link]

References[link]