Look up cacique in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Cacique (Spanish: [kaˈθike, kaˈsike]; Portuguese: [kɐˈsik, kaˈsikɨ]; feminine form: cacica), also cassique in archaic English, is a title derived from the Taíno word for the pre-Columbian chiefs or leaders of tribes in the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and the northern Lesser Antilles. The Spanish, subsequent to encounters with the Taíno upon their arrival in the New World, used the word as a title for the leaders of the other indigenous tribes they encountered in the Western Hemisphere territories they occupied. In the Spanish language, both in Spain and Latin America, the term has come to mean a local political boss who exercises excessive power. The derivative term "Caciquismo" has been used to describe a democratic system subverted by the power of such local bosses successfully influencing the electoral process in their favour. It has been used most notably to refer to late nineteenth century Spain^[1] and twentieth century Mexico.

The term is also used in the Portuguese language to describe the leaders of indigenous communities in Brazil (which is a Portuguese speaking country). It is also frequently used in Portugal to describe how certain influent and well known students use their powerful social character to influence student body elections in the student movement in Portugal's major universities. In the Taíno culture, the cacique rank was apparently established through democratic means. His importance in the tribe was determined by the size of his tribe rather than his warlord skills, since the taínos were mostly a pacifist culture. They also enjoyed several privileges for their standing: they lived in a larger rectangular hut in the center of the village and had a special sitting place for the areytos (ceremonial dances) and the ceremonial ball game.^[2]

The Spanish RAE (Royal Academy of the Spanish Language) dictionary states:^[3]

cacique, ca. (De or. caribe). 1. m. y f. Señor de vasallos en alguna provincia o pueblo de indios. 2. m. y f. Persona que en una colectividad o grupo ejerce un poder abusivo. 3. m. y f. coloq. Persona que en un pueblo o comarca ejerce excesiva influencia en asuntos políticos. 4. f. coloq. p. us. Mujer del cacique.

cacique (Of Caribbean origin). 1. m. & f. Lord of vassals in an Indian province or village. 2. m. & f. Person who exercises an abusive power in a community or group. 3. m. & f. colloq. Person in a village or region who exercises excessive influence in political matters. 4. f. colloq. rare. Wife of a cacique.

In Spain and in Brazil the word is most commonly used in the third sense, meaning "a person in a village or region who exercises excessive influence in political matters."

See also[link]

• Curaca
• Lonko
• Kalku
• Machi (shaman)
• Cassique

References[link]

Beth Carvalho
Background information
Birth name	Elizabeth Santos Leal de Carvalho
Born	(1946-05-05) May 5, 1946 (age 66)
Origin	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Genres	Samba
Occupations	Singer
Years active	mid 1960s-present
Labels	BMG
Website	http://www.bethcarvalho.com.br
Notable instruments
Nelson Cavaquinho's cavaquinho

Elizabeth Santos Leal de Carvalho known professionally as Beth Carvalho (born May 5, 1946 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian samba singer, guitarist, cavaquinist and composer.

Biography[link]

Carvalho was raised in a middle class family in Rio de Janeiro's South Zone. Her father, João Francisco Leal de Carvalho, was a lawyer. She grew up influenced by different types of music. Her father used to take her to samba school rehearsals, and her mother was a lover of classical music who encouraged her to become a ballerina. She started playing the guitar as a teenager, and got involved with the emerging Bossa Nova movement, winning a nationwide song contest on TV at the age of 19. Her first record was 1968's "Andança", carrying the song of the same name to victory in a larger festival, which brought her to prominence. Although she started her career with Bossa Nova, that was an ephemeral phase which lasted less than one year. Beth started dedicating herself entirely to samba just as her fame began, working with legendary composers such as Nelson Sargento.

Carvalho is a very important artist in the history of samba, as she has celebrated and brought the spotlight to the work of legendary composers such as Cartola, Nelson Cavaquinho & Guilherme de Brito when they weren't receiving the attention they deserved. Almost all of her records have songs by these composers, among other legendary sambistas such as Nelson Sargento and the Old Guard of Portela. Her samba school is Mangueira, but that didn't stop her from recording dozens of songs from composers of Portela, the other great traditional samba school in Rio.

Beth Carvalho performing in Paris during the year of Brazil in France. 2005

Later, in the late 1970s and early 80's, Beth helped bring to the public the work of other rising pagode artists from Cacique de Ramos, such as Almir Guineto, Jorge Aragão and the Fundo de Quintal group. Then, in 1983, she introduced Zeca Pagodinho who would become the major samba name of the 90's. Carvalho always tried to bring underrated composers the recognition they deserve, and she is regarded as madrinha do samba (the godmother of samba). She was a driving force in the modernization of samba in the 80s, and at the same time rejected commercial pop trends in samba arrangements, preserving tradition.

In the 1990s, Beth's popularity wasn't the strongest, but she was always popular. She recorded an album dedicated to the samba from São Paulo, rejecting the famous axiom that São Paulo is the grave of samba. In 1998 she recorded an album dedicated entirely to the pagode classics, Pérolas do Pagode (Pagode Pearls).

In the new millennium, Beth is working more than ever, releasing CDs and DVDs. With a career that spans 40 years, she is already a historical figure in Brazilian culture, and recognized as the female sambista with the most substantial opus in Brazil, without diminishing other, younger stars such as Clara Nunes and Daniela Mercury.

Trivia[link]

• Beth is a known supporter of both the Botafogo and Clube Atlético Mineiro football teams
• Beth is one of the main personalities of the samba school Mangueira
• Beth had a variety of hits in the 1970s, with her 1979 song Coisinha Do Pai being one of her biggest hits. The song was inserted into the Mars Pathfinder.^[1]
• Her social music often concerns the poor and the Indigenous peoples in Brazil^[2]

Discography[link]

• Beth Carvalho - 40 anos de Carreira - Ao Vivo no Theatro Municipal - Vol.1 (CD) - Andança/Sony - BMG - 2006
• Beth Carvalho - 40 anos de Carreira - Ao Vivo no Theatro Municipal - Vol.2 (CD) - Andança/Sony - BMG - 2006
• Beth Carvalho - 40 anos de Carreira - Ao Vivo no Theatro Municipal (DVD) - Andança/Sony - BMG - 2006
• Beth Carvalho - A Madrinha do Samba - Ao Vivo (DVD) - Indie - 2004
• Beth Carvalho - A Madrinha do Samba - Ao Vivo (CD) - Indie - 2004
• Beth Carvalho Canta Cartola - BMG - 2003
• Nome Sagrado - Beth Carvalho Canta Nelson Cavaquinho - Jam Music - 2001
• Pagode de Mesa Ao Vivo 2 - Universal Music - 2000
• Pagode de Mesa Ao Vivo - Universal Music - 1999
• Pérolas do Pagode - Globo / Polydor - 1998
• Brasileira da Gema - Polygram - 1996
• Beth Carvalho Canta o Samba de São Paulo - Velas - 1993
• Pérolas - 25 Anos de Samba - Som Livre - 1992
• Ao Vivo no Olympia - Som Livre - 1991
• Intérprete - Polygram - 1991
• Saudades da Guanabara - Polygram - 1989
• Alma do Brasil - Polygram - 1988
• Beth Carvalho Ao Vivo (Montreux) - RCA - 1987
• Beth - RCA - 1986
• Das Bençãos Que Virão Com os Novos Amanhãs - RCA - 1985
• Coração Feliz - RCA - 1984
• Suor no Rosto - RCA - 1983
• Traço de União - RCA - 1982
• Na fonte - RCA - 1981
• Sentimento Brasileiro - RCA - 1980
• Beth Carvalho no Pagode - RCA - 1979
• De Pé No Chão - RCA - 1978
• Nos Botequins da Vida - RCA - 1977
• Mundo Melhor - RCA - 1976
• Pandeiro e Viola - Tapecar - 1975
• Pra Seu Governo - Tapecar - 1974
• Canto Por Um Novo Dia - Tapecar - 1973
• Andança - Odeon - 1969

References[link]

External links[link]

• Entrevista 1988 (In Portuguese)

Facundo Gabriel Coria (born 28 May 1987 in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine footballer who plays for Estudiantes de La Plata.

Career[link]

Coria made his league debut on 18 February 2007 for Vélez Sársfield in a 2–2 draw with Racing Club. Since then he has had several loan spells with other clubs. He joined Arsenal de Sarandí in 2008, CS Emelec of Ecuador in 2009 and Argentinos Juniors between 2009 and 2010.

While at Argentinos he was an important member of the team that won the Clausura 2010 championship, having played in 16 of the clubs 19 games and scored four goals during the championship winning campaign. Coria scored the decisive goal in Argentinos Juniors' 2–1 away win against Huracán on the last day of the season to secure the championship ahead of title rivals Estudiantes.

Honours[link]

Argentinos Juniors

• Argentine Primera División: Clausura 2010

External links[link]

• Profile at BDFA (Spanish)
• Profile at FutbolXXI (Spanish)
• BDFutbol profile
• Futbolme profile (Spanish)
• Transfermarkt profile
• Facundo Coria stats at Medio Tiempo.com (Spanish)

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Nicolas Hulot, September 2008

Nicolas Hulot, September 2008

Nicolas Hulot (born April 30, 1955 in Lille, France – Officier of the Légion d'honneur, Chevalier des Arts et Lettres) is the founder and president of the Fondation Nicolas-Hulot, an environmental group first created in 1990.

He is well known in France for his documentary show "Ushuaïa" which focuses on nature and the environment. In his documentaries, he draws attention to environmental damage caused by humans and changes that need to be made to protect the planet.

His popularity has provided him with some influence in the French political debate. In 2007 he forced five of the major candidates to the French Presidential Election (including Nicolas Sarkozy) to sign an agreement which stated that the environmental crisis would have to become a high governmental priority.

Nicolas Hulot was candidate in the Europe Écologie-The Greens primary for the French Presidential Election in 2012.^[1] He lost to Eva Joly.

Chronology[link]

• 1973 to 1978: Agency photographer for SIPA Presse
• 1978 to 1987: radio journalist and producer for France Inter
• October 1992 to June 1995: Editor-in-chief of VSD Nature
• 1976 to 1993: Expedition organizer
• September 1987 to June 1995: Producer and presenter of "Ushuaïa, le magazine de l'Extrême" on TF1
• January 1996 to June 1997: Producer and presenter of TF1's "Opération Okavango"
• October 1998: Producer and presenter of TF1's "Ushuaïa Nature"
• December 1990: creation of the Ushuaïa Foundation, which was renamed Fondation Nicolas Hulot pour la Nature et l'Homme on January 1, 1995
• April 13, 2011: Candidate to French Presidential Elections.

Pacte Ecologique[link]

In 2007, Nicolas Hulot warned candidates in the French Presidential election that he would present himself as a candidate if ecology were one of the main subjects of the elections. His high popularity – and some polls credited him with more than 15% of votes if he were to run – meant he represented a serious threat to other presidential candidates.

To avoid this event, five of the 12 candidates in the French Presidential election signed his "Pacte Ecologique" (ecology pact), affirming that ecological problems would be key in all future political decisions.^[2] The importance of this pact, is however, questionable.

Some of the decisions made by the French government as a result of this pact are:

- The Ecology Minister became a "Ministre d'état," an honorific title in the French republic. - An important conference was held between environmental organizations, enterprises, researchers, economists and other experts to discuss policies to combat the current environmental crisis. It was referred to as "Le Grenelle de l'environnement," in reference to the Grenelle Agreements of 1968. - In 2009, the government tried to set up a carbon tax.

Critics[link]

Nicolas Hulot has been criticised by some commentators, like Le Canard Enchaîné and supporters of uneconomic growth and political ecology who have criticised his use of the media and acceptance of funds from large firms, like EDF, L'Oréal and Rhône-Poulenc.^[3][4]

Bibliography[link]

• Ces enfants qui souffrent, published by P.A.C.,
• Tabarly, 45 ans de défis, published by P.A.C.,
• Les chemins de traverse, published by Lattès Paris, 1989, VLACC-number 00811951
• Chasseurs de pôles (with Jean-François Chaigneau), published by Albin Michel,
• États d'âme, published by Lattès Paris, 1991, ISBN 2-7096-0957-6
• Questions de nature, published by Plon,
• À mes risques et plaisirs, published by Plon.
• Le syndrome du Titanic, published by Lgf, 01/2006, ISBN 2-7021-3418-1
• Pour un pacte écologique, published by Calmann-Levy, 11/2006, ISBN 2-7021-3742-3

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Nicolas Hulot

• Nicolas Hulot at the Internet Movie Database
• http://www.fondation-nicolas-hulot.org/ (French)
• http://www.ecole-nicolas-hulot.org/ (French)
• http://www.planete-nature.org/ (French)
• http://www.sos-planete-eau.org/ (French)

Notes[link]