In electronics, gain is a measure of the ability of a circuit (often an amplifier) to increase the power or amplitude of a signal from the input to the output. It is usually defined as the mean ratio of the signal output of a system to the signal input of the same system. It may also be defined on a logarithmic scale, in terms of the decimal logarithm of the same ratio ("dB gain"). A gain greater than one (zero dB), that is, amplification, is the defining property of an active component or circuit, while a passive circuit will have a gain of less than one.

Thus, the term gain on its own is ambiguous. For example, "a gain of five" may imply that either the voltage, current or the power is increased by a factor of five, although most often this will mean a voltage gain of five for audio and general purpose amplifiers, especially operational amplifiers, but a power gain for radio frequency amplifiers, and for directional aerials will refer to a signal power change compared with a simple dipole. Furthermore, the term gain is also applied in systems such as sensors where the input and output have different units; in such cases the gain units must be specified, as in "5 microvolts per photon" for the responsivity of a photosensor. The "gain" of a bipolar transistor normally refers to forward current transfer ratio, either h_FE ("Beta", the static ratio of I_c divided by I_b at some operating point), or sometimes h_fe (the small-signal current gain, the slope of the graph of I_c against I_b at a point).

In laser physics, gain may refer to the increment of power along the beam propagation in a gain medium, and its dimension is m⁻¹ (inverse meter) or 1/meter.

Logarithmic units and decibels[link]

Power gain[link]

Power gain, in decibels (dB), is defined by the 10 log rule as follows:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \text{Gain}=10 \log \left( {\frac{P_{\mathrm{out}}}{P_{\mathrm{in}}}}\right)\ \mathrm{dB}

where P_in and P_out are the input and output powers respectively.

A similar calculation can be done using a natural logarithm instead of a decimal logarithm, and without the factor of 10, resulting in nepers instead of decibels:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \text{Gain} = \ln\left( {\frac{P_{\mathrm{out}}}{P_{\mathrm{in}}}}\right)\, \mathrm{Np}

Voltage gain[link]

When power gain is calculated using voltage instead of power, making the substitution (P=V ²/R), the formula is:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \text{Gain}=10 \log{\frac{(\frac{{V_\mathrm{out}}^2}{R_\mathrm{out}})}{(\frac{{V_\mathrm{in}}^2}{R_\mathrm{in}})}}\ \mathrm{dB}

In many cases, the input and output impedances are equal, so the above equation can be simplified to:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \text{Gain}=10 \log \left( {\frac{V_\mathrm{out}}{V_\mathrm{in}}} \right)^2\ \mathrm{dB}

and then the 20 log rule:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \text{Gain}=20 \log \left( {\frac{V_\mathrm{out}}{V_\mathrm{in}}} \right)\ \mathrm{dB}

This simplified formula is used to calculate a voltage gain in decibels, and is equivalent to a power gain only if the impedances at input and output are equal.

Current gain[link]

In the same way, when power gain is calculated using current instead of power, making the substitution (P = I ²R), the formula is:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \text{Gain}=10 \log { \left( \frac { {I_\mathrm{out}}^2 R_\mathrm{out}} { {I_\mathrm{in}}^2 R_\mathrm{in} } \right) } \ \mathrm{dB}

In many cases, the input and output impedances are equal, so the above equation can be simplified to:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \text{Gain}=10 \log \left( {\frac{I_\mathrm{out}}{I_\mathrm{in}}} \right)^2\ \mathrm{dB}

and then:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \text{Gain}=20 \log \left( {\frac{I_\mathrm{out}}{I_\mathrm{in}}} \right)\ \mathrm{dB}

This simplified formula is used to calculate a current gain in decibels, and is equivalent to the power gain only if the impedances at input and output are equal.

The "current gain" of a bipolar transistor, h_FE or h_fe, is normally given as a dimensionless number, the ratio of I_c to I_b (or slope of the I_c-versus-I_b graph, for h_fe).

In the cases above, gain will be a dimensionless quantity, as it is the ratio of like units (Decibels are not used as units, but rather as a method of indicating a logarithmic relationship). In the bipolar transistor example it is the ratio of the output current to the input current, both measured in Amperes. In the case of other devices, the gain will have a value in SI units. Such is the case with the operational transconductance amplifier, which has an open-loop gain (transconductance) in Siemens (mhos), because the gain is a ratio of the output current to the input voltage.

Example[link]

Q. An amplifier has an input impedance of 50 ohms and drives a load of 50 ohms. When its input (Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): V_\mathrm{in} ) is 1 volt, its output (Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): V_\mathrm{out} ) is 10 volts. What is its voltage and power gain?

A. Voltage gain is simply:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \frac{V_\mathrm{out}}{V_\mathrm{in}}=\frac{10}{1}=10\ \mathrm{V/V}.

The units V/V are optional, but make it clear that this figure is a voltage gain and not a power gain. Using the expression for power, P = V²/R, the power gain is:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \frac{V_\mathrm{out}^2/50}{V_\mathrm{in}^2/50} = \frac{V_\mathrm{out}^2}{V_\mathrm{in}^2}=\frac{10^2}{1^2}=100\ \mathrm{W/W}.

Again, the units W/W are optional. Power gain is more usually expressed in decibels, thus:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): G_{dB}=10 \log G_{W/W}=10 \log 100=10 \times 2=20\ \mathrm{dB}.

A gain of factor 1 (equivalent to 0 dB) where both input and output are at the same voltage level and impedance is also known as unity gain.

See also[link]

• Active laser medium
• Antenna gain
• Aperture-to-medium coupling loss
• Automatic gain control
• Attenuation
• Complex gain
• DC offset
• Effective radiated power
• Gain before feedback
• Insertion gain
• Loop gain
• Open-loop gain
• Net gain
• Power gain
• Process gain
• Transmitter power output

 This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document "Federal Standard 1037C".

Jo Kwon
Background information
Birth name	Jo Kwon (조권)
Born	(1989-08-28) August 28, 1989 (age 22) Suwon, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea
Occupations	Singer, dancer, entertainer, actor, MC
Instruments	Vocal, piano
Years active	2008–present
Labels	JYP Entertainment
Associated acts	2AM 2PM

Jo Kwon (Hangul: 조권, born August 28, 1989) is a South Korean singer and entertainer, leader of ballad boyband 2AM.

Predebut[link]

Jo Kwon, commonly known as Sacre Bleu, is the longest-serving male trainee in JYP Entertainment, having trained for 2567 days; exactly 7 years and 12 days since joining JYP. He was chosen as the last members of Park Jin Young's "99% Challenge Project" along with Sunye of Wonder Girls.^{[citation needed]}

In 2008, he appeared on MNET's Hot blood, a program that showed the intense physical training that 13 male trainees had to go through for the opportunity to debut in either 4-member ballad group or 7-member dance group One Day under JYP Entertainment.^[1] After getting through the eliminations, Jo Kwon was given the position of 4-member ballad group's leader.He has been attending Kyung Hee University.^[2]

Debut[link]

2AM's first single "This Song" release July 21, 2008 and made their debut performance on July 11, 2008 performing "이 노래" ("This Song").^[3]

Solo Contributions[link]

Television[link]

Jo Kwon regularly appears as a regular guest on variety shows such as "Star King", popular for his playful and frivolous dance gags. He was part of "Dirty Eyed Girls" on an episode of 2PM's variety show "Wild Bunny", performing a parody of popular Brown Eyed Girls song Abracadabra. The music video became extremely popular.^[4] In September 2009, Jo Kwon was one of the main MCs for SBS's environmental variety show "Find it! Green Gold" with Super Junior member Shindong, SS501 member Kim Hyung Joon, and former Fly To The Sky member Brian Joo. He also replaced Jaebeom on historical culture variety show Nodaji after his internet controversy.^[5] Both shows were later canceled due to low ratings.^{[citation needed]}

He joined the cast of We Got Married on October 3, 2009, coupled up with Brown Eyed Girls member Ga-In. Although they were initially only supposed to feature for the Chuseok special, their appearance brought in the highest ratings yet for Season II, and they were announced a permanent couple.^[6] Jo Kwon was diagnosed with H1N1 on October 28, 2009, causing him to postpone filming We Got Married. The next day, a representative stated that Jo Kwon was recovering quickly after treatment.^{[citation needed]}

In 2010, he became a permanent cast member of Family Outing 2.^[7] He is also currently acting in the sitcom All My Love with co stars Park Min Sun, Kim Gab Soo and fellow idol and 'wife' Ga-In from Brown Eyed Girls.

Music[link]

He sang with Jinwoon in May Doni's "몰라-ing" ("Molla-ing"), as well as a duet with Changmin titled "졸업" ("Graduation") on February 5, 2009, and Baek Jiyoung's "밤새도록" ("All Night") on her 7th album Sensibility. He featured in Lee Seung Hwan's Special Album "Hwantastic" with the song "덩크슛" ("Dunk Shoot") a duet with Whale (from W&Whale)and also featured in the music video in September 2009.^[8]

He released a digital single "우리 사랑하게 됐어요" ("We Fell in Love") on December 16, 2009, a duet with his We Got Married partner Ga-in.,^[9] which topped variety online music charts, winning 2 awards on Music Bank's K-Charts and the "Most Popular Background Phone Music" on the Gaon Charts.^[10] 50 million won from the profits of the song were donated to help out for Haiti's earthquake.^[11] For these efforts, Jo Kwon was given an award at the 3rd Korea Sharing Awards ceremony.^[12]

Jo Kwon participated in Wax's repackaged album Unplugged Side A. He sang a duet with her titled "이별이야기" ("Farewell Song"), released on March 24, 2010.^[13]

On June 30, 2010, Jo Kwon released his first solo digital single titled "고백하던 날" ("The Day I Confessed"), a song he partially composed during the We Got Married broadcast for Ga-in. The song reached No. 1 on Cyworld real time charts the day after its release.^[14]

Jo Kwon appeared on an episode of 2 pm Show along with a member of 2 am Seul Ong

Filmography[link]

• 2010 – Running Man (guest ep 7) – SBS
• 2010–2011 All My Love [( Ok Yeob)] -MBC

Awards[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Jo Kwon's Microblogging on Cyworld
• Jo Kwon on Twitter
• Jo Kwon on Me2day

Michael Bay
on the set of Transformers (May 30, 2006)
Born	Michael Benjamin Bay (1965-02-17) February 17, 1965 (age 47) Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation	Film director Film producer
Years active	1984–present

Michael Benjamin Bay (born February 17, 1965) is an American film director and producer. He is known for directing high-budget action films characterized by their fast edits, stylistic visuals and substantial practical special effects.^[1][2] His films, which include The Rock, Armageddon, Pearl Harbor and the Bad Boys and Transformers series, have grossed over three billion dollars world-wide.^[3] He is co-founder of commercial production house The Institute, a.k.a. The Institute for the Development of Enhanced Perceptual Awareness.^[4] He is co-chair and part-owner of the digital effects house Digital Domain.^[5] He co-owns Platinum Dunes, a production house which has remade horror movies including Friday the 13th, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, and A Nightmare on Elm Street.^[6]

Early life[link]

Michael Bay was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. He was raised by his adoptive parents Harriet, a bookstore owner/child psychiatrist, and Jim, a CPA.^[7] Bay's grandfather was Russian.^[8] His cousin, Susan Bay, is the wife of Star Trek actor Leonard Nimoy.^[9] He attended the exclusive Crossroads School, in Santa Monica, California.^[10] Bay often traces his interest in action films back to an incident during his childhood. As a boy, he attached some firecrackers to a toy train and filmed the ensuing fiery disaster with his mother's 8mm camera. The fire department was called and he was grounded.^[11]

Career[link]

Bay got his start in the film industry interning with George Lucas when he was fifteen, filing the storyboards for Raiders of the Lost Ark, which he thought was going to be terrible. His opinion changed after seeing it in the theater and he was so impressed by the experience that he decided to become a film director.^[12] He graduated from Wesleyan University in 1986, majoring in both English and Film.^[13][14] He was a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity and a favorite student of film historian Jeanine Basinger.^[15] For his graduate work, he attended Art Center College of Design in Pasadena where he also studied film.^{[citation needed]}

Michael Bay began working at Propaganda Films, directing commercials and music videos, two weeks after finishing his post-graduate degree.^{[citation needed]} His 90-second World War II-inspired Coca-Cola advertisement was picked up by Capitol Records. His first national commercial for the Red Cross won a Clio Award in 1992.^[16][17] He directed Goodby, Silverstein & Partners Got Milk? advertisement campaign for the California Milk Processors Board in 1993.^[18]

Bay's success in music videos gained the attention of producers Jerry Bruckheimer and Don Simpson, who selected him to direct his first feature-length film, Bad Boys. The film was shot in Miami in 1994 and starred Will Smith and Martin Lawrence. The action film proved to be a break-out role for Smith, who was segueing from television to films at that time. Shooting in Miami was a good experience for Bay who would later own a home in the city and spend a great deal of time there.^[19] The film was completed for $19 million dollars and grossed a remarkable $141 million at the box office in the summer of 1995.^[20] Bay's success led to a strong partnership and friendship with Jerry Bruckheimer.^[21]

His follow-up film, The Rock (1996), was an action movie set on Alcatraz Island, and in the San Francisco Bay area. It starred Sean Connery, Nicolas Cage and Ed Harris. It was also produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and Don Simpson, the latter of whom died five months before the film's release. The film is dedicated to him.^[22] Connery and Cage won 'Best On-Screen Duo' at the MTV Movie Awards in 1997 and the film was nominated for an Academy Award in the Best Achievement in Sound category for the work of Greg P. Russell, Kevin O'Connell, and Keith A. Wester.^[23][24]

In 1998, Bay collaborated with Jerry Bruckheimer again, this time as a co-producer, as well as directing the action-adventure film Armageddon.^[25][26] The film, about a group of tough oil drillers who are sent by NASA to deflect an asteroid away from a collision course with Earth, starred Bruce Willis, Billy Bob Thornton, Ben Affleck and Liv Tyler. It was nominated for 4 Oscars at the 71st Academy Awards including Best Sound, Best Visual Effects, Best Sound Editing, and Best Original Song.^[27] The film earned 9.6 million dollars on its opening day and a total of 36.5 million through the first weekend.^[28] The production budget, $140 million dollars, was one of the highest of the summer of 1998. Armageddon went on to gross over $553 million dollars worldwide.^[29]

In 2001, Bay directed Pearl Harbor. It starred Ben Affleck, Josh Hartnett, Kate Beckinsale and Cuba Gooding, Jr. The film was released on Memorial Day weekend in 2001. Again, Bay produced the film with Jerry Bruckheimer. The film received four Academy Award nominations, including Best Sound, Best Visual Effects, Best Sound Editing and Best Song. Again, Kevin O'Connell received another nomination for Best Sound, but he did not win. Pearl Harbor won in the category for Sound Editing.^[30] Michael Bay also directed the music video for nominated track "There You'll Be" by vocal artist Faith Hill.^{[citation needed]}

Bay reteamed with Will Smith and Martin Lawrence for Bad Boys II, an event which also marked Bay's fifth collaboration with Jerry Bruckheimer. The film grossed $138 million domestically, enough to cover the production budget, and $273 million worldwide, almost twice as much as the first movie.

In 2005, Bay directed The Island, a science-fiction film starring Ewan McGregor and Scarlett Johansson. It was the first film Michael Bay made without Jerry Bruckheimer. The Island cost $126 million to produce. It earned $46 million domestically and $172 million worldwide. Bay stated that he was not comfortable with the domestic marketing campaign as it confused the audience as to the true subject of the film.^[31]

In 2007, he directed and teamed up with Steven Spielberg to produce Transformers, a live action film based on the Transformers franchise. The film was released in the U.S. and Canada on July 3, 2007, with 8 p.m. preview screenings on July 2. The previews earned $8.8 million, and in its first day of general release it grossed $27.8 million, a record for Tuesday box office attendance.^{[citation needed]} It broke the record held by Spider-Man 2 for the biggest July 4 gross, making $29 million. On its opening weekend, Transformers grossed $70.5 million, amounting to a $155.4 million opening week, giving it the record for the biggest opening week for a non-sequel.^{[citation needed]} As of November 2007, the film has made over $319 million domestically and over $708 million worldwide.

Bay returned as director and executive producer for Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, which was released on June 24, 2009 and went on to gross over $832 million worldwide. Although it received mostly negative reviews by critics,^[32] including aggressively critical reviews by American film critics such as Roger Ebert,^[33] Michael Phillips^[34] and David Denby (who referred to Bay as "stunningly, almost viciously, untalented"),^[35][35] the film was well-received by its intended audience and was one of the highest-grossing films of 2009.^[36][37] In 2010, it earned seven Golden Raspberry Award nominations and winning three: Worst Picture, Worst Director and Worst Screenplay.^[38]

As of 2009, Michael Bay's worldwide box office totals make him the director with the eighth highest domestic US gross of all time (not adjusted for inflation).^[39] It was also one of the best selling DVD and Blu-ray Discs of 2009, second only to Twilight in DVD format and the number one of all time in Blu-ray format until it was surpassed by Blu-ray sales of James Cameron's Avatar in April 2010.^[40][41][42]

Bay directed Transformers: Dark of the Moon, released on June 28, 2011.^[43] He may direct a sequel to the Bad Boys franchise or a "small" film he's been developing for years, tentatively called Pain & Gain.^[44] The true crime story, based on events described in a Miami Herald article^[45] written by Pete Collins, concerns a group of bumbling bodybuilders working together to commit a robbery.

Bay produced DreamWorks' I Am Number Four, based on a series of novels by authors James Frey and Jobie Hughes published by HarperCollins Children's Books. D. J. Caruso (Eagle Eye, Disturbia) directed.^[46][47]

Bay will co-produce One Way Out, a reality series that pits ordinary people against each other as they try to keep their pasts hidden and builds toward a showdown where all those secrets will be revealed.^[48]

Gideon's Sword, Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child's novel set for release in February 2011, was optioned by Bay Films and will be produced by Michael Bay. The main character, Gideon Crew, avenges the death of his father.^[49][50]

In June 2011, Bay confirmed that Pain & Gain was his next project and that it would have a budget of $20 million.^[51]

On February 13, 2012, Paramount Pictures announced that Bay will produce and direct a fourth Transformers movie with a scheduled release date of June 2014.^[52]

Production and FX companies[link]

Platinum Dunes[link]

Bay founded this production house with fellow producers Brad Fuller and Andrew Form in 2001.^[53] Platinum Dunes is named after one of Bay's first student films at Wesleyan University. Brad Fuller also graduated from Wesleyan and worked for Bay as an executive assistant before joining him in this business venture. The company's first film, a remake of the 1974 film The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, grossed $107 million dollars worldwide.^[54] Platinum Dunes produced lucrative remakes of classic horror films and introduced new directors like Sam Bayer and Marcus Nispel to feature film audiences. Their most recent horror film production, A Nightmare on Elm Street starring Jackie Earle Haley as Freddy Krueger, was released April 2010. The film made 32.9 million dollars in its opening weekend, covering nearly its entire 35 million dollar budget and went on to gross over 100 million dollars worldwide.^[55]

Paramount Pictures signed a first look deal with Platinum Dunes in 2009.^[56] As part of this new relationship, Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon have brought the Platinum Dunes producers on to produce a new Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, rebooting the film series launched by New Line in 1990. Bay, Fuller and Form will co-produce with Galen Walker, Scott Mednick and Marina Norman.^[57]

Platinum Dunes is currently in the process of selling an unnamed TV series to a "major cable network" with Bay in talks to direct the pilot.^[58]

Digital Domain[link]

Bay and Wyndcrest Holdings, a Florida-based investment firm, acquired the digital effects company Digital Domain from James Cameron and Stan Winston in 1996, infusing the struggling business with a $50 million dollar investment.^[5] Digital Domain considered an initial public offering in 2009 but ultimately withdrew the offer, because of the lack of interest. Currently a work for hire visual effects production house, Digital Domain plans to expand its efforts in the video gaming industry and become a full-fledged motion picture production house. Headquartered in Venice, Los Angeles, California, the company is also working to open branches in Vancouver, Canada and the state of Florida.^[59]

The Institute[link]

After leaving Propaganda Films, Bay and producer Scott Gardenhour, also formerly at Propaganda, formed The Institute for the Development of Enhanced Perceptual Awareness^[60] (now known as The Institute), to produce commercials and other projects. Through The Institute, Bay has directed and produced spots for Victoria's Secret, Lexus, Budweiser, Reebok, Mercedes-Benz, and Nike. His most recent advertisement for Victoria Secret was the 2009 "A Thousand Fantasies" holiday campaign.^[61]

Awards and honors[link]

Bay has received five MTV Movie Awards: Best Movie and Best Summer Movie You Haven't Seen Yet for Transformers, Best Action Scene for Pearl Harbor, Best Action Scene for Bad Boys II, and Best Action Scene for The Rock.^{[citation needed]} In 1994, Bay was honored by the Directors Guild of America with an award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Commercials.^[62]

Michael Bay received the ShoWest 2009 Vanguard Award for excellence in filmmaking at the confab of theater owners.^[63]

Personal life[link]

Bay lives in Los Angeles and Miami with his two bullmastiffs, Bonecrusher and Grace, named for characters in Transformers and Armageddon, respectively. As a boy, he donated his Bar Mitzvah money to an animal shelter and often includes his bullmastiff dogs in his films.^[64] He had another dog, Mason. Mason the dog's last appearance in a film was as Miles' dog in Transformers. He died during production of that film in March 2007.^[65][66]

Filmography[link]

Feature films[link]

Television[link]

• Miami Vice (TV series) (1986) (actor - Goon #3)
• No Way Out (TV series) (announced) (producer)
• Cocaine Cowboys (TV series) (announced) (producer)

Music videos[link]

• "Soldier of Love" by Donny Osmond (1989) (director)
• "Angelia" by Richard Marx (1989) (director)
• "I'll Be Holding On" by Greg Allman (1989) (director) ... from the film Black Rain
• "I Love You" by Vanilla Ice (1991) (director)
• "I Touch Myself" by Divinyls (1991) (director)
• "Love Thing" by Tina Turner (1992) (director)
• "Do It to Me" by Lionel Ritchie (1992) (director)
• "You Won't See Me Cry" by Wilson Phillips (1992) (director)
• "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" by Meat Loaf (1993) (director)
• "Rock and Roll Dreams Come Through" by Meat Loaf (1994) (director)
• "Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer Than They Are" by Meat Loaf (1994) (director)
• "Falling in Love (Is Hard on the Knees)" by Aerosmith (1997) (director)
• "There You'll Be" by Faith Hill (2001) (director) ... Theme from Pearl Harbor

References[link]

Notes

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Michael Bay

• Official website
• The Institute
• Michael Bay at the Internet Movie Database
• Michael Bay at AllRovi

Fiona Bloom
Occupation	Music industry publicist

Fiona Bloom is a music industry publicist that runs the New York City agency The Bloom Effect, which represents numerous recording artists and organizes high profile events on behalf of the organization's music industry clientele.^[1] Billboard (Magazine) listed her among 140 music business Twiteratti to follow.^[2] The Bloom Effect organizes and publicizes launch parties, international music events, live shows, album publicity, digital marketing, artists and repertoire consulting, and promotion. The company has produced over 1000 shows, consulted on more than 200 album projects and has been a part of over 300 recording artists’ careers. The Bloom Effect's clients have included The Lyricist Lounge, Babygrande Records, Tommy Boy Entertainment, Spectre Music, Penalty Recordings, MIDEM, Stones Throw Recordings, Mixtape Riot, Game, Bloomsbury, Nelson George, Mudville (band), Maya Azucena, Bill Laswell, The Renaissance Hotel, Anthony David (singer), Roxy Cottontail, Sway DaSafo Saian Supa Crew and other notables.^[3] Avery Sunshine^[4] and Erin Barra are also among her clients.^[5] Bloom has also served as the publicist for UK rapper SWAY.^[6]

She has additionally represented clients including Anthony David and Nelson George^[7] and 2009 Grammy Awards nominee Wayna.^[8]

Israeli electronica/dance artist Onili is among the many international artists she has promoted.^[9] Bloom, herself, was born in London.^[10]

Early professional career[link]

After receiving her academic degree in Speech Communications, she began her career in 1991 at WSTR FM as the station's assistant music director^[11] and^[12] she also served as an on-air personality, interviewing recording artists including George Clinton and the Wu-Tang Clan.^[13] In 1994, EMI Records head Daniel Glass appointed her to the position of Director of New Artist Marketing. Here she worked with artists that included Gangstarr, Shara Nelson, Arrested Development and Digable Planets. After working at EMI, Bloom served as the Director of Media Relations at Zero Hour Records, where she was the Director of Media Relations, publicizing artists such as alternative rockers Varnaline and Swervedriver, experimental rockers Space Needle band and Notwist, songwriter Steve Wynn, and John Wesley Harding. With the success of these artists under her wing, her boss gave her the nod to start her own subsidiary record label, called 3-2-1. While running 3-2-1, she became recognized for signing the critically acclaimed hip hop duo Blackalicious. She additionally signed underground hip hop acts Connected, Skeme Team, Rubberoom, Scienz’ of Life, Micranots and Big Jus of Company Flow.^[14]

She was the executive producer for albums including the Connected album, featuring the UltraMagnetic MCs and recording artist Lateef The Truth Speaker.^[15]

Bloom then decided to focus on publicity for popular hip hop artists including Bahamadia and Mystic. She also began promoting live shows for recording artists, such as Jeru Tha Damaga and Aloe Blacc. She ran the Subverse Skool imprint under the Sub Verse Music label, and then landed the position of Director of International Marketing at TVT Records, working with artists including the Yin Yang Twins, Lil Jon, Pitbull (rapper) and other artists. Bloom was also appointed as the late night booker for Joe's Pub.^[16]

Working with artists from both The United States and internationally, she co-produced this year’s showcase for A3C.^[17] A music industry tastemaker, Bloom has presented many shows at the music industry confab South by Southwest,^[18] as well as for the CMJ Music Marathon, where she has produced several showcases.^[19] She has also been a featured speaker on panels at SXSW.^[20]

Along with host Chris Rock,^[21] it was Bloom’s voice that was heard internationally, making announcements that were heard during the 1999 MTV Video Music Awards.^[22]

Other recognition[link]

In 2007, Bloom was named Top Consultant/Strategist of The Year by the National Association of Recording Industry Professionals (NARIP).^[23]

She is among the artists profiled in the book 'Put Your Dreams First' by Thembisa Mshaka.^[24]

References[link]

Mark Wahlberg
Wahlberg at the 2011 Time 100 gala
Born	Mark Robert Michael Wahlberg (1971-06-05) June 5, 1971 (age 41) Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Other names	Marky Mark Monk D
Occupation	Actor Producer Rapper (former)
Years active	1989–present
Spouse	Rhea Durham (m. 2009–present; 4 children)
Relatives	Donnie Wahlberg, Robert Wahlberg (brothers)

Mark Robert Michael Wahlberg (born June 5, 1971) is an American actor, film and television producer, and former rapper. He was known as Marky Mark in his earlier years, and became famous for his 1989 debut as frontman with the band Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch. He was named No. 1 on VH1's 40 Hottest Hotties of the 90's. Wahlberg is well known for his roles in films such as Boogie Nights (1997), Three Kings (1999), The Perfect Storm (2000), Planet of the Apes (2001), Rock Star (2001), The Italian Job (2003), I Heart Huckabees (2004), Four Brothers (2005), The Departed (2006), Invincible (2006), Shooter (2007), and The Fighter (2010), Date Night (2010). He has also served as the executive producer of the TV series Entourage, Boardwalk Empire and How to Make It in America.

Early life[link]

Wahlberg was born in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, the youngest of nine children,^[1] with siblings Arthur, Jim, Paul, Robert, Tracey, Michelle, Debbie (died in 2003 at age 44), and Donnie. His father was of half Swedish and half Irish ancestry, and his mother is of Irish, English, and French Canadian descent.^[2] Maternally, Wahlberg is distantly related to author Nathaniel Hawthorne.^[3] Wahlberg's mother, Alma Elaine (née Donnelly), was a bank clerk and nurse's aide, and Wahlberg's father, Donald Edward Wahlberg, was a Teamster who worked as a delivery driver. His parents divorced in 1982.^[4] Wahlberg had a Roman Catholic^[5][6] upbringing and attended Copley Square High School (but never graduated) on Newbury Street in Boston.

Racist assaults and attempted murder charges[link]

Wahlberg claims to have been in trouble 20–25 times with the Boston Police Department as a youth. By the age of 13, Wahlberg had developed an addiction to cocaine and other substances.^[7][8] At 15, he harassed a group of black school children on a field trip by throwing rocks and shouting racial epithets.^[9] When he was 16, while high on PCP, Wahlberg approached a middle-aged Vietnamese man on the street and, using a large wooden stick, knocked him unconscious (while calling him "Vietnam fucking shit"). He also attacked another Vietnamese man, leaving him permanently blind in one eye, and attacked a security guard (using foul language).^[10][11]

For these crimes, Wahlberg was charged with attempted murder. He pleaded guilty to assault and was sentenced to two years in jail at Boston's Deer Island House of Correction, of which he served 45 days.^[10][12] In another incident, the 21-year-old Wahlberg fractured the jaw of a neighbor in an unprovoked attack.^[13] "I did a lot of things that I regretted and I certainly paid for my mistakes," Wahlberg says. "You have to go and ask for forgiveness and it wasn't until I really started doing good and doing right, by other people as well as myself, that I really started to feel that guilt go away. So I don't have a problem going to sleep at night. I feel good when I wake up in the morning."^[14]

^[15]

Career[link]

Music[link]

Wahlberg first came to fame as the younger brother of Donnie Wahlberg of the successful 1980s and 1990s boy band New Kids on the Block. Mark, at age thirteen, had been one of the group's original members, along with Donnie, Danny Wood, Jordan Knight, and Jonathan Knight. However, he soon quit. It was his departure that eventually allowed Joe McIntyre to take his place as the fifth member of the group.

Wahlberg began recording as Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch, earning a hit with "Good Vibrations" from the album Music for the People. The record was produced by brother Donnie and later hit No.1 on The Billboard Hot 100, later becoming certified as a Platinum single. The second single, "Wildside," peaked at No.5 on Billboards Hot Singles Sales chart and at No.10 on The Billboard Hot 100.^[16] It was certified as a Gold Single. Marky Mark opened for the New Kids on the Block during their last tour. The second Marky Mark and The Funky Bunch LP, You Gotta Believe, was not as successful as the prior, yielding only a minor hit single in the title track. Wahlberg later collaborated with the late reggae / ragga singer Prince Ital Joe on the album Life in the Streets. The project combined rap and ragga vocals with strong eurodance music (as in the singles Happy People, German No.1 hit United, Life in the Streets, and Babylon) courtesy of Frank Peterson and Alex Christensen as producers.

He was also featured in the Black Label Society music video for "Counterfeit God", as a stand-in for the band's bassist.^[17]

Advertising[link]

Wahlberg first displayed his physique in the Good Vibrations music video and most prominently in a series of underwear ads for Calvin Klein shot by Herb Ritts, following it with Calvin Klein television advertisements.^[18] Magazine and television promotions would sometimes feature Mark exclusively or accompanied by model Kate Moss. Annie Leibovitz also shot a famous session of Mark Wahlberg in underwear for Vanity Fair's annual Hall of Fame issue.^[19] He also made a workout video titled The Marky Mark Workout: Form... Focus... Fitness (ISBN 1-55510-910-1).

Film[link]

Wahlberg at the 83rd Academy Awards in 2011.

Wahlberg dropped the "Marky Mark" moniker and began an acting career, making his debut in the 1993 TV movie The Substitute. His big screen debut came the next year, with the Danny DeVito feature Renaissance Man. A basketball fanatic, he caught the attention of critics after appearing in The Basketball Diaries in 1995, playing the role of Mickey alongside Leonardo DiCaprio, in a film adaptation of the Jim Carroll book of the same name. He also starred in the 1996 James Foley thriller Fear.

He has earned many positive reviews after successful movies like Boogie Nights as Dirk Diggler, Three Kings, The Perfect Storm, The Italian Job, and Four Brothers. His performance in I ♥ Huckabees was voted best supporting performance of the year in the 2004 Village Voice Critics Poll. Wahlberg was originally cast as Linus Caldwell in Ocean's Eleven; Matt Damon played the role instead. The two later worked together in The Departed.^[20] Wahlberg was also considered for a role in the film Brokeback Mountain. It was originally intended to star him and Joaquin Phoenix, but Wahlberg was uncomfortable with the film's sex scenes and his role ultimately went to Jake Gyllenhaal.^[21]

Wahlberg starred in the American football drama, Invincible, based on the true story of bartender Vince Papale. He is also the executive producer of the HBO series Entourage which is loosely based on his experiences in Hollywood. He also appeared as a foul-mouthed Massachusetts State Police detective in Martin Scorsese's critically acclaimed thriller, The Departed in 2006, which netted him an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor, a Golden Globe nomination for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture, and an NSFC Best Supporting Actor award. Wahlberg has confirmed that he was approached to star in a sequel to The Departed, but it is still early in development. The sequel would reportedly revolve around the Staff Sergeant played by Wahlberg.^[22]

Wahlberg at the Shooter premiere in London, March 2007

Wahlberg at the premiere of Max Payne.

To prepare for his role in Shooter, Wahlberg attended long-range shooting training at Front Sight Firearms Training Institute near Pahrump, Nevada, and was able to hit a target at 1100 yards on his second day, a feat which usually takes weeks to achieve.^[23] He has said in a number of interviews that he will retire at the age of 40 to concentrate on parenthood^[24] and professional golf. However, in early 2007 he indicated that the latter was no longer the plan as "his golf game is horrible".^[25] He played Jack Salmon, a leading role in Peter Jackson's film of The Lovely Bones.^[26] In 2007, he starred opposite Joaquin Phoenix in We Own the Night, a movie about a family of police officers in New York City.

He starred in M. Night Shyamalan's The Happening as Eliot Moore, which premiered in movie theatres on June 13, 2008. The same year, he played the title role in Max Payne, based on a video game of the same name. While promoting Max Payne, Mark became involved in a playful feud with Saturday Night Live's Andy Samberg and threatened to "crack that big fucking nose of his." Samberg had done an impression of Wahlberg in a Saturday Night Live skit titled "Mark Wahlberg Talks To Animals."^[27][28] However, Wahlberg later appeared in a follow-up skit parodying both the original skit, Samberg's impression of Wahlberg, and his own threats to Samberg.^[29][30]

Personal life[link]

Family and relationships[link]

In the early '90s, Wahlberg dated former child actress Soleil Moon Frye.^[31] Wahlberg and model Rhea Durham have been together since 2001 and were married on August 1, 2009 at the Good Shepherd Catholic Church in Beverly Hills. The couple have four children, Ella Rae (born September 2, 2003), Michael Robert (born March 21, 2006), Brendan Joseph (born September 16, 2008) and Grace Margaret (born January 11, 2010). In a 2011 interview with USA Weekend, Wahlberg stated that he had taken his children to visit his old Dorchester neighborhood, saying "I want them to know that not everyone is as fortunate and how important it is to work hard and give back."^[32]

His father, a US Army veteran of the Korean War, died on February 14, 2008.^[33]

Religion[link]

Wahlberg is a committed Roman Catholic,^[34] who attends daily Mass, credits his faith and a priest from his childhood for helping him turn his life around, and recognizes the seriousness of his faith.^[6]

Charity work[link]

Actively involved in charity, Wahlberg established the Mark Wahlberg Youth Foundation in May 2001 for the purpose of raising and distributing funds to youth service and enrichment programs.^[35]

Wahlberg is also active with The Good Shepherd Center for Homeless Women and Children. In an interview, Mark said that it's important to let the homeless know that people care about them and are working to help the impoverished get back on their feet.^[36]

Tattoos[link]

Wahlberg has four tattoos done by various artists including Paul Timman.^[37] The tattoos include Sylvester the cat with Tweety Bird in his mouth on his ankle, a design of his initials "MW" with his surname "Wahlberg" on his upper right arm, and a Bob Marley tattoo with "One Love" on his upper left arm.^[38] The final tattoo, which Wahlberg holds as his most meaningful, is the rosary tattooed around his neck, with a crucifix and the words "In God I Trust" resting over his heart.^[38] On January 9, 2012 Wahlberg was a guest on The Late Show With David Letterman. He spoke about his tattoos and stated he is in the process of having them removed. Initially he was told it would take 8-10 laser treatments however he required over 30 treatments and is still in the process of getting them removed. He cited his career and children as the reason for the removal of the tattoos. His first tattoo was as a young teenager and it was of a shamrock. Because it was not professionally done, he said the shamrock was not straight and had the Tweety Bird tattoo placed over it after arriving in Los Angeles.

Discography[link]