The Rose d’Or is one of the most important international festivals in entertainment television. It was founded in Montreux in 1961 and has taken place in Lucerne since 2004. Producers, executives from independent and public service broadcasters and heads of production companies from over 40 countries take part. The Rose d’Or is a significant networking and discussion forum for the entertainment television industry. The Festival concludes with an Awards Ceremony at which Golden Roses for the best television entertainment programmes of the year are presented. The Rose d’Or rewards originality, quality and creativity and sets the standard in entertainment television with these prestigious awards. The awards and the festival have evolved alongside the television industry and reflect trends and developments in the global business. In 2009, it was taken over by the Swiss multinational media company Ringier.

Format[link]

In 2010, the festival's fiftieth anniversary year, there are eleven categories in the competition. Since the move to Lucerne, each category receives its own Golden Rose. There is an award for the best of the year. (Until 2004, only one programme won the Golden Rose, with other individual category winners being awarded Silver and Bronze Roses.)

The categories are:

• Arts Documentary & Performing Arts: stage recordings and television adaptations of performing arts, as well as documentary programmes on art forms (music, fine arts, dance, drama etc.) or artists.
• Comedy: sketch comedy, panel comedy and improvisation comedy programmes including comedy specials.
• Sitcom: sitcom serials with scripted dialogue.
• Drama & Mini Series: mini series and scripted drama programmes made for television, from single programmes to series not exceeding thirteen episodes per season.
• Soap & Telenovelas: ongoing soap opera and telenovela (scripted fiction and melodrama) containing multiple episodes, recurring characters and continuing storylines.
• Children & Youth: fiction or non-fiction programmes designed in content and style and intended to entertain, inform and/or engage young audiences (children aged 2–12 or young people aged 13–18).
• Variety & Live Event Show: variety show and entertainment live event show programmes (single or continuing programmes that showcase performing talent including music and comedy, usually before a live audience).
• Game Show: quiz show and game show programmes.
• Reality & Factual Entertainment: factual entertainment and reality show programmes i.e. non-script format-based series featuring celebrities or members of the public in a structured narrative designed to entertain and/or inform the viewers.
• Multi-Platform: multi-platform content that enriches and extends a core television programme and focuses on the interface of web and television to achieve 360 degree programming.

There will also be a Social Award to recognise programmes which deal in a direct and enlightening manner with significant social and humanitarian subjects as well as social trends and ethics. Only programmes entered in one of the main competition categories can be submitted for the Social Award. Each category is judged by a jury of international producers and broadcasters. Production companies, distributors and broadcasters can enter programmes. Pre-selection takes place shortly after the entry deadline and the finalists are judged during the festival itself.

History[link]

The festival was founded by Marcel Bezançon, who was inspired by the need of what was then a small group of international colleagues to find programmes to fill their summer schedules. He had the idea that Switzerland could produce an entertainment programme, which could then be swapped with programmes from other national broadcasters. The festival was held in the spring to have programmes ready for broadcast in the summer, and the Golden Rose awards established as an extra incentive. As the festival grew, programme swaps ceased to be viable and the innovative concept of the Film Kiosk was born. This idea – widely copied since then – rapidly turned the Rose d’Or into one of the world’s most important entertainment programme markets. The awards became an important part of European television culture, and Golden Rose winners usually receive much prestige and publicity in their home countries.

Golden Rose winners[link]

• 1961: The Black and White Minstrel Show (BBC, UK)
• 1962: Kaskad (SR, Sweden)
• 1963: Julie and Carol at Carnegie Hall (CBS, USA)
• 1964: Happy End (SSR / TSR, Switzerland)
• 1965: The Cold Old Days (YLE, Finland)
• 1966: L'Arroseur arrosé (ORTF, France)
• 1967: The Frost Report (BBC, UK)
• 1968: Historias de la Frivolidad (TVE, Spain)
• 1969: Holiday in Switzerland (SRG / SF DRS, Switzerland)
• 1970: Les six évadés (CST, Czechoslovakia)
• 1971: Lodynski's Flohmarkt Company (ORF, Austria)
• 1972: Marty Feldman's Comedy Machine (UKIB, UK)
• 1973: The N.S.V.I.P.'s (SR TV1, Sweden)
• 1974: Don Juan (TVE, Spain)
• 1975: Fatti e Fattacci (RAI, Italy)
• 1976: The Nor-Way to Broadcasting (NRK, Norway)
• 1977: The Muppet Show (UKIB, UK)
• 1978: The Shirley MacLaine Special – Where Do We Go From Here? (CBS, USA)
• 1979: Rich Little's Christmas Carol (CBC, Canada)
• 1980: Dream Weaver (CBC, Canada)
• 1981: Mikhail Baryshnikov on Broadway (ABC, USA)
• 1982: Dizzy Feet (UKIB / Central, UK)
• 1983: Al Paradise (RAI, Italy)
• 1984: I am a Hotel (CBC, Canada)
• 1985: The Paul Daniels Magic Easter Show (BBC, UK)
• 1986: Penn and Teller Go Public (CPB, USA)
• 1987: The Prize (SVT, Sweden)
• 1988: The Comic Strip Presents... The Strike (Channel 4, UK)
• 1989: Hale & Pace (UKIB / LWT, UK)
• 1990: Mr. Bean (UKIB / Thames, UK)
• 1991: A Night on Mount Edna (LWT, UK)
• 1992: Brian Orser: Night Moves (CBC, Canada)
• 1993: The Kids in the Hall (Broadway, Canada)
• 1994: Sevillanas (Sogepaq, Spain)
• 1995: Don't Forget Your Toothbrush (Ginger / Channel 4, UK)
• 1996: Itzhak Perlman – In the Fiddler's House (CPB, USA)
• 1997: Cold Feet (Granada Television, UK)
• 1998: Yo-Yo Ma Inspired by Bach (Rhombus, Canada)
• 1999: The League of Gentlemen (BBC, UK)
• 2000: The Mole (VRT, Belgium)
• 2001: Lenny Henry in Pieces (Tiger Aspect / BBC, UK)
• 2002: Pop Idol (Thames TV/ITV, UK)
• 2003: Faking It (RDF Media / Channel 4, UK)

2004[link]

2005[link]

2006[link]

2007[link]

2008[link]

2009[link]

2010[link]

2011[link]

External links[link]

• Official site

Rose
Rosa rubiginosa
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Rosaceae
Subfamily:	Rosoideae
Genus:	Rosa L.
Species
See List of Rosa species
Synonyms
Hulthemia Dumort. ×Hulthemosa Juz. (Hulthemia × Rosa)

A rose is a woody perennial of the genus Rosa, within the family Rosaceae. There are over 100 species. They form a group of erect shrubs, and climbing or trailing plants, with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles. Flowers are large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and northwest Africa. Species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and fragrance. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses, to climbers that can reach 7 meters in height. Different species hybridize easily, and this has been used in the development of the wide range of garden roses.^[1]

The name rose comes from French, itself from Latin rosa, which was perhaps borrowed from Oscan, from Greek ρόδον rhodon (Aeolic βρόδον wrodon), related to Old Persian wrd-, Avestan varəda, Sogdian ward, Parthian wâr, Armenian vard.^[2][3]

Botany[link]

Cross-section through a developing rose hip

Exterior view of rose buds

Rose leaflets

The leaves are borne alternately on the stem. In most species they are 5 to 15 centimetres (2.0 to 5.9 in) long, pinnate, with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small prickles on the underside of the stem. Most roses are deciduous but a few (particularly from South east Asia) are evergreen or nearly so.

The hybrid garden rose "Amber Flush"

The flowers of most species have five petals, with the exception of Rosa sericea, which usually has only four. Each petal is divided into two distinct lobes and is usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red. Beneath the petals are five sepals (or in the case of some Rosa sericea, four). These may be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear as green points alternating with the rounded petals. There are multiple superior ovaries that develop into achenes.^[4] Roses are insect-pollinated in nature.

The aggregate fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip. Many of the domestic cultivars do not produce hips, as the flowers are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. Rosa pimpinellifolia) have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, the hypanthium, which contains 5–160 "seeds" (technically dry single-seeded fruits called achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the Dog Rose (Rosa canina) and Rugosa Rose (Rosa rugosa), are very rich in vitamin C, among the richest sources of any plant. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. Some birds, particularly finches, also eat the seeds.

Rose thorns are actually prickles - outgrowths of the epidermis.

While the sharp objects along a rose stem are commonly called "thorns", they are technically prickles — outgrowths of the epidermis (the outer layer of tissue of the stem). (True thorns, as produced by e.g. Citrus or Pyracantha, are modified stems, which always originate at a node and which have nodes and internodes along the length of the thorn itself.) Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as Rosa rugosa and Rosa pimpinellifolia have densely packed straight spines, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both of these species grow naturally on coastal sand dunes). Despite the presence of prickles, roses are frequently browsed by deer. A few species of roses have only vestigial prickles that have no points.

Species[link]

The genus Rosa is subdivided into four subgenera:

• Hulthemia (formerly Simplicifoliae, meaning "with single leaves") containing one or two species from southwest Asia, R. persica and Rosa berberifolia which are the only roses without compound leaves or stipules.
• Hesperrhodos (from the Greek for "western rose") contains Rosa minutifolia and Rosa stellata, from North America.
• Platyrhodon (from the Greek for "flaky rose", referring to flaky bark) with one species from east Asia, Rosa roxburghii.
• Rosa (the type subgenus) containing all the other roses. This subgenus is subdivided into 11 sections.
  • Banksianae - white and yellow flowered roses from China.
  • Bracteatae - three species, two from China and one from India.
  • Caninae - pink and white flowered species from Asia, Europe and North Africa.
  • Carolinae - white, pink, and bright pink flowered species all from North America.
  • Chinensis - white, pink, yellow, red and mixed-color roses from China and Burma.
  • Gallicanae - pink to crimson and striped flowered roses from western Asia and Europe.
  • Gymnocarpae - one species in western North America (Rosa gymnocarpa), others in east Asia.
  • Laevigatae - a single white flowered species from China
  • Pimpinellifoliae - white, pink, bright yellow, mauve and striped roses from Asia and Europe.
  • Rosa (syn. sect. Cinnamomeae) - white, pink, lilac, mulberry and red roses from everywhere but North Africa.
  • Synstylae - white, pink, and crimson flowered roses from all areas.

Rose-picking in the Rose Valley near the town of Kazanlak, 1870s, engraving by F. Kanitz

Uses[link]

Roses are best known as ornamental plants grown for their flowers in the garden and sometimes indoors. They have been also used for commercial perfumery and commercial cut flower crops. Some are used as landscape plants, for hedging and for other utilitarian purposes such as game cover and slope stabilization. They also have minor medicinal uses.

Ornamental plants[link]

The majority of ornamental roses are hybrids that were bred for their flowers. A few, mostly species roses are grown for attractive or scented foliage (such as Rosa glauca and Rosa rubiginosa), ornamental thorns (such as Rosa sericea) or for their showy fruit (such as Rosa moyesii).

Hybrid Tea cultivar 'Mrs. Herbert Stevens'

Ornamental roses have been cultivated for millennia, with the earliest known cultivation known to date from at least 500 BC in Mediterranean countries, Persia, and China.^[5] Many thousands of rose hybrids and cultivars have been bred and selected for garden use as flowering plants. Most are double-flowered with many or all of the stamens having mutated into additional petals.

In the early 19th century the Empress Josephine of France patronized the development of rose breeding at her gardens at Malmaison. As long ago as 1840 a collection numbering over one thousand different cultivars, varieties and species was possible when a rosarium was planted by Loddiges nursery for Abney Park Cemetery, an early Victorian garden cemetery and arboretum in England.

A few species and hybrids are grown for non-floral ornamental use. Among these are those grown for prominent hips, such as the flagon shaped hips of Rosa moyesii. Sometimes even the thorns can be treated as an attraction or curiosity, such as with Rosa sericea.

Cut flowers[link]

Bouquet of pink roses

Roses are a popular crop for both domestic and commercial cut flowers. Generally they are harvested and cut when in bud, and held in refrigerated conditions until ready for display at their point of sale.

In temperate climates, cut roses are often grown in glasshouses, and in warmer countries they may also be grown under cover in order to ensure that the flowers are not damaged by weather and that pests and disease control can be carried out effectively. Significant quantities are grown in some tropical countries, and these are shipped by air to markets across the world.^[6]

Perfume[link]

Rose perfumes are made from attar of roses or rose oil, which is a mixture of volatile essential oils obtained by steam distilling the crushed petals of roses. An associated product is rose water which is used for cooking, cosmetics, medicine and in religious practices. The production technique originated in Persia then spread through Arabia and India, and more recently into eastern Europe. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses (Rosa damascena 'Trigintipetala') are used. In other parts of the world Rosa centifolia is commonly used. The oil is transparent pale yellow or yellow-grey in colour. 'Rose Absolute' is solvent-extracted with hexane and produces a darker oil, dark yellow to orange in colour. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers; for example, about two thousand flowers are required to produce one gram of oil.

Geraniol (C₁₀H₁₈O)

The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant alcohols geraniol and l-citronellol; and rose camphor, an odourless paraffin. β-Damascenone is also a significant contributor to the scent.

Food and drink[link]

Rose hips are occasionally made into jam, jelly, and marmalade, or are brewed for tea, primarily for their high vitamin C content. They are also pressed and filtered to make rose hip syrup. Rose hips are also used to produce Rose hip seed oil, which is used in skin products and some makeup products.^{[citation needed]}

Rosa canina hips

Rose petals or flower buds are sometimes used to flavour ordinary tea. Sometimes they may be used as the sole plant material in herbal teas.

In France there is much use of rose syrup, most commonly made from an extract of rose petals. In the United States, this French rose syrup is used to make rose scones and marshmallows.^{[citation needed]}

Rose flowers are used as food, also usually as flavouring or to add their scent to food. ^[7] Other minor uses include candied rose petals. ^[8]

Rose Creams (rose flavoured fondant enrobed in chocolate, often topped with a crystallised rose petal) are a traditional English confectionery widely available from numerous producers in the UK.^[9][10]

Rose water, made as a byproduct of rose oil production, is widely used in Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine.

Medicine[link]

The rose hip, usually from R. canina is used as a minor source of Vitamin C. The fruits of many species have significant levels of vitamins and have been used as a food supplement. Many roses have been used in herbal and folk medicines. Rosa chinensis has long been used in Chinese traditional medicine. This and other species have been used for stomach problems, and are being investigated for controlling cancer growth.^[11]

Culture[link]

Art[link]

Roses are a favored subject in art and therefore used in various artistic disciplines. They appear in portraits, illustrations, on stamps, as ornaments or as architectural elements. The Luxembourg born Belgian artist and botanist Pierre-Joseph Redouté is known for his detailed watercolours of flowers, particularly roses.

Renoir's painting of cabbage roses, Roses in a vase

Henri Fantin-Latour was also a prolific painter of still life, particularly flowers including roses. The Rose 'Fantin-Latour' was named after the artist.

Other impressionists including Claude Monet, Paul Cézanne and Pierre-Auguste Renoir have paintings of roses among their works.

Symbolism[link]

The long cultural history of the rose has led to it being used often as a symbol.

Pests and diseases[link]

Wild roses are host plants for a number of pests and diseases. Many of these are also shared with other plants, including especially other genera of the Rosaceae.

Cultivated roses are often subject to severe damage from insect, arachnid and fungal pests and diseases. In many cases they cannot be usefully grown without regular treatment to control these problems.

See also[link]

	Botany portal
	Gardening portal

• Rose
  • Rose species
  • Garden roses
    • List of rose cultivars named after people
    • Rose garden
      • Rose trial grounds
    • Rose show
  • Rose cultivars
• rose (color)
• rose (name)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Rosa

Wikispecies has information related to: Rosa

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Roses

• World Federation of Rose Societies
•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Rose". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

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