Tel Arad תל ערד
Aerial photograph of the city and the fortress
Shown within Israel
Location
Region	Negev
Coordinates	31°16′51″N 35°07′30″E / 31.280833°N 35.125°E / 31.280833; 35.125
Site notes
Archaeologists	Yohanan Aharoni, Ruth Amiran
Public access	National Park

Tel Arad (Hebrew: תל ערד‎) or 'old' Arad is located west of the Dead Sea, about 10 km west of modern Arad in an area surrounded by mountain ridges which is known as the Arad Plain. The site is divided into a lower city and an upper hill which holds the only ever discovered 'House of Yahweh' in the land of Israel.^[1] Tel Arad was excavated during 18 seasons by Ruth Amiran and Yohanan Aharoni.

The Lower City And Upper Hill[link]

Excavations at Tel Arad

The lower area was first settled during the Chalcolithic period, around 4000 BCE. Excavations at the site have unearthed an extensive Bronze Age Canaanite settlement which was in place until approximately 2650 BCE. The site was then apparently deserted for over 1500 years until resettled during the Israelite period from the 11th century BCE onwards, initially as an unwalled piece of land cut off as an official or sacred domain was established on the upper hill, and then later as a garrison-town known as 'The Citadel'.

The citadel and sanctuary were constructed at the time of King David and Solomon. Artifacts found within the sanctuary of the citadel mostly reflect offerings of oil, wine, wheat, etc. brought there by numerous people throughout the reign of the kings of Judah until the kingdom's fall to the Babylonians. However, during the Persian, Maccabean, Roman, and early Muslim eras, locals continued to transport these items to the sacred precinct of the upper hill. Markers of these ancient Israelite rituals remain to this day, with broken pottery littering the entire site.

Under the Judaean kings the citadel was periodically refortified, remodeled and rebuilt, until ultimately it was destroyed between 597 BCE and 577 BCE whilst Jerusalem was under siege by Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II. Among the most significant artifacts unearthed from this time are ostraca dating from the mid-7th century BCE, referring to this citadel as the House of Yahweh (Biblical term).

Habitation of Tel Arad and the upper citadel did not end with the Babylonian siege. During the Persian period (5th - 4th centuries BCE) almost a hundred ostracon and pottery were written in Aramaic, mostly accounts of locals who brought oil, wine, wheat, etc. to the upper hill.

Thus, several citadels were built one upon the other and existed in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Herod even reconstructed the lower city for the purpose of making bread. The site lasted til the Romans destroyed Jerusalem and completely expelled the 'circumcised' in 135 AD. Tel Arad laid in ruins for 500 years until the Islamic period when the former Roman citadel was rebuilt and remodeled by some prosperous clan in the area and functioned for 200 years until around 861 AD when there was a breakdown of central authority and a period of widespread rebellion and unrest. The citadel was destroyed and no more structures were built on the site.

Sanctuary At Arad[link]

The temple at Arad was uncovered by archaeologist Yohanan Aharoni in 1962 who spent the rest of his life considering its mysteries but died there in the mid-1970s.

This impressive temple is the only Judean temple recovered by archaeologists to date. The incense altars and two "standing stones" may have been dedicated to Yahweh and Asherah.^[2] An inscription was found on the site by Aharoni mentioning a 'House of Yahweh', which William G. Dever suggests may have referred to the temple at Arad or the temple at Jerusalem.^[3].^[4][5]

The lower settlement and the upper Israelite citadel are now part of the Tel Arad National Park which have begun projects to restore the walls of the upper and lower sites.

See also[link]

• Archaeology of Israel
• Yatir Winery

References[link]

External links[link]

• Israel National Parks Authority
• Photo gallery of Tel Arad
• Pictures of Tel arad

Acronyms[link]

TEL is a three-letter acronym for:

• Tetra-ethyl lead, a gasoline additive to make leaded gasoline
• Tokyo Electron, a semiconductor equipment manufacturer
• Transporter erector launcher, a mobile missile launch platform
• Technology-Enhanced Learning
• The European Library
• Tax and Expenditure Limitation, a mechanism to limit growth in tax revenues, spending or both
• Test of Economic Literacy
• TEL oncogene
• Telugu language, ISO 639 code
• Thomas Edward Lawrence, also known as Lawrence of Arabia

Other[link]

Tel may also refer to:

• an abbreviation for telephone.
• tel:, a URI scheme used e.g. on the Web to link to telephone numbers
• .tel domain name
• tel parameter in the hCard microformat
• Tel river, a tributary of the river Mahanadi in Orissa, India
• Tel, Azerbaijan, a village in Khachmaz Rayon
• Tel Aviv, major Israeli city
• Tel, alternate name of Tall-e Nemat, a village in Iran
• A tell, a type of archaeological mound created by human occupation

See also[link]

• Tell (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Arad may refer to:

Places[link]

Places in Bahrain[link]

• Arad, Bahrain, a village in Al Muharraq Governorate
• Arad Fort, located on Arad shore, Bahrain

Places in Israel[link]

• Arad, Israel, a city
• Tel Arad, the remains of the ancient city of Arad

Places in Iran[link]

• Arad, Iran, a city in Fars Province, Iran
• Arad, Tehran, a village in Tehran Province, Iran
• Arad District, an administrative subdivision of Fars Province
• Arad General Hospital in Tehran, Iran

Places in Romania[link]

• Arad, Romania, the main city of Arad County
  • The 13 Martyrs of Arad, 19th century generals who were executed in Arad, then part of Hungary
• Arad County, at the western edge of Transylvania (Crişana-Banat), Romania
• Arad County (former), a historical county of Austro-Hungarian Empire

People[link]

People in Israel

• Avi Arad, current CEO of Marvel Studios
• Ron Arad (disambiguation), multiple people
• Roy Arad, Israeli journalist, poet and artist
• Yael Arad (born 1967), Israeli judoka and first Israeli to win an Olympic medal
• Yitzhak Arad, Israeli historian of the Holocaust

Acronyms[link]

• ARAD, an acronym for Associate of the Royal Academy of Dance, a dance education and training organisation
• ARAD, an acronym for "After Receipt of Approval (or Approved) Drawings representing a milestone in the process of procuring engineered equipment

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.