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An era is a commonly used word for long period of time. When used in science, for example geology, eras denote clearly defined periods of time of arbitrary but well defined length, such as for example the Mesozoic Era from 252 Ma–66 Ma, delimited by a start event and an end event. When used in social history, eras may for example denote a period of some monarch's reign. In colloquial language, eras denote longer spans of time, before and after which the practices or fashions change to a significant degree. When era is extended to a calendar system, it is known as a calendar era. In Sanskrit or Indian culture eras are known as Yugas.

Uses[link]

In chronology, an era is the highest level for the organization of the measurement of time. A calendar era indicates a span of many years which are numbered beginning at a specific reference date (epoch), which often marks the origin of a political state or cosmology, dynasty, ruler, the birth of a leader, or another significant historical or mythological event; it is generally called after its focus accordingly as in Victorian era.

Geological era[link]

In natural science, there is need for another time perspective, independent from human activity, and indeed spanning a far longer period (mainly prehistoric), where geologic era refers to well-defined time spans. The next-larger division of geologic time is the eon. The Phanerozoic eon, is subdivided into eras.^[1] There are currently three eras defined in the Phanerozoic; the following table lists them from youngest to oldest (BP is an abbreviation for "before present").

Cosmological era[link]

In astronomy the periods are even longer, to cover the entire existence of the universe (in the order of 13.7 billion years), but usually just denoted in numerical units, as there is no significant link to any earthly reality, our planet being astronomically insignificant (except as the only known observation point).

Calendar eras[link]

Calendar eras count the years since a particular date (epoch), often one with religious significance. Anno mundi ("year of the world") refers to a group of calendar eras based on a calculation of the age of the world, assuming it was created as described in the Book of Genesis. In Jewish religious contexts one of the versions is still used, and many Eastern Orthodox religious calendars used another version until 1728. Hebrew year 5772 AM began at sunset on 28 September 2011 and will end on 16 September 2012. In the Western church Anno Domini (=AD = CE), counting the years since the birth of Jesus on traditional calculations, was always dominant.

The Islamic calendar, which also has variants, counts years from the Hijra or emigration of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, which occurred in 622 CE. The Islamic year is some days shorter than 365; January 2012 fell in 1433 AH ("After Hijra").

Many Buddhist calendars count from the death of the Buddha, which according to the most commonly used calculations was in 545-543 BCE or 483 BCE. Dates are given as "BE" for "Buddhist Era"; 2000 CE was 2543 BE in the Thai solar calendar.

Other calendar eras of the past counted from political events, such as the Seleucid era and the Ancient Roman ab urbe condita ("AUC"), counting from the foundation of the city.

Regnal eras[link]

The word era also denotes the units used under a different, more arbitrary system where time is not represented as an endless continuum with a single reference year, but each unit starts counting from one again, as if time starts again. The use of regnal years is a rather impractical system, and a challenge for historians if a single piece of the historical chronology is missing, and often reflects the preponderance in public life of an absolute ruler in many ancient cultures. Such traditions sometimes outlive the political power of the throne, and may even be based on mythological events or rulers who may not have existed (for example Rome numbering from the rule of Romulus and Regulus). In a manner of speaking the use of the supposed date of the birth of Christ as a base year is a form of a Regnal era.

In East Asia, each emperor's reign may be subdivided into several reign periods, each being treated as a new era. The name of each was a motto or slogan chosen by the emperor. Different East Asian countries utilized slightly different systems, notably:

• Chinese eras
• Japanese eras
• Korean eras
• Vietnamese eras

A similar practice survived in the United Kingdom until quite recently, but only for formal official writings: in daily life the ordinary year A.D. has been used for a long time, but Acts of Parliament were dated according to the years of the reign of the current Monarch, so that "61 & 62 Vict c. 37" refers to the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 passed in the session of Parliament in the 61st/62nd year of the reign of Queen Victoria.

Colloquial "eras"[link]

In common speech and various contexts, the term era is also used, by extension, for any (as a rule relatively long) period in history with a name, often relating to common characteristic(s), even if this is not the normal way to organize time. The most relevant type are politic periods, for example: the Roman era, the Elizabethan era, the Victorian era (dynastic criteria, only formally correct within the British realm/empire/Commonwealth) and the Soviet era, or comparable literary notions like the Biblical era.

The word era is also popularly used to denote the passing of – often shorter – periods that are only defined in terms of a specific discipline of sphere of life, such as the prominence of an artistic style, or more specifically in music, see musical eras, described in History of music, such as the Big Band era, Disco era. An event such as the death of Frank Sinatra is poetically called the end of an era.

Etymology[link]

The word has been in use in English since 1615, and is derived from Late Latin aera "an era or epoch from which time is reckoned," probably identical to Latin æra "counters used for calculation," plural of æs "brass, money".

The Latin word use in chronology seems to have begun in 5th century Visigothic Spain, where it appears in the History of Isidore of Seville, and in later texts. The Spanish era is calculated from 38 BC, perhaps because of a tax (cfr. indiction) levied in that year, or due to a miscalculation of the Battle of Actium, which occurred in 31 BC.

Like epoch, "era" in English originally meant "the starting point of an age"; the meaning "system of chronological notation" is c.1646; that of "historical period" is 1741.

Notes[link]

1. ^ Short, N.M. (2009). "Geologic Time" in Remote Sensing Tutorial. NASA.
2. ^ Lide, D. R. (1990). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 14-6.

See also[link]

Look up era in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• List of time periods

v t e Chronology Main articles Time · Astronomy · Geology · Paleontology · Archaeology · History Eras and epochs Calendar eras Human Era · Ab urbe condita · Anno Domini (Common Era) · Anno Mundi · Byzantine era · Spanish era · Before Present · Hijri · Egyptian · Sothic cycle · Hindu units of measurement · Hindu Yugas Regnal year Canon of Kings · Lists of kings · Limmu · Seleucid era Era names Chinese · Japanese · Korean · Vietnamese Calendars (Pre-)Julian Pre-Julian Roman · Original Julian · Proleptic Julian · Revised Julian Gregorian Gregorian · Proleptic Gregorian · Old Style and New Style dates Astronomical Lunisolar · Solar · Lunar · Astronomical year numbering Others Iranian · Islamic · Chinese sexagenary cycle · ISO week date Astronomic time   Chronology Portal Cosmic Calendar · Ephemeris · Galactic year · Metonic cycle · Milankovitch cycles Geologic time Concepts Deep time · Geological history of Earth · Geological time units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) · Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods Chronostratigraphy · Geochronology · Isotope geochemistry · Law of superposition · Optical dating · Samarium-neodymium dating Archaeological methods Absolute dating Incremental dating · Archaeomagnetic dating · Dendrochronology · Glottochronology · Ice core · Lichenometry · Paleomagnetism · Radiocarbon dating · Radiometric dating · Tephrochronology · Thermoluminescence dating · Uranium-lead dating Relative dating Seriation · Stratification · Fluorine absorption dating Genetic methods Amino acid dating · Molecular clock Related topics Chronicle · New Chronology · Periodization · Synchronoptic view · Timeline · Year zero · Circa · Floruit · ASPRO chronology

Cristian Castro
Background information
Birth name	Cristian Sáez Castro
Born	(1974-12-08) December 8, 1974 (age 37)
Origin	Mexico City, Mexico
Genres	Latin pop, bolero
Years active	1992–present
Labels	Orfeón (1982) Fonovisa (1992-1996) Sony BMG (1997-2004) Universal Music Group (2005-Present)
Website	www.christiancastro.net

Cristian Castro (born Cristian Sáez Castro or Cristian Valdez on December 8, 1974 in Mexico City), , referred to as Christian Castro or Cristian is a Grammy Award-nominated Mexican pop singer.

Biography[link]

Born in Mexico City, he is the son of renowned actress and singer Verónica Castro and comedian Manuel "El Loco" Valdes. Castro also has a younger brother named Michelle Sáez Castro, his uncle is José Alberto "el Guero" Castro and his aunt is Beatriz Castro, who both are producers. As a baby, he made his acting debut with her during the telenovela named El Derecho de Nacer. Soon after, he appeared on a television commercial with her, and on the Mexican version of the broadway show Mame alongside the prominent actress Silvia Pinal.

Castro is one of the best selling Latin artists and has worked with renowned Latin producers including Kike Santander, Rudy Pérez, and Richard Daniel Roman.

Beginning career[link]

Castro began his singing career in 1992 with the release of Agua Nueva. After appearing in several telenovelas and recording some albums as a teenager, Castro began his "internationalization" in 1993, starting with concerts in Puerto Rico. Castro dedicated a song to that country in his second album, Un Segundo En El Tiempo, titled "Puerto Rico" as a way of thanking the Puerto Rican public for supporting his career. He also modified his singing voice from the deep voice he employed in Agua Nueva to a softer one that he currently uses. His song, Nunca Voy a Olvidarte (I Will Never Forget You), became his first number-one hit at the Hot Latin Tracks charts in 1993 helped launched his career. Castro became an international teen idol and sex symbol almost instantly after he began touring, and he began what has been a fructiferous international singing career.

In 1994, Cristian released "El Camino Del Alma". The album hit, Mañana, meaning Tomorrow, a song composed by Mexican singer, Juan Gabriel which was titled, Mañana, Mañana. In 1995, He released a stand-alone single, Vuelveme a Querer which hit #2 on the Hot Latin Tracks (held off by Enrique Iglesias' debut single Si Tú Te Vas). In 1996, Cristian released El Deseo De Oir Tu Voz (The Wish To Hear Your Voice) which featured hits such as Morelia, Amor, Amarte a Ti, and the title track.

Cristian has also done opening themes for telenovelas such as Morelia (1994) Angela (1998) and Mujer De Madera (Woman of Wood) (2004)

1997–2005[link]

Singing live.

In 1997, Castro left Fonovisa and began contract to BMG with the release of Lo Mejor De Mi. Famous pianist Raúl di Blasio did the piano work for the song "Después De Tí...¿Qué?" (After You...What?). The album was nominated "Best Latin Pop Album of the Year". Following the album's success, Castro sang in duets with other singers such as Olga Tañón, Grupo Limite, and José Alfredo Jiménez. In 1999 he released Mi Vida Sin tu Amor, which won him many credits because it had four singles to go in the Top ten of Billboard's Hot Latin tracks ("Alguna Vez" #2, "Por Amarte Asi" #3, Mi Vida Sin tu Amor #3, Volver a Amar #4). In 2001, he released Azul, which won "Best Latin Pop Album of the Year". In 2005, he released Galltio Feliz, a collection of his childhood songs, Nunca Voy A Olvidarte...Los Exitos, a CD/DVD greatest hit album which features both Fonovisa and BMG songs, and Días Felices with "Amor Eterno" and "Sin Tu Amor" as the album hit.

2006-Present[link]

In 2006, Castro contributed on a tribute work to Victor Yturbe "El Piruli", in which he sung Mil Besos. On June 26, 2007, Castro released his first mariachi album, El Indomable, which was produced by Vicente Fernandez, and released the single from the album, "Tu Retirada". Castro announced that the divorce with Valeria has led him to bankruptcy.^[1] A new album, "El culpable soy yo", was released on April 28, 2009. He sang at the "Latin Grammy Celebra José José" ceremony and is said to have made one of the best tributes to his idol.^[2] On September 28, 2010, he released the single "La Nave del Olvido"and "Amor, Amor" as part of his tribute album to José José, Viva el Principe.^[3] In 2011, a follow-up to Viva el prícipe is being recorded under the title Mi Amigo El Príncipe.^[4] He sang alongside the group Westlife a song called "Flying Without Wings" previously released on their album Where We Are.

In September 2011, Cristian Castro created a hilarious video with mun2 that featured his secret life as a "Metalero."^[5]

Discography[link]

Studio Albums

• Kristian y sus Pollitas (1982)
• Agua Nueva (1992)
• Un Segundo en el Tiempo (1993)
• El Camino del Alma (1994)
• El Deseo de Oír Tu Voz (1996)
• Lo Mejor de Mí (1997)
• Mi Vida Sin Tu Amor (1999)
• Remixes (2000)
• Azul (2001)
• Amar Es (2003)
• Hoy Quiero Soñar (2004)
• Días Felices (2005)
• El Indomable (2007)
• El Culpable Soy Yo (2009)
• Viva el Principe (2010)
• Mi Amigo El Príncipe (2011)

Compilation Albums

• Exitos (1996)
• Mis Mejores Momentos: Para Colecccioni (1997)
• Grandes Exitos (2002)
• Nunca Voy a Olvidarte...Los Exitos (2005)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Website Official Cristian website
• Official MySpace
• Cristian Castro at the telenovela database
• Cristian Castro at the Internet Movie Database
• Cristian Castro on Univision
• Cristian Castro on esmas.com
• Action4Justice re Christian Castro