This article relies on references to primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject, rather than references from independent authors and third-party publications. Please add citations from reliable sources. (December 2007)

The Historical Association is an organisation founded in 1906 and based in London, England. The goals of the Historical Association are to support "the study and enjoyment of history at all levels by creating an environment that promotes lifelong learning and provides for the evolving needs of people who share an interest in history." The Association's patron is Queen Elizabeth II.

The Historical Association was incorporated by Royal Charter in 2006, its centenary year.

The Historical Association is active in supporting the study and teaching of history at all levels. Membership is around 6000, largely UK-based, with a strong following in UK secondary school history departments.

The Association has 58 branches through the UK which run a variety of events ranging from historical talks to walks and visits. Branch associate members take the overall membership to about 8000.

The Association campaigns on their behalf and to ensure history continues to be taught well at all phases of education. The Association is committed to a policy of embracing a broad church and encouraging a general interest in history and in our cultural heritage.

It has published a journal for professional historians called "History" since 1912. It also publishes Primary History, materials for teachers of teachers involved in primary education, and a journal called Teaching History for secondary school history teachers, as well as The Historian for a wider readership.

History[link]

On January 5, 1906, a group of history teachers and academics met in Central London to discuss the proposal from Miss M. A. Howard that they establish "an association to co-ordinate the efforts of all those working in England towards the improvement of history teaching in our schools." The aims Miss Howard identified for such an association were to be:

• A place for history teachers to get advice on syllabus, textbooks and method
• A means of keeping teachers in school in touch with the work of the universities
• A body to bring pressure to bear on educational authorities and examining bodies
• A body to persuade publishers to bring out cheap editions of good books and illustrations for use in schools

The meeting agreed to act upon Miss Howard’s proposal, and in closing the meeting Professor Pollard gave a wider remit for the new association: that history should be properly recognised by universities and that history should be properly taught in our schools.

This became the spark that formally founded the Historical Association on May 19, 1906. The first published aims were:

• The collection of information as to existing systems of historical teaching at home and abroad, by getting together printed books, pamphlets and other materials, and by correspondence
• The distribution of information amongst the members of the Association as to methods of teaching and aids to teaching (viz. maps, illustrations, text books, etc.)
• The encouragement of local centres for the discussion of questions relative to the study and teaching of history
• The representation on the needs and interests of the study of history and of the opinion of its teachers to governing bodies, government departments, and other authorities having control over education
• Co-operation for common objects with the English Association, the Geographical Association, the Modern Language Association and the Classical Association.

The Association’s aims have remained substantially unchanged and the aims stated in the Historical Association’s Charter closely echo these sentiments.

By 1917 the constitution was changed to incorporate non-professional interest in the subject. Admission was "open to all persons interested in the study and teaching of history".

The Association quickly grew in the post-war years and by the early 1950s had over 70 active branches and more than 8000 members.

The Association expressed concerns of lack of history educations to students.^[1]

Future[link]

The Historical Association has committed itself to providing the best possible resources and support for history teachers in the United Kingdom, as well as providing Online Continuing Professional Development courses on the Historical Association website. The Historical Association's new online CPD units were expected to be available as of summer 2008.

References[link]

External links[link]

• The Historical Association website

William Cronon, photographed in the Madison, Wisconsin Arboretum in 2007.

William 'Bill' Cronon (born September 11, 1954) is the Frederick Jackson Turner and Vilas Research Professor of History, Geography, and Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. As of January 2012 he is the President of the American Historical Association.

Education and recognition[link]

Born in New Haven, Connecticut, he obtained a D.Phil from Jesus College, Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar. (1976–1978).^[1] Cronon holds a B.A. (1976) from the University of Wisconsin–Madison and an M.A. (1979), M.Phil. (1980), and Ph.D. (1990) from Yale University.

In July, 1985, Cronon was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship.^[2] Cronon was Wayne Pacelle's advisor at Yale in the 1980's.

Cronon serves on the board of directors for The Trust for Public Land, a national land conservation group. He also sits on the governing council of the Wilderness Society.

Scholarship[link]

A noted environmental historian,^[2] Cronon is best known as the author of Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (1983), based on a seminar paper he wrote for Edmund Morgan at Yale. In that book Cronon proposed that the way cultures conceptualize property and ownership is a major factor that affects economies and ecosystems, and that the Native Americans were active interveners in and shapers of the ecosystems in which they lived.^[2]

Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (1991), which won the Bancroft Prize in 1992,^[1] "is credited with having radically widened many environmental historians' gaze beyond such things as forests and public lands to include cities and what Cronon calls the 'elaborate and intimate linkages' between city and country."^[2] Cronon says that Chicago and capitalism fundamentally transformed the midwestern countryside. In one chapter, he details how grain became a standardized commodity: how it went from being something sold in sacks with the farm's family name stamped on it to a standardized good, stored in silos according to grade.

In his essay, "The Trouble with Wilderness", published in the New York Times, and in Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature (1995), Cronon traced the idea of wilderness throughout American history. Cronon believes that this history allows us to see how fantasies of untouched, pristine wilderness, are only fantasies.

Cronon was also featured in Ken Burns' 2009 documentary, The National Parks: America's Best Idea.

Scholar as citizen: Tension between transparency and academic freedom[link]

During the 2011 Wisconsin protests over the Wisconsin state budget, Cronon started a blog called "Scholar as Citizen." His first blog post on March 15, 2011 was about the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), an organization that provides model legislation to Republican and Democratic state legislators. According to Anthony Grafton of The New Yorker, "Cronon argued from indirect evidence that ALEC had played a major role behind the scenes in Governor Walker's attack on public employee unions in Wisconsin. He also argued that this sort of political work, though legitimate, should be done in the open."^[3] Cronon's first post received approximately 800,000 hits in less than 10 days.^{[citation needed]}

On March 17, 2011, Stephan Thompson of the Wisconsin Republican Party filed a freedom of information request for any emails sent from and received by Cronon's University of Wisconsin-Madison email account that contained any keywords related to the ongoing political events including the terms Republican, Scott Walker, recall, collective bargaining, AFSCME, WEAC, rally, union and the names of 12 Republican senators who supported Walker's bill.^[4]

Cronon also wrote an op-ed for The New York Times, published on March 21, 2011, that criticized Republican Governor Scott Walker.^[5]

On March 24, Cronon wrote a second blog entry. The post announced the Wisconsin Republican Party's freedom of information request for his emails. In the piece, Cronon said that the party's action had "the nakedly political purpose of trying to embarrass, harass, or silence a university professor".^[5][6] Citing Wisconsin's long history of protecting the right to academic freedom, Cronon asked the Republican Party of Wisconsin to withdraw its request for the contents of his email.^[4] On April 1 the university turned over a selection of Cronon's emails, the party did not withdraw the request.

On April 1, 2011, attorney John Dowling, acting as senior legal counsel for the University of Wisconsin-Madison, formally responded to Thompson's request for Cronon's emails. Dowling included a statement with the documents that explained the university's decision to continue to withhold some of Cronon's emails.^[7]

University of Wisconsin-Madison Chancellor Carolyn 'Biddy' Martin expounded upon this decision in an email to the UW-Madison campus community on the same day: "We are excluding student because they are protected under FERPA. We are excluding exchanges that fall outside the realm of the faculty member's job responsibilities and that could be considered personal pursuant to Wisconsin Supreme Court case law. We are also excluding what we consider to be the private email exchanges among scholars that fall within the orbit of academic freedom and all that is entailed by it." Martin went on to describe the idea of academic freedom and the university's firm commitment to protecting the right of all academics to engage in the "open intellectual exchange" of ideas.^[8]

On April 4, 2011, the Faculty Senate of the University of Wisconsin-Madison passed a resolution to protect academic freedom. The body decided, according to University Committee Chair Judith Burstyn, that the university needed to take a public position to defend academic freedom in the wake of the FOIA records request directed at Cronon. Political scientist Howard Schweber, who was involved in writing the resolution alongside colleague Donald Downs, commented: "The university can't change the law, but the university can take a leading position on behalf of public employees everywhere and make a statement that we think this is wrong. What was begun as a classic notion of sunshine being the best disinfectant has turned into a law that's used as a weapon to target not government officials and offices but individual public employees."^[9]

The Wisconsin Republican Party had made no report on the contents as of August 5, 2011.^[10] The Wisconsin Republican Party has also filed other open records requests.^[11][12] The American Association of University Professors says that "this action by the Wisconsin Republican Party is an "obvious assault on academic freedom"."^[13]

News coverage of Cronon's "Scholar As Citizen" blog[link]

• "Scholar as Citizen." William Cronon's blog.
• Althouse, Ann. "The Wisconsin Republican Party uses Open Records Law to get emails written by the Wisconsin professor William Cronon." Althouse. 25 March 2011.
• Alterman, Eric. "Think Again: Conservative Class Warfare Against Free Speech." Center for American Progress. 31 March 2011.
• Beyerstein, Lindsay. "Yes, Prof. Cronon, Let's Talk About ALEC." Big Think. 28 March 2011.
• Badger, Emily. "Can Transparency, Academic Freedom Coexist?" Miller-McCune. 29 March 2011.
• Bond, Greg. "Greg Bond: GOP should debate Cronon on merits of his arguments." The Capital Times. 29 March 2011.
• Brown Daily Herald Editorial Board. "Editorial: Academics trump politics." Brown Daily Herald. 5 April 2011.
• Bouet, Noemi. "Academic freedom reports from around the world." University World News. 3 April 2011.
• Bowers, Chris. "Wisconsin GOP: You're friggin' right we want that one friggin' college professor's friggin' emails." Daily Kos. 25 March 2011.
• Cunnane, Sarah. "Republican Party demands access to Wisconsin academic's emails." Times Higher Education. 26 March 2011.
• Brighouse, Harry. "WI Republican Party uses open records law to intimidate its most moderate critic." Crooked Timber. 25 March 2011.
• Brinkman, Phil. "Phil Brinkman: Why request for Bill Cronon’s email isn’t news." Wisconsin State Journal. 30 March 2011.
• Carter, Dennis. "Will GOP scrutiny change the way professors use eMail?" eCampus News. 4 April 2011.
• Chinn, Menzie. "Bloggers Beware! (If You Work at a State University in Wisconsin)." Econbrowser. 25 March 2011.
• Creeley, William. "Demand for Emails of Wisconsin Professor Raises Legal Questions." FIRE (Foundation for Individual Rights in Education). 25 March 2011.
• Cronon, William. "Wisconsin's Radical Break." New York Times. 21 March 2011.
• Davies, Dave. "Rifling your inbox." Newsworks, Dave Davies Off Mic. 5 April 2011.
• Fallows, James. "'Have You No Sense of Decency?' The Wm. Cronon Story." The Atlantic. 25 March 2011.
• Finkelmeyer, Todd. "The big chill? UW's Cronon sees 'intimidation' in GOP records request." The Capital Times. 7 April 2011.
• Forster, Stacy. "Faculty Senate approves resolution protecting academic freedom." News, University of Wisconsin-Madison. 5 April 2011.
• Gardner, John. "William Cronon and academic freedom: The attempt by Wisconsin Republicans to bully a moderate history professor into silence is shocking. Have they no shame?." The Guardian. 1 April 2011.
• Goodwin, Liz. "Wisc. GOP defends request for professor’s emails." Yahoo, The Lookout: Yahoo News Blog. 25 March 2011.
• Grafton, Anthony. "The Cronon Affair: Wisconsin Answers." The New Yorker. 3 April 2011.
• Grafton, Anthony. "Wisconsin: The Cronon Affair." The New Yorker. 28 March 2011.
• Greenhouse, Steven. "Group Seeks Labor E-Mails by Michigan Professors." New York Times. 29 March 2011.
• Kain, E. D. "Scott Walker’s Office Seeks Access to Critical Professor’s Email." Forbes, E. D. Kain: American Times. 25 March 2011.
• Kleefeld, Eric. "Univ. of Wisconsin Responds To GOP's Open-Records Request Against Professor." Talking Points Memo. 1 April 2011.
• Kleefeld, Eric. "UW Prof. Cronon: I Wish GOP 'Could Have Spelled My Name Correctly.'" Talking Points Memo. 25 March 2011.
• Kleefeld, Eric. "Wis. GOP: Attacks On Our Open-Records Request Against Professor Are 'Chilling.'" Talking Points Memo. 25 March 2011.
• Kleefeld, Eric. "Wis. GOP FOIAs Emails of State University Prof Critical Of Gov. Walker." Talking Points Memo. 25 March 2011.
• Krugman, Paul. "American Thought Police." New York Times. 27 March 2011.
• Krugman, Paul. "Academic Intimidation." New York Times, Paul Krugman: The Conscience of a Liberal. 25 March 2011.
• Leonard, Andrew. "GOP smacked down on Wisconsin emails: University shields a portion of professor's communications, asserts no smoking gun in the rest." Salon. 1 April 2011.
• Leonard, Andrew. "Wisconsin's most dangerous professor: Why are Republicans desperate to see Bill Cronon's emails? Because ideas and history matter." Salon. 25 March 2011.
• Litweiler, Chuck. "GOP: Beware of email fishing expeditions." Wisconsin State Journal. 4 April 2011.
• Marshall, Josh. "My Worlds Collide." Talking Points Memo Editor's Blog. 24 March 2011.
• Martin, Biddy. "Chancellor Martin's statement on open records, academic freedom." News, University of Wisconsin-Madison. 25 March 2011.
• Moulitsas, Markos. "McCarthyism in Wisconsin." The Hill. 29 March 2011.
• New York Times Editorial. "A Shabby Crusade in Wisconsin." New York Times. 25 March 2011.
• Nichols, John. "Wisconsin GOP Seeks to Silence a Distinguished Dissenter. McCarthyism is Back." The Nation. 25 March 2011.
• Ramirez, Cruz. "Republican party wrongly attacks UW professor." The Badger Herald. 31 March 2011.
• Republican Party of Wisconsin. "Republican Party Response to Cronon Critique of Open Records Request." William Cronon: Scholar as Citizen. 25 March 2011.
• Rickert, Chris. "Political records requests part of the price of having open government." Wisconsin State Journal. 5 April 2011.
• Robson, Ruthann. "Professor's Emails, Open Records, First Amendment: Wisconsin Professor William Cronon." Constitutional Law Prof Blog. 25 March 2011.
• Sargent, Greg. "Wisconsin GOP: You’re damn right we requested Walker critic’s emails." Washington Post, Greg Sargent: The Plum Line. 25 March 2011.
• Schmidt, Peter. "Wisconsin GOP Seeks E-Mails of a Madison Professor Who Criticized the Governor." The Chronicle of Higher Education. 25 March 2011.
• Schweber, Howard and Donald A. Downs. "Howard Schweber and Donald A. Downs: Stop poisonous record requests." Wisconsin State Journal. 1 April 2011.
• Shafer, Jack. "There's No Such Thing as a Bad FOIA Request: The Wisconsin GOP's quest to obtain a professor's emails isn't 'McCarthyesque.'" Slate. 25 March 2011.
• Sulzberger, A. G. "Wisconsin Professor’s E-Mails Are Target of G.O.P. Records Request." New York Times. 26 March 2011.
• Tobin, Jonathan S. "Krugman's Fantasy: Liberals Are Being Persecuted on Campus." Commentary Magazine. 28 March 2011.
• Troller, Susan. "Chalkboard: GOP won't withdraw records request." The Capital Times. 25 March 2011.
• Troller, Susan. "Chalkboard: UW history prof targeted for records request by Republican Party." The Capital Times. 25 March 2011.
• Walker, Don. "UW's Martin says some Cronon emails won't be released." Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, All Politics Blog. 1 April 2011.
• Walker, Don. "GOP fails to get all of professor's email." Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. 1 April 2011.
• Walker, Don. "GOP seeks e-mails of UW-Madison professor." Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, All Politics Blog. 25 March 2011.
• Weigel, David. "Wisconsin GOP Blasts "Concerted Effort to Intimidate" Over Request for Professor's E-mails." Slate, Weigel: Reporting About Politics and Policy. 25 March 2011.

Published works[link]

• "The Riddle of the Apostle Islands: How Do You Manage a Wilderness Full of Human Stories?" Orion (May–June 2003), 36-42.
• Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England, 20th anniversary edition, Hill & Wang, 2003.
• "Why the Past Matters," Wisconsin Magazine of History, 84:1 (Autumn 2000), p. 2-13. Awarded the William Best Hesseltine Award for the best article published in the Wisconsin Magazine of History in 2000-2001.
• "Only Connect...: The Goals of a Liberal Education," The American Scholar, (Autumn, 1998), p. 73-80.
• "The Uses of Environmental History" (Presidential Address, American Society for Environmental History), Environmental History Review, 17:3 (Fall 1993), p. 1-22.
• Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature, W. W. Norton, 1995.
• "Telling Tales on Canvas: Landscapes of Frontier Change," In: Discovered Lands, Invented Pasts: Transforming Visions of the American West (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).
• "A Place for Stories: Nature, History, and Narrative," Journal of American History 78:4 (March, 1992), p. 1347-1376.
• Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West, W. W. Norton, 1991.

References[link]

External links[link]

• William Cronon's homepage.
• "Scholar as Citizen." William Cronon's blog.
• Experimental Art Video, "Wilderness Trouble," inspired by Cronon's groundbreaking "The Trouble with Wilderness"

Michael Pollan
Pollan speaking at Yale University
Born	(1955-02-06) 6 February 1955 (age 57) Long Island, New York, United States
Occupation	Author, Journalist, Professor
Spouse	Judith Belzer (m. 1987) «start: (1987)»"Marriage: Judith Belzer to Michael Pollan" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Michael_Pollan)
Website
michaelpollan.com

Michael Pollan (born February 6, 1955)^{[citation needed]} is an American author, journalist, activist, and professor of journalism at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism.^[1] A 2006 New York Times book review describes him as a "liberal foodie intellectual."^[2]

Early years[link]

Pollan was born on Long Island, New York to author and financial consultant Stephen Pollan and columnist Corky Pollan.^[3] Pollan received a B.A. in English from Bennington College in 1977 and an M.A. in English from Columbia University in 1981.^[4]

Career[link]

Books[link]

In The Omnivore's Dilemma, Pollan describes four basic ways that human societies have obtained food: the current industrial system, the big organic operation, the local self-sufficient farm, and the hunter-gatherer. Pollan follows each of these processes—from a group of plants photosynthesizing calories through a series of intermediate stages, ultimately into a meal. Along the way, he suggests that there is a fundamental tension between the logic of nature and the logic of human industry, that the way we eat represents our most profound engagement with the natural world, and that industrial eating obscures crucially important ecological relationships and connections. On December 10, 2006 The New York Times named The Omnivore's Dilemma one of the five best nonfiction books of the year. On May 8, 2007, the James Beard Foundation named The Omnivore's Dilemma its 2007 winner for the best food writing. It was the book of focus for the University of Pennsylvania's Reading Project in 2007, and the book of choice for Washington State University's Common Reading Program in 2009-10. An excerpt of the book was published in Mother Jones.^[5]

Pollan's discussion of the industrial food chain is in large part a critique of modern agribusiness. According to the book, agribusiness has lost touch with the natural cycles of farming, wherein livestock and crops intertwine in mutually beneficial circles. Pollan's critique of modern agribusiness focuses on what he describes as the overuse of corn for purposes ranging from fattening cattle to massive production of corn oil, high-fructose corn syrup, and other corn derivatives. He describes what he sees as the inefficiencies and other drawbacks of factory farming and gives his assessment of organic food production and what it's like to hunt and gather food. He blames those who set the rules (i.e., politicians in Washington, D.C., bureaucrats at the United States Department of Agriculture, Wall Street capitalists, and agricultural conglomerates like Archer Daniels Midland) of what he calls a destructive and precarious agricultural system that has wrought havoc upon the diet, nutrition, and well-being of Americans. Pollan finds hope in Joel Salatin's Polyface Farm in Virginia, which he sees as a model of sustainability in commercial farming. Pollan appears in the documentary film King Corn (2007).

In The Botany of Desire, Pollan explores the concept of co-evolution, specifically of humankind's evolutionary relationship with four plants — apples, tulips, marijuana, and potatoes — from the dual perspectives of humans and the plants. He uses case examples that fit the archetype of four basic human desires, demonstrating how each of these botanical species are selectively grown, bred, and genetically engineered. The apple reflects the desire for sweetness, the tulip beauty, the marijuana intoxication, and the potato control. Pollan then unravels the narrative of his own experience with each of the plants, which he intertwines with a well-researched exploration into their social history. Each section presents a unique element of human domestication, or the "human bumblebee" as Pollan calls it. These range from the true story of Johnny Appleseed to Pollan's first-hand research with sophisticated marijuana hybrids in Amsterdam, to the alarming and paradigm-shifting possibilities of genetically engineered potatoes.

Pollan speaking at TED in 2007

Pollan's book, In Defense of Food: An Eater's Manifesto, released on January 1, 2008, explores the relationship with what he terms nutritionism and the Western diet, with a focus on late 20th century food advice given by the science community. Pollan holds that consumption of fat and dietary cholesterol do not lead to a higher rate of coronary disease, and that the reductive analysis of food into nutrient components is a flawed paradigm. He questions the view that the point of eating is to promote health, pointing out that this attitude is not universal and that cultures that perceive food as having purposes of pleasure, identity, and sociality may end up with better health. He explains this seeming paradox by vetting, and then validating, the notion that nutritionism and, therefore, the whole Western framework through which we intellectualize the value of food is more a religious and faddish devotion to the mythology of simple solutions than a convincing and reliable conclusion of incontrovertible scientific research. Pollan spends the rest of his book explicating his first three phrases: "Eat food. Not too much. Mostly plants." He contends that most of what Americans now buy in supermarkets, fast food stores, and restaurants is not in fact food, and that a practical tip is to eat only those things that people of his grandmother's generation would have recognized as food.

In 2009, his most recent book, Food Rules: An Eater's Manual was published. This short work is a condensed version of his previous efforts, intended to provide a simple framework for healthy and sustainable diet. It is divided into three sections, further explicating Pollan's principles of "Eat food. Not too much. Mostly plants." It includes his rules (i.e., "let others sample your food" and "the whiter the bread, the sooner you'll be dead").

Pollan has contributed to Greater Good, a social psychology magazine published by the Greater Good Science Center at University of California, Berkeley. His article "Edible Ethics" discusses the intersection of ethical eating and social psychology.

In his 1998 book A Place of My Own: The Education of an Amateur Builder, Pollan methodically traced the design and construction of the out-building where he writes. The 2008 re-release of this book was re-titled A Place of My Own: The Architecture of Daydreams.

Other work[link]

Pollan is a contributing writer for the New York Times Magazine, a former executive editor for Harper's Magazine, and author of five books: In Defense of Food: An Eater's Manifesto (2008) The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (2006), The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World (2001), A Place of My Own (1997), and Second Nature A Gardener's Education (1991).

His recent work has dealt with the practices of the meat industry, and he has written a number of articles on trends in American agriculture. He has received the Reuters World Conservation Union Global Awards in environmental journalism, the James Beard Foundation Awards for best magazine series in 2003, and the Genesis Award from the Humane Society of the United States. His articles have been anthologized in Best American Science Writing (2004), Best American Essays (1990 and 2003), The Animals: Practicing Complexity (2006) and the Norton Book of Nature Writing (1990).

Pollan co-starred in the documentary, Food, Inc. (2008), for which he was also a consultant. In 2010 Pollan was interviewed for the film Queen of the Sun: What are the bees telling us?, a feature length documentary about honey bees and colony collapse disorder.^[6]

Personal life[link]

Pollan is married to landscape painter Judith Belzer; the couple met while attending Bennington College. They have a son, Isaac.^[7][8] Pollan's sister is actress Tracy Pollan, the wife of Michael J. Fox.

Criticism[link]

Writing in the American Enterprise Institute's magazine, Blake Hurst argues that Pollan offers a shallow assessment of factory farming that does not take cost into account.^[9] Daniel Engber criticized Pollan in Slate for arguing that food is too complex a subject to study scientifically and blaming reductionism for today's health ills, while at the same time using nutritional research to justify his own diet advice. He compares Pollan's "straight-forward" anti-scientific method based on only rhetoric to that used by health gurus of history who have peddled diet scams.^[10]

Pollan's work was also discussed and criticized by Jonathan Safran Foer in his non-fiction book Eating Animals. Foer criticizes Pollan's argument regarding table-fellowship. Pollan claims that a vegetarian dinner guest causes socially reprimandable inconvenience for the host. Foer responds that in the year 2010 it is easier for hosts to accommodate vegetarians than locavores as hosts will need to do extensive research to find (expensive) non factory-farmed meat.^[11]

Animal rights advocates have ethically critiqued Pollan, writing that "most of us would be hard-pressed to find it in ourselves to slaughter an animal – or to rip off her skin, or slice open her body to remove the entrails...But our distaste toward being involved in such violent acts isn’t something that should be squelched and suppressed, as Michael Pollan or Julie Powell would have us believe. No – we should be grateful for the revulsion we feel when we imagine what happens to animals in between being born and being on our plates...Our horror is a sane reaction..."^[12]

Vasile Stanescu has criticized Pollan for arguing solely for locavorism which Stanescu argues is physically unfeasible due to a basic lack of arable land. At the same time Pollan in his earlier works rarely if ever refers to reduction of meat consumption as a viable alternative. Pollan is also criticized for hypocrisy in both his support of locavorism and in his indictment of the mistreatment of organic migrant farm workers. While Pollan supports the local food movement for sustainability, his lifestyle also includes an extensive amount of flying, driving, and transportation. While Pollan condemns the unfair treatment of Mexican farm workers on organic farms, he also supports Joel Salatin who has been criticized for xenophobia and strong anti-immigrant sentiment.^[13]

Bibliography[link]

Books

Essays

Interviews

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Michael Pollan

• Official site
• Works by or about Michael Pollan in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• (video) Michael Pollan on the Politics of Food from UC Television (UCTV)
• Michael Pollan at the Internet Movie Database
• "The omnivore's next dilemma" at TED Talks
• "In Defense of Food" at The Free Library of Philadelphia, January 10, 2008
• Skewed View from the Berkeley Hills: Why Michael Pollan and Alice Waters should quit celebrating food-price hikes by Tom Philpott, Grist, April 4, 2009.
• Food and Fossil Fuels by Melissa Moser, UNC News 21 Project, [1], June 25, 2009
• Why are Farmers Afraid of Michael Pollan? by Jim Goodman, CounterPunch, Sept 25 2009
• (video) Michael Pollan on: "Deep Agriculture," at The Long Now Foundation , May 5, 2009
• Michael Pollan on "Food Rules: An Eater’s Manual" - video report by Democracy Now!

Ric Burns (born 1955) is an American documentary filmmaker and writer. He has written, directed and produced historical documentaries for nearly 20 years, beginning with his collaboration on the celebrated PBS series The Civil War (1990), which he produced with his older brother Ken Burns and wrote with Geoffrey C. Ward.

Biography[link]

Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Burns moved to Ann Arbor, Michigan at an early age, and attended Columbia University and Cambridge University, breaking from his graduate work to join his brother on the production of the Civil War series. Since founding Steeplechase Films in 1989, he has directed several programs for WGBH Boston's American Experience, including Coney Island (1991). He also wrote and directed The Donner Party (1992).

In 1995, Burns wrote, directed, and co-produced The Way West. In April 2002, Burns completed Ansel Adams, a co-production of Steeplechase Films and Sierra Club Productions for American Experience.

[edit] New York: A Documentary Film

Burns is probably best known for his series New York: A Documentary Film, which premiered nationally on PBS. The eight-part, seventeen-and-a-half-hour film chronicles the city’s rise from a tiny Dutch trading post through its continuing preeminence as an economic and cultural capital of the world.

The first five episodes of New York were broadcast in November 1999; the sixth and seventh episodes in the fall of 2001; and the eighth and final episode in September 2003.

Most recent films[link]

Burns’s most recently completed projects include We Shall Remain (April 2009), which tells the story of the life and hardships of Native Americans in the United States. Another, Into the Deep: America, Whaling & the World is the story of U.S. whaling industry and its eventual collapse following World War I.

Selected filmography[link]

• Coney Island (1991)
• The Donner Party (1992) on the Donner Party
• The Way West (1995)
• New York: A Documentary Film (1999; expanded 2003)
• Ansel Adams: A Documentary Film (2002)
• Eugene O'Neill: A Documentary Film (2006)
• Andy Warhol: A Documentary Film (2006)
• We Shall Remain (2009), on Native Americans
• Into the Deep: America, Whaling & the World (2010)
• Nantucket (2011)

Bibliography[link]

• The companion book to the Civil War series (with Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns)
• New York: An Illustrated History (with James Sanders and Lisa Ades)

Selected list of awards and nominations[link]

• 31st News & Documentary Emmy Awards (2010) - Outstanding Nonfiction Series (nominated) ^[1] for Into the Deep: America, Whaling & The World
• 27th News & Documentary Emmy Awards (2006) - Outstanding Writing for Nonfiction Programming (won) ^[2] for Andy Warhol: A Documentary Film
• 27th News & Documentary Emmy Awards (2006) - Outstanding Nonfiction Series (nominated) ^[2] for Andy Warhol: A Documentary Film under the American Masters series.
• 27th News & Documentary Emmy Awards (2006) - Outstanding Individual Achievement in a Craft: Writing (won) ^[2] for Eugene O'Neill
• Peabody Award (2006) - (won) ^[3] for Andy Warhol: A Documentary Film

References[link]

External links[link]

• Steeplechase Films
• WGBH-Eugene O'Neill
• Andy Warhol
• New York: A Documentary Film
• The Donner Party: A Documentary Film
• Ansel Adams: A Documentary Film
• Ric Burns at the Internet Movie Database
• The Other Civil War, Newsweek

Susan Fuhrman is the tenth president of Teachers College, Columbia University.^[1] Fuhrman earned her doctorate in political economy from Teachers College. She became very engaged in issues of educational equity, and became an authority on school reform. Fuhrman served as the Dean of the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education for over ten years,^[2] where she is widely credited with elevating Penn GSE to enhanced national stature by "focusing on themes of urban and international education and broadening involvement with schools in underserved communities..."^[3] Prior to her service as dean at Pennsylvania, Fuhrman taught at Rutgers University, where she was the director of the Center for Policy Research in Education.^[4]

In 2007 Fuhrman was named one of New York's 100 most influential women by Crain's New York Business.^[5] In 2009, she also became president of the National Academy of Education.^[6]

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