Oud

Front and rear views of an oud
String instrument
Classification	Necked bowl lutes String instruments
Hornbostel–Sachs classification	321.321-6 (Composite chordophone sounded with a plectrum)
Developed	Antiquity
Related instruments
Angélique (instrument) Archlute Balalaika Barbat (lute) Baglamadaki Bağlama Biwa Bouzouki Charango Chitarra Italiana Daguangxian Đàn tỳ bà Dombra Domra Dutar Electric pipa Erhu Irish bouzouki Liuqin Lute Mandocello Mandola Mandolin Mandolute Oud Pandura Pipa Qanbus Rubab Setar Sitar Surbahar Tambouras Tambura Tanbur Tanbur (Turkish) Tembûr Theorbo Tiorbino Tiqin Topshur Veena Zhonghu

The Oud ( /ˈuːd/; Arabic: عود‎ ʿūd, plural:أعواد, a‘wād; Assyrian:ܥܘܕ ūd, Greek: ούτι; Persian: بربط‎ barbat; Turkish: ud or ut;^[1] Armenian: ուդ, Azeri: ud; Hebrew: עוד ud‎; Somali: cuud or kaban) is a pear-shaped stringed instrument commonly used in North African (Chaabi, Classical, and Andalusian) and Middle Eastern music. The modern oud and the European lute both descend from a common ancestor via diverging paths. The oud is readily distinguished by its lack of frets and smaller neck.

Name[link]

A 12th century manuscript depicting musicians with various instruments such as Oud.

The origin of the name oud (and its etymological cousin, lute) for the musical instrument is uncertain, but the Arabic العود (al-ʿūd) refers literally to a thin piece of wood similar to the shape of a straw, and may refer to the wooden plectrum traditionally used for playing the oud,^[2] to the thin strips of wood used for the back, or to the wooden soundboard that distinguished it from similar instruments with skin-faced bodies.^[3] Recent research by Eckhard Neubauer suggests that oud may simply be an Arabic borrowing from the Persian name rud, which meant string, stringed instrument, or lute.^[4][5]

The Arabic definite article al- was not retained when al-ʿūd was borrowed into Turkish, nor was the letter ʿayn, the sound of which (a voiced pharyngeal fricative) does not exist in Turkish. The resulting Turkish word is simply ud (with a pronunciation similar to the word food without the f).

The oud was most likely introduced to Western Europe by the Arabs who established the Umayyad Caliphate of Al-Andalus on the Iberian Peninsula in 711. Oud-like instruments such as the Ancient Greek Pandoura and the Roman Pandura likely made their way to the Iberian Peninsula much earlier than the oud. However, it was the royal houses of Al-Andalus that cultivated an environment that raised the level of oud playing to greater heights and boosted the popularity of the instrument. The most famous oud player of Al-Andalus was Ziryab. He established a music school in Córdoba, enhanced playing technique and added a fifth course to the instrument. The European version of this instrument came to be known as the lute – luth in French, Laute in German, liuto in Italian, luit in Dutch, laúd in Spanish, and alaúde in Portuguese. The word "luthier", meaning stringed instrument maker, is in turn derived from the French luth. Unlike the oud, the European lute utilizes frets (usually tied gut).

History[link]

According to Farabi, the oud was invented by Lamech, the sixth grandson of Adam. The legend tells that the grieving Lamech hung the body of his dead son from a tree. The first oud was inspired by the shape of his son's bleached skeleton.^{[6][not in citation given]}

The oldest pictorial record of a lute dates back to the Uruk period in Southern Mesopotamia (modern Nasiriyah city), over 5000 years ago on a cylinder seal acquired by Dr. Dominique Collon and currently housed at the British Museum.^[7] The image depicts a female crouching with her instruments upon a boat, playing right-handed. This instrument appears many times throughout Mesopotamian history and again in ancient Egypt from the 18th dynasty onwards in long and short-neck varieties. One may see such examples at the Metropolitan Museums of New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, and the British Museum on clay tablets and papyrus paper. This instrument and its close relatives have been a part of the music of each of the ancient civilizations that have existed in the Mediterranean and the Middle East regions, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Persians, Kurds, Babylonians, Assyrians, Greeks, Egyptians, and Romans.

Arab musician in Aleppo, Syria with an oud circa 1915.

The ancient Turkic peoples had a similar instrument called the kopuz. This instrument was thought to have magical powers and was brought to wars and used in military bands. This is noted in the Göktürk monument inscriptions, the military band was later used by other Turkic state's armies and later by Europeans.^[8] According to musicologist Çinuçen Tanrıkorur today's oud was derived from the kopuz by Turks near Central Asia and additional strings were added by them.^[9]

Today's oud is totally different from the old prototypes and the Turkish oud is different from the Arabic oud in playing style and shape. The Turkish oud is derived from modifying the Arabic oud: its development has been attributed to Manolis Venios, a well known Greek luthier who lived in Istanbul in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.^{[citation needed]} In Greece and Armenia musicians use the Turkish ouds and tunings.^{[citation needed]}

The oud has a particularly long tradition in Iraq,^[10] where a saying goes that in its music lies the country’s soul.^[10] A ninth-century Baghdad jurist praised the healing powers of the instrument, and the 19th century writer Muhammad Shihab al-Din related that it "places the temperament in equilibrium" and "calms and revives hearts."^[10] Following the invasion of Iraq and the overthrow of the secular Ba'athist regime in 2003, however, the increasing fervor of Islamic militants who consider secular music to be haraam (forbidden) forced many oud players and teachers into hiding or exile.^[10]

Defining features[link]

• Lack of frets: The oud, unlike many other plucked stringed instruments, does not have a fretted neck. This allows the player to be more expressive by using slides and vibrato. It also makes it possible to play the microtones of the Arabic Maqam System. This development is relatively recent, as ouds still had frets in AD 1100, and they gradually lost them by AD 1300, mirroring the general development of Near-Eastern music which abandoned harmony in favor of melismatics.
• A tapering neck: The oud, unlike the lute, the mandolin and the guitar, has a tapering neck with courses of strings converging towards one another at the pegbox end. The parallel courses found in lutes, mandolins and guitars are not necessary as music in the maqam system does not consist of series of chords.
• Strings: With some exceptions, the modern oud has eleven strings. Ten of these strings are paired together in courses of two. The eleventh, lowest string remains single. There are many different tuning systems for the oud which are outlined below. The ancient oud had only four courses — five by the 9th century. The strings are generally lighter to play than the modern classical guitar.
• Pegbox: The pegbox of the oud is bent back at a 45-90° angle from the neck of the instrument. This provides the necessary tension that prevents the pegs from slipping. The tension of the strings helps to hold what would otherwise be a weak joint together. The nut is held in place by the string tension, rather than being glued. The pegs do not slip if tapered accurately; if they do, chalk is used to make them stick more, and soap to enable them to slip more. Proprietary compounds or pastes, sometimes called pegdope are also used.
• Body: The oud's body has a staved, bowl-like back resembling the outside of half a watermelon, unlike the flat back of a guitar. This bowl allows the oud to resonate and have a particular tone quality. The shape is structurally very strong and stable enabling it to be very thin. It can be as thin as 1.2 mm. Although made of dense hardwood, good instruments are not heavy. The guitar structure would not be stable if the build were as light.
• Sound-holes: The oud generally has one to three sound-holes, which may be either oval or circular, and often are decorated with a carved bone or wooden rosette.

Construction[link]

A Muslim and a Christian playing an early version of the modern guitar in Al-Andalus.

Construction of the oud is similar to that of the lute.^[11] The back of the instrument is made of thin wood staves glued together on edge. Alternating staves (or ribs) of light and dark wood are often used. The instrument usually has an odd number of staves. This means the back will have a center stave rather than a center seam. Contrasting trim pieces are often used between staves. Patterns and wood species used generally vary from maker to maker. In better instruments the wood is always cut on the quarter from a dense hardwood.

The top of the oud is generally made of two matching pieces of thin spruce glued together on edge. Transverse braces, also of spruce, are glued to the underside of the top.

The neck is generally made of a single piece of wood and is usually veneered in a striped pattern similar to that of the back. The pegbox meets the neck at a severe angle. The pegbox is usually made from separate side, end and back pieces glued together.

Regional types[link]

Kuwaiti Oud made by Salmeen, it shows a straight forward design

The following are the general regional characteristics of oud types in which both the shape and the tuning most commonly differ:

An ancient Syrian ud made by Abdo George Nahat of Damascus, inlaid with ivory and mother-of-pearl. It belonged to the famous Turkish Musician Şerif Muhiddin Targan.(Mevlâna mausoleum, Konya, Turkey)

• Arabic ouds: Slightly larger, slightly longer neck, lower in pitch.
  • Syrian ouds: The basic design, with less decoration
  • Iraqi (Munir Bashir type) ouds: Generally similar in size to the Syrian oud but with a floating bridge which focuses the mid-range frequencies and gives the instrument a more guitar-like sound. This kind of oud was developed by the Iraqi oud virtuoso Munir Bashir. Iraqi ouds made today often feature 13 strings, adding a pair of higher pitched nylon strings to a standard Arabic oud configuration.
  • Egyptian ouds: Similar to Syrian and Iraqi ouds but with a more pear shaped body. Slightly different tone. Egyptians commonly are set up with only the 5 courses GADGC. Egyptian Ouds tend to be very ornate and highly decorated.
• Turkish and Greek ouds ("ud, ούτι") (Includes instruments found in Armenia): Slightly smaller in size, slightly shorter neck, higher in pitch, brighter timbre.
• Persian/Iranian Oud (barbat): smaller than Arabic ouds with different tuning and higher tone. Similar to Turkish ouds but slightly smaller. The original barbat, a predecessor of the oud, had tied frets like those of a tar, setar or lute, but today these are not used.
• Oud Qadim: a type of small-bodied oud with four courses of strings from North Africa, now out of use.

Although the Greek instruments laouto and lavta appear to look much like an oud, they are very different in playing style and origin, deriving from Byzantine lutes. The laouto is mainly a chordal instrument, with occasional melodic use in Cretan music. Both always feature movable frets (unlike the oud).

Plectrum (pick)[link]

How the risha (Arab term for the pick or plectrum) of the oud is held in the palm of the hand.

The plectrum (pick) for the oud is usually a little more than the length of an index-finger. According to some sources, the Arabs traditionally used a thin piece of wood as a plectrum while Ziryab in ninth-century Spain introduced the use of an eagle's feather, while according to other sources Ziryab was the first to use a wooden plectrum.

Arabic players currently call the plectrum a reeshe or risha (Arabic: ريشة‎ rīša, "feather, quill"), while Turkish players refer to it as a mizrap (Turkish: mızrap, from Arabic: مضرب‎ miḍrab, '"striker"). Currently the plastic plectrum is most commonly used for playing the oud, being effective, affordable, and widely available, though plectrums of horn are also widely used.

Like similar strummed stringed instruments, oud players take the quality of their plectrums very seriously, even making their own out of other plastic objects. Oudist often take great care to customize the shape and thickness by sanding down the ends in order to achieve the desired results in feel, performance and sound.

See also[link]

• Arabic music
• Middle Eastern and North African music traditions
• List of oud makers
• List of oud players
• Lute

Painting[link]

• Painting of swiss artist Otto Kohler

References[link]

External links[link]

Media related to Ouds at Wikimedia Commons

v t e Greek musical instruments String Instruments Bowed instruments Byzantine lyra Contrabass Cretan lyra Pontian lyra Violin Plucked instruments Baglamas Bouzouki Karantouzeni Kanonaki Kithara (modern) Laouto Lavta Lute Mandola Mandolin Oud Piano Psaltery Tambouras Thaboura Tzouras Struck instruments Santouri Aerophones Woodwind instruments Aulos Askomandoura Dankiyo Gaida Tsampouna Floghera Flute Karamuza Klarino Lalitsa Mantura Souravli Brass instruments Trumpet Free reed Accordion Harmonica Percussion instruments Membranophones Daouli Tambourine Toubeleki Tympano Idiophones Cochilia Crotalum Koudounia Metallophone Spoon Trigono Zilia See also Music of Greece Greek folk music Byzantine music Rebetiko Laïko Greek dances

v t e Iranian musical instruments Stringed (Sāzhāy-e Zehī) Bowed Ghazhak Kamāncheh Sorāhi Plucked Barbat Chang Dotār Qānūn Robāb Sallāneh Sāz Setār Tanbūr Tār Ūd Shurangiz Shahrud Rud Mugni Struck Santur Woodwind (Sāzhāy-e Bādī) Exposed Sornā Zurna Karnay Shehnai Narmeh-ney Dozaleh Ney anban End-blown Haft Band Nāy (Ney) Sheypur Zurna Pisha Percussion (Sāzhāy-e Kūbeheyī/Zarbī) Auxiliary Darāy Daf Dohol Dāvūl Dāyereh Zangī Naqāreh Tonbak (Dombak) Kūs Sanj Dammam Zarbang Udu Persian traditional music

v t e Turkish musical instruments String instruments: █  Bowed instruments:    Karadeniz kemençe  • Classical kemençe  • Yaylı tanbur  • Rebab/Kabak kemane  • Sine kemanı █  Plucked instruments:    Kanun  • Çeng  • Tanbur (Turkish)  • Ud  • Cümbüş  • Ahenk  • Saz  • Cura (instrument)  • Baglama  • Komuz  • Shahrud  • Rud  • Lavta  • Mugni█  Struck instruments:    Santur Woodwind instruments █  Exposed:    Zurna  • Tulum  • Karkm  • Dankiyo  • Gaida  • Düdük  • Çifte █  End-blown:    Ney  • Ney (Turkish)  • Kaval  • Sipsi  • Dilli Kaval  • Dilli ney  • Mey  • Taragot  • Dilli düdük  • Kargı Düdük Percussion instruments █  Auxiliary Percussion:    Bendir  • Daf  • Davul  • Darbuka  • Naqareh  • Kus  • Kudüm  • Nagara  • Turkish crescent  • Zill  • Castanet  • Spoon See also Turkish musical instruments  • Turkish folk music  • Ottoman classical music  • Ottoman military band  • Music of Turkey

v t e Traditional Arabic musical instruments Plucked lutes Buzuq Gimbri Guembri Lotar Oud Qanbus Sintir Lavta Zithers Qanun Bowed lutes Kamanjah Rababa Lyres Simsimiyya Kissar Tanbūra Flutes Ney Kawala Reed instruments Arghul Habbān Jirba Mijwiz Mizmar Mizwad Rhaita Drums Bendir Daf Goblet drum Hajir Mazhar Mirwas Naqara Naqareh Riq Tar Tabl baladi Other percussion Krakebs Manjur Mihbaj Sagat (zills) Sistrum Clapping Clay Jug

Joseph Tawadros
Egyptian Australian Oud Virtuoso Joseph Tawadros
Background information
Born	1983 (age 28–29)
Origin	Cairo, Egypt
Genres	jazz, World music, Classical
Occupations	musician/composer
Instruments	oud,
Years active	1995—present
Website	josephtawadros.com

Joseph Tawadros (born 1983, Cairo, Egypt) is an oud virtuoso from Australia.^[1]

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• 2004 - Storyteller (solo oud)
• 2005 - Rouhani (with Bobby Singh)
• 2006 - Visions (with James Tawadros)
• 2007 - Epiphany (with James Tawadros & Ben Rodgers)
• 2008 - Angel (with James Tawadros, Matt McMahon & Dimitri Vouras)
• 2009 - The Prophet - Music inspired by the poetry of Kahlil Gibran (solo oud)
• 2010 - "The Hour of Separation" (with James Tawadros on req, John Abercombie on elec. guitar and John Patitucci on double bass, as well as Jack DeJohnette as "special guest" on drums on four tracks)

Musical scores[link]

Music scores composed for the following films:

• I Remember 1948 (documentary)
• The Last Days of Yasser Arafat (documentary)
• Haneen (short film)
• Checkpoint (short film)

See also[link]

• Egyptians in Australia
• List of oud players
• Oud

References[link]

1. ^ Creagh, Sunanda (1 November 2006). "Joseph Tawadros - Gig Reviews". The Sydney Morning Herald (Fairfax Media). http://www.smh.com.au/news/gig-reviews/joseph-tawadros/2006/11/01/1162339901816.html. Retrieved 17 April 2010. 

External links[link]

• Official website

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Mustafa Said is an Egyptian singer, musicologist, composer and a virtuoso Oud player. He has been living in Beirut since 2004. He is one of the few young talents to devote his career to the classical Arabic repertoire while exploring new forms and new sounds.^[1][2]

Former professor at the House of Oud (Cairo), he extends his musical approach from the already existent musical traditions of the east Mediterranean region with the spirit of the two previous musical renaissances: that of the golden age of Abbasid music, and that of the second half of the 19th century. Inspired by the oriental traditional heritage, the compositions and forms of interpretation of Mustafa Said offer a very contemporary approach and place great emphasis on the instrumental and vocal improvisation (Taqsim).^{[3][unreliable source?]}

Said has composed music for several documentaries and drama and participated in many local and international festivals as a solo performer or as part of an ensemble: Institute of the Arab World (2007), Mugam Festival in Azerbaijan (2009), Songs of Peace and Réconciliation conference in Indonesia (2009), Sounds of Arabia Festival in Abu Dhabi (2010), toured in Japan where he performed 17 concerts and conferences (2010), Fes Festival of World Sacred Music (2010). Mustafa Saïd is also the founder of the Asil Oriental Ensemble and is a lecturer in traditional Arabic ensemble music at the Higher Institute of Music, Antonine University (Lebanon) since 2006.^[3][4]

Discography[link]

• Rubaiyat El Khayyam (2008)
• Asil (2010)

References[link]

Mahmoud Hassan Ali (born December 15, 1919) was an Egyptian Greco-Roman Bantamweight wrestler. He competed for Egypt in the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, earning a silver medal behind Kurt Pettersén of Sweden and Halil Kaya of Turkey.

Hassan and Ibrahim Orabi were the first wrestlers of Egypt to gain Olympic medals in wrestling.

References[link]

• "Olympic Medal Winners Archives". International Olympic Committee. http://www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/results/search_r_uk.asp. Retrieved 2008-08-12. 
• "Stats Egypt". ABC. http://www.abc.net.au/olympics/2008/results/historical/countries/62.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-13. 

External links[link]

• Ali Hassan's profile at Sports Reference.com

See also[link]

• List of Egyptians

This article about an Egyptian Olympic medalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This biographical article related to wrestling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2009)

Ahmad al-Khatib أحمد الخطيب
President of Syria
In office November 18. 1970 – February 22, 1971
Preceded by	Nureddin al-Atassi
Succeeded by	Hafez al-Assad
Personal details
Born	1933 Swaida, Syria
Died	1982 (aged 48–49) Damascus, Syria
Political party	Baath Party
Religion	Sunni Islam

Ahmad Hasan al-Khatib (Arabic: أحمد حسن الخطيب‎) (1933–1982) was a Syrian politician. He was a ceremonial head of state of Syria (November 18, 1970 - February 22, 1971) appointed by Hafez al-Assad to replace the ousted president Nureddin al-Atassi. al-Khatib was a civilian member of the ruling Baath party and served as president for only four months. His position was subsequently filled by Assad. He then became the speaker of the Syrian parliament. (February 22, 1971 - December 26, 1971). He died in Damascus, Syria in 1982.

v t e Heads of state of Syria since 1922 al-Khalidi • Pierre-Alype* • Shariyari • al-Hasani • al-Abid • H. al-Atassi • B. al-Khatib • al-Azm* • al-Hasani • al-Ulshi* • al-Ayyubi • al-Quwatli • al-Za'im • H. al-Atassi • Selu† • Shishakli† • H. al-Atassi • al-Quwatli • Abdel Nasser • al-Kuzbari* • an-Nuss* • al-Kudsi • L. al-Atassi† • al-Hafiz† • N. al-Atassi • A. al-Khatib • H. al-Assad • Khaddam* • B. al-Assad *denotes acting     †military ruler

v t e Speakers of the Parliament of Syria since 1919 al-Atassi* • Muayyad • al-Atassi • al-Khoury • al-Khoury • al-Jabiri • al-Khoury • al-Khoury • Kikhia • al-Dawalibi • al-Kudsi • al-Kuzbari • al-Kudsi • al-Hawrani • Sadat† • al-Kuzbari • Ghazzi • al-Atrash • al-Khatib • al-Yusufi • al-Halabi • al-Halabi • Hadid • Zuabi • Zuabi • Kaddoura • Kaddoura • Kaddoura • Kaddoura • al-Otari • al-Abrash • Mohammad Jihad al-Laham *president of the Syrian National Congress     †within the UAR

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