"Bullets pass, Mussolini stays", Mussolini announces afterwards.

The famous Italian anarchist-communist Errico Malatesta was briefed about the plan & gave it his endorsement.

Lucetti (1900-1943) got 30 years in prison in the failed attempt on the fascist 'Il Duce'. Two of his captured accomplices, Leandro Sorio & Stefano Vatteroni, were sentenced to 20 years & 19 years 9 months respectively. Vatteroni served the first three years of his time in complete isolation & the only company allowed him was that of a sparrow which visited his cell.

Lucetti was lodged in the Santo Stefano prison where he spent nearly 17 years before being moved to Ischia where he died on 15 September 1943.

Two anarchist antifascist partisan formations active in the Carrara area took the names ‘G. Lucetti’ (60-80 persons), ‘Lucetti bis’ (58 strong). (Yet another, ‘M. Schirru’ (454 strong – was named after Michael Schirru, another anarchist & would-be assassin of 'Il Duce'.)

Another attack, by Anteo Zamboni, is made against Mussolini on October 31, but also fails, & the fascists now turn Italy into a police state. Anarchists are followed, & police stations telephone & telegraph their whereabouts to one another.

http://libcom.org/history/1926-attempted-assassination-mussolini
http://www.iisg.nl/today/en/31-10.php
http://cidc.library.cornell.edu/DOF/chron/chronmus.htm
Epheride anarchiste

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"...[T]he question of Terror is always capitalized, & returns us to the politics of 1793. Terror as a political instrument, in other words, is the property of the state (maybe the founding property of the state in its ‘modern’ manifestation), or of those thinking like a state. Its purest exponents are the Churchills of the world.

‘I do not understand this squeamishness about the use of gas...I am strongly in favour of using poisoned gas against uncivilized tribes [to] spread a lively terror.’

— Winston Churchill in 1920, as Secretary of State at the War Office, justifying his authorization of RAF Middle East Command to use chemical weapons ‘against recalcitrant Arabs’, quoted in Geoff Simons, Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam, New York 1994, p. xiv.

Cited in AFFLICTED POWERS: The State, the Spectacle & September 11

When the Kurdish population had refused to pay taxes on time, Chemical Winston did not order the Tax inspector to go in, but the RAF with mustard gas. This he contended was "an experiment" against "recalcitrant Arabs" & he outright dismissed any objections as "unreasonable". Chemical Winston didn’t mince his words either, "I do not understand this squeamishness about the use of gas. I am strongly in favour of using poisoned gas against uncivilised tribes (to) spread a lively terror." He went on, "We cannot acquiesce in the non-utilisation of any available weapons to procure a speedy termination of the disorder which prevails on the frontier", adding that chemical weapons are merely "the application of Western science to modern warfare".
http://web.archive.org/...jannat.com/frames/content.asp?Mode=Story&strCategoryID;=&strStoryID;=711
http://newleftreview.org/A2506

_________

Winston Churchill, Secretary of State, British War Office, 1919, authorising use of chemical weapons against Iraqis... in the first of 6 invasions of Iraq by agents of Anglo Iranian Oil (British Petroleum) in the last 100 years. Author: Winston Churchill
what Churchill recommended here was tear gas. (Churchill Papers 16/16, 12 May 1919).

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Vancouver, Portland, Tacoma, & Olympia were covered in smoke. St. Helens was dark at noon.

Trains attempted to keep going even though tracks were burning. Ships had to use searchlights. People had to carry lanterns & visibility was nonexistent. Everett was cut off. Ships halted on the Columbia bar. Towns & villages were destroyed, & homesteads were leveled. Some of the reported damage was a dam on the Hoquiam River, villages & towns, including 60 lost homes near Oregon City, cattle & livestock roasted alive, & an unknown number of wildlife killed.

Other fires burned that day but the worst was in Southwest Washington, north of the Columbia River & east of Woodland. The fires raged in Clark County throughout the summer & fall.

According to a newspaper account in the area, the land of Lewis River was a "hot & silent valley of death." In the Yacolt area, two families were trapped, killing five adults, six children, & one baby. Another woman & her three children were killed while trying to hide in the fruit cellar. Thirty-five lives were lost, as well as 239,000 acres valued at $12,000,000,000. The only damage to the town of Yacolt itself was house paint blistered by the heat.

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Hundreds of Irish & other immigrants deserted Taylor's army & joined forces with Mexico.

Led by Captain John Riley of County Galway, they called themselves the St. Patrick's Battalion — in Spanish, the San Patricios.

They fought bravely in most of the campaigns of the two-year conflict, but their efforts failed to stem the yankee onslaught. Soon the US Army occupied the halls of Montezuma, & Mexico eventually surrendered, ceding nearly half its territory to the United States.

Toward the end of the conflict, at the Battle of Churubsco, 83 San Patricios were captured, & 72 were court martialed. Of this number, 50 were sentenced to be hanged & 16 were flogged & branded on their cheeks with the letter "D" for deserter.

To this day, many US historians regard these men as traitors, but Mexicans see them as heroes, honoring them every Sept. 12 with a special commenoration.

In 1993, the Irish began their own ceremony to honor them in Clifden, Galway, Riley's hometown.

San Patricio meets Zapata on the way to the cantina & over a tequila they discuss how best to be rid of snakes.

Two books on Mexico:

Hi David,

A couple of books on Mexico that relate to (or update) your site. One is "The Irish Soldiers of Mexico" which provides more specific information than the Galleano quote. The second is "Mexican Mornings" which relates the true story of the UNAM shitdown in Mexico City (2000), more about the Chiapas Uprising, & the effect of globalization on Mexico. Both books, by the way, have been praised by our mutual friend Noam Chomsky. Thanks for checking them out.

— Bleedster Mike, (Dr. Michael F. Hogan), 2001

http://struggle.ws/mexico/img/stpat.html
http://struggle.ws/graphics/steps.jpg http://struggle.ws/mexico/ip/iri.html
http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qis01

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... show details

... show more gory details

In the end, it was a victory for the anarchists, with Kronstadt FC winning 4-2. The communists will have one more chance during the third & final game, to be played sometime in October. And what were the teams going to do after the game? "Celebrate the hopeful demise of the U.S. government," said one participant. A comrade who lives in rural West Virginia was listening to the local radio station today & picked up the news: "Anarchy Rules!!" The local news here from the AP wire (Newscaster Tim McGuire, right between country songs & the weather here on WELD FM) has just announced that "'Anarchy Rules! Having donned black T shirts with the circle A, the Anarchists beat back the Communists in a North Berkeley Soccer match. 4-2." artnoose's report back from the game. Hi everyone. I had a great time playing during this game, & I'd like to tell you all about it. I showed up on the earlier side of things, & while we were stretching, the SF Chronie reporter started asking questions. Some of were joking about this, about who wants to talk to the Chronicle, & could we just bring up the Hearst Corporation in all of our answers? The Commies had brought a ref for this game, a real pro, with the little outfit & everything. Two of our comrades served as line judges. We had a much higher turnout as far as Kronstadt team players this game than last game, which was great because it meant we players could sub out more often. Unlike regulation football, we allowed ourselves unlimited subbing so long as the ball was out of play & that we alerted the ref before doing so. The Brass Liberation Orchestra began things with their rendition of the Internationale. The cold, breezy weather was a far cry from the previous day's heat wave, when our team had a practice that left us parched & heat-stricken. There was also a sizable mud patch in the southern end of the field, which was like having a second opponent. We had been working on teambuilding strategy, so I think we were playing much better as a team than we had been. We were also trying out new formation & substitution strategies, so I think our team did pretty well, despite the fact that there were some concepts we were just trying out. The Commies scored the first goal, offsides, but if the ref doesn't see it, I guess it doesn't matter. Kronstadt then scored I think two goals before the first half. In the second half, the Commies scored on a penalty kick, but immediately after, the Kronstadt team scored their third goal. The pace of the game was rapid, and just before the end of the game, a new player to the Kronstadt team tore up the field to make a great fourth goal. It was wonderful to see everyone playing a good game, & I was so happy to see all of our cheering section! There were people there I see all the time & people I hadn't seen in quite a while. The radical cheerleaders there also came up with some neat chants. As far as my own personal skills that night (which I'm sure is why you're all reading this), I have to plug the fact that as in the last game, I made two nice headers. I don't know what it is about headers that's so damn cool, but they're amazing to watch & excellent to execute. And so goes the second game of the Revolutionary Cup. One more game to go! Stay tuned here for details on the third game... Third Game: October, time & place to be announced

http://www.indybay.org/news/2003/08/1636041.php https://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2003/10/27/16557301.php http://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2007/mar/14/themostspectacularleftwing

1872 -- [September 15] Saint-Imier Congress, September 15-16 1872

The antiauthoritarians refuse to recognise the decisions ram-rodded through by the Marxists & authoritarian socialists at The Hague Congress (Sept 2-7). The federations of the Latin countries seceded & held a congress at St. Imier, in the Jura, where they adopted a federal & free pact between all the federations. All forms of political power, i.e. political/administrative & economically broadly defined, are denounced. Also a solidarity & fellowship pact is decided upon by the delegates.

The anarchist international had meetings several times during the following years. The anarchist section of the International continued until 1878, by which time the increasing reaction in the Latin Countries made it difficult for open mass movements to continue.

The Marxist rump, split by dissensions in its new home in America, had already expired in 1874, killed by its leader’s megalomaniac desire for complete domination of the working class movement.

1925 -- [September 15] Anzia Yezierska

Anzia Yezierska (ca.1885-1970; exact date of her death unknown) was born in a mud hut in the village of Plinsk to Jewish parents living in poverty near the border between Russia & Poland. At 15 she emigrated with her family to New York City, where she worked in a sweatshop while she studied English at night school. She had a romantic relationship with a philosopher John Dewey. One book was made into the 1922 silent film "Hungry Hearts".

In the 1930's, after refusing a lucrative screen contract because of the distance from home block her writing, Yezierska worked for the Works Progress Administration's Writers Project in Manhattan. In the last decades of her life, she documented the plight of Puerto Rican immigrants in New York. She died in obscurity in 1970.

http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/yezierska.html
http://www.nagasaki-gaigo.ac.jp/ishikawa/amlit/xyz/yezierska20.htm
http://provincetownartistregistry.com/C/chaffee_oliver.html

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1927 -- [September 15] Herman Gorter

"When Gorter became a Socialist he issued a book of poems, which no longer had nature for the theme, but class struggle. As he says in one of his poems, he "had found something much greater than Nature."

He next worked at a great poem 500 pages, called Pan. He spent nine years, from 1907 to 1916, writing it. This work traces the history of the labor movement. In it, he sees the factory as a wonderful thing, the condensation of the spirit of mankind, the growth of generations, the parent of revolution & Commonweal.

In the unpublished works of Gorter, there is one poem, "Der Aredarraad" (The Soviet Committee). Gorter pictures the shop committee the centre of revolution, bringing Communism into being. He wrote this poem with all his love for his class, the workers. But the ruling class of today, the world of bogus culture, can never understand how a great poem can centre around the theme of a Soviet Committee."

— From an article written for The Commune by the Dutch anti-parliamentarian, H. Canne Meijer. Abridged & adapted, from Pioneers of Anti-Parliamentarism, by the anarchist Guy Aldred.

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Herman Gorter was a son of a famous Dutch litterateur. He was born on November 26, 1864. He was keen student of the classics & became a teacher of Greek & Latin at the gymnasium. He astonished the literary World with his poem May. It is a poem devoted to the worship of nature...

With his friend, Anton Pannekoek, another much neglected famous Dutch marxist, Gorter opposed Lenin & the Bolshevik Party's capitulation to capitalism.

Gorter, a delegate of the K.A.P.D. to the 3rd International in 1921, along with other leftists, was expelled from the First International.

Gorter sharply replied to Lenin in Open Letter to Comrade Lenin, showing Lenin's tactic would destroy the Revolution of October 1917, collapse the world struggle towards socialism & arrest world revolution. Leninism would prolong the struggle & increase the cost in suffering & hardship to the workers.

Gorter developed the tactics of anti-Parliamentarism, against the capitalist methods of Lenin, the retreat to worldwide parliamentarians & trade unionism, dictatorship OVER the proletariat, & the gradual reduction & elimination of the Communist Party in every land to "legal" parties.

http://www.reocities.com/~johngray/indx1b.htm#aldred
http://reocities.com/cordobakaf/obit.html

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1938 -- [September 15] Spain: Anarquistas express to Emma Goldman their strong opposition to the policies of the CNT's National Committee & its conciliation of the Negrin government. They are especially critical of Vázquez, who now acknowledges the destructive actions of the Communists but still wants them treated gently.

Emma Goldman complains to him, for example, that all the money raised in other countries for antifascist women goes to Communist organizations & none to the anarchist organization Mujeres Libres. The FAI by contrast is anxious to begin a campaign abroad exposing the activities of the Communists in Spain.

Emma is shocked by the number of anarchists & other leftists held in prison, among them Jeannette Kiffel, a Polish anarchist & acquaintance of hers, who has been held incommunicado three months but is released after Vázquez & Goldman appeal to Segundo Blanco, CNT minister of education in the Negrín government.

Emma visits the metal, transport, & milk syndicates; schools modeled on libertarian principles; & the SIA colonies for refugee children. Notes that many collectives have been destroyed & witnesses the continuing bombardment of Barcelona from the air & the chronic shortage of food & electricity.

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1938 -- [September 15] France: "Immediate Peace!" manifesto — drafted & signed by Nicolas Faucier & Louis Lecoin — published in "Le Libertaire." Arrested the morning of October 8, 1939 ("inciting servicemen to disobedience for the purposes of anarchist propaganda"), Faucier ended up in prison during the war, only avoiding deportation to the Nazi camps with a timely escape.

Arrested at his home & taken to the Quai des Orfèvres in Paris & thence, after a short interrogation by the deputy governor, to the Sante prison from where he was moved a month later to the naval prison in Lorient, & thence to the one in Cherche-Midi & finally to the army camp in Avord (Cher) for incorporation into the ranks.

Again he refused & again he was jailed & on 14 March 1940 he was brought under escort before the appeal court in Paris to have his appeal heard against a December 1938 criminal court judgment that had sentenced him in his absence to six months in prison for the crime of "inciting servicemen to disobedience for the purposes of anarchist propaganda", in connection with the declaration that he & Lecoin had signed & which was published in Le Libertaire of 15 September 1938.

Source for dates & text from "Antimilitarist Biography: Nicolas Faucier," Bulletin of the Kate Sharpley Library Issue No. 34 (April 2003),
http://www.katesharpleylibrary.net/bulletin/issues/kslb34.htm

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1904 -- [September 16] Giuseppe Ciancabilla

Ciancabilla was one of the important figures of the anarchist movement who immigrated to the US in the late 1800s, along with Saverio Merlino, Pietro Gori (see Chronology by Bertolucci), Errico Malatesta, Carlo Tresca, & Luigi Galleani.

According to historian Paul Avrich, Ciancabilla was one of the most impressive (now one of the least well-known) of the anarchist speakers & writers.

Giuseppe Ciancabilla was born in Rome & moved to America in 1898 & settled in Paterson, New Jersey, a major stronghold of Italian anarchism. He became the editor of "La Questione Sociale" (The Social Question), a paper which Pietro Gori helped establish in 1895, & one of the leading organs of Italian anarchism in the US.

Ciancabilla eventually moved westward, settling among the Italian miners of Spring Valley, Illinois. After the assassination of President McKinley in 1901, the anarchist groups were raided by the police, & Ciancabilla was driven from pillar to post, arrested, manhandled, & evicted.

Driven out of Spring Valley, driven in turn out of Chicago, Ciancabilla wound up in San Francisco, editing the journal La Protesta Umana when he suddenly took ill & died in 1904 at the age of 32, one of the most intelligent & capable of the Italian anarchists in America.

http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/SaccoVanzetti/essaypa.html
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/CiancabillaGiuseppe.htm
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/GoriPietro/pietroGoriChronology.htm

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1915 -- [September 16] Emma Goldman speaks to rally support for David Caplan & Matthew Schmidt prior to the opening of their trials.

During the course of Schmidt's trial, it is revealed that Donald Vose, the son of an anarchist friend of Goldman's, had been employed since May 1914 by detective William J. Burns to spy on Goldman in order to locate Schmidt.

Vose resided at Goldman's apartment & at her farm in Ossining the previous year, & witnessed Schmidt visiting Goldman. Schmidt was later arrested.

http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/SaccoVanzetti/essaypa.html

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1920 -- [September 16] Bomb explosion outside the J.P. Morgan Company on NY's Wall Street

In revenge for the prosecution of Sacco & Vanzetti, Mario Buda (aka Mike Boda), anarchist & Galleanist (practitioners of "propaganda by the deed"), detonates a horse-&-buggy bomb at the corner of Wall & Broad streets in Manhattan.

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La Salute è in voi! ("Health is in You!") was a 46-page bomb manual adapted from a guide to explosives from a chemist friend of Galleani's, Professor Ettore Molinari. Galleani's handbook was characterized as accurate & practical by the NY City bomb squad, but as several unfortunate anarchists soon discovered, there was an error in the formula.

Luigi Galleani's manual was put to use by his followers (the first instance of its use occurred in 1914). Three anarchists were blown up while creating a bomb meant to destroy John D. Rockefeller's home in Tarrytown, NY (in retaliation for the Ludlow Massacre).

Later that year, several bombings occurred in different areas of NY, including several police stations.

(One Galleanist, Nestor Dondoglio had his own recipe book: a chef by profession, he poisoned some 200 guests at a banquet in 1916 to honor Archbishop Mundelein by lacing the soup with arsenic. None of the guests died — Dondoglio, under the alias of Jean Crones, had used too much poison, which prompted the victims to vomit it back up. Dondoglio was never apprehended.)

See Paul Avrich for discussion of this bomb manual & also social context for the judicial murders of Sacco & Vanzetti.

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A bomb exploded in front of the Morgan building at 23 Wall St. in NYC at noon on a busy Thursday. At least 33 (35) people were killed & hundreds wounded. A 16-foot stretch of the Tennessee-marble façade with pockmarks of the blast was retained as a memorial. Ron Chernow described the incident in his book The House of Morgan. No one was charged but Paul Avrich, in his book Sacco & Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background, later held that Mario Buda, an Italian immigrant, was the culprit.

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http://timelines.ws/cities/NYC_B.HTML

http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/SaccoVanzetti/databaseEntries.htm
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/SaccoVanzetti/hstrcl.html
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/AvrichPaul/italianAnarchismAmerica.htm
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/SaccoVanzetti/databaseEntries.htm
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/SaccoVanzetti/introsacco.swf

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1923 -- [September 16] Japan: Anarchist Osugi Sakae, his companion Ito Noe, & a six-year-old, are murdered by military police on orders of Hirohito.

Anarchism in Japan was dealt a blow as hard as the execution of Kôtoku & his comrades twelve years earlier. Ôsugi was the most talented thinker & writer in the anarchists' ranks. His passionate commitment to personal liberation & ardent enthusiasm for the aims & methods of anarchist syndicalism provided inspiration for many.

... show details

In 28 short years, Ito Noe (1895-1923) was married three times & gave birth to seven children; she is now considered a prototype of modern feminism.

She wrote essays championing the new woman, translated the works of Emma Goldman, & debated other Bluestockings over issues such as prostitution & charity work. She took the editorial helm of Seito in its last 13 months of publication.

In 1916, Noe left her husband & their two children for Osugi Sakae, winning him away from his wife & another lover. Noe bore five children with Osugi while working with him in labor organizing, writing, journal editing, & public speaking.

Now, tragically, both were cut down in their prime. On 1 September 1923, Eastern Japan was hit by a major earthquake. More than 90,000 people died & close to half a million buildings were destroyed. Rumours that arsonists & revolutionaries were out on the streets spread as frighteningly as the flames themselves. Hysteria took hold & led to lynchings, many of the victims of which were Korean immigrants.

In this panic & chaos, the authorities were presented with another golden opportunity for eliminating enemies of the state. Ôsugi Sakae, his partner Itô Noe (herself an outstanding anarchist) & Ôsugi's six-year-old nephew Tachibana Munekazu were seized by military police & brutally murdered today. Their battered bodies are discovered four days later where they had been dumped in a well. This became known as "The Amakasu Incident".

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Not surprisingly, there were those who vowed to exact revenge....

The brutality of Ôsugi's & his companions' murders was compounded by the state's hypocrisy. Amakasu Masahiko, the captain in command of the military police unit, was put on trial & sentenced to ten years' imprisonment, but within three years he was free again & back on duty.

Comrades of Ôsugi who had known him personally, as well as others who knew him as an inspired propagandist & an irrepressible champion of freedom only through his writings, were incensed by the casual ease with which the state had killed the ablest anarchist of his generation, as though it were swatting a fly. Not surprisingly, there were those who vowed to exact revenge.

In September 1924, an anarchist group which was aptly named the Guillotine Society (Girochin Sha) made two attempts on the life of Masatarô Fukuda, the general in command of the troops who had murdered Ôsugi. One of Ôsugi's old comrades, Kyûtarô Wada, shot General Fukuda but only succeeded in wounding him, while in the second Fukuda's house was bombed, although he was not at home at the time.

See John Crump’s The Anarchist Movement in Japan & The Chinese Anarchist Movement, by R. Scalapino & G. T. Yu (1961).
See too, Osugi Sakae, The Autobiography of Osugi Sakae (University of California Press, 1992).
Garcia, Victor. Three Japanese Anarchists: Kotoku, Osugi & Yamaga. London: Kate Sharpley Library, 2000.
Stanley, T.A. Osugi Sakae, Anarchist in Taisho Japan: The Creativity of the Ego. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.
Setouchi, Harumi. Beauty In Disarray (1993; reprinted 2005) (biography of Noe Ito)
Iwazaki, Kureo. Woman of Flame. (biography of Noe Ito)
The Collected Works of Ito Noe, two volumes. (in Japanese, 1970)
Bardsley, Jan. The Bluestockings of Japan: Feminist Fiction & Essays from Seito, 1911–1916. (Center for Japanese Studies, 2002).
Stefan Anarkowic. Against The God Emperor: The Anarchist Treason Trials In Japan
Plotkin, Ira L. Anarchism in Japan: A Study of the Great Treason Affair, 1910-1911 (Japanese Studies, vol. 1) The Edwin Mellen Press.
Tsuzuki, C. "Anarchism in Japan". In Apter, D. & Joll, J. (1971). Anarchism Today. New York: Macmillian, 1971.
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/worldmovements.html
http://raforum.info/mot.php3?id_mot=1036⟨=en

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1933 -- [September 16] Paul Robeson

"Paul Robeson is arguably the greatest Renaissance person in American history. An exceptional scholar, lawyer, athlete, stage & screen actor, singer, & civil rights & political activist, he performed brilliantly in every professional enterprise he undertook. Few human beings have ever achieved his levels of excellence in even one field, much less several. Yet despite his extraordinary accomplishments, he remains virtually unknown by millions of educated Americans."

http://www.cs.uchicago.edu/cpsr/robeson/links/course.syllabus.html
http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/peekskill.html
http://www.bayarearobeson.org/Chronology_7.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/entertainment/july-dec97/blacklist_10-24.html
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/remember/1998/robeson_4-9a.html
http://www.moderntimes.com/blacklist/

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2002 -- [September 16] US: University of California censors strike again, shut down student web sites they have been trying to ban for years. While few students are on campus, & in the police-state atmosphere following 911, come armed the academic terrorists with their web-shredders, & shut down the pages sponsored at the Burn! site, because of an informational link to a group on the official US FTO list.

Today UCSD administration notifies the Ché Café Collective they are allegedly "in violation of UCSD policies & Federal law by maintaining the burn.ucsd.edu web site & using UCSD computer network resources to provide access to a terrorist organization."

Gary Ratcliff (sic!), director of the University Centers at UCSD, wrote that the Ché Café & burn.ucsd.edu were providing material support in the form of communication equipment, personnel & facilities to a Foreign Terrorist Organization by maintaining "links supporting the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia (FARC), an organization listed by the US Department of State as a Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO)."

Among the sites shut down was one dedicated to artist Josep Renau, & the pages of Anarchy Now!. some pages were salvaged & reappeared on the anarchist infoshop.org site & elsewhere.

http://web.archive.org...checafe.ucsd.edu/correspondence/release1.html
http://web.archive.org/web/20101108011545/http://checafe.ucsd.edu/correspondence/

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1895 -- [September 17] France: Militant anarchiste Kléber Nadaud lives (1895-1943), Cognac (Poitou-Charentes).

Son of a blacksmith & a seamstress. Active in Paris, he was arrested with other companions (Henri Delecourt, Petelot Marcel, Gabriel Lattes Jean Laporte & Albert Doucet) in May 1920 & sentenced to four months in prison for "advocating murder" in protesting Émile Cottin's death sentence.(Cottin attempted to assassinate Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Clemenceau, & protests resulted in his sentence being reduced to 10-years) & "provoking military disobedience" for pasting posters ("Aux grévistes"; The Strikers) supporting striking railway workers.

Delegate to the founding convention of "l'Union Anarchiste" in Paris on 14 & 15 November 1920. Assumed, from December 1920 to January 1922, editorial responsibility for "Libertaire" which earned him three sentences of 13 months in prison each. Acquitted of one charge on appeal, the other two sentences are combined into one, & he does a year at "La Santé" prison in Paris.

In 1924, he co-founded with Charles Anderson, Lucien Haussard & Julien Content the newspaper L'Idée Anarchiste as a forum for all the differing anarchist tendencies. (It only lasts for 13 numbers.)

With the split up of the "l'Union Anarchiste" & formation of the "Anarchist Revolutionary Communist Union (UACR) in November 1927, Nadaud became sub-editor of Libertaire &, with Peter Mualdès, was also head of the Federation of Oise.

In 1929, he was secretary of the "Committee to Aid Nestor Makhno", collecting funds for Makhno, the Ukrainian guerrilla then in exile in France.

In 1934, he aided Fernand Planche in founding the newspaper La Conquête du pain, open to all tendencies of anarchism.

A proofreader, he became a member Syndicat des Correcteurs (CGT) in 1928 & participated in it's Trade Union Committee from 1933 to 1937 & from February to June 1940.

Kléber Nadaud died August 9, 1943 in Lyon.
Source: [ L'Ephéméride Anarchiste ] & Anarcoefemèrides

http://anarcoefemerides.balearweb.net/post/90069
http://www.ephemanar.net/decembre19.html#mualdes
http://www.ephemanar.net/janvier08.html#afa
http://www.ephemanar.net/novembre01.html#uacr

1921 -- [September 17] Russia: Ten anarchists released & deported: Voline, Vorobiov, Mark Mratchny, Michailov, Gregori Maximoff, Ioudine, Iartchouk, Gorelik, Feldman & Fedorov.

Fanya Baron & the poet Lev Chernyi are detained, to be executed. Her execution was personally ordered by Lenin himself.

... show details

Fanya was shot by the Cheka on 29 September 1921, her death becoming symbolic of the barbarity of Bolshevik governance. Aaron Baron, was spared execution [4] until 1940, after spending 18 years in Taganka. Voline & Aaron Baron were among anarchists who were arrested in a Cheka crackdown on anarchism at the end of 1920 (Avrich, 1973). It is likely that Fanya Baron was also arrested at this time.

Fanya & Aaron Baron circa 1917-1921
Escape from prison: In early July 1921, Fanya escaped from Ryazan prison. She planned to help her husband Aaron Baron escape from prison in Moscow. Aaron's brother, a Bolshevik communist, offered to help with the plan, & then betrayed her. Fanya was arrested by the Checka in 1921.

Capture & execution
Fanya Baron was among 13 anarchists held at Taganka concentration camp without charges. In July 1921, they went on hunger strike, attracting the attention of visiting French, Spanish & Russian syndicalists who argued for their release. Leon Trotsky remarked at the time "We do not imprison the real anarchists, but criminals & bandits who cover themselves by claiming to be anarchists." (Voline, 1947)

Ten of the 13 anarchists were released & deported on 17 September 1921: Voline, Vorobiov, Mratchny, Michailov, Maximoff, Ioudine, Iartchouk, Gorelik, Feldman & Fedorov.

Fanya Baron & the poet Lev Chernyi were detained, to be executed later that month. Her execution was personally ordered by Lenin himself.

Fanya was shot by the Cheka on 29 September 1921, her death becoming symbolic of the barbarity of Bolshevik governance.

Aaron Baron, was spared execution until 1940, after spending 18 years in Taganka. (Executed 1938-1940.)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanya_Baron

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1943 -- France: Anarchiste Gino Lucette dies.
Source: [ L'Ephéméride Anarchiste ]


1885 -- [September 18] Paul Roussenq, the "anarchist convict".

Roussenq became an anarchist as a youth with his reading of libertarian newspapers & Elisee Reclus.

His years in prison began at age16, when arrested & sentenced to 3-months in jail for vagrancy. On March 5, 1903, he threw a crouton at the prosecutor, & this dastardly terrorist act got him sent the disciplinary battalions of Biribi in Africa for 5 years.

Here he was tossed into prison for insulting his "superiors," & on May 5, 1908, a military tribunal condemned Roussenq to 20 years of forced labor at Cayenne. Here he was involved in a prison uprising, & this earned him another 3,779 days in the dungeon.

... show details

Over there, under this marvelous Algerian sun, the young libertarian rebel earns the contempt, the barkings of the non-coms, humiliations of all kinds, & the blows, still with the blows & always with the blows. The rebel rebelled again of course...dared to burn his jacket as a sign of protest & for this he got 20 more years...

Roussenq was tossed into prison for insulting his "superiors," & on May 5, 1908, a military tribunal sentenced Roussenq to 20 years of forced labor at Cayenne. Here he was involved in a prison revolt, & this fine act earned him an additional 3,779 days in the dungeons.

Only because of a huge publicity campaign, publication of Albert Londres' book on the prison, & mobilization of the "S.R.I." (International Red Help) on his behalf, was Roussenq finally released in 1932.

He remained free, an active militant, & worked with Terre Libre (the newspaper founded by André Prudhommeaux) until WWII when he was interned in a camp in Sisteron.

During this period he wrote his memoirs, L'enfer du bagne (The Hell of Prison).

Prematurely aging & in poor health, today Roussenq takes his life.

See Paul Roussenq, le bagnard de Saint-Gilles by Daniel Vidal.

In French see,
http://pagesperso-orange.fr/libertaire/bagne.htm
http://www.ephemanar.net/aout03.html#roussenq
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Londres

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1895 -- [September 18] Booker T. Washington speech at the Cotton States & International Exposition

Known as the "Atlanta Compromise" speech, Washington advocates acceptance of a subordinate role for African-Americans, espouses peaceful coexistence with white Southerners, & deems agitation for social equality "the extremist folly." The speech reportedly leaves some African-American listeners in tears & incurs the wrath of W.E.B. Du Bois & others, but secures his reputation among whites as a successor to Frederick Douglass.

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1900 -- [September 18] France: The International Anti-Parliamentary Congress prohibited in France

US anarchists, selecting American-born delegates for the Paris Congress settle on Emma Goldman, among others, although she is an immigrant.

Emma was asked by several, including Lizzie & William Holmes, Abe Isaak, & Susan Patton, to present papers at the Congress.

... show details

In the summer, accompanied by Hippolyte Havel, Emma Goldman visits Paris in preparation. Immersing herself in French culture, she also acquainted herself with leading French figures of the French anarchist movement & other progressive circles, including Augustin Hamon & Victor Dave. She met up with US-Italian comrades, including Salvatore Palavicini, & reunited with Max Baginski. She met Oscar Panizza, who wrote for Der arme Teufel & discusses issues of sexuality, including homosexuality, with Dr. Eugene Schmidt.

Emma's "The Sex Question" is one of her lectures scheduled for the 21st — although some French comrades oppose this topic being addressed in public, fearing it will lead to further misconceptions of anarchism.

During this period, Emma also attends the Neo-Malthusian Congress in Paris, held in secret because of a French law prohibiting organized attempts to limit offspring. She obtains birth control literature & contraceptives to take back to the US.

She decides against pursuing further medical studies so that she can concentrate on political activities. Following the Paris Congress, Emma earns her living as a boarding room cook & as an American tour guide at the Paris Exposition.

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1931 -- [September 18] Japan occupies Manchuria.

Ishii & Japanese military seize the opportunity to move the center for bacteriological research at the Army's Medical College established in 1930 to northern Manchuria for expansion with a view to making the Soviet Union the hypothetic enemy.

A special advantage for this move is that the Kuantung Army can kill Chinese at will & provide an unlimited supply of human experiment materials. With Chinese lives at no cost, Japan is poised to lead the world in biological warfare.

Chiang Kai-shek’s government decides to address League of Nations at Geneva, but not to resist militarily.

Sources: K.S. Karol & Vanessa Collection

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1936 -- [September 18] Spain: Generals Francisco Franco & Emilio Mola announce what they hoped would be the triumphant culmination of the fascist military insurrection they head.

The two planned to capture Madrid on October 12, 1936. When this date came & went without the predicted invasion, a handful of confident madrileños celebrated by placing a fully set table & chairs on the Gran Vía, the main avenue in Madrid, with a placecard reading "Reserved for General Mola." Failing their October goal, Franco's forces quickly began organizing a new offensive for November 7.

http://recollectionbooks.com/anow/history/spain/

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1945 -- [September 18] Voline, Russian revolutionary & anarchist historian

In 1907 a Tsarist tribunal banished Voline, & he escaped to France & the US.

Voline became associated with various libertarians, among them Sébastien Faure, the eloquent orator of the French anarchists. He also had connections with the small circle of Russian Anarchists in Paris, with A. A. Kareline & his group, & other organizations of Russian exiles.

Moving to NY, Voline joined the Union of Russian Workers in the US & Canada, a formidable organization with about 10,000 members which entertained ideas similar to those of the Confederation Generale du Travail (General Confederation of Labour) in France. Thus he found a rich field for his activities, serving on the editorial staff of Golos Truda ( The Voice of Labour), the weekly paper of the Federation, & was one of its most gifted lecturers.

... show details

In 1919, the Bolshevik government began persecuting anarchists, suppressing their papers & arresting militants en masse. It was then that Voline joined the revolutionary army of Nestor Makhno, heading their special department to enlighten the people & prepare them for a new social order, based on common ownership of the land, home rule of communities, & federative solidarity.

Voline was arrested January 14, by military agents of the Moscow government & dragged from one prison to another. Trotsky already had ordered his execution, & according to Voline, he escaped death only by sheer accident: in 1921 the Red Trade Union International held a Congress in Moscow. It included representatives of some anarcho-syndicalist organizations in Spain, France, & other countries, who had come to ascertain whether an alliance with this new International was feasible. They arrived just as anarchists in the Taganka prison went on a hunger strike for over 10 days.

The Bolsheviks, publicly embarrassed & embroiled with the scandal in the Congress, released the hunger-strikers on the condition that they leave Russia.

It was the first time political prisoners were deported from the vaunted Red Fatherland of the Proletariat.

Of interest, see Maurice Brinton's The Bolsheviks & Workers Control,
http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/russia/sp001861/bolintro.html

See Andre Prudhommeaux- Profile, by Charles Jacquier, which is primarily about Voline.
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/voline/
http://blackeyepress.wordpress.com/2009/09/20/nestor-makhno/

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1968 -- [September 18] Troops invade Mexico City National University.

Mexican federal troops occupy National University in Mexico City, taking 3,000 prisoners, including professors & parents.

Two months ago, Mexican students organized a huge commemoration of Fidel Castro's July 26th Movement & the Cuban revolution. Police dispersed the demonstration, killing at least 10. The same evening, police broke into & destroyed the Communist Party office. On July 27th, a protest strike extended to all universities & high schools. Demands included constitutional rights, an end to police repression, & a release of political prisoners. The students, in alliance with poor workers, will make a last stand in the suburb of Tlatelolco, which will leave 20 dead & 75 wounded.

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1830 -- [September 20] US: National Negro Convention, a group of 38 free African-Americans from eight states, meets in Philadelphia, Pa., with the express purpose of abolishing slavery & improving the social status of African-Americans. They elect Richard Allen president & agree to boycott slave-produced goods.

Bolt out of the blue?: The first so-called Negro Convention of Free Men calls for a boycott of slave-produced goods & encourages free-produce organizations. The most active will be the Colored Females' Free Produce Society, which seeks to overthrow the economic power of slavery one bolt of cotton & teaspoon of sugar at a time.

Supported by the abolition movement, the boycotts publicize non-slave merchants & provide goods to members. They refute the argument that boycotts ultimately hurt slaves.

The movement elevates Black women activists such as Frances Harper & Grace Douglass.

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1882 -- [September 20]

Switzerland: Jura Federation's annual Congress of 1882 [I don't have the exact date. — ed.]

Despite Peter Kropotkin's preoccupation with trade union organization & militant strike action during the early 1880's, he firmly rejected the syndicalist view among many Jurassians, which considered trade unions as the basis of the new society. He was unwavering in his view that 'the Commune' (local urban & agricultural communities) would act as the basic unit in the future libertarian communist society, & disliked the vision of society narrowly based on workers' organizations. To this day, this is one of the main theoretical distinctions between anarcho-communism & anarcho-syndicalism. Source: http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/chronology.html [ See also Sept 9, 1877 above ]

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1934 -- [September 20] US: Southern employers continue their big counter-offensive break the textile labor strikes & agitation

Textile labor strikes & agitation have occurred along the Eastern seaboard, which one historian has called "unquestionably the greatest single industrial conflict in the history of American organized labor."

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An army of 10,000 National Guardsmen was mobilized in Georgia & the Carolinas, Alabama, & Mississippi, supplemented by 15,000 armed deputies.

Earlier efforts to stampede strikers back to work fails miserably, as an AP report a few days ago notes 421,000 on strike — 20,000 more than a week previously.

But now martial law is declared in Georgia. National Guardsmen start mass arrests & jailings without charges, imprisoning strikers in a former concentration camp for WWI German prisoners. Thirty-four key strike leaders are arrested & held incommunicado, & by yesterday 13 are dead. Union officials state today that only "force & hunger" are causing the few strikers who have gone back to the mills to return to work.

Source: Jeremy Brecher, Strike! p176

http://timelines.ws/cities/NYC_B.HTML

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1911 -- [September 21] Australia: The Federal Minister for Home Affairs, King O'Malley, issues a directive that "absolute preference" in employment be given to trade unionists.

King O'Malley, an American bounder & I.W.W. (Industrial Workers of the World) member pretending he was born in Canada (American's couldn't hold parliamentary office in Australia — British subjects could) was Minister for Home Affairs in the Labor government in power 1910 - 1913.

The conservative opposition immediately attempted to pass a censure motion against the government. The motion was defeated & for the first & last time in Australian history, trade unionists were given "absolute preference" in employment.

During 1910 to 1913 union membership increased a staggering 44%. To circumvent this directive, employers set up "scab" unions under the Australian Independent Workers Association banner. It aimed to peacefully settle all labor disputes through discussion & demanded an open shop policy for non-unionists. It also organized scabs to work during the 1912 Brisbane General Strike. It had branches in every state & produced a paper called "Square Deal".

It's fascinating to note its central philosophy that "there is an identity of interest between employer & employee" is the same position promoted in the A.C.T.U.'s & Hawke's precious "Accord" — the single most important factor leading to the decline of the Australian Trade Union Movement at the end of the 20th Century.

http://www.kingomalleys.com.au/

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1913 -- [September 21] US: "Mother" Jones leads a march of miners' children through the streets of Charleston

Mother Jones attracted the country's attention in 1912-13, during the Paint Creek-Cabin Creek strike in West Virginia; the strike's frequent violence brought the publicity. On February 12, 1913, she was arrested after leading a protest over living conditions for the striking miners.

At age 83, Mother Jones was convicted by a military court of conspiring to commit murder & was sentenced to 20 years in prison. The event created such a furor that the US Senate formed a committee to look into conditions in the West Virginia coalfields. In 1913, newly elected West Virginia governor Dr. Henry Hatfield freed Mother Jones. As a medical doctor, Hatfield had previously treated Mother Jones for pneumonia.

http://www.illinoislaborhistory.org/resources/labor-heroes.html#Mother-Jones
http://www.americanswhotellthetruth.org/pgs/portraits/Mother_Jones.php

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1920 -- [September 21] Chile: "A column of rich scum broke into FECH's headquarters burning books, furniture, & ultimately the whole building." FECH (Federación Estudiantes Universidad de Chile) was a militant student organization involving anarchists, Marxists, democrats which developed strong links with the radical labor movement.

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"We have to teach a lesson to these so-called Chileans, who have sold out to Peru's gold," said one of the authorities.

Most of the "Traitors to the country" were jailed after being sued in the courts under what the government called the "Subversion Trial."

One of those jailed — the Law/Spanish student Domingo Gomez Rojas — went mad from torture & was sent to a sanatorium, where he died four months later; he was 23-years-old.

Overall 1920 was a year of brutal repression for the workers movement — many locals were burnt down, many agitators were murdered, workers were sent to prison etc. & the following year witnessed the almost forgotten San Gregorio Massacre where hundreds of miners were killed mercilessly.

Source: http://flag.blackened.net/blackflag/213/213chile.htm

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1912 -- [September 22] Mexico: The anarcho-syndicalist Casa del Obrero Mundial (COM) is founded (located at Calle 43 de Matamoros número 105) & rapidly becomes the largest union in Mexico City.

(1912-16) Anarchosyndicalist labor union. Dominated labor in Mexico City; opposed Huerta in 1914, & Villa & Zapata in 1914-1915. After much labor turbulence, crushed by the government.

"In 1912 the anarcho-syndicalist Casa del Obrero Mundial (House of the World Worker) was formed & rapidly attracted the urban workers of Mexico City to its ranks. Yet, within three years the anarcho-syndicalists were organising Red Battalions to fight in defence of the Mexican state! Although the Casa emerged with a typical anti-politicism & a desire to concentrate on economic struggle several factors led it to give support to one bourgeois faction, the Constitutionalist forces of Venustiano Carranza, against the Agrarians & their P.L.M. allies [Zapata & the Magonistas]...."

Text from "Syndicalism: a Critical Analysis"; see,
http://www.afed.org.uk/org/issue46/union.html
Date sources, see [Casa Obrero Mundial] &http://cnparm.home.texas.net/Nat/Mx/Mx02.htm

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1934 -- [September 22] US: UTW strike Committee order strikers back to work, ending "unquestionably the greatest single industrial conflict in the history of American organized labor."

Southern employers continue their big counter-offensive to break the textile labor strikes & agitation which have occurred along the Eastern seaboard.

An army of 10,000 National Guardsmen was mobilized in Georgia & the Carolinas, Alabama, & Mississippi, supplemented by 15,000 armed deputies.

Earlier efforts to stampede strikers back to work fails miserably, however, as an earlier AP reports 421,000 on strike — an increase of 20,000 strikers in a mere week.

But now martial law is declared in Georgia. National Guardsmen start mass arrests & jailings without charges, imprisoning strikers in a former concentration camp for WWI German prisoners. Thirty-four key strike leaders are arrested & held incommunicado, & 13 are dead. Union officials state that only "force & hunger" are causing the few strikers who have gone back to the mills to return to work.

Source: Jeremy Brecher, Strike! p176

http://www.illinoislaborhistory.org/resources/labor-heroes.html#Mother-Jones
http://www.americanswhotellthetruth.org/pgs/portraits/Mother_Jones.php

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1881 -- [September 23] Spain: FTRE (Federación de Trabajadores de la Región Española - Spanish Regional Workers’ Federation).

Launched at a congress held in Barcelona (23-26 September 1881), following the prior winding up of the FRE in February of this year.

... show details

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FIRST FTRE CONGRESS.

The FTRE, replacing the FRE, was launched at the Barcelona congress attended by around 150 delegates (somewhere from 136 to 146, according to historians) representing 162 labor societies. It met on the premises of the Sans cooperative society & its proceedings were opened in Barcelona's Circo theatre the next day. Its decisions were:

1. - To condemn regionalism & Pi y Margall-ism. 2. - To resist all political parties, worker or bourgeois, as a step in the direction of doing away with all privilege. 3. - To stress the character of the FTRE as a purely economic organization working towards realisation of a free federation of free associations of free producers. 4. - To underline the value of inalienable individual rights not susceptible to legislative regulation & to affirm that rights of suffrage, freedom of the press & of association & municipal autonomy are meaningless unless matched by collectivisation of property.

In addition it was agreed that the Andalusian comarca be split into two & that a Manifest be made public wherein the condemnation of political parties would be hammered home. Even though the more law-abiding, less anarchist character of the nascent FTRE has been remarked upon, there was little sign of it at this congress, where only 8 votes were cast against emphatically anarchist arguments & where there was insistence upon distancing from political parties.

A Historical Encyclopaedia of Spanish Anarchism by Miguel Iñiguez

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After its foundation congress, it experienced rapid growth, as noted at its second congress (in Seville, September 1882), having swollen to 49,561 members, mostly Andalusians & Catalans, organised into 10 comarcas, 209 local federations & 632 sections & held 8 union congresses (congresses of shoemakers, manufacturing workers, food workers, hatters, printers, blacksmiths, peasants & building workers in Valencia, Barcelona, Reus, Igualada, Seville & Madrid), plus 10 comarcal congresses.

This expansion was brought to an end by internecine strife (due to the presence of competing factions, constitutionalists, insurrectionists, syndicalists, revolutionaries, collectivists & communists); these frictions were evident at the congress in Seville when a minority, southern Andalusians, split off & held a radical anarcho-communist congress of their own in Cádiz (December 1882), with follow-up congresses in Seville & Cádiz (1883-84).

There was another factor in the decline: the police crackdown in the wake of the Mano Negra episode, a crackdown condemned only very timidly by the FTRE (in March 1883 a declaration from the FTRE Federal Council made up of Pellicer, Canibel, Tomás & Llunas, protested at the repression, whilst at the same time distancing itself from those implicated in the Mano Negra).

By the time of its third congress (Valencia, October 1850, the FTRE was falling apart & plainly breaking up, a process contained only by its flourishing press. By 1885, federation activity had all but ceased & the extra-ordinary congress in Barcelona (1884) had resolved nothing, any more than the so-called “cosmopolitan” congress (Barcelona 1885) or the comarcal congresses summoned in Alcoy, Barcelona, Madrid & Zaragoza in the summer of 1885 did. A mere 17 delegates showed up for the FTRE’s fourth congress (Madrid 1887). Finally, the FTRE was wound up when, at the request of the Catalans, a congress met in Valencia (September 1888) to register the demise of the FTRE and, in its place, launch the OARE (Spanish Regional Anarchist Organisation), which was conceived as buttressing the anarchist element, in that it rejected any who would not dogmatically embrace anarchist arguments (the OARE gave up on meeting in congresses). Then again, in Barcelona the Pacto de Unión was launched in 1888.

The FTRE failed to marry the various interests present within it & in terms of profile it cannot stand comparison with the FRE, nor with the CNT. Whether the FTRE clearly adhered to the FRE line is a matter of some controversy: from its trajectory (Mano Negra, Los Desheredados, the OARE..) we may deduce that it aspired to impose a more legalistic, reformist policy, something in which the Llunas-Tomás-Farga faction had already been successful within the FRE.

All of the internal squabbling boiled down to a duel between revolutionaries (which group included insurrectionists, anarcho-communists & radicals) & the moderates-reformists (namely, the constitutionalists, collectivists & syndicalists) , a duel already played out inside the FRE.

Where the FTRE did succeed was in ditching the republican socialists (and, given the initial connection with the International - remember that many internationalists had their origins in the federal republican camp - this was no easy undertaking) who were resoundingly defeated at the 1881 congress by 110 votes to 8.

http://www.veuobrera.org/00finest/ftre-est.htm
http://www.andalucia.cc/historica/lamanonegra/index.htm
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_de_Trabajadores_de_la_Regi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola

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1895 --

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LE CONGRÈS DE LIMOGES: NAISSANCE DE LA CGT

(Limoges, du 23 au 28 septembre 1895) Après plus de dix ans de tâtonnement, le mouvement syndical s'unifie. Réunies à Limoges du 23 au 28 septembre 1895, la Fédération Nationale des Syndicats (FNS) et la Fédération des Bourses du travail de France et des Colonies décident de créer la Confédération Générale du Travail. Après un débat désordonné, les congressistes déclarent: «Entre les divers syndicats et groupements professionnels, de syndicats d'ouvriers et d'employés des deux sexes existant en France et aux colonies, il est créé une organisation unitaire et collective qui prend pour titre: Confédération Générale duTravail.» Forte de l'aspirationà l'unité de la base ouvrière,la CGT naissante fédère18 Bourses du Travail, 26 chambres syndicales et 28fédérations syndicales, soit300 000 membres sur les 420 000 syndiqués existant en France à l'époque. Un mois après le congrès de Limoges, Fernand Pelloutier publie un article manifeste dans lequel il défend le développement des idées anarchistes dans les syndicats. Cette influence libertaire aidera la jeune CGTà maintenir son indépendance, par rapport à l'État d'abord et par rapport aux partis politique ensuite. Cette indépendance sera codifiée et fortement réaffirmée onze ans plus tard lors du congrès d'Amiens en octobre 1906. https://www.google.com/search?q=Naissance+de+la+CGT

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1909 --

Emma Goldman

US: Emma Goldman engages in a free-speech battle in Philadelphia for the next month. The kindly Police chief will let Emma Goldman speak on condition he review her speech prior to the engagement; the Free Speech Association deems the proposed review an infringement on Goldman's free-speech rights & she refuses to comply. Being prevented from entering the lecture hall to exercise her so-called free speech rights, Voltairine de Cleyre reads Emma's lecture to the audience. Emma appeals for an injunction to restrain the Philadelphia police from further intimidation & testifies before the court. A judge refuses to issue an injunction, claiming police have the right to prevent people from speaking if their words are deemed likely to cause a public disturbance; in addition, he claims she is not a citizen & therefore is not guaranteed constitutional right to free speech.

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1513 -- [September 25]

Balboa "discovers" the Pacific Ocean

Total area: 165.384 million sq km

Comparative area: about 18 times the size of the U.S.; the largest ocean (followed by the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, & the Arctic Ocean); covers about one-third of the global surface; larger than the total land area of the world.

Note: Includes Bali Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Bering Sea, Bering Strait, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Flores Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Gulf of Tonkin, Java Sea, Philippine Sea, Ross Sea, Savu Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, South China Sea, Tasman Sea, Timor Sea, & other tributary water bodies

Two days ago by order of Captain Balboa, dogs sink their teeth into the naked flesh of fifty indians of Panama, disembowelling & devouring the fifty guilty of the abominable sin of sodomy. Balboa's dog gets a sublieutenant's pay & a share of each gold or slave booty...

Today, with water up to his waist, he raises his sword & yells to the four winds.

He splashes about dizzy with a joy he won't feel again. The sea opens for him, embraces him, rocks him.

Balboa would like to drink it dry.

http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/010.html

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1934 -- [September 25] Emma Goldman lectures to a Jewish women's organization in Toronto

Emma misses Frank Heiner (a blind sociology graduate student at the University of Chicago, whom she became intimate with earlier in the year, & who has impressed her as a promising anarchist leader) after he returns to the US, & hopes that Roger Baldwin will be successful in his efforts in Washington to gain a U.S. visa for her (the US government refuses to allow the old anarchist into the country).

She works hard writing the lectures for the next month & submits "Was My Life Worth Living?" to Harper's, which is later accepted for publication.

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1960 -- England:

25 to 28 The Situationist International's fourth conference, in London. Participants: Guy Debord, Jacqueline de Jong, Asger Jorn, Attila Kotànyi, Katja Lindell, Jørgen Nash, Heimrad Prem, Helmut Sturm, Maurice Wyckaert, Hans-Peter Zimmer.

Creation of the Central Council of the SI, composed of Debord, Jorn, Kotànyi, Nash, Sturm & Wyckaert.
Transfer of the Bureau of Unitary Urbanism from Amsterdam to Brussels. Director: Kotànyi.
Adoption of the Declaration on Madness, presented by the German section.

27 Resolution of the Fourth Conference of the Situationist International Concerning the Imprisonment of Alexander Trocchi, tract denouncing the arrest & detention of the situationist Alexander Trocchi in the United States, for drug use & trafficking.

28 Declaration in the Name of the Fourth SI Conference to the Institute of Contemporary Arts, read in English by Maurice Wyckaert.

29 On the day after strict measures are announced by the Gaullist government against the first 121 signatories of the Declaration on the Right to Insubordination in the Algerian War, produced & distributed since Maurice Blanchot & Dionys Mascolo, Guy Debord & Michèle Bernstein co-sign the declaration, which eventually collects 200 signatures.

Also, during this Autumn Guy Debord joins Socialisme ou Barbarie.

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1999 -- [September 25] The Friends of the Modern School meet at Rutgers University.

About 80 or 90 former students of the Modern School, residents of the Ferrer colony, their families, anarchists, & sundry others gather.

Historian Paul Avrich spoke of Alexander Berkman, giving a graphic description of Berkman's attempt to assassinate Frick. Another speaker, Kevin Van Meter, a young anarchist organizer spoke about his work with the Modern Times Collective (a collective of anarchist-identified groups on Long Island, including Food Not Bombs), the Long Island chapter of the IWW & Students for Peace & Justice.

Bob Helms of Wooden Shoe Books Collective in Philadelphia spoke of his efforts to liberate Hippolyte Havel's ashes from a storage vault in Linden, New Jersey. He has also done research on Mary Hansen (a teacher at the school) & her partner George Brown.

Bill Giacalone, a former student, discussed the committee's efforts to preserve Modern School site as a children's park & nature preserve. They designed a park, & met with the Piscataway Borough Council & the Mayor who were enthusiastic about the proposal.

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1870 -- [September 27] Louise Michel jailed for the first time

On 14th July 1870, war broke out between France & Germany. Paris was besieged by the Prussian armies. It was during this time that Louise Michel was arrested for the first time. She had, along with Mme Andre Leo, managed to organize a group of volunteers to go to aid Strasbourg in one last stand against the Prussian armies. They were arrested at the Hotel de Ville, which was the building occupied by the acting government. They were arrested as they insisted on receiving arms.

On 27th September, Louise Michel was released, but Strasbourg had just fallen to the Prussians. Despite this, she remained active & optimistic. She was president of Montmartre Women's Vigilance Committee. Their aim was to provide shelter & food for all who needed it. In December, she was arrested again. She was accused of organizing a demonstration in front of the Hotel de Ville. She replied by saying,

"I couldn't have organized any demonstration to speak to the government, because I no longer recognized that government".

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1906 --

Jim Thompson lives.

In the 1950s Jim Thompson was blacklisted during the anti-communist witch hunts, but was later summoned to Hollywood by director Stanley Kubrick to co-write screenplays for the films The Killing (1956) & Paths of Glory (1957).

His first book was published in 1942, but it was his fifth book, The Killer Inside Me which established his reputation. The central character & first-person narrator is a small town sheriff Lou Ford, who pretends to be dim-witted, but is in fact a cunning, complex, even brilliant madman, playing cat & mouse with the world.

... show details

In the 50s Thompson wrote nearly 20 novels. He was frequently broke & sometimes separated from his family. His problems with booze is depicted in The Alcoholics. With moderate success he wrote fast, & repeated himself in later works, recycling, among others, The Killer Inside Me again in POP. 1280 (1964). Several stories are set in the deep South, in an atmosphere of decay & macabre, similar to the novels of William Faulkner.

See: Jim Thompson: The Killers Inside Him by Max Allan Collins & Ed Gorman (1983); Jim Thompson: Sleep with the Devil by Michael J. McCauley (1991)
Films: AFTER DARK, MY SWEET, 1955 - film 1990, dir. by James Foley; THE KILLER INSIDE ME, 1952 - film 1976, dir. by Burt Kennedy; THE GETAWAY, 1959 - film 1972, dir. by Sam Peckinpah, starring Steve McQueen & Ali MacGraw; THE GETAWAY, 1959 - film 1994, dir. by Roger Donaldson, starring Alec Baldwin & Kim Basinger; THE GRIFTERS, 1963 - film 1990, dir. by Stephen Frears, written by Donald Westlake; POP. 1280, 1964 - film Coup deTorchon/Clean Slate, 1981, dir. by Bertrand Tavernier.

Jim Thompson

September 27, 1906 - April 7, 1977

Partial Bibliography

Novels: 1942 - Now & on Earth 1946 - Heed the Thunder 1949 - Nothing More Than Murder 1952 - Cropper's Cabin 1952 - The Killer Inside Me 1953 - The Alcoholics 1953 - Bad Boy 1953 - The Criminal 1953 - Recoil 1953 - Savage Night 1954 - A Swell Looking Babe 1954 - The Golden Gizmo 1954 - A Hell of a Woman 1954 - The Nothing Man 1954 - Roughneck 1955 - After Dark, My Sweet 1957 - The Kill-Off 1957 - Wild Town

1959 - The Getaway 1961 - The Transgressors 1963 - The Grifters 1964 - Pop 1280 1965 - Texas by the Tail 1967 - Ironside 1967 - South of Heaven 1969 - The Undefeated 1970 - Nothing But a Man 1972 - Child of Rage 1973 - King Blood Collections: 1983 - 4 Novels (The Getaway, The Killer Inside Me, The Grifters, Pop 1280) 1986 - Hardcore: 3 Novels (The Kill-Off, The Nothing Man, Bad Boy) 1987 - More Hardcore: 3 Novels (The Ripoff, The Golden Gizmo, Roughneck) 1988 - Fireworks : The Lost Writings of Jim Thompson            (Robert Polito & Michael McCauley, Ed.)

http://www.hycyber.com/MYST/thompson_jim.html
http://writer89.tripod.com/

http://www.popsubculture.com/pop/bio_project/jim_thompson.html
http://www.fantasticfiction.co.uk/authors/Jim_Thompson.htm

"If Raymond Chandler, Dashiell Hammett & Cornell Woolrich could have joined together in some ungodly union & produced a literary offspring, Jim Thompson would be it."

— Washington Post

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