Vietri sul Mare
—  Comune  —
Comune di Vietri sul Mare
View of Vietri sul Mare
Vietri sul Mare within the Province of Salerno
Vietri sul Mare Location of Vietri sul Mare in Italy
Coordinates: 40°40′N 14°44′E / 40.667°N 14.733°E / 40.667; 14.733
Country	Italy
Region	Campania
Province	Salerno (SA)
Frazioni	Albori, Benincasa, Dragonea, Iaconti, Molina, Raito, San Vincenzo
Government
• Mayor	Franco Benincasa
Area
• Total	8 km2 (3 sq mi)
Elevation	80 m (260 ft)
Population (1 April 2009[1])
• Total	8,365
• Density	1,000/km2 (2,700/sq mi)
Demonym	Vietresi (Dialcet: Vietraiuli)
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code	84019
Dialing code	089
Patron saint	John the Baptist
Saint day	24 June
Website	Official website

Vietri sul Mare ("Vietri on the Sea") is a town and comune in the province of Salerno, in the Campania region of southern Italy. It is a popular tourist destination because it is a convenient place to start the Amalfi Coast drive. It is the last or first town on the Amalfi Coast and inhabitants like to call it “The First Pearl of the Amalfi,” claiming that the Amalfi begins at Vietri, which is just west of Salerno. Vietri is the origin of dishes, flowerpots, vases and tiles found in restaurants, hotels and homes throughout the Amalfi area.

Geography[link]

The town is bordered by Cava de' Tirreni, Cetara, Maiori and Salerno. The quarter by the sea, named Marina di Vietri is located to the south of the town. The village and frazione of Raito is close to the town. The other frazioni are Albori, Benincasa, Dragonea (including the localities of Iaconti and San Vincenzo) and Molina. Vietri sul Mare is the first of the 13 pearls of the Amalfi Coast, set in the most protected location of the homonymous gulf, at the foot of Monte San Liberatore and dominates the valley of the Bonea river. Temperature in the coldest month, January is about +10.4 °C; whereas during the summer, July and August the average temperature is about +26.4 °C.^[2]

Famous people related to Vietri sul Mare[link]

• Antonio Carluccio, chef
• Antonio Forcellino, historian
• Antonio Savastano, opera singer,
• Giuseppe Prezzolini, writer, honoured citizen

Airports[link]

The nearest airports:

• Salerno-Pontecagnano (QSR) 24 Km

• Napoli-Capodichino (NAP) 54 Km

Directions: From Naples, head south on A3, take the Vietri Sul Mare exit and you’re there. There is a small metered parking lot right in the town center, but also limited parking along some of the streets

Tourist Office[link]

Officially called Centro Turistico Acli a Vietri sul Mare, or CTA. Located just off Piazza Matteotti at the junction of Via XXV Luglio and Via Costiera. The staff arrange special tours and provide information about the host of cultural events.

Notes and references[link]

See also[link]

• Raito
• Amalfi Coast
• Sorrentine Peninsula

External links[link]

Media related to Vietri sul Mare at Wikimedia Commons

• "Vietri sul Mare" by Lawrence von Knorr

v t e Amalfi Coast and Sorrentine Peninsula Amalfi Coast Municipalities Amalfi Atrani Cetara Conca dei Marini Furore Maiori Minori Positano Praiano Ravello Scala Tramonti Vietri sul Mare Places of interest Amalfi Cathedral Grotta dello Smeraldo San Giovanni Battista San Giovanni del Toro Villa Cimbrone Villa Rufolo Sorrentine Peninsula Agerola Massa Lubrense Meta Piano di Sorrento Sant'Agnello Sorrento Vico Equense

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A broodmare and foal

A mare is an adult female horse or other equine.^[1]

In most cases, a mare is a female horse over the age of three, and a filly is a female horse age three and younger. However, in Thoroughbred horse racing, a mare is defined as a female horse more than four years old. The word can also be used for other female equine animals, particularly mules and zebras, though a female donkey is usually called a "jenny." A broodmare is a mare used for breeding. A horse's female parent is known as its dam.

An adult male horse is called a stallion, or, if castrated, a gelding. Occasionally the term "horse" is used in a restrictive sense to designate only a male horse.

Reproductive cycle[link]

A nursing foal. Domesticated mares may nurse their foals an average of four to six months, occasionally longer, depending on human management decisions and the temperament of a given mare.

Mares carry their young, called foals, for approximately 11 months from conception to birth. (Average range 320–370 days.)^[2] Usually just one young is born; twins are rare. When a domesticated mare foals, she nurses the foal for at least four to six months before it is weaned, though mares in the wild may allow a foal to nurse for up to a year.

The estrous cycle, also known as "season" or "heat" of a mare occurs roughly every 19–22 days and occurs from early spring into autumn. As the days shorten, most mares enter an anestrus period during the winter and thus do not cycle in this period. The reproductive cycle in a mare is controlled by the photoperiod (length of the day), the cycle first triggered when the days begin to lengthen. As the days shorten, the mare returns to the anestrus period when she is not sexually receptive. Anestrus prevents the mare from conceiving in the winter months, as that would result in her foaling during the harshest part of the year, a time when it would be most difficult for the foal to survive.^[3]

However, for most competitive purposes, foals are given an official "birthday" of January 1 (August 1 in the Southern hemisphere), and many breeders want foals to be born as early in the year as possible. Therefore, many breeding farms begin to put mares "under lights" in late winter in order to bring them out of anestrus early and allow conception to occur in February or March. One exception to this general rule is the field of endurance riding, which requires horses to be 60 true calendar months old (5 years) before competing at longer distances.

Fillies are sexually mature by age two and are sometimes bred at that age, but generally should not be bred until they themselves have stopped growing, usually by age four or five.^[4]

A healthy, well-managed mare can produce a foal every year into her twenties, though not all breeders will breed a mare every year. In addition, many mares are kept for riding and so are not bred annually, as a mare in late pregnancy or nursing a foal is not able to perform at as athletic a standard as one who is neither pregnant nor lactating. In addition, some mares become anxious when separated from their foals, even temporarily, and thus are difficult to manage under saddle until their foals are weaned.

Behavior[link]

A broodmare. Note slight distension of belly, indicating either early pregnancy or recent foaling.

Mares are considered easier to handle than stallions. However, geldings have no hormone-driven behavior patterns at all, thus sometimes they are preferred to both mares and stallions. Mares have a notorious, if generally undeserved, reputation for being "marish," meaning that they can be cranky or unwilling when they come into season. However, there is considerable evidence that much "marish" behavior is mostly the result of humans expecting or allowing the mare to misbehave. Because horses in general are very attuned to the emotional state of their riders, expectation by a rider of difficult manners during estrus can create a self-fulfilling prophecy and a cranky mare.^{[citation needed]}

While a few mares may be somewhat more distractible or irritable when in heat, they are far less easily distracted than a stallion at any time. Solid training usually minimizes hormonal behavior. For competitive purposes, mares are sometimes placed on hormone therapies, such as the drug Regumate, to help control hormonally based behavior. Some riders also use various herbal remedies, most of which have not been extensively tested for effectiveness.

Some mare owners claim that mares are more intelligent and courageous and will work harder for their owners, and there are many stories and legends about the loyalty of a mare to her rider. Conversely, others claim that mares are more nervous and high-strung. In short, much lore about "marish" mares is due to simple anthropomorphism, attributing stereotypically "female" behavior to mares.^{[citation needed]}

Mares and geldings can be pastured together. However, mares may be a bit more territorial than geldings, even though they are far less territorial than stallions. Sex-segregating herds may make for less infighting, especially if kept in close quarters. However, studies also have shown that when a "lead mare" or "boss mare" is in charge of a herd, all remaining animals rest for longer periods and seem more at ease than do those in herds led by a gelding.

In wild herds, a "boss mare" or "lead mare" leads the band to grazing, to water, and away from danger. She eats and drinks first, decides when the herd will move and to where. The herd stallion usually brings up the rear and acts as a defender of the herd against predators and other stallions.

Uses[link]

Mares can be used in any equestrian sport and have competed successfully against males. Zenyatta, winner of the 2009 Breeders' Cup Classic.

Mares are used in every equestrian sport and usually compete equally with stallions and geldings in most events, though some competitions may offer classes open only to one sex of horse or another, particularly in breeding or "in-hand" conformation classes. In horse racing, mares and fillies have their own races and only a small percentage compete against male horses. However, a few fillies and mares have won classic horse races against colts, including the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes, the Belmont Stakes, the Melbourne Cup and the Breeders' Cup Classic.

Mares are used as dairy animals in some cultures, especially by the nomads and formerly nomadic peoples of Central Asia. Fermented mare's milk, known as kumis, is the national drink of Kyrgyzstan. Some mares, usually of draft horse breeding, are kept in North America for the production of their urine. Pregnant mares' urine is the source of the active ingredient in the hormonal drug Premarin (derived from Pregnant mares' urine).

Historic use[link]

Until the invention of castration and even later where there was less cultural acceptance of the practice, mares were less difficult to manage than stallions and thus preferred for most ordinary work. Historically, the Bedouin nomads of the Arabian peninsula preferred mares on their raids, because stallions would nicker to the opposing camps' horses, whereas mares would be quiet. However, other cultures preferred male horses over mares either due to a desire for more aggressive behavior in a fighting animal, or to not be inconvenienced with a loss of work ability due to a mare's pregnancy, parturition and lactation.

Etymology[link]

The word mare, meaning "female horse," took several forms prior to A.D. 900.^[5] In Old English the form was mere or mȳre, the feminine forms for mearh (horse). The Old German form of the word was Mähre.^[6] Similarly, in Irish and Gaelic, the word was marc, in Welsh, march, in Cornish "margh", and in Breton mar'h.^[6] The word is "said to be of Gaulish origin."^[6] The word has no known cognates beyond Germanic and Celtic.^[6] One possible derived term is a mare's nest, an expression for "excitement over something which does not exist"^[6] The term nightmare, is not directly connected etymologically with the word for female horse, but rather to homophones that meant "incubus" or "goblin."^[6]

See also[link]

• Horse breeding
• Stallion (horse)
• Gelding
• Filly
• Foal
• Colt (horse)

References[link]