Coordinates: 53°27′49″N 2°15′00″W / 53.4636°N 2.25°W / 53.4636; -2.25
Hulme is an inner city area and electoral ward of Manchester, England. Located immediately south of Manchester city centre, it is an area with significant industrial heritage.
Historically a part of Lancashire, the name Hulme is derived from the Old Norse word for a small island, or land surrounded by water or marsh, indicating that it may have been first settled by Norse invaders during the period of the Danelaw.
Hulme derives its name from the Old Norse holmr, holmi, through Old Danish hulm or hulme small islands or land surrounded by streams, fen or marsh.[2][3] The area may have fitted this description at the time of the Scandinavian invasion and settlement as it is surrounded by water on three sides by the rivers Irwell, Medlock and Corn Brook. Ekwall suggested that the considerable number of Danish names to the South and South-west of Manchester, unparalleled in the rest of Lancashire, pointed to a Danish colony on the north bank of the Mersey.[3]
Ouerholm and Noranholm were recorded in 1226 and Norholm in 1227. These are thought to be variations of Overhulm and Netherhulm, though recorded earlier.[3]
The surname de Hulm is known from records of 1246, 1273, 1277, 1285,[4] 1332 and 1339[5] and del Hulme from 1284.[4] There are other early Hulm(e)s/Holm(e)s from which they might have received their surnames (by Warrington and Lancaster, for example).
In 1310 there is a mention of "...the manor of Hulm with the appurtenances, near Mamcestre".[5]
In 1322 in the records of rents of the lands of the recently executed enemy of the King and rebel Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, the following are mentioned as in the Wapentake of Salfordshire:
"Geoffrey de Hulme holds half a ploughland in Hulme and renders yearly 5s[hillings]." or, in an alternate version: "Geoffrey de Hulme holds one ploughland in Hulme by the service of 5s. yearly at the 4 terms for all." and "John le Ware holds one ploughland in Hulme by the service of 5s. yearly at the 4 terms." In 1324 there is a record of "...; farm of the land of Geoffrey de Hulme in Hulme which Jordan the dean formerly held in Overhulm and Netherhulm 5s ;..."[6]
In 1440 there is a mention of the manor of Hulme and a lot of land exchanged for 200 pounds of silver: "Between William de Byrom, Henry de Par and John Hepe, late of Hulme, plaintiffs, and Ralph de Prestwich, deforciant of the manor of Hulme with the appurtenances, and of 9 messuages, 300 acres of land, 100 acres of meadow, 500 acres of pasture, and 100 acres of wood in Mamcestre, Crompton and Oldom.[5]
Hulme was evidenced as a separate community south of the River Medlock from Manchester in 15th century map prints.[citation needed] Saxton included Holme in his map of Lancashire of 1577 on the south banks of the Medlok and the Irwell where they joined. Traford was placed on the south bank of the Irwell to the south-west, Wordsall across the Irwell to the north-west and Manchester across the Medlok to the north.[7] Hulme Hall was close to the River Irwell on a site near where St George's Church was later built. Until the 18th century it remained a solely farming area, and pictures from the time show an idyllic scene of crops, sunshine and country life. The area remained entirely rural until the Bridgewater Canal was cut and the Industrial Revolution swept economic change through the neighbouring district of Castlefield where the Duke of Bridgewater's canal terminated, and containerised transportation of coal and goods rose as an industry to support the growing textile industries of Manchester. It was this supply of cheap coal from the Duke's mines at Worsley that allowed the textile industry of Manchester to grow.
Hulme map 1730, reproduced in
A Hulme People's History in Hulme Park
Hulme map 1835, reproduced in
A Hulme People's History in Hulme Park
(Grand) Junction Hotel, Rolls Crescent
The Industrial Revolution brought development to the area, and jobs to the poor, carrying coal from the 'starvationers' (very narrow canal boats), to be carted off along Deansgate.[citation needed]
Many cotton mills and a railway link to Hulme soon followed, and thousands of people came to work in the rapidly expanding mills in the city. The number of people living in Hulme multiplied 50-fold during the first half of the 19th century. Housing had to be built rapidly, and space was limited, which resulted in low-quality housing interspersed with the myriad smoking chimneys of the mills and the railway. Added to the lack of sanitation and rampant spread of disease,[citation needed] this gave an extremely low quality of life for residents. Reports of the time suggest that at times the air quality became so poor that poisonous fumes and smoke literally "blocked out the sun" for long periods.[citation needed]
In the Irish Poor Report of 1836 the Deputy Constable of the Township of Manchester, Joseph Sadler Thomas, found that the Irish were so fiercely neighbourly in Little Ireland (located on the other side of the River Medlock, just north of Hulme Ward) and the larger Irish area of Angel Meadow (north-east of Victoria Station, on the other side of central Manchester from Hulme) that: "if a legal execution of any kind is to be made, either for rent or debt, or for taxes, the officer who serves the process almost always applies to me for assistance to protect him; and, in affording that protection, my officers are often maltreated by brickbats and other missiles".[8]
Hulme Hall was demolished in 1840 with the construction of the Bridgewater Canal.[9] By 1844, the situation had grown so serious that Manchester Borough Council had to pass a law banning further building. However, the thousands of "slum" homes that were already built continued to be lived in, and many were still in use into the first half of the 20th century.[citation needed]
Friedrich Engels was the heir of a German cotton manufacturer who had come to work for the Ermen & Engels factory in Weaste, Salford, three miles from Hulme though he worked in the firm's offices in Manchester. He made Little Ireland famous throughout the world as a disastrous slum despite it being relatively short-lived (a little over 30 years) and other areas of Manchester having worse housing, poverty and disease.[10] Little Ireland was a small slum between Oxford Street, the Medlock and the railway serving Oxford Road Station, mainly inhabited by Irish immigrant workers.[10] Described at length by Engels, he estimated that there was one inaccessible privy for every 120 residents. "The cottages are old, dirty, and of the smallest sort, the streets uneven, fallen into ruts and in part without drains or pavement; masses of refuse, offal and sickening filth lie among standing pools in all directions; the atmosphere is poisoned by the effluvia from these, and laden and darkened by the smoke of a dozen tall factory chimneys. A horde of ragged women and children swarm about here, as filthy as the swine that thrive upon the garbage heaps and in the puddles."[11] Reinforcement of the Medlock to protect the factories raised the level of the river above the surrounding residential hovels leading to frequent flooding with filthy river water.[10] Hulme was also described by Engels: "the more thickly built-up regions chiefly bad and approaching ruin, the less populous of more modern structure, but generally sunk in filth."[11]
Large numbers of Irish immigrants settled in Hulme, and in various other districts of Manchester.[when?][citation needed]
The Tithe award for Hulme was made in 1854.[12] The foundation stone of the first school erected by the Manchester School Board was laid in Vine Street, Hulme, on 11 June 1874 by Herbert Birley, chairman of the board, and the school was opened on 9 August 1875. Other board schools in Hulme were at Hamer Street (1872), Zion Chapel (1875), Lloyd Street(1878), Mulberry Street (1881), Upper Jackson Street (1883), Bangor Street (1886), and Duke Street (1890).[13]
In 1913 it was said "It is probable that in no northern city is the divergence between classes so marked as it is becoming in Manchester. Among the 80,000 inhabitants, for example, of Hulme, the poorest and most neglected district of the city, is to be found only a tiny minority of persons of much education and refinement, these being with rare exceptions doctors, or ministers of the various religious denominations, and their wives"[14]
In the early 20th century transport in Hulme was improved when the existing horse bus services were replaced by electric trams. These services connected Hulme with the suburbs further south, Moss Side, Whalley Range and Chorlton-cum-Hardy. Boston Street and Preston Street carried complementary single lines of track southwards from Jackson Street.[15] From 1949 the tram services were withdrawn and replaced by the motorbuses of Manchester Corporation Transport.[16]
Two theatres were built in Hulme, the Hulme Hippodrome and the BBC Playhouse. The Playhouse was for a short time opened as the Nia Centre but closed due to financial problems. The Hippodrome is still occupied in 2009.
At the end of World War II, the United Kingdom had a need for quality housing, with a rapidly increasing "baby boomer" population increasingly becoming unhappy with the prewar and wartime "austerity" of their lives, and indeed, their living space.
By the start of the 1960s England had begun to remove many of the 19th century slums and consequently, most of the slum areas of Hulme were demolished. The modernist and brutalist architectural style of the period, as well as practicalities of speed and cost of construction dictated high rise "modular" living in tower blocks and "cities in the sky" consisting of deck-access flats and terraces.
In Hulme, a new and (at the time) innovative design for deck access and tower living was attempted. This consisted of curved rows of low-rise flats with deck access far above the streets, known as the "Crescents" (which were, with unintentional irony, architecturally based on terraced housing in Bath). In this arrangement, motor vehicles remained on ground level with pedestrians on concrete walkways overhead, above the smoke and fumes of the street. People living in these new flats were rehoused from decaying Victorian slums which lacked electricity, running water, bathrooms or indoor toilets, and were mostly overcrowded.
Hulme Library mural detail, showing a Hulme Carnival in Charles Barry Crescent.
High-density housing was balanced with large green spaces and trees below, and the pedestrian had priority on the ground over cars. The 1960s redevelopment of Hulme split the area's new council housing into a number of sections. Hulme 2 was the area between Jackson Crescent and Royce Road. Hulme 3 was between Princess Road and Boundary Road based along the pedestrianised Epping Walk, Hulme 4 was between Princess Road and Royce Road and Hulme 5 - the "Crescents" themselves were between Royce Road and Rolls Crescent. The names of the "Crescents" harked back to the Georgian era, being named after architects of that time: Robert Adam Crescent, Charles Barry Crescent, William Kent Crescent and John Nash Crescent, together with Hawksmoor Close (a small straight block of similar design attached to Charles Barry Crescent). At the time, the "Crescents" won several design awards, and introduced technologies such as underfloor heating to the masses. They were also popular because they were some of the first council homes in Manchester to have central heating. The development even had some notable first occupants, such as Nico and Alain Delon.
However, what eventually turned out be recognised as poor design, workmanship, and maintenance meant that the crescents introduced their own problems. Design flaws and unreliable 'system build' construction methods, as well as the 1970s oil crisis meant that heating the poorly insulated homes became too expensive for their low income residents, and the crescents soon became notorious for being cold, damp and riddled with cockroaches and other vermin. Crime and drug abuse became significant problems in Hulme, as police did not patrol the long, often dark decks, due to the fact that they were not officially considered streets. The decks made muggings and burglary relatively easy, as any crime could be carried out in almost total privacy, with no hope for quick assistance from police below.
The crescents became troublesome very shortly after their construction—within a decade, they were declared 'unfit for purpose', and several plans were drawn up that suggested various differing types of renovation and renewal for the blocks, including splitting the buildings into smaller, more manageable structures by removing sections. In the 1980s and 1990s many of these vacant deck-access flats were squatted and the area acquired a 'Bohemian' reputation for its many punks, artists and musicians.
During the late 1980s Viraj Mendis, an asylum seeker from Sri Lanka, sought the right of sanctuary in the Church of the Ascension in Hulme and remained there until arrested in January 1989. (For further information, see below, Religion; Church of England)
Stretford Road, Hulme: (from left) block of flats and Church of the Ascension in Royce Road, building with shops and other facilities in Stretford Road
Hulme Library mural detail, demolition of many old flats and rebuilding with some resident input
View of Hulme Arch through trees
The decision was made in the early 1990s to demolish Hulme's crescent blocks and replace them with low-rise flats and houses. The total amount of public and private money spent on improving Hulme and neighbouring Moss Side between 1990 and 2002 has exceeded £400 million.[17] The area by then had become popular and desirable, containing a mix of council and privately-owned housing.
One part of Hulme, the Birley Fields (site of the former Birley High School, Chichester Road)[18] has been partly developed for a series of office blocks and partly left as green urban waste land. The blocks house companies such as Michelin and Laing O'Rourke as well as the University of Manchester/IFL/Server Hotel data centre. The development site was the subject of a campaign by a group of Hulme residents which delayed the clearance of the site and the felling of a large tree. The "Birley Tree" was a 110-year old Black Poplar.[19]
In 2009, Manchester Metropolitan University announced plans for the redevelopment of Birley Fields as the site of a new £120 million campus. The proposed scheme, relocating the Faculties of Education and Health, would include new academic buildings, student accommodation for approximately 1,200 students, car parking and a community square. Work was due to start in 2011 but failed to do so.[20]
The reputation for anti-social activity that Hulme acquired in the 1970s and 1980s has declined. The counterculture that the area fostered toward the 1990s survived the redevelopment[21] and is evident in, for example, Hulme Community Garden Centre, a not-for-profit organisation underpinned by organic principles promoting, among other things, sustainability and urban gardening and food production[22], and Work for Change, a large complex of cooperatives containing artists, theatre, and a variety of NGOs[23].
Hulme's nearness to the city centre has meant that it has become a popular place to live for a new generation of city dwellers. The area is popular with young professionals who are attracted by apartment prices that are lower than in the city centre and yet within a 15 minute walk to the centre and the university campuses. Some students of the University of Manchester have also chosen to live in many of the student-focused residential developments in the area.[citation needed] Local amenities include the Zion Arts Centre, Hulme Community Garden Centre and Hulme Park. Shopping needs are catered for by the Hulme Shopping Centre which includes an ASDA supermarket and an indoor market.
In 2008, following a tenants' vote, the area's remaining council housing stock was transferred to the City South Housing Association along with that of several neighbouring areas.
Hulme emerged in the Middle Ages as a township and chapelry, in the ecclesiastical parish of Manchester in the Salford Hundred in the historic county of Lancashire.[24] Under the terms of the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 Hulme was in Chorlton Poor Law Union which was established on 3 February 1837 until 1915 and in Manchester Poor Law Union from 1915 until 1930.[25] From 1824 to 1845 commissioners had powers for the improvement of the area of the township, and it became part of the Borough of Manchester in 1838.[24]
Hulme is a ward of the city of Manchester. It is represented on the City Council by Councillors Amina Lone, Mary Murphy, and Nigel Murphy.[26][27] The district is part of the Manchester Central parliamentary constituency, which is currently represented at Westminster by Tony Lloyd MP. In common with the rest of Greater Manchester, Hulme is part of the North West England European Parliament constituency.
Hulme is south of Manchester city centre, beyond the River Medlock. The part of Hulme nearest to Old Trafford is known as Cornbrook from the Corn Brook, a tributary of the River Irwell. The Bridgewater Canal passes through Hulme.
Common Spotted Orchid (
Dactylorhiza fuchsii) growing with dandelion and willowherb in a patch of gravel in a front yard on Greenheys Lane West
Common Hemp-nettle (
Galeopsis tetrahit) white form, growing wild on Hulme Street in the Bentley House Estate
Public parks are St George's Park in the northwest and Hulme Park (29 acres) established near Jackson Crescent in 2000.[28]
The demolition of many of the modern buildings in Hulme has meant that vegetation has returned to large areas of wasteland. Some of the species are wild flowering plants and others garden plants which have gone wild.
| Ethnic Group (UV09) |
Hulme Ward |
Percentage |
| All People |
10449 |
100.00 |
| White |
7102 |
67.97 |
| White: British |
6037 |
57.78 |
| White: Irish |
346 |
3.31 |
| White: Other White |
719 |
6.88 |
| Mixed |
622 |
5.95 |
| Mixed: White and Black Caribbean |
276 |
2.64 |
| Mixed: White and Black African |
120 |
1.15 |
| Mixed: White and Asian |
86 |
0.82 |
| Mixed: Other Mixed |
140 |
1.34 |
| Asian or Asian British |
563 |
5.39 |
| Asian or Asian British: Indian |
206 |
1.97 |
| Asian or Asian British: Pakistani |
213 |
2.04 |
| Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi |
36 |
0.34 |
| Asian or Asian British: Other Asian |
108 |
1.03 |
| Black or Black British |
1587 |
15.19 |
| Black or Black British: Caribbean |
836 |
8.00 |
| Black or Black British: African |
597 |
5.71 |
| Black or Black British: Other Black |
154 |
1.47 |
| Chinese or Other Ethnic Group |
575 |
5.50 |
| Chinese or Other Ethnic Group: Chinese |
373 |
3.57 |
| Chinese or Other Ethnic Group: Other Ethnic Group |
202 |
1.93 |
From the 2001 UK Census results, Office for National Statistics, Neighbourhood Statistics. © Crown Copyright, used under Open Government Licence.[29]
Hulme has a very diverse population, both ethnically (the main groups being white British and black British), and in age spread and lifestyle.[citation needed]
In 1801 the population of Hulme was only 1677 but it was the largest of the townships surrounding Manchester. By 1831 it had increased to 9624 and then there was a greater increase to 26,982 by 1841 and roughly doubling again by 1851. The peak number was reached in 1871 when it was 74,731 and the next 30 years saw some decline to 66,916 in 1901.[30]
- Church of England
The Church of St George, Chester Road, Hulme a Commissioners' Church, was an Anglican church built to the designs of Francis Goodwin in 1826-27 and has a tall tower and a fine galleried interior. It was once the garrison church for the nearby barracks as well as being the parish church of Hulme and the graveyard has many interesting gravestones.[31] After being derelict for many years it has been converted to residential use.
St Mary's Church, Chichester Road (architect J. S. Crowther, 1856–58) is another former Anglican church. It has a tall steeple and a lofty interior.[32][33] This too has been converted into apartments.
The Church of the Ascension in Royce Road was built in 1970 as part of the redevelopment of Hulme. Other Anglican churches which no longer exist (in order of foundation) include: Holy Trinity, Stretford Road (1843); St Mark's, City Road; St Paul's, Stretford Road; St John the Baptist, Emden Street; St Philip's, Chester Street; St Michael's, Lavender Street; St Stephen's, City Road; and St Gabriel's, Erskine Street (1869).[34]
The Bishop of Hulme was one of three suffragan bishops in the Diocese of Manchester from 1924and 2009; the last Bishop of Hulme was Stephen Lowe.
In 1986 Viraj Mendis, a Sri Lankan, claimed the right of sanctuary at the Church of the Ascension. He was an active supporter of Sri Lanka Tamils and claimed danger of death if he was sent back to Sri Lanka. After a march to protest against deportation on December 20, 1986 he ran into the church and claimed the right of sanctuary. He stayed there for two years with the help of the rector John Methuen. The church became the focus of the "Viraj Mendis Defence Campaign". On 18 January 1989 police raided the church and arrested Mendis, which led to questions in the House of Commons.[35] He was deported to Sri Lanka and his fears did not materialize.
- Nonconformity
In Stretford Road the Zion Congregational Chapel was built in the 19th century and replaced in 1911 by the Stretford Road Congregational Church which is no longer a church and has been put to other uses as the Zion Institute and the Zion Arts Centre. The church was used for a performance by Luciano Pavarotti and the filming of a mass meeting for Warren Beatty's film Reds.[36][37][38]
Other Nonconformist places of worship were the Ebenezer Methodist New Connexion Chapel, Boston Street, Cedar Street Wesleyan Mission, Christ Church Bible Christian Chapel, George Street Wesleyan Chapel, Jackson's Lane Independent Chapel, Wesley Chapel, Royce Road (founded 1801, still in existence), Radnor Street Wesleyan Chapel, Russell Street Mission (Congregational), and Upper Moss Lane Primitive Methodist.[39]
- Roman Catholic Church
St Wilfrid's Roman Catholic Church, Birchvale Close (formerly Bedford Street), is an early work of A. W. Pugin: the tower is incomplete and the church is a good example of early Gothic Revival work.[32]
- Statistics
Church of St Mary, Upper Moss Lane
| Religion |
Hulme Ward |
Percentage |
All of England |
Percentage |
| All People |
10,449 |
100 |
49,138,831 |
100 |
| Christian |
5,302 |
50.74 |
35,251,244 |
71.74 |
| No religion |
2,646 |
25.32 |
7,171,332 |
14.59 |
| Muslim |
827 |
7.91 |
1,524,887 |
3.10 |
| Hindu |
126 |
1.21 |
546,982 |
1.11 |
| Buddhist |
108 |
1.03 |
139,046 |
0.28 |
| Jewish |
83 |
0.79 |
257,671 |
0.52 |
| Sikh |
43 |
0.41 |
327,343 |
0.67 |
| Any other religion |
78 |
0.75 |
143,811 |
0.29 |
| Religion not stated |
1,236 |
11.83 |
3,776,515 |
7.69 |
From the 2001 UK Census results, Office for National Statistics, Neighbourhood Statistics. © Crown Copyright, used under Open Government Licence.[29]
19th century Hulme had some industry in the form of small workshops but apart from the Knott Mill Iron Works owned by W & J Galloway & Sons on the banks of the Medlock, most large mills and other works were nearby in other townships, but providing employment for the people of Hulme. The chemical works of Roberts, Dale & Co. in Cornbrook was wrecked on 22 June 1887 by a large explosion which began in a stove drying prussic acid, Because the workers were at lunch there was only one fatality.[40]
Henry Royce Red Plaque (Manchester City Council commemoration) in Hulme Park
Temple 2000 by George Wyllie in Hulme Park, commemorating the Rolls Royce factory
In 1884, Henry Royce started a domestic electric fittings factory at Cooke Street. He made three cars (the Royce 10) in a corner of what was his dynamo and electric crane workshops. In 1904, Royce and Charles Stewart Rolls created a business partnership after meeting at Manchester's Midland Hotel and started to build their own motor car (a relatively new invention). Hulme was the location of their first Rolls-Royce workshop, though operations were moved to Derby shortly afterwards. The Silver Ghost was designed and produced in Hulme. The Rolls-Royce V-8 was designed in Hulme in 1905 to compete with the popular electric town cars which were quiet, easy to start and free of smells, smoke and vibration.
Many names in Hulme commemorate this era, such as Royce Road, Rolls Crescent and the Bentley House Estate. The Royce public house, and occasional venue for music and stand-up comedy had a distinctive ceramic historical 'mural' but was razed for the creation of modern flats, in the 1990s regeneration of Hulme. In August 2007, "Temple 2000", a sculpture based on a Rolls Royce radiator grille by George Wyllie RSA MBE was unveiled in Hulme Park on the site of the old Royce factory at Cooke Street off Stretford Road. The Scottish artist was inspired by the memories of Hulme's older residents, many of whom worked at the factory.
See also Category:People from Hulme
Rowland Detrosier, a radical politician, preacher and educator, was brought up in Hulme in the early 19th century. Actor Alan Igbon, known for playing Loggo in Alan Bleasdale's TV drama Boys from the Blackstuff, was born in Hulme. Morrissey, lead singer of the Smiths, spent his childhood in Hulme and neighbouring Stretford. Jazz trumpeter Kevin Davy lived in Hulme during his time as a student at Manchester Polytechnic. Poet and BBC Radio 4 presenter Lemn Sissay spent the first 17 years of his life in care, in Hulme and its surrounding areas. Musician, author and TV presenter John Robb lives in Hulme. Billy Duffy (guitarist with the band The Cult) grew up in Hulme. Film critic Mark Kermode lived in Hulme while he was a university student in Manchester. Alfred Garth Jones the illustrator was born in Rutland Street, Hulme on 10 August 1872.
- ^ a b Usual Resident Population in Manchester, Manchester City Council. Retrieved on 2008-02-10
- ^ "Hulme: Districts & Suburbs of Manchester" (HTTP). Manchester UK. Papillon Graphics. http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/districts/hulme.html. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
- ^ a b c Ekwall, Eilert The Place-Names of Lancashire (1922, The University Press, Lime Grove, Manchester) ISBN10: E500005001
- ^ a b Parker, John (Editor) "Lancashire Assize Rolls" Vol. XLIX (49), Part I, pp. 126, 145 (1903, The Record Society), Part II, pp. 189, 195, 205 (1905, The Record Society)
- ^ a b c Farrer, William (Editor) "Final Concords of the County of Lancaster" Vol. XLVI (46), Parts I, II, III, (1899, 1903, 1905, The Record Society)
- ^ Farrer, William (Editor) "Lancashire Inquests, Extents, and Feudal Aids" Vol. LIV (54), Part II, pp. 104, 106, 204 (1907, The Record Society)
- ^ Saxton, Christophorus LANCASTRIÆ, Comitatus palatin vera et absoluta descriptio Anno Dm 1577
- ^ Busteed, M. A. and Hodgson, R. I. Angel Meadow: a Study of the Geography of Irish Settlement in Mid-Nineteenth Century Manchester, Manchester Geographical Society www.mangeogsoc.org.uk
- ^ Farrer, William & Brownbill, J. (editors) "Hulme" A History of the County of Lancaster Vol. IV; pp. 335–338
- ^ a b c Busteed, Mervyn Exploring Greater Manchester: a fieldwork guide 3.1 Little Ireland (Web edition), Manchester Geographical Society www.mangeogsoc.org.uk
- ^ a b Engels, Friedrich The Condition of the Working Class in England, Chapter: "The Great Towns" German edition Leipzig 1845, English translation New York 1887, London 1891. Archived at the Marx/Engels Internet Archive at www.marxists.org
- ^ Frangopulo, N. J., ed. (1962) Rich Inheritance. Manchester: Manchester Education Committee; p. 278
- ^ Frangopulo, N. J., ed. (1962) Rich Inheritance. Manchester: Manchester Education Committee; p. 89, 150
- ^ Russell, Charles E. B. (1913) Social Problems of the North. London: A. R. Mowbray.
- ^ Yearsley, Ian (1962) The Manchester Tram. Huddersfield: Advertiser Press
- ^ Yearsley (1962)
- ^ Taylor, Paul (6 July 2006), "News Special: Moss Side Riots 25 years on", Manchester Evening News (M.E.N. Media), http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/217451_news_special_moss_side_riots_25_years_on, retrieved 29 August 2010
- ^ Built in Derby Street 1965-67 (Pevsner, N. (1969) Lancashire 1: the industrial and commercial south. Harmondsworth: Penguin; p. 331) and demolished c. 1994 when the site of school and its playing fields became an open space
- ^ "Birley Tree and Garden Campaign, in: Networking Newsletter; issue 19, Aug/Sept 1998
- ^ "Birley Fields Proposals". MMU. http://www.mmu.ac.uk/birleyfields/proposals.php. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ "The People's Republic of Hulme", The Archive Hour, radio programme first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 7 August 2010.
- ^ "Who we are", Hulme Community Garden Centre website. Retrieved on 2010-8-29.
- ^ [1], Work for Change website. Retrieved on 2012-5-24.
- ^ a b Greater Manchester Gazetteer, Greater Manchester County Record Office, Places names – G to H, http://www.gmcro.co.uk/Guides/Gazeteer/gazzg.htm, retrieved 27 December 2010
- ^ Chorlton Workhouse, The Workhouse, http://www.workhouses.org.uk/index.html?Chorlton/Chorlton.shtml, retrieved 27 December 2010
- ^ Councillors by Ward: Hulme, Manchester City Council. Retrieved on 2008-02-10.
- ^ Hulme by-election results, 4 Nov 2010
- ^ Welcome to Hulme; Hulme Ward Coordination
- ^ a b ONS Neighbourhood Statistics Hulme Ward
- ^ Makepeace, Chris (1995) Looking Back at Hulme, Moss Side, Chorlton on Medlock & Ardwick. Altrincham: Willow; pp. 43-44
- ^ Betjeman, J. (ed.) (1968) Collins Pocket Guide to English Parish Churches: the North. London: Collins; p. 158
- ^ a b Pevsner, N. (1969) Lancashire: 1. Penguin Books; p. 331
- ^ Chichester Road, named after Francis Chichester, is relatively recent: it was formerly in Upper Moss Lane.
- ^ Nicholls, Robert. "A History of the Church of the Ascension, Hulme, Manchester, 1970-2006". Parochial Church Council of the Church of the Ascension. http://www.ascension-hulme.org.uk//html/history.html. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
- ^ "Commons Debates - 18 January 1989". http://yourdemocracy.newstatesman.com/parliament/mr-viraj-mendis/HAN12577038.
- ^ Makepeace, Chris (1995) Looking Back at Hulme, Moss Side, Chorlton on Medlock & Ardwick. Altrincham: Willow; pp. 44-45
- ^ Farnie, D. A. (1989). "Enriqueta Augustina Rylands, 1843–1908, Founder of the John Rylands Library". Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester 71 (2): 3–38. ; p. 31
- ^ The Zion Arts Centre: celebrating a century at the heart of the community; 2011
- ^ Church Register List; Heywood to Huyton Manchester Public Libraries, Archives and Local Studies
- ^ Makepeace, Chris (1995) Looking Back at Hulme, Moss Side, Chorlton on Medlock & Ardwick. Altrincham: Willow; pp. 44, 60
- Hathout, Sohair (1979) Privacy in Housing Design: environmental study in urban housing; study of the Hulme area, Manchester. Ph.D. thesis, University of Manchester, 1979
- The Hulme Advertiser, Chorlton-upon-Medlock and Stretford Observer 1870-71 (microfilm copy in British Library)
- Hulme Housing Association (1932) Housing in Hulme: a report. Manchester and Salford Better Housing Council
- Makepeace, Chris (1995) Looking Back at Hulme, Moss Side, Chorlton on Medlock & Ardwick. Altrincham: Willow
- Manchester City Council (1993) Report of the Housing and Public Health Committees on the proposed Hulme clearance scheme and the provision of rehousing accommodation for persons to be displaced in connection therewith. Manchester City Council
- Milligan, H. (1954) A Selection of Prints of the St George's Hulme and Wythenshawe Surveys.
- Potts, Bob (1997) The Old Pubs of Hulme and Chorlton-on-Medlock. Radcliffe: Neil Richardson
- Walsh, Vincent Stephen (1993) The Social Life of Hulme: politics and protest in an inner city housing estate. Ph.D. thesis, University of Manchester, 1993
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Hulme 
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