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Send this Playlist by SMS
Kerala Tourism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:09
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
Kerala, God's Own Country, located on the Southwestern tip of India, enjoys unique geographical features that have made it one of the most sought-after touri...
http://wn.com/Kerala_Tourism
Kerala, God's Own Country, located on the Southwestern tip of India, enjoys unique geographical features that have made it one of the most sought-after touri...
Kerala Bound!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:01
- Updated: 12 Aug 2013
Aneesha Baig is in beautiful Kerala and she shows you how to eat like a local, takes you to pretty resorts and digs into a gorgeous feast on a boat!
http://wn.com/Kerala_Bound!
Aneesha Baig is in beautiful Kerala and she shows you how to eat like a local, takes you to pretty resorts and digs into a gorgeous feast on a boat!
- published: 04 Mar 2013
- views: 14037
- author: NDTV
robbery in taxtils kerala india
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:58
- Updated: 16 Aug 2013
http://wn.com/robbery_in_taxtils_kerala_india
BBC Documentary filmed in Kerala, India - Bullsurfing (High Quality)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:00
- Updated: 17 Aug 2013
BBC documentary filmed in Kerala, India as part of the series Colin and Graham's Excellent Adventures. In this episode they travel to Kerala and take part in...
http://wn.com/BBC_Documentary_filmed_in_Kerala,_India_Bullsurfing_High_Quality
BBC documentary filmed in Kerala, India as part of the series Colin and Graham's Excellent Adventures. In this episode they travel to Kerala and take part in...
- published: 08 Jul 2011
- views: 203527
- author: Ronan McCloskey
The Highwaymen enjoy traditional Kerala platter
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:32
- Updated: 22 Jun 2013
Highway On My Plate: Rocky, Mayur are in Alappuzha, the oldest planned town in Kerala. And both are happy as they get a chance to savour some traditional Ker...
http://wn.com/The_Highwaymen_enjoy_traditional_Kerala_platter
Highway On My Plate: Rocky, Mayur are in Alappuzha, the oldest planned town in Kerala. And both are happy as they get a chance to savour some traditional Ker...
- published: 18 Mar 2013
- views: 6674
- author: ndtvgoodtimes
Malayalam Full Movie - Kerala Police
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 115:48
- Updated: 30 Jul 2013
Starring: Kalabhavan Mani, Sidique, Nedumudi Venu Innocent, Suraj, Laxmi Sarma.
http://wn.com/Malayalam_Full_Movie_Kerala_Police
Starring: Kalabhavan Mani, Sidique, Nedumudi Venu Innocent, Suraj, Laxmi Sarma.
- published: 02 Jun 2013
- views: 5989
- author: BestofMalayalamMovie
High Court has said that Kerala's National Highways need to be 100m wide
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:13
- Updated: 25 Oct 2013
High Court of Kerala has announced that Kerala's National Highways need to be 100m wide.
http://wn.com/High_Court_has_said_that_Kerala's_National_Highways_need_to_be_100m_wide
High Court of Kerala has announced that Kerala's National Highways need to be 100m wide.
- published: 25 Oct 2013
- views: 1
SNAKE CATCHERS IN KERALA SHARMAJI CAUGHT BIG COBRA FROM WELL
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:41
- Updated: 07 Aug 2013
http://wn.com/SNAKE_CATCHERS_IN_KERALA_SHARMAJI_CAUGHT_BIG_COBRA_FROM_WELL
kerala's biggest malabari goat farm, in kottakkal arya vaidya sala
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:45
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
video uploaded from my mobile phone.
http://wn.com/kerala's_biggest_malabari_goat_farm,_in_kottakkal_arya_vaidya_sala
Kerala Authorities to take action against Street Vendors
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:31
- Updated: 26 Oct 2013
സംസ്ഥാനത്തെ ദേശീയ പാതയോരത്തെ വഴിയോരകച്ചവടക്കാര്ക്കാരെ ഒഴിപ്പിക്കാനുള്ള നടപടി ഉടന് തുടങ്ങും. ഹൈക്കോടതി വിധിയുടെ പശ്ചാത്തലത്തിലാണ്നടപടി.
http://wn.com/Kerala_Authorities_to_take_action_against_Street_Vendors
സംസ്ഥാനത്തെ ദേശീയ പാതയോരത്തെ വഴിയോരകച്ചവടക്കാര്ക്കാരെ ഒഴിപ്പിക്കാനുള്ള നടപടി ഉടന് തുടങ്ങും. ഹൈക്കോടതി വിധിയുടെ പശ്ചാത്തലത്തിലാണ്നടപടി.
- published: 26 Oct 2013
- views: 66
മൊബൈൽ ചതികുഴികൾ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:15
- Updated: 13 Aug 2013
Kerala's Most Wanted | മൊബൈൽ ചതികുഴികൾ Kerala's Most Wanted - A real crime story Kerala's Most Wanted is a real crime story telecast on Asianet. The show is ...
http://wn.com/മൊബൈൽ_ചതികുഴികൾ
Kerala's Most Wanted | മൊബൈൽ ചതികുഴികൾ Kerala's Most Wanted - A real crime story Kerala's Most Wanted is a real crime story telecast on Asianet. The show is ...
- published: 26 Apr 2013
- views: 80890
- author: Asianetindia
Kerala Governement gets tough phase in Data centre case: News Hour 25th OCT 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:58
- Updated: 25 Oct 2013
Kerala Governement enter the dragon in Data centre case
http://wn.com/Kerala_Governement_gets_tough_phase_in_Data_centre_case_News_Hour_25th_OCT_2013
Kerala Governement enter the dragon in Data centre case
- published: 25 Oct 2013
- views: 551
Live Moral Police Attack Kerala
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Updated: 14 Aug 2013
Man Attacked By Local People Malayalam latest Moral Police Kerala Real Funny Video Moral Police Kerala Comedy Video.
http://wn.com/Live_Moral_Police_Attack_Kerala
Man Attacked By Local People Malayalam latest Moral Police Kerala Real Funny Video Moral Police Kerala Comedy Video.
- published: 21 Nov 2012
- views: 8205
- author: MichaelMcMullen33964
Kerala Tourism Video - The Travel Planners
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:22
- Updated: 15 Aug 2013
Best Tourist Places in India, Top 10 tourist places in kerala, famous tourist attractions in kerala, Best tour operator in India, Must see place in the world...
http://wn.com/Kerala_Tourism_Video_The_Travel_Planners
Best Tourist Places in India, Top 10 tourist places in kerala, famous tourist attractions in kerala, Best tour operator in India, Must see place in the world...
- published: 30 Jan 2012
- views: 98628
- author: thetravelplanners
Saving the Western Ghats: Exploring Kerala
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:26
- Updated: 10 Aug 2013
CNN-IBN's special series focuses on saving the Western Ghats of India.
http://wn.com/Saving_the_Western_Ghats_Exploring_Kerala
CNN-IBN's special series focuses on saving the Western Ghats of India.
- published: 10 Aug 2013
- views: 12
- author: ibnlive
Rolls Royce Car of Thiruvananthapuram King , kerala
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:17
- Updated: 24 May 2013
Kerala King car.
http://wn.com/Rolls_Royce_Car_of_Thiruvananthapuram_King_,_kerala
Off Season in Kerala Cafe.avi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:42
- Updated: 12 Aug 2013
Beautiful creation by Shyamprasad, Azhgappan, Joshua Newtonn, Suraj Venjaramood.
http://wn.com/Off_Season_in_Kerala_Cafeavi
Beautiful creation by Shyamprasad, Azhgappan, Joshua Newtonn, Suraj Venjaramood.
- published: 03 Jun 2012
- views: 37722
- author: ibsen valath
Kerala fishermen murder case: Decision to send team to Italy deferred
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:45
- Updated: 25 Oct 2013
The decision to send a team to acquire the testimony of the 4 Italian fisherman who have been named witnesses has been deferred.
http://wn.com/Kerala_fishermen_murder_case_Decision_to_send_team_to_Italy_deferred
The decision to send a team to acquire the testimony of the 4 Italian fisherman who have been named witnesses has been deferred.
- published: 25 Oct 2013
- views: 7
Wild Elephant Attack in Kerala
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:59
- Updated: 03 Aug 2013
wild elephant attack in kerala, wild elephant attack in india, Wayanad wild elephant attack in kerala ...more videos please visit -www.keralastourpackages.com.
http://wn.com/Wild_Elephant_Attack_in_Kerala
wild elephant attack in kerala, wild elephant attack in india, Wayanad wild elephant attack in kerala ...more videos please visit -www.keralastourpackages.com.
- published: 27 Dec 2012
- views: 31054
- author: Martin Thomas
Kerala's Democratic Communism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:32
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
"World Policy Journal" editor emeritus Karl Meyer explains the economic, cultural, and political forces that have made the diverse Indian state of Kerala an ...
http://wn.com/Kerala's_Democratic_Communism
"World Policy Journal" editor emeritus Karl Meyer explains the economic, cultural, and political forces that have made the diverse Indian state of Kerala an ...
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 2357
- author: carnegiecouncil
Rocky and Mayur get rejuvenated in Kerala
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:34
- Updated: 31 Jul 2013
Rocky and Mayur head down south to Calicut to find out about some legendary menu in Paragon. They also explore the expertise of unique "dancing coffee" and r...
http://wn.com/Rocky_and_Mayur_get_rejuvenated_in_Kerala
Rocky and Mayur head down south to Calicut to find out about some legendary menu in Paragon. They also explore the expertise of unique "dancing coffee" and r...
- published: 04 Mar 2013
- views: 10380
- author: ndtvgoodtimes
What is the minimum age for marriage ?Kerala summit 29 -1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:50
- Updated: 06 Oct 2013
കേരള സമ്മിറ്റ് വിവാഹ പ്രായം വിവേകത്തിന്റെ വഴി
ച൪ച്ചയിൽ പങ്കെടുക്കുന്നവ൪
അഡ്വ. ആ൪ പത്മകുമാ൪ (എഡിറ്റ൪ നൈതികസംവാദം), അഡ്വ. രാജശ്രീ (മനുഷ്യാവകാശ പ്രവ൪ത്തക), ഓണന്പള്ളി മുഹമ്മദ് ഫൈസി (സെക്രട്ടറി എസ്.കെ.എസ്.എസ്.എഫ്), പി. മുജീബ് റഹ്മാ൯ (ജനറൽ സെക്രട്ടറി, ജമാ അത്തെ ഇസ്ലാമി, കേരള), ചിന്ത ജെറോം (സംസ്ഥാന വൈസ് പ്രസിഡന്റ്/ സെ൯ട്രൽ കമ്മറ്റി അംഗം, എസ്. എഫ്.ഐ)
http://wn.com/What_is_the_minimum_age_for_marriage_?Kerala_summit_29_-1
കേരള സമ്മിറ്റ് വിവാഹ പ്രായം വിവേകത്തിന്റെ വഴി
ച൪ച്ചയിൽ പങ്കെടുക്കുന്നവ൪
അഡ്വ. ആ൪ പത്മകുമാ൪ (എഡിറ്റ൪ നൈതികസംവാദം), അഡ്വ. രാജശ്രീ (മനുഷ്യാവകാശ പ്രവ൪ത്തക), ഓണന്പള്ളി മുഹമ്മദ് ഫൈസി (സെക്രട്ടറി എസ്.കെ.എസ്.എസ്.എഫ്), പി. മുജീബ് റഹ്മാ൯ (ജനറൽ സെക്രട്ടറി, ജമാ അത്തെ ഇസ്ലാമി, കേരള), ചിന്ത ജെറോം (സംസ്ഥാന വൈസ് പ്രസിഡന്റ്/ സെ൯ട്രൽ കമ്മറ്റി അംഗം, എസ്. എഫ്.ഐ)
- published: 06 Oct 2013
- views: 950
Fish fry, coffee and more in Kerala
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:24
- Updated: 09 Aug 2013
Highway On My Plate: Rocky and Mayur find a creative way to tell you how to fry a fish. They try some authentic toddy shop cuisine and also sip coffee at the...
http://wn.com/Fish_fry,_coffee_and_more_in_Kerala
Highway On My Plate: Rocky and Mayur find a creative way to tell you how to fry a fish. They try some authentic toddy shop cuisine and also sip coffee at the...
- published: 18 Mar 2013
- views: 12966
- author: ndtvgoodtimes
photo: Public Domain / Rob39
26 Oct 2013
After news broke Friday that the long-running show about three magical sisters would be returning as a CBS pilot, longtime star Alyssa Milano took to Twitter, expressing a lack of enthusiasm in the project. Milano, who played Phoebe Halliwell in the series, said it seemed to early for a Charmed reboot. “The thing about them doing a #charmed reboot is… it just… it feels like yesterday ... It feels too close ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: AP / Michel Euler
27 Oct 2013
The United States may have bugged German Chancellor Angela Merkel's phone for more than 10 years, according to a news report by the German magazine Der Spiegel. The report, released on Saturday, said that Merkel's mobile telephone had been listed by the NSA's Special Collection Service (SCS) since 2002, marked as "GE Chancellor Merkel", and was still on the list weeks before US President Barack Obama visited Berlin in June ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
26 Oct 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. In Kenya, popular Muslim clerics were just gunned down by fundamental Islamists. In Somalia and Sudan, Al-Shabab, consisting of young Muslim jihadists, are battling other Muslims while trying to impose Islamic Law ... Throughout the same areas, Sunni and Shiite factions are in the midst of sectarian conflicts ... Meanwhile, U.S ... In Afghanistan, U.S.-NATO forces just killed five civilians ... 39 ... 51. ....(size: 6.2Kb)
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The Siasat Daily
28 Oct 2013
The ongoing campaign by CPI(M)- led LDF over solar panel scam turned violent this evening as protesters pelted stones at Kerala Chief Minister Oommen Chandy, who suffered minor injuries on his forehead ... However, an unruffled Chandy attended the valedictory of the Kerala police athletic meet for which he had come to this politically volatile north Kerala town....(size: 3.4Kb)
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The Times of India
28 Oct 2013
GURGAON. 'Unni is on day 16; Number of kilometres done - 954,' says the online counter on a website live-tracking Dr Unni Karunakara's cross-country bicycle ride, which started earlier this month in Srinagar, and over the course of next four months, will have spanned more than 5,000 kilometres to culminate in the city of Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala ... Karunakara says he has never owned a car ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
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The Telegraph India
28 Oct 2013
Thiruvananthapuram, Oct. 27. Stones thrown by suspected Left supporters protesting against a financial scandal hit Kerala chief minister Oommen Chandy this evening in a CPM bastion ... The evening attack in Kannur in northern Kerala led to a backlash against the CPM, though veteran comrades denied Left cadres could be involved in the incident that many claimed was unprecedented in the state’s political history ... Opposition leader V.S....(size: 4.0Kb)
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The Siasat Daily
28 Oct 2013
Patna, October 27. ... Recommend Twitter. Comments(0) ... Latest News. Kerala CM hurt in stone pelting by LDF workersWave of bomb attacks kill 56 in IraqSyria submits plan for chemical weapons' destructionIPS reshuffle in APAlmost all of them in 'Bigg Boss' betrayed me ... Modi Kerala CM injured in stone pelting by CP(M) workers for solar panel scamDigvijay says Sushma better PM candidate for BJPNo intelligence inputs on blasts....(size: 2.4Kb)
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The Telegraph India
28 Oct 2013
Assam opener Pallav Das played it safe, facing Kerala left-arm seamer Prasanth Parameswaran in the historic ......(size: 0.6Kb)
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The Siasat Daily
28 Oct 2013
October 27.. Condemning the serial blasts in Patna, senior BJP leader Yashwant Sinha today demanded a high-level inquiry into the incident ... "Violence has no place in democracy ... Recommend Twitter. Comments(0) ... Latest News ... 3 suspects detained"Army will lay down their lives to defend Kashmir"Kerala CM hurt in stone pelting by LDF workers ....(size: 1.7Kb)
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The Siasat Daily
28 Oct 2013
October 27.. Chief Minister Nitish Kumar today telephoned BJP President Rajnath Singh and said the state government would investigate the serial bomb blasts ahead of Narendra Modi's rally here ... Recommend Twitter. Comments(0). next>> ... Modi Kerala CM injured in stone pelting by CP(M) workers for solar panel scamDigvijay says Sushma better PM candidate for BJPNo intelligence inputs on blasts....(size: 1.9Kb)
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The Siasat Daily
28 Oct 2013
October 27.. Punjab Chief Minister Parkash Singh Badal today condemned the serial bomb blasts in Patna, saying these seemed aimed at disturbing peace and communal harmony in the country ... He said the blasts reflected intelligence failure both at local and national levels. Recommend Twitter. Comments(0) ... 3 suspects detained"Army will lay down their lives to defend Kashmir"Kerala CM hurt in stone pelting by LDF workers ....(size: 2.1Kb)
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The Siasat Daily
28 Oct 2013
Damascus, October 27. ... It added that the document from Syria includes a general plan of destruction for consideration by the OPCW executive council ... Recommend Twitter. Comments(0) ... Kerala CM hurt in stone pelting by LDF workersCalled Lalu after his May accident, says ModiWave of bomb attacks kill 56 in IraqIPS reshuffle in APSonia Gandhi shocked, anguished over Patna blastsAlmost all of them in 'Bigg Boss' betrayed me....(size: 2.3Kb)
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The Siasat Daily
28 Oct 2013
October 27. ... They are being interrogated," a senior police officer said here ... Comments(0) ... 3 suspects detained"Army will lay down their lives to defend Kashmir"Kerala CM hurt in stone pelting by LDF workersBihar DGP hopes to get 'some clarity in Patna blasts' within 48 hoursSerial blasts rock Patna; 5 killed, 20 injuredMuslim leaders flay Rahul over riot victim remarksMamata didi's attitude not appropriate....(size: 2.5Kb)
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The Telegraph India
28 Oct 2013
Guwahati, Oct. 27. Over 60 per cent of the 4,234 children who have been reported missing in Assam in the last 30 months are girls ... This shows improvement in the scenario ... In a recent report on child trafficking, the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights said children as young as five-year-old from poor families in the Northeast are being taken to Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala with the promise of education....(size: 3.0Kb)
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The Siasat Daily
28 Oct 2013
Patna, October 27. ... “Your encouragement shows that we will not only dethrone one government, but two. We will not only dethrone those in power at the centre, but will also bring a change in power in Patna,” Jaitley said during his address at the ‘Hunkar’ rally here today ... (ANI) ... Modi Kerala CM injured in stone pelting by CP(M) workers for solar panel scamDigvijay says Sushma better PM candidate for BJPNo intelligence inputs on blasts....(size: 2.8Kb)
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Aparajith hits a century OUR BUREAU & AGENCIES Harbhajan Singh Calcutta/ New Delhi: Baba Aparajith ...
The Telegraph India28 Oct 2013
Calcutta/ New Delhi. Baba Aparajith hit an unbeaten century and Subramaniam Badrinath scored a half-century to guide Tamil Nadu to a strong position as they made 220 for three against Services on the opening day of their Ranji Trophy Group B match, in New Delhi, on Sunday ... In Nagpur, Gujarat bundled out Vidarbha for a paltry 85, thanks to some brilliant bowling by Rush Kalaria (5/32) and Jasprit Bumrah (4/30) ... Prem 1/11) vs Kerala....(size: 2.6Kb)
0.920 (Kerala or Keralam /ˈkɛrələ/ is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was formed on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions.
The state has an area of 38,863 km2 (15,005 sq mi) and is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Arabian Sea[note] on the west. Thiruvananthapuram is the state capital. Kochi and Kozhikode are other major cities. According to a survey by The Economic Times, five out of ten best cities to live in India are located in Kerala.[4]
Kerala has the highest Human Development Index[5][6] in India, higher than that of most developed countries[7] The state has the highest literacy rate in India with 93.91 percent.[8] It hopes to be the first e-literate state in India through the state run Akshaya project. The state recently became and is currently the only one to have banking facilities in every village.[9] A survey conducted in 2005 by Transparency International ranked Kerala as the least corrupt state in the country.[10] Kerala is also ranked as India's cleanest state.[11] Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries during the Kerala Gulf boom and is heavily dependent on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community.[12][13][14][15]
Kerala is a top tourist destination in India;[16] backwaters, beaches, Ayurvedic tourism and tropical greenery are the major attractions. National Geographic's Traveller magazine names Kerala as one of the "ten paradises of the world"[17] and "50 must see destinations of a lifetime".[18] Travel and Leisure names Kerala as "One of the 100 great trips for the 21st century".[17] The Kerala Government Tourism Department, a government department in charge of promoting tourism has adopted the slogan God's Own Country for its campaigns.
Contents
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Etymology[link]
The name Kerala is pronounced [ˈkeːraɭa] in the local language, Malayalam.[19] Two thousand years ago, one of three states in the region was called ‘’Cheralam’’ in Classical Tamil. The leading native Malayali linguist and historian of the language, K. M. George, concurred with previously published beliefs that ‘Chera’ and ‘Kera’ are variants of the same word.[20][21] On the other hand, what the ancient meaning of chera was is nowadays a matter of dispute. A 3rd-century BCE rock inscription by north Indian emperor Asoka the Great references Kerala as Keralaputra.[22] The Graeco-Roman trade map Periplus Maris Erythraei references Kerala's Chera territory as Cerobothra.
History[link]
Main article: History of Kerala
Prehistory[link]
Main article: Pre-history of Kerala
Evidence of Kerala's early human occupation includes Dolmens of the Neolithic era, in the Marayur area. They are locally known as "muniyara", derived from muni (hermit or sage), and ara (dolmen).[23]
Rock-engravings in the Edakkal Caves (in Wayanad) are thought to date from the early to Late Neolithic eras around 5000 B.C.[24][25][26] The use of a specific Indus script pictogram in these caves suggests some relationship with the Indus Valley Civilization during the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age.[27]
Kerala was a major spice exporter as early as 3,000 BCE, according to Sumerian Records.[28][29]
Ancient period[link]
The word "Kerala" is first mentioned (as "Keralaputra") in a third century BCE rock inscription (Rock Edict 2) left by the Maurya emperor Asoka.[30] Kerala and Tamil Nadu once shared a common language and culture, within an area known as Tamiḻakam.[31] In the 1st century BCE, Tamil-speaking Dravidians established the Chera Dynasty that ruled northern Kerala and western Tamil Nadu[32] from a capital at Vanchi. Southern Kerala was ruled by the Pandyan Kingdom, with a trading port variously identified by ancient Western sources as "Nelcynda" ("Neacyndi")[33] The Pandyas, Cheras and Cholas alternatively controlled the region in later times.
In the last centuries BCE, the coast became famous among the Greeks and Romans for its spices; especially black pepper. The Cheras had trading links with China, West Asia, Egypt, ancient Greece and the Roman Empire. The value of Rome's annual trade with India as a whole was estimated at no less than 50,000,000 sesterces;[34] contemporary Sangam literature describes Roman ships coming to Muziris in Kerala, laden with gold to exchange for pepper.[35] One of the earliest western traders to use the monsoon winds to reach Kerala may have been Eudoxus of Cyzicus, around 118 or 166 BCE, under the patronage of Ptolemy VIII, king of the Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. Kerala is identified on the Tabula Peutingeriana, the only known surviving map of the Roman cursus publicus.[36]
Kerala was identified by the name Malabar in early days. Muziris, Berkarai, Nelcynda etc. were the principle ports of that time.[37] Merchants from West Asia and Southern Europe established coastal posts and settlements in Kerala.[38] Jewish connection with Kerala started as early as 573 BC.[39][40] Arabs also had trade links with Kerala, possibly started before 4th century B.C, as Herodotus (B.C. 484-413) noted that the goods brought by Arabs from Kerala were sold to the Jews at Eden.[37] They intermarried with local people and with this admixture the large Muslim Mappila community of Kerala developed.[41] In the 4th century, some Christians also migrated from Persia and joined the early Malabar Christian community here.[42] Mappila was an honorific title that had been assigned to respected visitors from abroad and Jewish, Christian, and Muslim immigration could be ascribed to the denotation of respective communities as Juda Mappilas, Nasrani Mappilas, and Muslim Mappilas.[43][44] According to the legends of these communities, the earliest mosque,[45] synagogue(1568 C.E.),[46] and Christian churches[47] in India were built in Kerala. The proportion of Muslims, Christians and Jews were relatively small at this early stage; they co-existed harmoniously with a mutual acceptance between each other and the local Hindu society, aided with the commercial benefit begotten from this relation.[41]
Early medieval period[link]
Much of history of the region from the 6th to the 8th century is obscure,[30] a Later Chera Kingdom was established c. 800–1102, primarily with the help of Arab spice merchants. This is also called the Kulasekhara dynasty of Mahodayapuram, as it was founded by Kulasekhara Varman, a Hindu Vaishnavaite alwar saint. Ay kings ruled southern Kerala, but by the 10th century the Ay kingdom declined and became a part of the Later Chera Kingdom.[48] A Keralite identity, distinct from the Tamils, became linguistically separate during this period.[49]
The Kulasekhara dynasty came to an end by twelfth century, weakened by the invasions and military subjugations of Rashtrakutas, Later Pandyas, and Later Cholas.[35] However, King Ravi Varma Kulashekhara of the southern Venad kingdom was able to establish a short-lived supremacy over southern India. But, after his death, in the absence of a strong central power, the state fractured into small warring principalities governed by Nair-Brahmin chieftains.[citation needed] From these, the kingdoms of Venad (Quilon), Kolathiri (Cannanore), Kozhikode (Calicut) Samuthiri and Kochi (Cochin) emerged.[citation needed]
Colonial era[link]
The western spice-trade, especially in pepper, became increasingly lucrative. Around the 15th century, the Portuguese began to dominate the eastern shipping trade in general, and the spice-trade in particular, culminating in Vasco Da Gama's arrival in Kappad Kozhikode in 1498.[50][51][52] On 25 March 1505, Francisco de Almeida was appointed Viceroy of Portuguese India, with headquarters at Kochi. The Portuguese had taken advantage of conflicts between Kozhikode and Kochi to gain control of the trade, and established forts at Kannur, Cochin and Kollam but the Saamoothiri of Kozikode and his admiral Kunjali Marakkar resisted, and in 1571 the Portuguese were defeated at Chaliyam fort.
The weakened Portuguese were ousted by the Dutch East India Company, who took advantage of continuing conflicts between Kozhikode and Kochi to gain control of the trade. The Dutch in turn were weakened by constant battles with Marthanda Varma of the Travancore Royal Family, and were defeated at the Battle of Colachel in 1741. An agreement was signed by the Dutch and Travancore in 1753, in which the Dutch promised not to attack Travancore. This agreement was signed at Mavelikkara, so it is known as the Mavelikkara treaty. The Dutch were allied to French forces in the transcontinental Napoleonic Wars; forces of the British East India Company marched against them from Calicut and took their surrender and possessions on 20 October 1795. In 1766, Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore invaded northern Kerala; his son and successor, Tipu Sultan, launched campaigns against the expanding British East India Company, resulting in two of the four Anglo-Mysore Wars. Tipu ultimately ceded Malabar District and South Kanara to the Company in the 1790s; the Company forged tributary alliances with Kochi in 1791 and Travancore in 1795. Malabar and South Kanara became part of the Madras Presidency.[53]
There were major revolts in Kerala against British rule in the 20th century, until Independence was achieved. They include the 1921 Malabar Rebellion and the 1946 Punnapra-Vayalar uprising in Travancore.[54] Other actions by Kerala's political and spiritual leaders protested against social traditions such as untouchability, leading to the 1936 Temple Entry Proclamation that opened Hindu temples in Travancore to all castes; Malabar soon did likewise, and Cochin followed with a similar proclamation in 1948, after Independence. In the 1921 Moplah Rebellion, Mappila Muslims rioted against Hindu zamindars and the British Raj.[55]
Post Colonial period[link]
After British India was partitioned in 1947 into India and Pakistan, Travancore and Cochin joined the Union of India and on 1 July 1949 were merged to form Travancore-Cochin. On 1 January 1950 (Republic Day), Travancore-Cochin was recognised as a state. The Madras Presidency was organised to form Madras State in 1947.
On 1 November 1956, the state of Kerala was formed by the States Reorganisation Act merging the Malabar district, Travancore-Cochin (excluding four southern taluks, which were merged with Tamil Nadu), and the taluk of Kasargod, South Kanara.[56] In 1957, elections for the new Kerala Legislative Assembly were held, and a reformist, Communist-led government came to power, under E. M. S. Namboodiripad.[56] It was the first time a Communist government was democratically elected to power anywhere in the world. It initiated pioneering land reforms, leading to lowest levels of rural poverty in India.[57]
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Kerala
See also: Climate of India
Kerala is wedged between the Lakshadweep sea and the Western Ghats. Lying between north latitudes 8°18' and 12°48' and east longitudes 74°52' and 77°22',[58][59] Kerala experiences the humid equatorial tropic climate. The state has a coast of length 590 km (370 mi)[60] and the width of the state varies between 11 and 121 km (22–75 miles). Geographically, Kerala can be divided into three climatically distinct regions: the eastern highlands (rugged and cool mountainous terrain), the central midlands (rolling hills), and the western lowlands (coastal plains). Located at the extreme southern tip of the Indian subcontinent, Kerala lies near the centre of the Indian tectonic plate; hence, most of the state is subject to comparatively little seismic and volcanic activity.[61] Pre-Cambrian and Pleistocene geological formations compose the bulk of Kerala’s terrain.
The eastern region of Kerala consists of high mountains, gorges and deep-cut valleys immediately west of the Western Ghats' rain shadow. Forty-one of Kerala’s west-flowing rivers, and three of its east-flowing ones originate in this region. The Western Ghats form a wall of mountains interrupted only near Palakkad (hence also known Palghat), where the Palakkad Gap breaks through to provide access to the rest of India. The Western Ghats rises on average to 1,500 m (4920 ft) above sea level, while the highest peaks reach above 2,500 m (8200 ft). Anamudi, the highest peak in South India, is at an elevation of 2,695 metres (8,842 ft). Just west of the mountains lie the midland plains comprising central Kerala, dominated by rolling hills and valleys.[58] Generally ranging between elevations of 250–1,000 m (820–3300 ft), the eastern portions of the Nilgiri and Palni Hills include such formations as Agastya Mala and Anamala.
Kerala’s western coastal belt is relatively flat, and is criss-crossed by a network of interconnected brackish canals, lakes, estuaries, and rivers known as the Kerala Backwaters. Lake Vembanad, Kerala’s largest body of water, dominates the Backwaters; it lies between Alappuzha and Kochi and is more than 200 km2 (77 sq mi) in area. Around 8% of India's waterways (measured by length) are found in Kerala.[62] The most important of Kerala’s forty-four rivers include the Periyar (244 km), the Bharathapuzha (209 km), the Pamba (176 km), the Chaliyar (169 km), the Kadalundipuzha River (130 km), the Valapattanam (129 km) and the Achankovil (128 km). The average length of the rivers of Kerala is 64 km. Many of the rivers are small and entirely fed by monsoon rains.[58] These conditions result in the nearly year-round water logging of such western regions as Kuttanad, 500 km2 of which lies below sea level. As Kerala's rivers are small and lack deltas, they are more prone to environmental factors. The rivers also face problems such as sand mining and pollution.[63] The state experiences several natural hazards such as landslides, floods, lightning and droughts. The state was also affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.
A catastrophic flood in Kerala in 1341 CE drastically modified its terrain and consequently affected its history. The course of the river Periyar was changed, and the Arabian Sea receded several miles. The Kuttanad region became cultivable, and the Muziris (Kodungalloor) harbour became defunct. A new harbour was developed at Kochi.[64][65]
Climate[link]
With 120–140 rainy days per year[66]:80, Kerala has a wet and maritime tropical climate influenced by the seasonal heavy rains of the southwest summer monsoon and northeast winter monsoon.[67] About 65 percent of the rainfall occurs during the first season (June to August) corresponding to the southwest monsoon and the rest during the second season (September to December) corresponding to northeast monsoon.[67] Southwest monsoon: The moisture-laden winds on reaching the southernmost point of the Indian Peninsula, due to its topography, become divided into two parts: the Arabian Sea Branch and the Bay of Bengal Branch. The Arabian Sea Branch of the Southwest Monsoon first hits the Western Ghats in Kerala, thus making the area the first state in India to receive rain from the Southwest Monsoon. Northeast monsoon: The distribution of pressure patterns are reversed during this season and the cold winds from North-India pick up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and precipitate it in the east coast of peninsular India. In Kerala, The influence of this monsoon is seen towards southern districts only.[68] Kerala's rainfall averages 3,107 mm (122 in.) annually. Some of Kerala's drier lowland regions average only 1,250 mm (49 in.); the mountains of eastern Idukki district receive more than 5,000 mm (197 in.) of orographic precipitation, the highest in the state. In eastern Kerala, a drier tropical wet and dry climate prevails.
During summer, Kerala is prone to gale force winds, storm surges, cyclone-related torrential downpours, occasional droughts, and rises in sea level.[69]:26, 46, 52 The mean daily temperatures range from 19.8 °C to 36.7 °C.[58] Mean annual temperatures range from 25.0–27.5 °C in the coastal lowlands to 20.0–22.5 °C in the eastern highlands.[69]:65
| Climate data for Kerala | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 28.0 (82.4) |
30 (86) |
31 (88) |
32 (90) |
34 (93) |
34 (93) |
30 (86) |
29 (84) |
29 (84) |
30 (86) |
30 (86) |
31 (88) |
34 (93) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 22 (72) |
23 (73) |
24 (75) |
25 (77) |
25 (77) |
24 (75) |
23 (73) |
23 (73) |
23 (73) |
23 (73) |
23 (73) |
22 (72) |
22 (72) |
| Source: [70] | |||||||||||||
Adjacent states[link]
 |
Arabian Sea | Karnataka | Karnataka | |
| Arabian Sea |  |
Tamil Nadu | ||
 Kerala East |
||||
 |
||||
| Arabian Sea | Tamil Nadu | Tamil Nadu |
Flora and fauna[link]
Main article: Flora and fauna of Kerala
| State animal | Indian elephant |  |
| State bird | Great Hornbill |  |
| State tree | Coconut tree |  |
| State flower | Cassia fistula |  |
Much of Kerala's notable biodiversity is concentrated and protected in the Western Ghats. Almost one fourth of India's 10,000 plant species are found in the state. Among the almost 4,000 flowering plant species (1,272 of which are endemic to Kerala and 159 threatened) are 900 species of medicinal plants.[72][73]:11
Its 9,400 km2 of forests include tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests (lower and middle elevations—3,470 km2), tropical moist and dry deciduous forests (mid-elevations—4,100 km2 and 100 km2, respectively), and montane subtropical and temperate (shola) forests (highest elevations—100 km2). Altogether, 24% of Kerala is forested.[73]:12 Two of the world’s Ramsar Convention listed wetlands—Lake Sasthamkotta and the Vembanad-Kol wetlands—are in Kerala, as well as 1455.4 km2 of the vast Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Subjected to extensive clearing for cultivation in the 20th century,[74]:6–7 much of the remaining forest cover is now protected from clearfelling. Kerala's fauna are notable for their diversity and high rates of endemism: 102 species of mammals (56 of which are endemic), 453 species of birds, 202 species of freshwater fishes, 169 species of reptiles (139 of them endemic), and 89 species of amphibians (86 endemic).[72] These are threatened by extensive habitat destruction, including soil erosion, landslides, salinization, and resource extraction.[75]
Eastern Kerala’s windward mountains shelter tropical moist forests and tropical dry forests, which are common in the Western Ghats. Here, sonokeling (Dalbergia latifolia), anjili, mullumurikku (Erythrina), and Cassia number among the more than 1,000 species of trees in Kerala. Other plants include bamboo, wild black pepper, wild cardamom, the calamus rattan palm (a type of climbing palm), and aromatic vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides).[73]:12 Living among them are such fauna as Indian Elephant (Elephas maximus indicus), Bengal Tiger, Indian Leopard (Panthera pardus fusca), Nilgiri Tahr, Common Palm Civet, and Grizzled Giant Squirrel.[73]:12, 174–175 Reptiles include the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), viper, python, and Mugger Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) . Kerala's birds are legion—Malabar Trogon, the Great Hornbill, Kerala Laughingthrush, Darter, and Southern Hill Myna are several emblematic species. In lakes, wetlands, and waterways, fish such as kadu (stinging catfish) and Choottachi (Orange chromide—Etroplus maculatus) are found.[73]:163–165
Subdivisions[link]
Main articles: Districts of Kerala and Corporations, municipalities and taluks of Kerala
Kerala's fourteen districts are distributed among Kerala's six historical regions: North Malabar (Far-north Kerala), South Malabar (northern Kerala), Kochi (central Kerala), Northern Travancore, Central Travancore (southern Kerala) and Southern Travancore (Far-south Kerala).
| Code[76] | District | Region | Population(2011)[77] | Area (as at 2001)[77] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KS | Kasaragod | Malabar | 1,302,600 | 1,992 km2 (769 sq mi) |
| KN | Kannur | Malabar | 2,525,637 | 2,966 km2 (1,145 sq mi) |
| WA | Wayanad | Malabar | 816,558 | 2,131 km2 (823 sq mi) |
| KZ | Kozhikode | Malabar | 3,089,543 | 2,345 km2 (905 sq mi) |
| MA | Malappuram | Malabar | 4,110,956 | 3,550 km2 (1,370 sq mi) |
| PL | Palakkad | Malabar | 2,810,892 | 4,480 km2 (1,730 sq mi) |
| TS | Thrissur | Kochi | 3,110,327 | 3,032 km2 (1,171 sq mi) |
| ER | Ernakulam | Kochi | 3,279,860 | 2,951 km2 (1,139 sq mi) |
| ID | Idukki | Travancore | 1,107,453 | 4,479 km2 (1,729 sq mi) |
| KT | Kottayam | Travancore | 1,979,384 | 2,203 km2 (851 sq mi) |
| AL | Alappuzha | Travancore | 2,121,943 | 1,414 km2 (546 sq mi) |
| PT | Pathanamthitta | Travancore | 1,195,537 | 2,462 km2 (951 sq mi) |
| KL | Kollam | Travancore | 2,629,703 | 2,498 km2 (964 sq mi) |
| TV | Thiruvananthapuram | Travancore | 3,307,284 | 2,192 km2 (846 sq mi) |
Kerala's 14 districts, which serve as the administrative regions for taxation purposes, are further subdivided into 63 taluks; these have fiscal and administrative powers over settlements within their borders, including maintenance of local land records.Taluks of kerala are further divided into 1453 revenue villages.[78] Consequent to the 74th Amendment to the Constitution of India, the Local self-government Institutions are to function as the third tier of Government and it constitutes 14 District Panchayats, 152 Block Panchayats, 978 Grama Panchayats, 60 Municipalities, 5 Corporations and 1 Township.[79] Mahé, a part of the Indian union territory of Pondicherry (Puducherry), is a coastal exclave surrounded by Kerala on all of its landward approaches.
| List of Major cities in Kerala | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | City | District | Population |
 Kozhikode  Kollam |
|||||
| 1 | Thiruvananthapuram | Thiruvananthapuram | 752,490 | ||||||
| 2 | Kochi | Ernakulam | 601,574 | ||||||
| 3 | Kozhikode | Kozhikode | 432,097 | ||||||
| 4 | Kollam | Kollam | 349,033 | ||||||
| 5 | Thrissur | Thrissur | 315,596 | ||||||
| 6 | Alappuzha | Alappuzha | 174,164 | ||||||
| 7 | Palakkad | Palakkad | 131,019 | ||||||
| Source: 2011 Census of India [80] | |||||||||
| List of cities in Kerala based on the population.(not based on urban agglomeration population) | |||||||||
Government[link]
Main article: Government of Kerala
Following the Constitution of India, the State of Kerala has a parliamentary system of representative democracy for its governance; universal suffrage is granted to state residents. The government structure is organized into the traditional three branches: Legislature, Executive and Judiciary.
- Legislature: The unicameral legislature, the Kerala Legislative Assembly, comprises elected members and special office bearers (the Speaker and Deputy Speaker) elected by the members from among themselves. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker and in the Speaker's absence, by the Deputy Speaker. Kerala has 140 Assembly constituencies.[81] The state sends 20 members to the Lok Sabha and 9 to the Rajya Sabha.[82]
- Executive: The Governor of Kerala is the constitutional head of state, and is appointed by the President of India.[83][84] The executive authority is headed by the Chief Minister of Kerala, who is the de facto head of state and is vested with extensive executive powers; the Legislative Assembly's majority party leader is appointed to this position by the Governor. The Council of Ministers, which answers to the Legislative Assembly, has its members appointed by the Governor on advice of the Chief Minister. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs.
- Judiciary: The judiciary consists of the Kerala High Court and a system of lower courts. The High Court, located at Ernakulam, has a Chief Justice along with 26 permanent and two additional (pro tempore) justices. Kerala High Court also hears cases from the Union Territory of Lakshadweep.
Local Governance: Though the local self-government bodies namely, Panchayat, Municipalities and Corporations existed in Kerala since 1959, the major initiative to decentralize the governance in Kerala was started only in 1993, conforming to the constitutional amendments of central government in this direction. With the enactment of Kerala Panchayati Raj Act and Kerala Municipality Act in the year 1994, the state entered a new era of local self-governance. Kerala Panchayati Raj Act envisages a 3-tier system of local-government with Gram panchayat, Block panchayat and District Panchayat forming the hierarchy. The acts ensure clear cut demarcation of power among these institutions. However, Kerala Municipality Act envisages a single tier system for urban areas, with the institution of Municipality designed at par with Gram panchayat of the former system. Substantial administrative, legal and financial powers are delegated these bodies to ensure efficient decentralization. As per the present norms, the state government devolves about 40 per cent of the state plan outlay to the local government. The state has pioneered in many of these steps to empower local self-governance and it acted as a turning point in the nation's history of decentralization.[85]
Kerala hosts two major political alliances: the United Democratic Front (India) (UDF—led by the Indian National Congress) and the Left Democratic Front (Kerala) (LDF—led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)). At present, the UDF is the ruling coalition in government; Oommen Chandy of the INC is the Chief Minister of Kerala and V.S. Achuthanandan of the LDF is the Chief Opposition leader. Strikes, protests and marches are ubiquitous in Kerala due to the comparatively strong presence of labour unions.[86][87]
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Kerala
See also: Category:Industries based in Kerala
| Year | Gross State Domestic Product |
|---|---|
| 1980 | 42,860 |
| 1985 | 75,200 |
| 1990 | 140,980 |
| 1995 | 387,620 |
| 2000 | 697,920 |
| 2005 | 1,025,080[88] |
Since independence, Kerala was managed as a democratic socialist welfare economy. Since the 1990s, liberalisation of the mixed economy allowed onerous Licence Raj restrictions against capitalism and foreign direct investment to be lightened, leading to economic expansion and job creation. In fiscal year 2007–2008, nominal gross state domestic product (GSDP) was 
162,414.79 crore (US$32.4 billion). Recent GSDP growth (9.2% in 2004–2005 and 7.4% in 2003–2004) has been robust compared to historical averages (2.3% annually in the 1980s and between 5.1%[89]:8 and 5.99%[90] in the 1990s).[89]:8 The state clocked 8.93% growth in enterprises from 1998 to 2005 compared with 4.80% nationally.[91] Relatively few such enterprises are major corporations or manufacturers.[69] Kerala's Human Development Index rating is the highest in India.[92] This apparently paradoxical "Kerala phenomenon" or "Kerala model of development" of very high human development and not much high economic development results from the strong service sector.[69]:48[93]:1
Kerala's economy depends on emigrants working in foreign countries (mainly in the Persian Gulf countries such as United Arab Emirates or Saudi Arabia) and remittances annually contribute more than a fifth of GSDP.[12][13][14] As of 2008, the Gulf countries altogether have a Keralite population of more than 2.5 million, who send home annually a sum of USD 6.81 billion,[94] which is more than 15.13% of Remittance to India in 2008, the highest among Indian States.
The service sector (including tourism, public administration, banking and finance, transportation, and communications—63.8% of GSDP in 2002–2003) and the agricultural and fishing industries (together 17.2% of GSDP) dominate the economy.[90][95] Nearly half of Kerala's people are dependent on agriculture alone for income.[96] Some 600 varieties[73]:5 of rice (Kerala's most important staple food and cereal crop)[97]:5 are harvested from 3105.21 km2 (a decline from 5883.4 km2 in 1990)[97]:5 of paddy fields; 688,859 tonnes are produced per annum.[96] Other key crops include coconut (899,198 ha), tea, coffee (23% of Indian production,[98]:13 or 57,000 tonnes[98]:6–7), rubber, cashews, and spices—including pepper, cardamom, vanilla, cinnamon, and nutmeg. Around 1.050 million fishermen haul an annual catch of 668,000 tonnes (1999–2000 estimate); 222 fishing villages are strung along the 590 km coast. Another 113 fishing villages dot the hinterland.
Kerala's coastal belt of Karunagappally is known for high background radiation from thorium-containing monazite sand. In coastal panchayats, median outdoor radiation levels are more than 4 mGy/yr and, in certain locations on the coast, it is as high as 70 mGy/yr.[99]
Traditional industries manufacturing such items as coir, handlooms, and handicrafts employ around one million people. Around 180,000 small-scale industries employ around 909,859 Keralites; 511 medium and large scale manufacturing firms are located in Kerala. A small mining sector (0.3% of GSDP)[95] involves extraction of ilmenite, kaolin, bauxite, silica, quartz, rutile, zircon, and sillimanite.[96] Home gardens and animal husbandry also provide work for hundreds of thousands of people. Other major sectors are tourism, manufacturing, and business process outsourcing. As of March 2002, Kerala's banking sector comprised 3341 local branches; each branch served 10,000 persons, lower than the national average of 16,000; the state has the third-highest bank penetration among Indian states.[100] On 1 October 2011, Kerala became the first state in the country to have banking facility in every village.[101] Unemployment in 2007 was estimated at 9.4%;[102] underemployment, low employability of youths, and a 13.5% female participation rate are chronic issues,[103]:5, 13 [104] as is the practice of Nokku kooli, 'wages for looking on'.[105] By 1999–2000, the rural and urban poverty rates dropped to 10.0% and 9.6% respectively.[106]
The state's 2005–2006 budget was 219 billion.[107] The state government's tax revenues (excluding the shares from Union tax pool) amounted to 111,248 million in 2005, up from 63,599 million in 2000. Its non-tax revenues (excluding the shares from Union tax pool) of the Government of Kerala as assessed by the Indian Finance Commissions reached 10,809 million in 2005, nearly double the 6,847 million revenues of 2000.[108] However, Kerala's high ratio of taxation to gross state domestic product (GSDP) has not alleviated chronic budget deficits and unsustainable levels of government debt, impacting social services.[109]
The state treasury has suffered loss of thousands of millions of rupees thanks to the state staging over 100 hartals annually in recent times. A record total of 223 hartals were observed in 2006, resulting in a revenue loss of over 2000 crore.[110]
Agriculture[link]
Kerala produces 97% of national output of pepper and accounts for 85% out of the area under natural rubber in the country. Coconut, tea, coffee, cashew, and spices — including cardamom, vanilla, cinnamon, and nutmeg — comprise a critical agricultural sector. A key agricultural staple is rice, with some six hundred varieties grown in Kerala's extensive paddy fields. Nevertheless, home gardens comprise a significant portion of the agricultural sector. Related animal husbandry is also important, and is touted by proponents as a means of alleviating rural poverty and unemployment among women, the marginalized, and the landless. Feeding, milking, breeding, management, health care, and concomitant micro-enterprises all provide work for around 32 lakh (3.2 million) of Kerala's 55 lakh (5.5 million) households. The state government seeks to promote such activity via educational campaigns and the development of new cattle breeds such as the "Sunandini".
Fisheries[link]
Fisheries contribute about 3% of the total economy of the state. The natural landforms of the state endow Kerala with a huge output of marine and freshwater fish haul each year. About 10.85 lakh people earn their livelihood from fishing and allied activities such as drying, processing, packaging, exporting and transporting fisheries.The state alone yields 6.75 lakh tonnes of fish every year
Transport[link]
Roads[link]
Main article: Roads in Kerala
Kerala has 145,704 kilometres (90,536 mi) of roads (4.2% of India's total). This translates to about 4.62 kilometres (2.87 mi) of road per thousand population, compared to an all India average of 2.59 kilometres (1.61 mi). Virtually all of Kerala's villages are connected by road.
Roads in Kerala includes 1,524 km of National highway (2.6% of nation's total), 4341.6 km of state highway and 18900 km of district roads.[111] Most of Kerala's west coast is accessible through two national highways, NH 47, and NH 17 and eastern side is accessible through various State Highways. There is also a Hill Highway (Kerala) proposed, to make easy access to eastern hills.
NH 17 connects Edapally (Kochi) to Panvel (Maharashtra) and is the longest stretch of national highway through the state. The other major national highway passing through the state is National Highway 47 which connects Salem to Kanyakumari and passes through the major towns and cities like Palakkad, Thrissur, Kochi, Alappuzha, Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram. The Salem-Kochi stretch of this highway is a part of North-South Corridor of the Indian highway system. The length of the National Highway 47 (India) through Kerala is 416.8 km.[112] NH 49 (Kochi – Dhanushkodi), NH 208 (Kollam – Thirumangalam), NH 212 (Kozhikode – Mysore), NH 213 (Kozhikode – Palakkad), NH 220 (Kollam – theni) are the other national highways serving the state of Kerala.
The Department of Public Works is responsible for maintaining and expanding the state highways system and major district roads.The Kerala State Transport Project (KSTP), which includes the GIS-based Road Information and Management Project (RIMS), is responsible for maintaining and expanding the state highways in Kerala; it also oversees few major district roads.[113][114]
Traffic in Kerala has been growing at a rate of 10–11% every year, resulting in high traffic and pressure on the roads. Kerala's road density is nearly four times the national average, reflecting the state's high population density. Kerala's annual total of road accidents is among the nation's highest. The accidents are mainly result of the narrow roads and irresponsible driving. [115]
Railways[link]
Today the Indian Railways' Southern Railway line runs through the state, connecting most major towns and cities except those in the highland districts of Idukki and Wayanad.
Dates of beginning of railway transport in various sections of the state are given below:-
- Beypore-Tirur (12 March 1861); Shoranur-Ernakulam (1902);m Shenkottai-Punalur (26 November 1904); Punalur-Thiruvananthapuram (4 November 1931); Ernakulam-Kottayam (1956); Kottayam-Kollam (1958); Thiruvananthapuram-Kanyakumari (1979); Thrissur-Guruvayur (1994).[116]
The railway network in the state is controlled by three divisions of Southern Railway, namely Trivandrum Railway Division, Palakkad Railway Division and Madurai Railway Division. Eranakulam Junction is the busiest railway station in the state and second busiest in the Southern Railway Zone after Chennai Central. Kerala's major railway stations are Kannur, Kozhikode, Shornur Junction, Palakkad Junction, Thrissur, Angamaly For Kalady, Ernakulam Town, Ernakulam Junction, Alappuzha, Kottayam, Tiruvalla, Chengannur, Kayamkulam Junction, Kollam Junction and Thiruvananthapuram Central.
Airports[link]
Kerala has three major international airports, at Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kozhikode. A fourth international airport is proposed at Kannur.[117] Thiruvananthapuram's Trivandrum International Airport is the first International airport in an Indian non-metro city. The Cochin International Airport is the busiest and largest in the state, and was the first Indian airport to be incorporated as a public limited company; funded by nearly 10,000 Non Resident Indians from 30 countries.[118]
Inland water transport in Kerala[link]
Kerala, with numerous backwaters, is one of the States in India where waterways are successfully used for commercial Inland Water Transport. The transportation is mainly done with country craft and passenger vessels. There are 67 navigable rivers in Kerala. The total length of the Inland Waterways in the State is 1687 km. The main constraints to the expansion of Inland Water transport in the State are lack of depth in the waterway caused by silting, lack of maintenance of navigation system and bank protection, accelerated growth of the water hyacinth, lack of modern inland craft terminals and cargo handling system. A 205 km canal, National Waterway 3, runs between Kottapuram and Kollam.[119]
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Kerala
Ethnicity[link]
See also: Ethnic groups in Kerala and Racial history of Malabar
The 31.8 million[121] Keralites are predominantly of Malayali descent, while the rest is mostly made up of Jewish and Arab elements in both culture and ancestry. Kerala's 321,000 indigenous tribal Adivasis, 1.10% of the population, are concentrated in the east.[122]:10–12
Languages[link]
Malayalam is Kerala's official language; Konkani, Tamil, Tulu, Kannada, Hindi, Mahl and various Adivasi (Tribal) languages are also spoken by ethnic minorities especially in the south-western region.
| Population trend[123][124] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1951 | 13,549,000 |
|
|
| 1961 | 16,904,000 | 24.8% | |
| 1971 | 21,347,000 | 26.3% | |
| 1981 | 25,454,000 | 19.2% | |
| 1991 | 29,099,000 | 14.3% | |
| 2001 | 31,841,000 | 9.4% | |
| 2011 | 33,388,000 | 4.9% | |
| Source: 2001 Census of India[123] | |||
Kerala is home to 3.44% of India's population; at 819 persons per km2, its land is nearly three times as densely settled as the rest of India, which is at a population density of 325 persons per km2.[125] Kerala's rate of population growth is India's lowest,[126] and Kerala's decadal growth (9.42% in 2001) is less than half the all-India average of 21.34%.[127] Whereas Kerala's population more than doubled between 1951 and 1991 by adding 15.6 million people to reach 29.1 million residents in 1991, the population stood at less than 32 million by 2001. Kerala's coastal regions are the most densely settled, leaving the eastern hills and mountains comparatively sparsely populated.[58]
Females comprise 51.42% of the population; males form the remaining 48.58% of the population.[128]:26
Religions[link]
Kerala's principal religions are Hinduism (56.2%), Islam (24.7%), and Christianity (19.0%).[129] In comparison with the rest of India, Kerala experiences relatively little sectarianism.[130]
According to 2001 Census of India figures, 56% of Kerala's residents are Hindus, 24% are Muslims, 19% are Christians, and the remaining 1% follows other religions.[129] The major Hindu castes are Ezhavas, Nairs, Nambudiri and Dalits. Rest of the Hindu castes including those in the list of Other Backward Class (OBC) are minority communities. Notably, steps taken by many progressive and tolerant Hindu kings[131] over the years and movements like that of Vaikunda Swami [132] and Narayana Guru for social reform and tolerance helped to establish Kerala as one of the most socially progressive states in India. The Abrahamic religions attest to Kerala's prominence as a major trade centre. Islam and Judaism arrived in Kerala through Arab traders.[133] Muslims of Kerala, generally referred to as Moplahs, mostly follow the Shafi'i Madh'hab under Sunni Islam. The major Moplah denominations are Sunni, Mujahid and Jama'at-e-Islami. A significant Jewish community existed in Kerala until the 20th century when most of them migrated to Israel leaving only a handful of families.[134] The Paradesi Synagogue at Kochi is the oldest synagogue in the Commonwealth. Christianity is believed to have reached the shores of Kerala in 52 CE with the arrival of St Thomas, one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ[135][136][137][138][139] The major Christian denominations are Catholic, Oriental Orthodox and Protestant.
| Religion in Kerala[129] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | Percent | |||
| Hinduism |
|
56.2% | ||
| Islam |
|
24.7% | ||
| Christianity |
|
19.0% | ||
| Others |
|
1.1% | ||
Jainism has a considerable following in the Wayanad district. Buddhism was dominant at the time of Ashoka the Great but vanished by the 8th century CE.[140]
Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries, starting with the Kerala Gulf boom, and is uniquely dependent on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community.[12][13][14]
Kerala government states gender relations are among the most equitable in India[Need quotation to verify],[141] despite discrepancies among low caste men and women.[142]:1 Certain Hindu communities such as the Nairs, some Ezhavas and the Muslims around North Malabar used to follow a traditional matrilineal system known as marumakkathayam, although this practice ended in the years after Indian independence. Other Muslims, Christians, and some Hindu castes such as the Namboothiris and the Ezhavas follow makkathayam, a patrilineal system.[143] Owing to the former matrilineal system, women in Kerala enjoy a high social status.[144]
Human Development Index[link]
Kerala's human development indices— primary level education, health care and elimination of poverty—are among the best in India. According to a 2005–2006 national survey, Kerala has one of the highest literacy rates (94.59%) among Indian states[8] and life expectancy (74 years) was among the highest in India in 2011.[145] Kerala's rural poverty rate fell from 69% (1970–1971) to 19% (1993–1994); the overall (urban and rural) rate fell 36% between the 1970s and 1980s.[146] By 1999–2000, the rural and urban poverty rates dropped to 10.0% and 9.6% respectively.[106] These changes stem largely from efforts begun in the late 19th century by the kingdoms of Cochin and Travancore to boost social welfare.[147][148] This focus was maintained by Kerala's post-independence government.[69][92]:48
Kerala has the highest life expectancy in the country which is nearly 75 years and 78 years respectively for males and females. The life expectancy of Kerala is similar to developed nations in the world that shows the facilities for treatment and health. Kerala's healthcare system has garnered international acclaim. The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organisation designated Kerala the world's first "baby-friendly state" because of its effective promotion of breast-feeding over formulas[149] For example, more than 95% of Keralite births are hospital-delivered.[150]:6 Aside from ayurveda (both elite and popular forms),[151]:13 siddha, and many endangered and endemic modes of traditional medicine, including kalari, marmachikitsa and vishavaidyam, are practiced. Some occupational communities such as Kaniyar were known as native medicine men in relation with practice of such streams of medical systems, apart from their traditional vocation.[152] These propagate via gurukula discipleship,[151]:5–6 and comprise a fusion of both medicinal and supernatural treatments,[151]:15 and are partly responsible for drawing increasing numbers of medical tourists.
A steadily aging population (11.2% of Keralites are over age 60[92]) and low birthrate (18 per 1,000)[153] make Kerala one of the few regions in the developing world to have undergone the "demographic transition" characteristic of such developed nations as Canada, Japan, and Norway.[93]:1 In 1991, Kerala's total fertility rate (children born per women) was the lowest in India. Hindus had a TFR of 1.66, Christians 1.78, and Muslims 2.97.[154] Kerala's female-to-male ratio (1.058) is significantly higher than that of the rest of India.[93][155]:2 sub-replacement fertility level and infant mortality rate is lower compared to other states (estimated at 12[69][153]:49 to 14[156]:5 deaths per 1,000 live births).
However, Kerala's morbidity rate is higher than that of any other Indian state—118 (rural Keralites) and 88 (urban) per 1,000 people. The corresponding all India figures are 55 and 54 per 1,000, respectively.[156]:5Yet this is likely explained by the fact that, as mentioned above, Kerala has a higher ratio of senior citizens than India. Kerala's 13.3% prevalence of low birth weight is substantially higher than that of First World nations.[153] Outbreaks of water-borne diseases such as diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis, and typhoid among the more than 50% of Keralites who rely on 3 million water wells is a problem worsened by the widespread lack of sewers.[157]:5–7
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Kerala
Following the instructions of the Wood's despatch of 1854, both the princely states, Travancore and Cochin, launched mass education drives with the support from different agencies mainly based on castes and communities and introduced a system of grant-in-aid to attract more private initiatives. However, none of the government schools gave admission to the children belonging to the low-castes till 1914 and early the initiative of the private schools especially those run by Christian managements to admit the Dalits, opened the door for social mobility in Kerala. Social leaders like Narayana Guru and Ayyankali also initiated educational missions among the lower castes in Kerala. In order to ensure the social reformation of own Communities, organization like Nair Service Society of Nairs, SNDP of Ezhavas, Muslim Mahajana Sabha of Malabar Muslims, Yoga Kshema Sabha of Nambudiris and different congregations of Christian churches competed to open maximum number of schools in the pre-independence period and this inter-community competition led to considerable improvement in the enrollment of students, mass educational levels, employment opportunities and position of power. Compared to Travancore and Cochin regions, Malabar lagged in the educational achievements during this period.[158]
Kerala successfully overcame the first generation issues in education and it was the 1st state in India to be recognized as a totally literate state in 1991, though the effective literacy rate was 90 per cent at that time. The net enrollment in elementary education is almost 100 per cent and now it is almost balanced among different sexes, social groups and regions, unlike other states of India.[159] It has the highest literacy rate among the states of India. State topped the Education Development Index (EDI) among 21 major states in India in year 2006–2007.[160] According to the first Economic Census conducted in 1977, 99.7 per cent of the villages in Kerala had a primary school within 2 km, 98.6 had a middle school within 2 km and 96.7 per cent had a high school or higher secondary school within 5 km, far ahead of national averages.[161]
Kerala's educational system has been developed by institutions owned or aided by the government. The educational system prevailed in the state schooling is for 10 years which is streamlined into lower primary, upper primary and secondary school stages with a 4+3+3 pattern.[159] After 10 years of secondary schooling, students typically enroll in Higher Secondary Schooling in one of the three major streams—liberal arts, commerce or science.[citation needed] Upon completing the required coursework, students can enroll in general or professional under-graduate(UG) programmes.
Schools and colleges are run by the government, private trusts, or individuals. Many of the schools owned by private sector are aided by government. Majority of the public schools are affiliated to Kerala State Education Board. Other familiar educational boards are Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), or the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS). English is the language of instruction in most self financing schools, while government and government aided schools offer English or Malayalam[citation needed].
No fees (or a nominal fees) are required in schools run by or aided by government. Fees concerning the higher and technical education are very low; the ratio of recovery of government's revenue expenditure was 2.6% in 2006–2007.[162] However, the lacking of fees or low fees does not imply low educational cost, as the students incur other costs of several types (examination fees, special fees, material costs, clothing travelling, private tuition). In fact, according to the 61st round of National Sample Survey (2004–2005), per capita spending on education by the rural households resulted to be more than twice the national average ( 41 for Kerala, 18 for India).Urban India spending, on the contrary, resulted to be greater than Kerala's ( 74 for India, 66 for Kerala). However, the survey reveals that the rural-urban difference in expenditure on education by households was much less in Kerala than in the rest of India.[163]
A few universities in Kerala are Kannur University, Mahatma Gandhi University, University of Calicut, University of Kerala, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala Agricultural University, Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit.[164] Premiere educational institutions in Kerala are Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode, one of the thirteen Indian Institutes of Management, National Institute of Technology Calicut (NITC), Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST). Kerala also has a National law school which is known as the National University of Advanced Legal Studies.Center for Development Studies offers M Phil and PhD level courses of Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi.
The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts including results—series expansion for trigonometric functions.
Culture[link]
A mohiniattam performance
Main articles: Arts of Kerala and Culture of Kerala
Culture of Kerala is composite and cosmopolitan in nature and it's an integral part of Indian culture.[165] It has been elaborated upon through centuries of contact with neighboring and overseas cultures.[166] However, the geographical insularity of Kerala from the rest of the country has caused to develop some distinctive outlook in every spheres of culture like lifestyle, art, architecture, language, literature and different social institutions.[165]
Origin of dance and music in Kerala could be traced to the tribal art forms and folk songs which were performed in those early days to propitiate the local deities.[167] With the arrival of Aryan Brahmins in Kerala (8th century CE[168]), who were instrumental in the development of many semi-classical art forms of Kerala, Hindu temples and associated institutions took over the role of development of many ritualistic art forms; emergence of new temple arts like Koodiyattom, Koothu and Kathakali have to be seen in this context.[167] Koodiyattom, which emerged as a popular temple art by 9th century,[169] is a Sanskrit theatre tradition,[170] and is officially recognised by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.[171] Kerala natanam, an offshoot of Kathakali, Kaliyattam, Mohiniaattam (dance of the enchantress), Theyyam, Thullal and Padayani are other popular performing arts of Kerala. Of these, Kathakali and Mohiniattam are the most recognized Indian Classical Dance traditions from Kerala.
Some non-Hindu religious dances are also popular in Kerala like Margamkali, Parisamuttu and chavittu nadakom of Christians and Oppana of Muslims. Oppana has its roots in the Arab dances and it combines dance, rhythmic hand clapping, and ishal vocalizations.[172] Margam Kali is a traditional group dance form traceable back to 17th century, originally performed during Syrian Christian festivals.[173] Nowadays, many of these art forms are largely performed during marriage ceremonies or at youth festivals only. Contemporary art and performance styles including those employing mimicry and parody are also popular now.[citation needed]
Development of classical music in Kerala is attributed to the contributions it received from the traditional performance arts associated with temple culture of Kerala.[174] Development of indigenous classical music form, Sopana Sangeetham, illustrates the rich contribution that temple culture has made to the arts of Kerala.[174] Carnatic music dominates Keralite traditional music. This was the result of Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma's popularization of the genre in the 19th century.[175][176] Raga-based renditions known as sopanam accompany kathakali performances. Melam (including the paandi and panchari variants) is a more percussive style of music; it is performed at Kshetram centered festivals using the chenda. Melam ensembles comprise up to 150 musicians, and performances may last up to four hours. Panchavadyam is a different form of percussion ensemble, in which up to 100 artists use five types of percussion instrument.[citation needed] Kerala's visual arts range from traditional murals to the works of Raja Ravi Varma, the state's most renowned painter.[174] Most of the castes and communities in Kerala have rich collection of folk songs and ballads associated with a variety of themes; Vadakkan Pattukal(Northern Ballads), Thekkan pattukal(Southern Ballads), Vanchi pattukal(Boat Songs), Mappila Pattukal(Muslim songs) and Pallipattukal(Church songs) are a few of them.[177]
Malayalam calendar (Also known as Kollavarsham), a solar calendar started from 825 C.E. in Kerala serves as the official calendar of Kerala and finds common usage in planning agricultural and religious activities. Kerala's most popular dish is Rice and curry.[citation needed] The sadhya (feast) is traditionally served on green banana leaves. Such dishes as idli, payasam, pulisherry, puttukadala, or PuttuPayarPappadam, puzhukku, rasam, and sambar are typical. Keralites—both men and women alike—traditionally don flowing and unstitched garments. These include the mundu, a loose piece of cloth wrapped around men's waists. Women typically wear the sari, a long and elaborately wrapped banner of cloth, wearable in various styles. Presently, North Indian dresses such as Salwar kameez are also popular among women in Kerala.[citation needed]
Elephants have been an integral part of culture of Kerala. Kerala is the home to largest domesticated elephant population in India; about 700 Indian elephants, owned by temples as well as individuals, are mainly employed for the processions associated with about 10,000 festivals annually.[178] In literature, they are also referred to as the 'sons of the sahya. Elephant is the state animal of Kerala[78] and is featured on the emblem of the Government of Kerala.
Malayalam literature is medieval in origin and includes such figures as the 14th century Niranam poets (Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar), and the 17th century poet Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan whose works mark the dawn of both modern Malayalam language and indigenous Keralite poetry. Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar and Kerala Varma Valiakoi Thampuran are noted for their contribution to Malayalam prose. The "triumvirate of poets" (Kavithrayam), Kumaran Asan, Vallathol Narayana Menon, and Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer, are recognised for moving Keralite poetry away from archaic sophistry and metaphysics, and towards a more lyrical mode.[citation needed]
In the second half of the 20th century, Jnanpith awardees like G. Sankara Kurup, S. K. Pottekkatt, Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai, M. T. Vasudevan Nair and O. N. V. Kurup have made valuable contributions to the Malayalam literature. Later, such Keralite writers as O. V. Vijayan, Kamaladas, M. Mukundan, and Booker Prize winner Arundhati Roy, whose 1996 semi-autobiographical bestseller[179] The God of Small Things is set in the Kottayam town of Ayemenem, have gained international recognition.[180]
Kerala in early Sanskrit literature[link]
The oldest of the surviving Hindu Puranas, the Tushar Purana, sets the story of the first of the incarnations of Lord Vishnu, the Matsya Avatar, and King Manu (King Satyavrata, mankind's ancestor), among Kerala's Malaya Mountains.[181][182][183]
The earliest Sanskrit text to mention Kerala by name is the Aitareya Aranyaka of Rigveda.[8] Hindu epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata also make a few references to Kerala.[165]
The legendary king Mahabali is said to have ruled from Kerala in a reign of universal happiness and prosperity. On his passing away he was appointed ruler of the netherworld (Patalam) by Vamana, the fifth avatar of Lord Vishnu. There is a belief that, Once a year, during the Onam festival, he returns to Kerala.
In the religious texts known as the Puranas, Kerala is Parasurama Kshetram ("The Land of Parasurama"). Parasurama was a warrior sage and an Avatar of Mahavishnu. When he threw his battle axe from Gokarna into the sea at Kanyakumari, the land of Kerala arose from the waters.[184] Tradition says that Parasurama minted gold coins called Rasi, sowed some of them in Travancore and buried the surplus in cairns.[185] Similar legends link Parasurama to the Pandyan dynasty.[186]
The Kollam Era of the Malayalam calendar is also known as "Parasurama-Sacam".[187] The Travancore Rajas claim descent from Chera King Bhanu Bikram, who, according to legend, was raised to the throne by Parasurama.[188] In the Keralolpathi, Parasurama chose the goddess Durga (Kali) as guardian of Kerala's sea-shore.[189]
Media[link]
Main article: Media in Kerala
The National Family Health Survey – 3, conducted in 2007 ranked Kerala as a state with the highest media exposure in India. Dozens of newspapers are published in Kerala, in nine major languages,[190] but principally Malayalam and English. The most widely circulating Malayalam-language newspapers are Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhumi, Madhyamam,Siraj Daily,Mangalam, Chandrika,thejas,Deepika, Kerala Kaumudi and Deshabhimani. Major Malayalam periodicals include Mathrubhumi, India Today Malayalam, Madhyamam weekly, Grihalakshmi, Vanitha, Dhanam, Chithrabhumi, and Bhashaposhini.
Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster. Multi system operators provide a mix of Malayalam, English and international channels via cable television. Some of the popular Malayalam television channels are Asianet, Surya TV, Mazhavil Manorama, Indiavision, Kairali TV, Manorama News, Amrita TV, Reporter, Jaihind and Jeevan TV. All India Radio, the national radio service, reaches much of Kerala via its Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Thrissur, Alappuzha, Kozhikode and Kannur Malayalam-language broadcasts. Television serials, reality shows and the Internet have become a major source of entertainment and information for the people of Kerala. A Malayalam version of Google News was launched in September 2008.[191] Regardless, Keralites maintain high rates[quantify] of newspaper and magazine subscriptions. A sizeable "people's science" movement has taken root in the state, and such activities as writers' cooperatives are becoming increasingly common.[93][192]:2
BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Airtel, Vodafone, Idea, Tata Docomo and Aircel are the major cell phone service providers in the state.[193] Broadband internet services are widely available throughout the state; some of the major ISPs are BSNL, Asianet Satellite communications, Reliance Communications, Airtel and VSNL. According to the Telecom Regulatory Commission of India(TRAI) report, as of January 2012 total number of wireless phone subscribers in kerala is about 34.3 million and the wireline subscriber base is at 3.2 million. According this report, the telephone density of the state is 107.77 as on 31st January 2012.[193] Unlike in many other States, urban-rural divide is not visible in Kerala with respect to mobile phone penetration.[194]
Malayalam films carved a niche for itself in the Indian film industry with the presentation of social themes.[195] Malayalam cinema takes a wide variety of themes in its making and it is far ahead of Hindi or Tamil cinema in terms of its artistic value, due to the reflection of social consciousness attributed to the literary connection it had from 1960s.[196] It has been producing both parallel and mainstream cinema for years and won national recognition by winning the Presidents Awards for the cinemas Chemmeen, Nirmalyam and Swayamvaram. Directors from Kerala like Adoor Gopalakrishnan, John Abraham, G. Aravindan have made considerable contribution to the Indian parallel cinema. Kerala has also given birth to numerous talented actors such as Bharath Gopi, Prem Nazir, Mammotty, Mohanlal, Suresh Gopi, Murali, Oduvil Unnikrishnan, Cochin Haneefa, Thilakan and Nedumudi Venu. Movies produced in Hindi, Tamil and English (Made in Hollywood) are popular among Keralites. Late Malayalam actor Prem Nazir holds the world record for having acted as the protagonist of over 720 movies.[197] Since 1980s, actors Mammootty and Mohanlal have dominated the movie industry; Mammootty has won 3 national awards while Mohanlal has 2 in his credit.[198]
Sports[link]
Main article: Sports in Kerala
Several ancient ritualised arts are Keralite in origin. These include kalaripayattu—kalari ("place", "threshing floor", or "battlefield") and payattu ("exercise" or "practice"). Among the world's oldest martial arts, oral tradition attributes kalaripayattu's emergence to Parasurama.[199] Other ritual arts include theyyam and poorakkali.
Cricket and Soccer are the most popular sports in the state.[200] Kochi Tuskers Kerala cricket team played for the city in the Indian Premier League (IPL) in 2011. The team was disbanded after one season due to conflict of interests among its promoters. Two Kerala Ranji Trophy players gained test selection in recent years. Sreesanth has represented India since 2005.[201] Among other Keralite cricketers is Tinu Yohannan, son of Olympic long jumper T. C. Yohannan.[202][203][204] Notable Kerala footballers include I. M. Vijayan, C. V. Pappachan, V. P. Sathyan, and Jo Paul Ancheri.[205][206]
Other popular sports include badminton, volleyball and kabaddi. Among the prominent athletes hailing from the state are P. T. Usha, T. C. Yohannan, Suresh Babu, Shiny Wilson, K. M. Beenamol, M. D. Valsamma, Anju Bobby George and Preeja Sreedharan. Volleyball is another popular sport[207] and is often played on makeshift courts on sandy beaches along the coast. Jimmy George was a notable Indian volleyball player, rated in his prime as among the world's ten best players.[208]
Tourism[link]
Main article: Tourism in Kerala
Kerala is situated on the lush and tropical Malabar Coast. Kerala is one of the popular tourist destinations in India. Its culture and traditions, coupled with its varied demographics, has made Kerala one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world. National Geographic's Traveller magazine names Kerala as one of the "ten paradises of the world"[17] and "50 must see destinations of a lifetime".[18] Travel and Leisure names Kerala as "One of the 100 great trips for the 21st century".[17][209][210] Kerala's beaches, backwaters, mountain ranges and wildlife sanctuaries are the major attractions for both domestic and international tourists. The city of Kochi ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourists in Kerala.[211][212]
Until the early 1980s, Kerala was a relatively unknown destination.[213] But 1986 the government of Kerala declared tourism as an industry and it was the first state in India to do so.[214] Aggressive marketing campaigns launched by the Kerala Tourism Development Corporation, the government agency that oversees tourism prospects of the state, laid the foundation for the growth of the tourism industry.[215] In the decades that followed, Kerala's tourism industry was able to transform the state into one of the niche holiday destinations in India. Many innovative marketing strategies were used and the advertisements branded Kerala with a catchy tagline Kerala- God's Own Country.[215] Today, Kerala tourism is a global brand and regarded as one of the destinations with highest recall.[215] In 2006, Kerala attracted 8.5 million tourist arrivals, an increase of 23.68% over the previous year, making the state one of the fastest-growing destinations in the world.[216] In 2011, tourist inflow to Kerala crossed the 10-million mark.[217]
Kerala has also pioneered health and medical tourism in India and has attained international attention in this segment. Though the idea of health tourism in Kerala is heavily concentrated on Ayurveda, it is also a good destination for other forms of treatment including Allopathy and Homeopathy.[218] Ayurvedic tourism became very popular since 1990s and private agencies like Kottakkal Arya Vydyasala played a notable role in tandem with the initiatives of Tourism Department.[213] Kerala is known for its ecotourism initiatives and in this segment it promotes mountaineering, trekking and bird-watching programmes in the Western Ghats as the major products.[219]
The state's tourism industry is a major contributor to the state's economy which is currently growing at a rate of 13.31%.[220] The revenue from tourism increased 5 fold between 2001–2011 and crossed 190 billion mark in 2011. Moreover, the industry provides employment opportunity to 1.2 million people.[217]
The most popular tourist attractions in the state are beaches, backwaters and hill stations. Major beaches are at Kovalam, Varkala, Kappad, Muzhappilangad and Bekal. Popular hill stations are at Munnar, Wayanad, Wagamon, Peermade, Nelliampathi and Ponmudi.[221] Kerala's ecotourism destinations include 12 wildlife sanctuaries and two national parks; Periyar Tiger Reserve, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Thattekad Bird Sanctuary, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, Muthanga Wildlife Sanctuary, and Eravikulam National Park are the most popular among them.[222] The "backwaters" is an extensive network of interlocking rivers (41 west-flowing rivers), lakes, and canals that center around Alleppey, Kumarakom, Kollam and Punnamada (where the annual Nehru Trophy Boat Race is held in August). Cities such as Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kozhikode are popular centres for their shopping and traditional theatrical performances.
Kerala is also a center of Heritage and religious tourism sites. Padmanabhapuram Palace and the Mattancherry Palace are two notable heritage sites. The state is also famous for the large number of festivals (about 10,000 per year) it celebrates; of these, Onam and Thrissur Pooram attracts a large inflow of foreign tourists. According to a survey conducted among foreign tourists, Elephants, fireworks display and huge crowd are the major attractions of Thrissur Pooram.[223] The main pilgrim tourist spots of Kerala are Sabarimala Temple, Aranmula Temple, Padmanabhaswamy Temple, Guruvayoor Temple, Chettikulangara Temple, Vadakumnathan Temple, Sarkara Devi Temple, Padanilam Parabrahma Temple, Beemapally mosque, Malayattoor Saint Thomas Church, Parumala Church (Pathanamthitta) and St. Francis Church, Kochi[224] Saint Alphonsa Church, Bharananganam is also a destination of pilgrimage tourism.
Gallery[link]
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Temple at Aranmula (Pathanamthitta)
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Thiruvathira Kali During Onam.jpg
Thiruvathira kali: a dance performed by women in Kerala during Onam and Thiruvaathira festivals.
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Onappottan, a cultural image of Kerala, related to Onam.
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Maramon Convention: Asia's biggest Christian gathering
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Paddy fields of Kerala in Sultan Bathery
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A typical houseboat in the Kerala backwaters near Alleppey.jpg
A house boat on the backwaters near Alleppey in Kerala
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Resorts dot the length and breadth of Kerala.
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Sunset at Varkala Beach
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Kalaripayattu.JPG
Kalaripayattu a martial art of Kerala
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forest river in wayanad
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Thrissur Pooram festival
See also[link]
.svg){kind=small}
Notes[link]
^ The International Hydrographic Organisation defines the border between Lakshadweep Sea and Arabian sea by a line running from Sadashivgad Lt. on West Coast of India (14°48′N 74°07′E / 14.8°N 74.117°E / 14.8; 74.117) to Corah Divh (13°42′N 72°10′E / 13.7°N 72.167°E / 13.7; 72.167) and thence down the West side of the Lakshadweep and Maldive Archipelagos to the most Southerly point of Addu Atoll in the Maldives.[225] However, the official website of Government of Kerala and Government of India states that Kerala is boardered on the west by Arabian Sea.
- ^ α: Around the 9th century, the Cheras fell from power. Several small kingdoms (swaroopams) formed under the leadership of chieftains, filling the resulting political vacuum.[52]
Citations[link]
- ^ Census of India, 2011. Census Data Online, Population.
- ^ http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/kerala/9-litercy-26-30.pdf
- ^ http://www.languageinindia.com/feb2005/malayalamdevelopmentchandraj1.html
- ^ "Cities best to earn a living are not the best to live: Survey". The Times Of India. 26 November 2007. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-11-26/news/27682663_1_cities-entertainment-indicus-analytics. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
- ^ "Human Development Index rose 21 per cent; Kerala tops chart". CNBC. 21 October 2011. http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/wire-news/human-development-index-rose-21-per-cent-kerala-tops-chart_603650.html.
- ^ "HDI in India rises by 21%: Kerala leads the race". FirstPost. 21 October 2011. http://www.firstpost.com/india/hdi-in-india-rises-by-21-kerala-leads-gujarat-far-behind-114044.html.
- ^ United Nations Human Development Report: Kerala, India; 2005
- ^ a b c "Literacy – official website of Govt of Kerala". http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2818&Itemid=2263. Retrieved 3 October 2011. (1st) The breakup shows 94.2 for males and 87.86 for females.
- ^ "Financial inclusion plans: Kerala becomes the first state in India to have banking facility in every village". Times of India. 1 October 2011. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Now-you-can-bank-on-every-village-in-Kerala/articleshow/10194261.cms. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
- ^ "India Corruption Study — 2005". Transparency International. June 2005. http://www.transparency.org/regional_pages/asia_pacific/newsroom/news_archive__1/india_corruption_study_2005. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
- ^ "Kerala - Visit States of India -Travel & Tourism - Citizens: National Portal of India". http://india.gov.in/citizen/travel.php?id=21. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
- ^ a b c K.P. Kannan, K.S. Hari (2002). "Kerala's Gulf connection: Emigration, remittances and their macroeconomic impact 1972–2000". http://ideas.repec.org/p/ind/cdswpp/328.html.
- ^ a b c S Irudaya Rajan, K.C. Zachariah (2007). "Remittances and its impact on the Kerala Economy and Society" (PDF). http://www.iss.nl/content/download/8303/81035/file/Panel%202_Rajan.pdf.
- ^ a b c Deparle, Jason (7 September 2007). "Jobs Abroad Support ‘Model’ State in India". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/07/world/asia/07migrate.html?_r=1&pagewanted=1. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
- ^ Harikrishnan, K.S. (30 June 2009). "Reverse Migration Casts Shadow on Kerala Economy". ipsnews.net. http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=47473. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
- ^ "‘God's Own Country' has been voted the top travel and tourism destination in India". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/31/stories/2011013152080200.htm. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Kerala Tourism: Paradises in the world". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/edu/2004/05/11/stories/2004051100040100.htm. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
- ^ a b "Kerala - The Gateway of India". Forbes. http://forbesindia.com/printcontent/26162. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
- ^ Asher, Kumari & 1997 pp. 100, 416.
- ^ George 1968, pp. xiii, 6, 7.
- ^ Smith 1999, pp. 447ff.
- ^ "Carving the Buddha". Govt of Kerala. http://kerala.gov.in/keralacalljan_08/pg45.pdf. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
- ^ "Unlocking the secrets of history". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 6 December 2004. http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/06/stories/2004120604900300.htm.
- ^ Hindu.com
- ^ Edakkal caves re-excavated after 114 years in Kerala | TopNews
- ^ Tourism information on districts – Wayanad, official website of the Govt. of Kerala
- ^ "Symbols akin to Indus valley culture discovered in Kerala". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 29 September 2009. http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/article26324.ece.
- ^ Faces of Goa: a journey through the history and cultural revolution of Goa and other communities influenced by the Portuguese By Karin Larsen (Page 392)
- ^ Striving for sustainability, environmental stress and democratic initiatives in Kerala(page 79) ISBN 81-8069-294-9; Author: Srikumar Chattopadhyay, Richard W. Franke; Year: 2006.
- ^ a b "Kerala." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 December 2011.
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- ^ "Tele-density in Kerala". The Hindu. 2011. http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/08/stories/2011060857900500.htm.
- ^ Menon, Sreedhara (2008). Cultural Heritage of Kerala. D C Books. pp. 128–129. ISBN 8126419032. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=R7QNGkZKc5wC.
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- ^ "Choorakkody Kalary Sangam". http://choorakkodykalari.com/kalari.html. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
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- ^ "India Wins World Twenty20 Thriller". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 25 September 2007. http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/25/stories/2007092559400100.htm. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
- ^ "It's advantage Tinu at the Mecca of cricket". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 13 June 2002. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. http://0-web.archive.org.innopac.up.ac.za/web/20080420214041/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/13/stories/2002061300030400.htm. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
- ^ "India Squad Profiles: Tinu Yohannan". BBC Sport. 20 June 2002. http://0-news.bbc.co.uk.innopac.up.ac.za/sport2/hi/cricket/england/england_v_india_2002/india_player_profiles/2049702.stm. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
- ^ "Warriors from Kerala". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 20 January 2002. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/01/20/stories/2002012000160300.htm. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
- ^ AIFF Award Player of the Year – All India Football Federation
- ^ James Wray and Ulf Stabe (15 September 2007). "Viva marks the resurgence of Kerala football". Monstersandcritics.com. http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/india/news/article_1356109.php/Viva_marks_the_resurgence_of_Kerala_football. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
- ^ David Abram, Nick Edwards (2004). The Rough Guide to South India. Rough Guides. p. 64. ISBN 9781843531036.
- ^ "Jimmy George". Sports Portal. Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. http://0-web.archive.org.innopac.up.ac.za/web/20080514040141/http://sportal.nic.in/legenddetails.asp?sno=667&moduleid=&maincatid=59&subid=0&comid=55. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
- ^ "Kerala : National Geographic Traveler selects Kerala as ‘one of the 50 must see destinations of a lifetime’". Travel Portal of India. 27 January 2009. http://www.travelportalofindia.com/2009/07/kerala-national-geographic-traveler-selects-kerala-as-one-of-the-50-must-see-destinations-of-a-lifetime/. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
- ^ "Kerala - God's Own Country". Kerala Homestays. 27 January 2009. http://www.keralahomestaysonline.com/main/kerala.asp. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
- ^ http://www.keralatourism.org/destination-wise-foreign-2010.pdf
- ^ "Tourist statistics – 2008". Government of Kerala, Tourism Department. http://www.keralatourism.org/tourismstatistics/Tourist-Statistics2008.pdf. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
- ^ a b Santhanam K (27 January 2002). "An ideal getaway". The Hindu Magazine (Chennai, India: The Hindu). http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/01/27/stories/2002012700400800.htm. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
- ^ "Tourism beckons". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 11 May 2004. http://www.hindu.com/edu/2004/05/11/stories/2004051100040100.htm. Retrieved 9 August 2006.
- ^ a b c Dasgupta Devashish (2011). Tourism Marketing. Pearson Education India. p. 203. ISBN 9788131731826. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=oXWAEjcG-FsC.
- ^ "Tourist Statistics — 2006" (PDF). Department of Tourism. Government of Kerala. 2006. Archived from the original on 26 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080626195845/http://www.keralatourism.org/php/media/data/tourismstatistics/TS2006.pdf. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
- ^ a b "Tourist inflow to Kerala crosses 10 million mark". Business-Standard. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/tourist-inflow-to-kerala-crosses-10-million-mark/474524/.
- ^ G. Lakshmi (2008). New Governance Paradigm. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 219–220. ISBN 9788178357157. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=xoRFL5lqbq8C.
- ^ Planning Commission, India (2007). Kerala Development Report. Academic Foundation. p. 47. ISBN 9788171885947. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ul-OkF5gUJQC.
- ^ "Tourist Statistics — 2005 (Provisional)" (PDF). Department of Tourism. Government of Kerala. 2005. Archived from the original on 26 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080626195846/http://www.keralatourism.org/php/media/data/tourismstatistics/TOURISTSTATISTICS2005.pdf. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
- ^ Tapan K Panda (2007). Tourism Marketing. ICFAI Books. pp. 173–177. ISBN 9788131404690. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=4A0j6ZlJQfkC.
- ^ M.R. Biju (2006). Sustainable Dimensions Of Tourism Management. Mittal Publications. pp. 151–165. ISBN 9788183241298. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=AkAdvTbg0dEC.
- ^ "The stars of Pooram show are jumbos". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 26 May 2006. http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/26/stories/2006052610410500.htm. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
- ^ Manohar Sajnani (2003). Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 196–205. ISBN 9788178350189. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=nxtnsT8CdZ4C.
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References[link]
- Asher, R. E.; Kumari, T. C. (1997). Malayalam. Routledge.
- Bhagyalekshmy, S (2004). "Contribution of Travancore to Karnatic Music". Information & Public Relations Department—Thiruvananthapuram (Government of Kerala). http://www.kerala.gov.in/music/music1.pdf. Retrieved 3 October 2011 .
- Bhagyalekshmy, S (2004d). "Contribution of Travancore to Karnatic Music". Information & Public Relations Department—Thiruvananthapuram (Government of Kerala): 29–37. http://www.kerala.gov.in/music/music4.pdf. Retrieved 3 October 2011 .
- Government of Kerala (2001). "Ranking of districts by Sex Ratio and Population density". Statistics for Planning 2001 (Government of Kerala). http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/vitalstatistics/1.03.pdf. Retrieved 3 October 2011 .
- Government of Kerala (2002b). "Marumakkathayam". Department of Public Relations (Government of Kerala). Archived from the original on 21 May 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060521080409/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/keralam/kathayam.htm. Retrieved 29 January 2006 .
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- Inland Waterways Authority of India (2005). "Introduction to Inland Water Transport". IWAI (Ministry of Shipping). Archived from the original on 4 February 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20050204175110/http://iwai.nic.in/Introduction.html. Retrieved 19 January 2006 .
- Kanakasabhai, V. (1997). The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0150-5. http://books.google.com/?id=VuvshP5_hg8C&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
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- Office of the Registrar General (2001c). "Number of Literates & Literacy Rates". Census of India (2001). http://www.censusindia.gov.in/. Retrieved 12 January 2006 .
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- Omcherry, L (1999). "Music of Kerala". Essays on the Cultural Formation of Kerala. Archived from the original on 4 August 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070804084112/http://keralahistory.ac.in/publication_n.htm. Retrieved 12 January 2006 .
- Plunkett, R; Cannon, T, Davis, P, Greenway, P; Harding, P (2001). Lonely Planet South India. Lonely Planet. ISBN .
- Rajeevan, B (1999). "Cultural Formation of Kerala". Essays on the Cultural Formation of Kerala. Archived from the original on 23 October 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20051023115906/http://keralahistory.ac.in/publication_n.htm. Retrieved 12 January 2006 .
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- Sadasivan, S. N. (2000). A social history of India (illustrated ed.). APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7648-170-0. http://books.google.com/?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
- Sunny, C (2004). "Domestic Violence Against Women in Ernakulam District". Centre for Development Studies. http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/55.pdf. Retrieved 3 March 2006 .
External links[link]
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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- Government
- Official entry portal of the Government of Kerala
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http://wn.com/Kerala
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- The Box - Coral
- See Through Bergerac - Coral
- Into the Sun - Coral
- Music At Night - Coral
- Sheriff John Brown - Coral
- She Sings The Mourning - Coral
- Spanish Main - Coral
- Shadows Fall - Coral
- Venom Cable - Coral
- The Operator - Coral
- Skeleton Key - Coral
- Short Ballad - Coral
- She's Got A Reason - Coral
- She's Comin' Around - Coral
- So Long Ago - Coral
- Sweet Sue - Coral
- Sorrow Or The Song - Coral
- Song Of The Corn - Coral
- Wild Fire - Coral
- Waiting For The Heartaches - Coral
- Travelling Circus - Coral
- Tiger Lily - Coral
- Talkin' Gypsy Market Blues - Coral
- Something Inside Of Me - Coral
- Good Fortune - Coral
- God Knows - Coral
- Follow The Sun - Coral
- Flies - Coral
- Fireflies - Coral
- Far From The Crowd - Coral
- Eskimo Lament - Coral
- Dressed Like A Cow - Coral
- Dreaming Of You - Coral
- Butterfly House - Coral
- Calendars And Clock - Coral
- A Warning To The Curious - Coral
- A Sparrow's Song - Coral
- 1000 Years - Coral
- It Was Nothing - Coral
- Wildfire - Coral
- Witchcraft - Coral
- Who's Gonna Find Me - Coral
- Walking In The Winter - Coral
- Two Faces - Coral
- The Oldest Path - Coral
- Time Travel - Coral
- The Golden Bough - Coral
- The Ballad Of Simon Diamond - Coral
- Secret Kiss - Coral
- See My Love - Coral
A box arrived this morning
Its reason was unspoken
It was signed and sent with deadly seal
The box said "Do Not Open"
It stood there in the hallway
And arrested my attention
I paced the floor and pondered why
The box said "Do Not Open"
And still I wondered,
"Will temptation get the best of me again?"
It was just the very thing I wasn't
Wishin' to be ownin'
A package sent to Waseley Hills
The box said "Do Not Open"
Seven lonely days went by
I wasn't really copin'
It soon consumed my every thought -
The box said "Do Not Open"
And still I wondered,
"Will temptation get the best of me again?"
Frozen there in terror, I
Could hardly have been hopin'
Through an omen of my comin' doom,
The box said "Do Not Open"
An image of repulsion
I saw the premonition
It filled my frightened mind and still,
The box said "Do Not Open"
And still I wondered,
"Will temptation get the best of me again?"
I couldn't stand the torture
And approached the thing in question
I ripped away the seal
The box, it lay there open
And there I was, a sorry man
All doubled up and chokin'
With bleedin' hands and withered nails,
The box, it lay there open
And it looks like
One step, two step, three we met
this was a daydream i never forget
the bells rings, the sirens died
we succeed to fail whenever we try
Now that you tempt me into the grass
it's growing so long, it's moving too fast
for every blade growing over my eyes
i slow it all down but can't see the skies
I lay down to rest in the shade
there's only one way to walk this maze
you don't get lost, you only get tired
this wilderness winds on for miles
Now that you tempt me into the grass
it's growing so long, it's moving too fast
for every blade growing over my eyes
i slow it all down, i can't see the skies
As i arrived at the garden path
nothing there but an empty glass
i cross my heart and i hope to die
how did this question pass me by
Although you tempt me in the past
i solved a riddle of the empty glass
for every blade growing over my eyes
i slow it all down, i can't see the skies
Like a river I
Keep on rolling
Twist and turn to the sea
In the morning I
Wander blindly
On the hot summer breeze
Like a seagull in the sun
Today I'm moving on
Tomorrow I'll be gone
Like a seagull into the sun (Into the sun)
Into the sun (Into the sun)
There's no sunhine
In a dark room
There's no time to sit and cry
There's no sorrow
There's no valours
When I look into the sky
Like a seagull in the sun
Today I'm moving on
Tomorrow I'll be gone
Like a seagull into the sun (Into the sun)
Into the sun (Into the sun)
Like a seagull in the sun
Today I'm moving on
Tomorrow I'll be gone
Like a seagull into the sun (Into the sun)
Nothing seems right
Except for the music at night
A change in the season
It comes like a thorn in my side
Lost in a maze (2x)
I looked for you, I was invisible too
Sleep in on Sunday
Avoiding the pale afternoon
Deep in an dream (2x)
But nothing seems right
Except for the music at night
When I awoke
I saw a face in the smoke
Chilled by the evening
Caught up in the undertone
I call your name (2x)
Out of the blue
That's when you walk in the room
A shift in the darkness
You ask me if I still want you
Of course I do (2x)
But nothing seems right
Except for the music at night
Nothing seems right
Except for the music at night
A change in the season
It comes like a thorn in my side
Lost in a maze (2x)
But nothing seems right
Sheriff John Brown just wandered into town
Looking for a cripple and a thief
A black man and a woman and a lonesome guy like me
Just trying to raise the stakes so we can be free
The dustballs were blowing the sun it cracked the ground
Where could a crime like this ever be found
Good people of the town said to sheriff John Brown
Go and shoot those invalids right down
I said Sheriff no don't you be cruel it could happen to you now
What exactly have they done said sheriff John Brown
For me to shoot those poor old bastards down
Then outstepped the preacher with his hand upon his heart
Can't you see that I've been chosen by god
And I tell you this for nothing
That crowd ain't no good
They're standing out just like a sore thumb
But yes I do agree said the lawyer on the left
I'd kill them now if it were up to me
But I said sheriff don't be cruel it could happen to you now
Out into the wilderness the sheriff he did ride
Heading for the river bridge the laws you must abide
Two hours became three, I knew he would come for me
The day grew long and I began to tire
John Brown's face appeared from behind the fire
Boys and girls whatcho doing gonna be so free
The people of the town talk dissapprovingly
Don't want to take you in, thats not up to me
I said sheriff don't be cruel it could happen to you now
But guilt and doubt they cloud his mind
He thought what exactly is the law
He didn't even know what it stood for
And who pays the cost for all that is lost
Seems to me an impossibility
And who says whats right and who says whats wrong
Who benefits it sure ain't me
And outstepped the woman saying we mean you no harm
Come closer and I will read your palm
But I said sheriff no don't you be cruel it could happen to you now
That night he left a long road came back without a rest
Knowingly he questionned ??? lawyer on the left
Bet you've gone and set them sinners free
Well yes replied the sheriff they done nothing wrong
My god why can't you people see
And the preacher shot him down and his head it hit the ground
The last you'll ever see of poor John Brown
And the moral of this tale it is simple it is plain
People always need someone to blame
But I said sheriff no don't you be cruel it could happen to you now
Down to the glen where the roses twine
Lie in the grass watch the time go by
The hum drum mid-afternoon sun
Only his mothers only son
Black Jack tarmac dirt dust trap
Sister certain wrapped in rags
Whispers words of unwished schemes
Steals a smile from the scorpions dream
She sings the mourning
She sings the mourning
She sings the mourning
In the quiet night
She said don't worry
She said don't worry
She said don't worry
We're out of sight
She sings the mourning
In the quiet night
Blood red love not temptress eyes
Cuts right through the family ties
Lighthouse lights the locust nest
Salem's site invites incest
Back to the glen where the roses twine
Treacle tarts and turpentine
Patron saint of guillotines
A secret's safe when no-one sees
She sings the mourning
She sings the mourning
She sings the mourning
In the quiet night
She said don't worry
She said don't worry
She said don't worry
We're out of sight
She sings the mourning
In the quiet night
We'll set sail again
We're headin' for the Spanish Main
We'll set sail again
We're headin' for the Spanish Main
We'll set sail again
We're headin' for the Spanish Main
We'll set sail again
We're headin' for the Spanish Main
We'll set sail again
We're headin' for the Spanish Main
We'll set sail again
We're headin' for the Spanish Main
We'll set sail again
We're headin' for the Spanish Main
We'll set sail again
Morning comes darkness drops
Upon this day a shadow falls
Silence walks through the halls
Since I've been gone, gone, gone
A hundred years from today
Lamplights ablaze? paves my way
Till jesus saves my early grave
I will be gone, gone, gone
Drop the anchor lift my heart
From stem to stern I'm torn apart
Mount my horse? pack my cart?
Tomorrow I'm gone, gone, gone
Seek the hull? leave the deck
Silver moon silhouette
In due time you will forget
That I am gone, gone, gone
I will be gone, gone, gone
Since I've been gone, gone, gone
Venom cable, wicked tongue
Zoo keeper, iron lung
Venom cable, poisoned pout
Tarantula, burning blouse
Ooh oooh...
Venom cable, emergency
Magnetic simplicity
Venom cable, maggot brain
Wrap the world in cellophane
Ooh oooh...
Venom cable, venom cable
The operators came and took me away
They took me away
Everybody laughed
Remember the day they took me away
I don't know what they're looking for
Don't think i'll ever know
They laid me on the bed
Drilled my head
The incision bled
Put wires in my brain
Every now and again
I remember a name
And as i drift away
Into my hiding place
A maze of alleyways
Where the cameras cannot see
The operators came and took me away
They took me away
Everybody laughed
Remember the day they took me away
Remember the day they took me away
Sail lightly on winds
Disappear on the breeze
Lie firmly on pins
Pull them out with ease
Solid boned skeleton key
Opens the most intricate locks
Brother roll another for me
I am shipwrecked on the rocks
Fumble blindly as we speak
You will wither if you are weak
Finger turns and points at me
I'd hoped they wouldn't notice me
Solid boned skeleton key
Opens the most intricate locks
Brother roll another for me
I am shipwrecked on the rocks
Will I ever return?
Will I ever get back?
Are the rocks too high?
Has the dust turned black?
Will I ever return?
Will I ever get back?
Are the rocks too high?
Has the dust turned black?
Skeleton Key (x4)
Will I ever return?
Will I ever get back?
Are the rocks too high?
Has the dust turned black?
Solid boned skeleton key
Opens the most intricate locks
Brother roll another for me
I am shipwrecked on the rocks
Oh yeah
That's more like
Here we go here we go
Here we go go Byker Grove
Can't believe it's so good
Here's a tale of my true love
Fair and free was she
Wasn't I just like tonight
she stole my liberty
Ooooh
Like a flower in the spring
Words don't mean a thing
Like the ocean greets the sand
Beyond my own command
Ooooh
But then she warned me
She'd have to go
(And I'd ?) be left to show
Accept the feeling and then I'll know
She'll watch the sky as it fades into black
Walks with the lovers that never came back
The princes and kings
All the beautiful things
And more
She won't wait, she'll never look back
Through the fog where the mirrors have cracked
She slides through a dream
With all her beautiful schemes
And more
Ref:
She's got a reason to roam wit the stars
Watch her go as she sings
Dum dum da da da da (4x)
Love is gold, time is a thief
She's the river that runs to the sea
with her arms open wide
Her sorrow, her smile
And more
Still she wanders soaked to the bone
The road she's on, well it won't lead her home
To the place where she cried
For the stranger inside
And more
She'll watch the sky as it fades into black
This town's on fire
But the world,
It don't make a sound
Her golden hair
Lights the sky,
When she's comin' around
She's on the outside,
I'm lost in the crowd
She's on the inside, now
She's comin' around
She's comin' around
But she's a stranger to me now
The moon hangs high
And the wild night
Comes out to play
Was it a dream,
A wish,
Or something I couln't say?
She's on the outside,
I'm lost in the crowd
She's on the inside, now
She's comin' around
She's comin' around
But she's a stranger to me now
Is she lookin' for somethin'?
Somethin' that can't be found?
Look in the mirror, now
She's comin' around
She's comin' around
Up on Kill Devil hill
The sand dunes are still
It ends as it begins
December 1903
A buzzard on the breeze
The coin will see who wins
I said it's heads or tails
Bicycles for sale it's time to go
But now it seems so long ago
Now it seems so long ago
It was three days later
In a web of wire
Or so it seems
Up on Kill Devil hill
The sand dunes are still
Picture the scene
I watched their plans unfold
In the morning cold
The world will know
But now it seems so long ago
Now it seems so long ago
If that's you over there
You can laugh you can stare
Well i don't care
I'll just say heads or tails
Bicycles for sale it's time to go
But now it seems so long ago
But now it seems so long ago
But now it seems so long ago
Sweet Sue
Things you making me do
Sweet sweet Sue
Can't get enough of you
Sweet Sue
We're not gonna be true
Sweet sweet Sue
Why you're leaving me blue
Know a little girl like that
Sgonna break my heart
Sgonna leave me sad
Held her in my arms tonight
Sweet life
Take me by the hand
Sweet sweet life
Make me understand
Sweet life
Lay me on the ground
Sweet sweet life
It's where I'm gonna be found
Know a little girl like that
Sgonna break my heart
Sgonna leave me sad
Held her in my arms tonight
Know a little girl like that
Sgonna break my heart
Sgonna leave me sad
Held her in my arms
Know a little girl like that
Sgonna break my heart
Sgonna leave me sad
In the beggar's house of wasted thoughts I saw you
You took my hand, led me to another land
Down past the old picture house we wandered
With no time to be proud, I have to decide now
If I should follow the sorrow or the song
Where do I belong?
The sorrow or the song?
The sorrow or the song?
How the thought of you clings to me like
How the thought of you clings to me like
A haunting school yard memory waiting
I'll have to wait turn, sit and watch them burn
The prison wall, the music hall, the tower clock
Is watching over town, I'll have to decide now
If I should follow the sorrow or the song
Where do I belong?
The sorrow or the song?
Out in the field when the first has been born
Folks sing a song, song of the corn
Late in the day when the secrets are sworn
Folks tell a tale, tale of the corn
I heard a commotion one late afternoon
Someone was singing a funeral tune
As I lay watching them hoist up the cross
Something was burning, something was lost
Could you believe what the scarecrow had seen
Folks come to fall down to their knees
Rumours of strangers been buried alive
Wild fire, I desire to be loved
Climb higher, to a platform just above
Little liar, you decieve me
With your wit elocution, sculptured perfectly to fit
Tug of war, with the blessing and the mud
Please let me quiz you, rest assured but unplugged
Town cryer, has our voices kindly bugged
Wild fire, I desire to be loved
Daddy calling see how they run
Mummy calling see how they run
?????? see how they run
?????? stories see how they
See how they
Run run run
Oooh! Oooh! Oooh! Oooh! Oooh! Oooh! Oooh!
Wild fire, sifting signal out the times
It has been turned up, in deception all round
Soap and water, wash your mouth out
All the same, she's my daughter
Why do I listen to sad songs
To make me feel good when I know I've done wrong
What have I done wrong is it in this song
I guess I'll know before to long
But I can't understand
Why she's holding my hand
No I can't understand at all
I'm waiting for the heartaches to come
I'm waiting for the heartaches to come
There's nowhere that I can possibly run
I'm waiting for the heartaches to come
Got to keep on holding on
Another day and I'll try to hide
The endless pain and the tears I've cried
Feels like I'm fixing to die
She took my soul and she blew my mind
But I can't understand
Why she's holding my hand
No I can't understand at all
I'm waiting for the heartaches to come
I'm waiting for the heartaches to come
There's nowhere that I can possibly run
I'm waiting for the heartaches to come
Got to keep on holding on for you
But I can't understand
Why she's holding my hand
No I can't understand at all
I'm waiting for the heartaches to come
I'm waiting for the heartaches to come
There's nowhere that I can possibly run
I'm waiting for the heartaches to come
I'm waiting for the heartaches to come
I'm waiting for the heartaches to come
There's nowhere that I can possibly run
I said roll up ???? come and see
If your lucks up pay the fee
Guaranteed win no ifs or buts
Ten percent's my only cut
Be sure to ask around
Be sure
The travelling circus is in town!
Roll on up
I said roll up ???? come and see (come and see)
If your lucks up pay the fee (pay the fee)
Guaranteed win no ifs or buts (ifs and buts)
Ten percent's my only cut (my only cut)
Be sure to ask around
Be sure
The travelling circus is in town!
What shall we do with the foolish people?
(Hang them from the churches steeple!)
What shall we do with the foolish people?
(Hang them from the churches steeple!)
What shall we do with the foolish people?
(Hang them from the churches steeple!)
Be sure to ask around
Be sure
The travelling circus is in town!
Tiger Lily
Paws as soft as the snow
Tiger Lily
Where do you go
I guess I'll never know
I guess I'll never know
Why I'm in love
I'm in love
Tiger lily
claws as sharp as the sun
tiger lily
ow what have we become?
I guess I'll never know
I guess I'll never know
Why I'm in love
I'm in love
I guess I'll never know
I guess I'll never know
Why I am in love
Talkin’ gypsy market blues
I was too late but I never got to choose
Talkin’ gypsy market blues
I was too late but I never got to choose
Got to have them gypsy boots
Followed them by familiar root
Rambled round from town to town
Sleeping in a doorway as still as a mouse
Saw the bullfighters last stand
I've been drinking dust
I've been kicking cans
All my family, they went home
Let me in Portugal, all alone
Thought I saw that caravan
But it was just a car park man
Said to me as I stood in line,
There's nothing in the world as sad as time
Well if nothing comes to nothing
Then what's the point?
I sat right down and I built my joint
Flat caps they just pass me by
The dust pneumonia left me dry
Talkin’ gypsy market blues
I was too late but I never got to choose
Talkin’ gypsy market blues
I was too late but I never got to choose
3 days later when I awoke
My dust filled lungs could hardly cope
Realised I was not alone
I was in the old car park man's home
Looked out the window at the local scenes
One the ledge were some grilled sardines
Then through the door in came the maid
Said Maria was her name
Long dark hair and copper skin
Washed away my seven sins.
Said senor what's this bad news
Told her of my gypsy blues
Maria laughed and said your cute
You don't need no gypsy boots
Picked myself up off the floor
I don't need them boots no more
I don't need them boots no more
I don't need them boots no more
Something inside of me
Feels like i've been wanting you forever
There'll never be another century
There's no time to think about the weather
When there's something inside of me
Something inside of me
Something inside of me
And now i can't look back
The invisible invasion
It's like a stranger strangled on the moor
Into the void for now i'm gone
Five in the morning i'll be knocking at your door
With something inside of me
Something inside of me
Something inside of me
And now i can't look back
Oh please don't cut me loose
I know you think that i'm bullet-proof
Can't you see that it's hurting me
What do think i'm supposed to be when
There's something inside of me
Feels like i've been wanting you forever
There'll never be another century
There's no time to think about the weather
When there's something inside of me
There's something inside of me
Something inside of me
Your good fortune's gonna come to you
Obscure and lonely's only half the truth
Downright upright here comes the night
Here we go again so hold on tight
See the stars will pass the moon
Head back home for the afternoon
Men will sit upon the grass
Watch present turn to past
And hope this day will last
Your misfortune's gonna stop and say
Church and peers and musical chairs
Hop skip tooth pick money to burn
Timbuctoo that's where we will turn
See this sand??? turn to dunes
Head back home for the afternoon
Men sit beneath the waves
And watch the coral caves
And hope this day is saved
Your good fortune's gonna come
Keep that fortune on the run
Your good fortune's gonna come
Keep that fortune on the run
Your good fortune's gonna come
Deal not the truth till you find the proof
And feel not the weight (wait?) can you step today
We go out we come in
And God knows where we've been
We go out we come in
And God knows where we've been
He knows where we've been
Deal from the path and place it on the stack
Pick out the card that's been there from the start
We go out we come in
And God knows where we've been
We go out we come in
And God knows where we've been
He knows where we've been
We go out we come in
And God knows where we've been
We go out we come in
And God knows where we've been
As you awake
You know whats at stake
You're cursed by the land
On which you be stand
The further you walk
Your mind starts to talk
She say goodbye
As yourself why
Open your eyes
Fear's on the run
Here's your disguise
Follow the sun
Open your eyes
Fear's on the run
Here's your disguise
Follow the sun
Oh we live to die
Ask ourselves why
Or could they just lie
.........deny
..............
It's marbled by fear
it's creeps oh so near
...........
Open your eyes
Fear's on the run
Here's your disguise
Follow the sun
Open your eyes
Fear's on the run
Here's your disguise
Follow the sun
Open your eyes
Fear's on the run
Here's your disguise
Follow the sun
Open your eyes
Fear's on the run
Here's your disguise
Follow the
Follow the
Follow the
Follow the
Follow the
This is an educational talk about flies
Ichneumon flies deadly killers
Collectively catching caterpillars
Hatching their eggs in the wounds of the wounded
Beg, beat or steal from whomever he chooses
Wooooh Ooooooh
Worker wasp familiar infact
Three sided needle illiterate cats
Sharp-toothed mandibles that work in the grooves
Insects protect and don’t often like to loose
I walked by the window
And stopped in the light
I stood there watching
The fireflies
Went down to the ocean
In search of a song
Wherever I'm going
That's where I belong
Fireflies fly on by
You will never ever see me cry
You won't see me cry
You won't see me cry
Sand [Incomprehensible]
Appear on the shore
If you ask for nothing
You'll get nothing more
I walked by the window
And stopped in the light
I stood there counting
The fireflies
Fireflies fly on by
You will never ever see me cry
You won't see me cry
You won't see me cry
Fireflies fly on by
You will never ever see me cry
You won't see me cry
You won't see me cry
I'm watching fireflies, watching fireflies
I'm watching fireflies, watching fireflies
Where did you go?
Waiting by the rocks
Stories never told
When you cried out loud
It never made a sound
Away from the towns
And far from the crowd
Gold, silver and gold
Waiting by the rocks
Shivering cold
Like Miranda said
Life's not for the dead
Away from the sounds
And far from the crowd
Where did you go?
Waiting by the rocks
Stories never told
One forgotten day
Sadly passed away
Into the ground
Rain rain go away,
Leave me here alone again,
Where weary eyes and hollis tales,
Play heavy on my mind
Rain rain don't dismay,
Come back on a better day,
Where weary eyes and hollis tales,
I've left them all behind.
Some say I'm a fool,
See me on a beggars stool,
But all my truths are lied and all
My secrets have been told,
Rain rain go away,
Come back on a better day,
When all my lies are gone,
Well I went to a movie with a girl last night
Dressed like a cow but she looked so fine
Bought my ticket just in time
Sat right up close like she was mine
But then it seemed so sad
I never felt that bad
But then I caught her eye
An innocence that tell's no lie
I came into the light and out of the dark
It turns out that I was really a calf
Oh I've been a fool for oh so long
But how can all of theses people be wrong
But then it seemed so sad
I never felt that bad
But then I caught her eye
An innocence that tell's no lie
But then it seemed so sad
I never felt that bad
But then I caught her eye
An innocence that tell's no lie
What's up with my heart when it skips a beat (skips a beat)
Can't feel no pavement right under my feet (under my feet)
Up in my lonely room
When I'm dreaming of you
Oh what can I do (wah oooo)
I still need you, but
I don't want you now
When I'm down and my hands are tied (hands are tied)
I cannot reach a pen for me to draw the line (draw the line)
From this pain I just can't disguise (can't disguise)
Its gonna hurt but I'll have to say goodbye (say goodbye)
Up in my lonely room
When I'm dreaming of you
Oh what can I do (wah oooo)
I still need you, but
I dont want you now
Oh yeah
Ohhh Ohhhhh
Up in my lonely room
When I'm dreaming of you
Oh what can I do (wah oooo)
I still need you, but
Inside the Butterfly House
The wind blows in
From the pier
The Punch and Judy stand
Before you, the it disappears
I dim the lights
And tell your fortune
We'll be there soon
In the Butterfly House
Back to the sea
A ship comes in
To a half moon town
Hear the towers fall
And watch dreamland
Burn to the ground
I dim the lights
And tell your fortune
We'll be there soon
In the Butterfly House
Long ago
When the music played
From the steeple
To the bay
Time went by
In the warm summer sky
As we walked
Free of loneliness and doubt
Pretty pendent, descendents of joy
return the father to the boy
Resent your past, repent at last
we are only lines on a map
Calenders and clocks and hickory docks
Find a feeling that feels okay
Find another to blow it away
Who are you and who am I
Please don't ask me, I'll break down and cry
Calenders and clocks and hickory docks
Nothing more than the sea shells on the sea shore
Nothing more than the churchbell that rings no more
Nothing more than the scenes behind the closed door
Nothing more than the rich the penniless poor
Nothing more, no nothing more
Calendars clocks and hickory docks (tick tock)
Calendars clocks and hickory docks (tick tock)
Yeah (repeat 5x)
Calendars clocks and hickory docks
A warning to the curious
A message for the meek
It's better not to be in love
Than to be in between
You, if I never had you
Then I wouldn't feel the way I do now
If I never had you
It was just a joke you said
But now I'm warning you
On whose grounds do you dare to tread
When all your plans fall through?
You, if I never had you
Then I wouldn't feel the way I do now
If I never had you
A warning to the curious
A message for the meek
It's better not to be in love
Than to be in between
You, if I never had you
Then I wouldn't feel the way I do now
If I never had you
If I never had you
If I never had you
If I never had you
The day that you came, you'd gone so fast
That alas I had someone to blame for the sad sunken tone
The sparrows lonely morn? that cried silently
Through every sleepless day that (?) carries me away
To a faraway place where I can dream
Oooh...
Waiting for a thousand years
Sailing on a thousand tears
Seasons in your mind,
Colours they change
With the passing of time
You'll find your way
You'll find your way...
Oooh...
Waiting for a thousand years
Sailing on a thousand tears
Signs set in stone
Follow the river
Wherever she flows
You'll find your way
You'll find your way...
A new day has begun,
Now that you're standing
In the warmth of the sun
You'll find your way
I've got something to tell you
But I can't find the words
I could have sworn that I have told you
You said you never heard
It was nothing
It was nothing
It was nothing
Just you and me
I had so much to say
But my mouth it went dry
For my thoughts were on display
I've laid down and died
It was nothing
It was nothing
It was nothing
Just you and me
Ooohh...
I've got something to show you
But my actions let me down
All the words I had to tell you
Were nowhere to be found
It was nothing
It was nothing
It was nothing
It was nothing
It was nothing
It was nothing
Wildfire, I desire to be loved
Climb higher to a platform just above
Little liar, you deceive me
With your wit elocution, sculptured perfectly to fit
Tug of war with the blessing and the mud
Please let me quiz you, rest assured but unplugged
Town crier has our voices kindly bugged
Wildfire, I desire to be loved
Daddy calling, see how they run
Mother calling, see how they run
Monday morning see how they run
Counting stories see how they
Run, run, run
Ooh, ooh, ooh
Wildfire, sifting signal out the times
It has been turned up, in deception all round
Soap and water, wash your mouth out
All the same, she's my daughter
Witchcraft, it's her hobby
She has put a spell on me
Witchcraft, through and through
Black is the poison of her brew
How do you do
Your voodoo
Like you do
Witchcraft, seduced is she
Who is possessed by perversity
Witchcraft, who knows best
In the end someone confessed
How do you do
Your voodoo
Like you do
Witchcraft, don't pretend
When your down she'll be your friend
Witchcraft, all is lost
Now's the time to burn the cross
How do you do
Your voodoo
Like you do
How do you do
Your voodoo
It's six in the morning
And theres noone else around
The mist has fallen
As i look out on the town
It's playing on my mind
Wasting all my time, away
It's too close for tears
And it too hard to forget
It's too close for tears
I think i thought i said
It's playing on my mind
Wasting all my time, away
Who's gonna find me?
Tell me where i can go?
Who's gonna find me, searching, alone.
The face in the mirror
It's a face ive never met
Until i forgive her ill remember to forget
It's playing on my mind
Wasting all my time, away
Who's gonna find me?
Tell me where i can go?
Who's gonna find me, searching, alone.
And the hours, they build
From underneath the spell, once again
It's 6 in the evening
And im sweeping up the day
The people beneath them
But i am here to stay
It's playing on my mind
Wasting all my time, away
Whos gonna find me?
Tell me where i can go?
We went walking in the winter
It was the coldest
Time of year
It's where I handed you a letter
You turned around
I disappeared
It said someday
I'll find my way
And we'll go walking
In the winter
It's so hard to make a living
When the world
Is so unkind
But it's not something
That you're given
It's something that
You've got to find
It said someday
I'll find my way
And we'll go walking
In the winter
It's o.k. to close your eyes
Those silver sailing ships
Go sailing by
It's all your mind
It's gonna be alright
This time
[Instrumental]
Seasons change
Into summer
Fires burning in the dark
I hope sometimes
You read my letter
And know I had to
Play my part
It said someday
I'll find my way
And we'll go walking
Two faces of a girl
I used to know
One for where she stays
One for where she goes
Two faces side by side
One's like fire, one's like ice
Both for show
But what do I know?
All alone...
Two faces of a girl
Inside a dream
One's for love
And one's for mystery
Two faces in the night
One's the shadow,
One's the light
Both for show
But what do I know?
All alone...
Two faces of a girl
The oldest path beneath the grave
Lies a myth that's still the same
There ain't no way to make a change
Till Kings and Queens have walked in chains
And the wind it blows them down
And the sea it takes them in
In their sleep you'll find the anwser
To everywhere they have been
Sailors tossed by stormy seas
All in the name of slavery
Arm in arm, toe to toe
Sometimes your bestfriend is your foe
And the wind it blows them down
And the sea it takes them in
In their sleep you'll find the anwser
To everywhere they have been
Side by side their pasts in disguise
Together alone as he greeted the tide
And on the water knees lay the thoughts of
A hundred sunken shackle bound souls
And the wind it blows them down
And the sea it takes them in
In their sleep you'll find the anwser
Time travel will be the death of man
Only the devil fools with the best laid plans
The best laid plans best left unplanned
Time travel will be the death of man
Whats done is done
So you must see
You can't bring back
Whats already been
Technology's tempting the public eye
Do you wanna know why when who and why
We're cloaked in indicision
Consealed by lies
I wanna know why we're really alive
Well you might say we got no proof
There's one thing I know
Is that I'm younger than you
And I can see through your eyes
And I can see through your lies
hypocrisy is your only disguise
Better tell us why we're really alive
Time travel will be the death of man
Only the devil fools with the best laid plans
The best laid plans best left unplanned
Time travel will be the death of man
In my darkest day
I thought this through
A change in the weather
Could be made by you
And all the information
You're holding back
Is it hidden in the water
That runs from my tap
When few had the proof
That Jesus Christ
Was no more of a man than you or I
Would you tell the people?
Would you try to deceive?
For fear of undermining
Their religious belief
Well there's a war going on!
It's obvious one!
It's between magic and medecine
Time travel will be the death of man
Only the devil fools with the best laid plans
The best laid plans best left unplanned
Time travel will be the death of man
Only see you in the summertime
When the weather's fine
You disappear when the cold wind blows
Creep inside my mind
Then I realize
There's no one waiting for
The wish we made by our window
Never left my side
Saw you walk across the lonely tracks
Far beyond my eye
? from The Golden Bough
To the mountainside
I watched you running with the buttercups
Simon Diamond sold his soul
Changed his name by deed poll
Started out as Simon Russell
Lived his life inside a nutshell
Oooh ooooh Oooooooh Ooooooh
He couldn't take the public scorn
Changed from human to plant form
Now he swapped his legs for roots
His arms and soil are in cahoots
Oooh ooooh Oooooooh Ooooooh
What will become of Simon Diamond
Water himself
Can't change the climat
What will become of Simon Diamond
Water himself
Can't change the climat
Oooh ooooh Oooooooh Ooooooh
That'll do (That'll do) (16x)
A secret kiss,
Reminded me of what I miss,
Some kind of forgotten bliss,
On this summers eve,
Though the seasons deceive.
Corrupt my honesty,
You still make me believe,
Is this the rock,
That your daring me to cross,
Down the river to the docks,
That's where we'll meet,
Where the pale light creeps
Into her majesty
You still make me believe
So far away (so far away)
So far away (so far away)
Can't get away (so far away)
So far away
But that's alright
But that's alright
Jewels and pearls,
And all the wonders of the world,
Mean nothing until I return,
In time for tea,
Sit on my settee,
Lost in my memories,
You still make me believe,
You make me believe,
You make me believe,
See my love as she walks out the door
Hang my head and I stare at the floor
Then I think about the stars in the sky
Pins in the curtain if not so high
Now she's gone out alone on the shore
I shoulda locked my bedroom door
When I look up I can't believe my sight
My vision's strangled by the hands and eye
Ba ba ba ba, can't you see I'm crying
Ba ba ba ba, there's no denying
When you're not there, you don't know if they care
When you're not there, you don't know if they care at
When you're not there, you don't know if they care
When you're not there, you don't know if they care at
See my love as the morning breaks
Am I asleep or am I awake?
What is happening, how did we get here?
Am I a leaf of a tree of tears
Ba ba ba ba, can't you see I'm crying
Ba ba ba ba, there's no denying
When you're not there, you don't know if they care
When you're not there, you don't know if they care at
When you're not there, you don't know if they care
When you're not there, you don't know if they care at
See my love as she walks out the door
Feels like I've been here before
Now my feelings are laid on the shelf
She whispers softly as .... (?)
Ba ba ba ba, I can see you're crying
Ba ba ba ba, still no denying
When I'm not there, you don't know if I care
When I'm not there, you don't know if I care at all
When I'm not there, you don't know if I care
