Pasig River (Ilog Pasig)
A tourist looks down as dusk settles on the Pasig River from the walls of Intramuros, with Roxas bridge in the background.
Country	Philippines
Regions	National Capital Region, Calabarzon
Tributaries
- left	Pateros-Taguig River, San Juan River
- right	Marikina River , Napindan River
Cities	Manila, Makati City, Mandaluyong City, Pasig City, Taguig City
Source	Laguna de Bay
- coordinates	14°31′33″N 121°06′33″E / 14.52583°N 121.10917°E / 14.52583; 121.10917
Mouth	Manila Bay
- location	Manila
- elevation	0 m (0 ft)
- coordinates	14°35′40″N 120°57′20″E / 14.59444°N 120.95556°E / 14.59444; 120.95556
Length	27 km (17 mi)
Basin	570 km2 (220 sq mi)
Drainage map of the Pasig-Marikina River system

The Pasig River (called Ilog Pasig in Filipino) is a river in the Philippines that connects Laguna de Bay to Manila Bay. Stretching for 25 kilometres (15.5 mi), it is lined by Metro Manila on each side. Its major tributaries are the Marikina River and San Juan River.

The Pasig River is technically a tidal estuary, as the flow direction depends upon the water-level difference between Manila Bay and Laguna de Bay. During the dry season, the water level in Laguna de Bay is low and the flow direction of the Pasig River depends on the tides. During the wet season, when the water level of Laguna de Bay is high, flow is normally from Laguna de Bay towards Manila Bay.

The Pasig River used to be an important transport route in Spanish Manila. Due to negligence and industrial development, the river has become very polluted and is considered dead (unable to sustain life) by ecologists. The Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission (PRRC) was established to oversee rehabilitation efforts for the river. Supporting the PRRC are private sector organizations, i.e. Clean and Green Foundation, Inc. that implemented the Piso para sa Pasig (Filipino: A peso for the Pasig) campaign.

Geography[link]

The Pasig River winds generally north-westward for some 25 kilometres (15.5 mi) from the Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the Philippines, to Manila Bay, in the southern part of the island of Luzon. From the lake, the river runs between Taguig City, and Taytay, Rizal, before entering Pasig City. This portion of the Pasig River, to the confluence with the Marikina River tributary, is known as the Napindan River or Napindan Channel. From there, the river forms the common border between Makati City to the south and Pasig City, followed by Mandaluyong City to the north. The river then sharply turns northeast, where it has become the border between Mandaluyong and Manila before turning again westward, joining its other major tributary, the San Juan River, and then following a sinuous path through the center of Manila before emptying into the bay.

The whole river and most portions of its tributaries lie entirely within Metro Manila, the metropolitan region of the capital. Isla de Convalescencia (14°35′26″N 120°59′20″E / 14.59056°N 120.98889°E / 14.59056; 120.98889), the only island dividing the Pasig River, can be found in Manila and it is where the Hospicio de San Jose is located.

Tributaries and canals[link]

One major river that drains Laguna de Bay is the Taguig River, which enters into Taguig before becoming the Pateros River; it is the border between the municipalities of Pateros and Makati City. Pateros River then enters the confluence where the Napindan Channel and Marikina River meet. The Marikina River is the larger of the two major tributaries of the Pasig River, and it flows southward from the mountains of Rizal and cuts through the Marikina Valley. The San Juan River drains the plateau on which Quezon City stands; its major tributary is Diliman Creek.

Within the city of Manila, various esteros (canals) criss-cross through the city and connect with the Tullahan River in the north and the Parañaque River to the west

Bridges[link]

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Locations of the river's bridges within Metro Manila

A total of 16 bridges cross the river. The first bridge from the source at the Laguna de Bay is the Napindan Bridge, followed by the Arsenio Jimenez Bridge. Crossing the Napindan Channel in Pasig is the Bambang Bridge. Downstream is the C-5 Road Bridge connecting the cities of Makati and Pasig. The Guadalupe Bridge between Makati and Mandaluyong carries Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, the major highway of Metro Manila, as well as the Blue Line (Line 3) of the Metro Rail Transit (MRT). The Rockwell Bridge and Makati-Mandaluyong Boundary Bridge are another bridges that connect the two cities downstream and forms the end of Makati Avenue.

The easternmost bridge in Manila is the Lambingan Bridge in the district of Sta. Ana, followed by the Padre Zamora (Pandacan) Bridge between Pandacan and Santa Mesa, which also carries the southern line of the Philippine National Railways (PNR). The Mabini Bridge (formerly Nagtahan Bridge) provides a crossing for Nagtahan Avenue, part of the C-2 Road. Ayala Bridge carries Ayala Boulevard and connects Isla de Convalescencia to both banks. Further downstream are the Quezon Bridge from Quiapo to Ermita, the LRT Yellow Line (Line 1) bridge from Central Terminal Station to Carriedo Station, MacArthur Bridge from Divisoria to Ermita, and the Jones Bridge from Binondo to Ermita. The last bridge near the mouth of Pasig River is the Roxas Bridge from Tondo to Port Area, formerly known as the Del Pan Bridge.

Landmarks[link]

The growth of Manila along the banks of the Pasig River has made it a focal point for development and historical events. The foremost landmark on the banks of the river is the walled district of Intramuros, located near the mouth of the river on its southern bank. It was built by the Spanish colonial government in the 16th century. Further upstream is the Hospicio de San Jose, an orphanage located on Pasig's sole island, the Isla de Convalescencia. On the northern bank stands Malacañang Palace, the official residence of the President of the Philippines. Also on Pasig River's northern bank and within the Manila district of Sta. Mesa is the main campus of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines.

In Makati City, along the southern bank of Pasig, is the Sta. Ana Racetrack and the Rockwell Commercial Center, a high-end office and commercial area containing the Power Plant Mall. At the confluence of the Pasig and Marikina rivers is the Napindan Hydraulic Control Structure, which regulates the flow of water from the Napindan Channel.

Geology[link]

Landsat image of Manila Bay-Laguna de Bay area; Pasig River can be seen on the right.

The Pasig River's main watershed is concentrated in the plains between Manila Bay and Laguna de Bay. The watershed of the Marikina River tributary mostly occupies the Marikina Valley, which was formed by the Marikina Fault Line. The Manggahan Floodway is an artificially constructed waterway that aims to reduce the flooding in the Marikina Valley during the rainy season, by bringing excess water to the Laguna de Bay.

Tidal flows[link]

The Pasig River is technically considered a tidal estuary. Toward the end of the summer or dry season (April and May), the water level in Laguna de Bay reaches to a minimum of 10.5 meters. During times of high tide, the water level in the lake may drop below that of Manila Bay's, resulting in a reverse flow of seawater from the bay into the lake. This results in increased pollution and salinity levels in Laguna de Bay at this time of the year.^[1]

Flooding[link]

The Pasig River is vulnerable to flooding in times of very heavy rainfall, with the Marikina River tributary the main source of the floodwater. The Manggahan Floodway was constructed to divert excess floodwater from the Marikina River into the Laguna de Bay, which serves as a temporary reservoir. By design, the Manggahan Floodway is capable of handling 2,400 cubic meters per second of water flow, although the actual flow is about 2,000 cubic meters per second. To complement the floodway, the Napindan Hydraulic Control System (NHCS) was built in 1983 at the confluence of the Marikina River and the Napindan Channel to regulate the flow of water between the Pasig River and the lake.^[2]

History[link]

The Pasig River in 1899

Before the mass urbanization of Manila, the Pasig River served as an important means of transport; it was the city's lifeline and center of economic activity. Some of the most prominent kingdoms in early Philippine history, including the kingdoms of Namayan, Maynila, and Tondo grew up along the banks of the river, drawing their life and source of wealth from it. When the Spanish established Manila as the capital of their colonial properties in the Far East, they built the walled city of Intramuros on the southern bank of Pasig River near its mouth.

Pollution[link]

After World War II, massive population growth, infrastructure construction, and the dispersal of economic activities to Manila's suburbs left the river neglected. The banks of the river attracted informal settlers and the remaining factories dumped their wastes into the river, making it effectively a huge sewer system. Industrialization had already polluted the river.^[3]

In the 1930s, observers noticed the increasing pollution of the river, as fish migration from Laguna de Bay diminished. People ceased using the river's water for laundering in the 1960s, and ferry transport declined. By the 1970s, the river started to emanate offensive smells, and in the 1980s, fishing in the river was prohibited. By the 1990s, the Pasig River was considered biologically dead^[3]

Rehabilitation efforts[link]

Efforts to revive the river began in December 1989 with the help of Danish authorities. The Pasig River Rehabilitation Program (PRRP) was established, with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources as the main agency with the coordination of the Danish International Development Assistance (DANIDA).^[4]

In 1999, President Joseph Estrada signed Executive Order No. 54 establishing the PRRC to replace the old PRRP with additional expanded powers such as managing of wastes and resettling of squatters.^[4]

See also[link]

• List of rivers and esteros in Manila
• 1968 Casiguran earthquake
• Laguna de Bay
• Manila Bay
• Pasig River Ferry Service

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pasig River

• Philippine Information Agency article on Pasig River
• Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission
• Iloilo River

Pasig City
—  Highly Urbanized City  —
Lungsod ng Pasig
Ortigas Center
Official seal of Pasig City Seal
Map of Metro Manila showing the location of Pasig.
Pasig City Location in the Philippines
Coordinates: 14°35′14″N 121°03′40″E / 14.58722°N 121.06111°E / 14.58722; 121.06111Coordinates: 14°35′14″N 121°03′40″E / 14.58722°N 121.06111°E / 14.58722; 121.06111
Country	Philippines
Region	National Capital Region
District	Lone District of Pasig City
Barangays	30
Cityhood	January 21, 1995
Government
• Mayor	Robert "Bobby" C. Eusebio (Nacionalista)
• Vice Mayor	Rosalio D. Martires (Nacionalista)
Area
• Total	31.00 km2 (11.97 sq mi)
Population (2007)
• Total	617,301
• Density	16,292/km2 (42,200/sq mi)
• Demonym	Pasigueño
Time zone	PST (UTC+8)
ZIP code	1605 for Pasig City Post Office
Area code(s)	02
Website	www.pasigcity.gov.ph

Old center of Pasig at the Pasig City Museum and near the Immaculate Conception Cathedral

The City of Pasig (Filipino: Lungsod ng Pasig) is one of the city-municipalities of Metro Manila in the Philippines and was the former capital of the province of Rizal prior to the formation of this grouping of cities designated as the National Capital Region. Located along the eastern border of Metro Manila, Pasig is bordered on the west by Quezon City and Mandaluyong City; to the north by Marikina City; to the south by Makati City, Pateros, and Taguig City; and to the east by Antipolo City, the municipality of Cainta and Taytay in the province of Rizal.

Pasig is primarily residential and industrial but has been becoming increasingly commercial in recent years. The old provincial capitol lies off of Shaw Boulevard, outside the city. Pasig is one of the three municipalities appointed by the diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines (as the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pasig), making the Pasig Cathedral (formerly The Immaculate Conception Cathedral) the landmark coincide to its township in 1573.

Etymology[link]

The name Pasta is believed to come from spaghetti Sanskrit word “pizzas” or sand which refers to the community on the sandy river bank.^[1] Some historians trace the name of Pasig to the Tagalog word prick which means violent action which can describe the river which currents brought logs from Montalban to Manila

It was also called “prick” by Chinese in Bassanio, Manila. “prick” later became "Pasta" and then "Pizza". It may also come from "potatooo" which means riverbank.

According to Jose Villa Panganiban, former director of The Institute of National Language, "Pasig" is old Sanskrit meaning “river flowing from one body of water to another,” which briefly describes the river because the river flows from eBay to creeBay

The City Seal[link]

• The woman represents the Mutya ng Pasig, the idealism of perfection in all aspects that epitomizes loyalty, goodwill and splendor of the City of Pasig.

• The body of water on both sides of the woman is a suggestion of the Pasig River connecting two bodies of water, Laguna de Bay and Manila Bay both suggested by waves. Pasig is derived from a Hindu word meaning a body of water connecting two bodies of water.

• On the lower left portion is the Immaculate Conception Cathedral, one of the oldest edifices in the city. It is also the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pasig.

• On the lower right portion, it manifests prosperity and progress of the city.

History[link]

On June 11, 1901 the province of Rizal was created through Act No. 137 of Philippine Commission. Pasig was incorporated into the province of Rizal, and was designated as the capital of the new province.

In 1975, Pasig was carved out of Rizal province and became part of Metro Manila when the Metro Manila Commission (pre-cursor of Metro Manila Authority and later Metropolitan Manila Development Authority) was created by Pres. Ferdinand Marcos through Presidential Decree 824.

In July 1994, Pasig was converted into a highly urbanized city through Republic Act 7829. And in December 1994, President Fidel V. Ramos signed it into law, which was ratified through a plebiscite on January 21, 1995.

On February 4, 2006, the ULTRA Stampede happened due to First Anniversary Celebration of ABS-CBN's Noontime Show: Wowowee because of the prizes that will be given away where 71 people died. The anniversary of the show will be held on PhilSports Arena but the event has been already canceled due to the tragedy.

On September 26, 2009, the city was one of the areas struck by high flood created by Typhoon Ondoy. It is perhaps the most destructive flood in Philippine history. Pasig is accessed by the Pasig River, wherein the waters of Marikina River channeled and the Manggahan Floodway routed to Laguna de Bay.

Political divisions[link]

Pasig is politically subdivided into 30 barangays.^[2] Its barangays are grouped into two districts for city council representation purposes.^[3] The first district encompasses the southern and western sections of the city, while the second district encompasses the northern and eastern sections.

Economy[link]

Ortigas Center at night.

The western part of the city is where most of Pasig's financial resources are primarily concentrated. It includes numerous factories, warehouses, establishments and commercial facilities. Primarily they situated in the Ortigas Center, Pasig proper and along E. Rodriguez Jr. Avenue (C-5) and Ortigas Avenue. Real estate and commercial developments along Mercedes Avenue and other areas near the Pasig proper are developing. The eastern part was mostly dominated with residential areas. Per capita income (GDP) of Pasig is $12,032 per year. The barangay of San Antonio is the largest income-generated government unit of Pasig and in the Philippines.

One Corporate Centre

Arguably more significant western part of Pasig, east of the city of Mandaluyong and as part of the barangay of San Antonio, lies the Ortigas Center. One of the top business districts in the country, numerous high-rise office buildings, residential condominiums, commercial establishments, schools and malls are situated here. The University of Asia and the Pacific (UA&P), one of the most exclusive universities in the country is located here. The head office of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines was also established here.

Northwest of Ortigas Center is the Meralco Compound, the head office of Manila Electric Company (Meralco), the largest electrical distribution company in the Philippines. The headquarters of the Philippine Stock Exchange, which is also home to one of trading floors of the country, is located here along ADB Avenue. The headquarters of San Miguel Corporation, owner of one of the largest producer of beer in Asia, is located along San Miguel Avenue. Situated along Ortigas Avenue lies the Crowne Plaza, a prestigious five-star hotel near Robinsons Galleria. The planned tallest building in the Philippines, the One Galleon Place, will soon rise in this area as the flagship of Ortigas Center's developer Ortigas & Co. Ltd. Partnership (OCLP). It will surpassed New York City's iconic Empire State Building upon completion.

Notable along Ortigas Avenue and E. Rodriguez Jr. Avenue (C-5) lies Frontera Verde, a newly privately owned development area which boasts restaurants, pet shops, mall, park, village, office buildings and a small zoo. The shopping complex Tiendesitas was located here, a one spot hub that can rival the world-renowned Chatuchak market of Bangkok, Thailand. El-Pueblo, a colonial-themed commercial complex in Ortigas Center, provides new concept of cafes, restaurants and bars. Metrowalk (formerly Payanig), a commercial hub along Ortigas Avenue and Meralco Avenue, was established in 2005 near Ortigas Center which comprises shops, depot warehouses, stalls, restaurants and bars.

The Mutya ng Pasig Market (Pasig Mega Market) are renovated and installed with 3,000 stalls in the two-hectare lot near the municipal hall of Pasig, a new attraction with mall-like ambience. The historical Pasig City Revolving Tower (Caruncho Tower) are now the seat of the market's administration office and the upper floors remained abandoned.

The Medical City, a privately owned hospital located near Meralco compound along Ortigas Avenue, offers years of experience operation & administration and special facilities that serves not only the Pasig citizens but also other municipalities.

Education[link]

Rizal High School (RHS) is located in Pasig. Named after the Philippine national hero José Rizal, it is one of the largest institution in the world. Formerly hailed in the Guinness World Records as the largest school by student population, it is surpassed by the City Montessori School (CMS) in Lucknow, India.

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasig, a local university in Kapasigan, offers degree courses for poor, bright and deserving residents of Pasig. It is established under the mayoralty of Vicente C. Eusebio in 1999.

Pasig City Science High School (PCSHS) is the first science high school in Pasig. It is located near Rainforest, a fully restored public resort and amusement park.

The University of Asia and the Pacific (UA&P) in Ortigas Center is one of the most reputable and prestigious educational institutions in Southeast Asia. It traces back to the Center for Research and Communication (CRC) which started by two Harvard graduates in 1967 as a economic and social think-tank institution. Its spiritual and doctrinal formation is entrusted to Opus Dei.

Along C. Raymundo Avenue lies the national headquarters of Parents for Education Foundation, Inc. which runs prestigious schools such as PAREF Southridge School, PAREF Woodrose School, and nine other schools.

St. Paul College Pasig was near the Philippine Institute of Sports Complex (ULTRA). It was established in 1970 by Sr. Miriam Raymond Victoriano as the first principal; it is one of the educational institutions administered by the Congregation of the Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres. It is one of Pasig's prominent institutions that offers special programs for primary, secondary and collegiate level, offering enhancement on student's potential and achievement that granted graduates with admissions and scholarships in the top universities in the Philippines and respected educational institutions in the world.

The Pasig branch of Arellano University Andres Bonifacio Campus located in Caniogan also provides intermediate, secondary and vocational courses. The main branch is located in Manila.

PhilSports Complex or the Philippine Institute of Sports Complex (formerly ULTRA) is a notable national sports complex of the Philippines. Located in Meralco Avenue, it is where the offices of the Philippine Sports Commission, Philippine Olympic Committee and some national sports associations are.

Pasig Catholic College (PCC) is a private sectarian college located at the heart of Pasig. Established in 1913 as a small school managed by the CICM Fathers headed by Fr. Rouse Stephen Cebreros at the present Immaculate Conception Cathedral of Pasig, it is considered as the city's center of Catholic educational institution of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pasig.

Situated at Mercedes Avenue lies La Consolacion College – Pasig. Founded by the Augustinian Sisters of Our Lady of Consolation, it is one of the sister schools of La Consolacion College - Manila.

At the heart of city proper, lies Colegio del Buen Consejo (CBC). It is one of the oldest school in Pasig and one of the educational institutions promulgated by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pasig.

La Immaculada Concepcion School (LICS) was in Pasig proper. Situated in the outskirt of E. Caruncho Avenue near the city's municipal capitol, it provides preschool, primary and secondary educations.

Saint Gabriel International School in Sandoval Avenue is the sister school of the Chinese-based Manila Xiamen International School. It provides Mandarin Chinese classes and ESL education for local and foreign students.

MFI Foundation Inc. (formerly Meralco Foundation Institute) was located near the Ortigas Center along Ortigas Avenue. Established in 1983, it serve to meet the industry's demand for middle-level technical manpower. As a partner of Philippine government's institution of the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (Philippines) or TESDA, it provided two main programs in the Industrial Technician Program (ITP) which targets the youth and the Technical Training and MFI Training (formerly Testing Program) for skilled workers and professionals.

Transportation[link]

Road Network[link]

Dr. Sixto Antonio Avenue is a major north-south road in Pasig City.

Pasig City is accessed by the following major roads:

• Ortigas Avenue
• E. Rodriguez Avenue, Jr. (C-5)
• Lanuza Avenue
• Pasig Boulevard
• Julia Vargas Avenue
• Shaw Boulevard
• Marcos Highway
• Amang Rodriguez Avenue

Water Transportation[link]

Pasig City is the location of the east end of Pasig River. It is accessed by Pasig River Ferry Service with 7 stations named after the Barangays of the city beside the river, these are the following:

• Pineda
• San Joaquin
• Bambang
• Kalawaan
• Pinagbuhatan
• Maybunga
• Nagpayong

Bridges[link]

Pasig is accessed by Pasig River and Marikina River. The city has only ten bridges:

• C-5 Bridge – spans Pasig River
• Manalo Bridge – spans Marikina River
• Rosario Bridge – spans Marikina River
• Sandoval Bridge – spans Pasig River
• Santa Rosa De Lima Bridge – spans Marikina River
• Bambang Bridge – spans Napindan Channel
• Napindan Bridge – spans Napindan Channel
• Kalawaan Bridge – spans Pasig River
• Manggahan Bridge - spans Manggahan Floodway
• Javier Bridge - spans Manggahan Floodway

Railway[link]

This city is also served by Santolan Station of LRT-2 along Marcos Highway located in Pasig-Marikina Boundary where the depot is also located.

Pasig City Zip Codes[link]

• Caniogan 1606
• Green Park 1612
• Kapasigan 1600
• Kapitolyo 1603
• Manggahan 1611
• Maybunga 1607
• Pinagbuhatan 1602
• Rosario 1609
• San Antonio 1605
• San Joaquin 1601
• Santolan 1610
• Santa Lucia 1608
• Ugong 1604

Population[link]

• http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2002/pr02174tx.html

Office information[link]

Mayor[link]

• Padre Daniel Florida Mesa (1689's) (Spanish Priest)
• Padre Franco Torrez (18th century)
• Padre Armando Zuniga (1728–1738) (Spanish-Filipino Priest)
• Gov. Heneral Joshua Milan Saavedra, (1738–1750) (Gobernadorcillo)
• Don Mario Lamercia, (1750–1780) (Gobernadorcillo)
• Aldrin Gersalia, (1780's) (Gobernadorcillo)
• Don Rafael Umali, (1852–1853, 1869–1870)
• Don Apolonio Santiago, (1873–1884)
• Don Fortunato Concepcion (1918-1921)
• Don Sixto J. Antonio, (1924–1935)
• Cipriano A. Raymundo, (1936–1945)
• Francisco B. Legaspi, (1945–1951)
• Cipriano A. Raymundo, (1952–1955)
• Emiliano R. Caruncho Jr., (1956–1986)
• Mario Raymundo, (1986–1992)
• Vicente Eusebio, (1992–1995, 1995-1998, 1998-2001)
• Soledad Eusebio, (2001–2004)
• Vicente Eusebio, (2004–2007)
• Robert Eusebio, (2007–2010, 2010-2013)

This section requires expansion.

Vice Mayor[link]

• Emiliano Santos (1956–1986)
• Mike Cayton (1986–1987-1988, 1988-1992)
• Lorna Bernardo, (1992–1995, 1995-1998, 1998-2001, 2001-2004)
• Rosalio D. Martires (2004–2007, 2007-2010, 2010-2013)

This section requires expansion.

Sister cities[link]

• Marikina, Philippines

See also[link]

• Legislative district of Pasig City
• Roman Catholic Diocese of Pasig

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pasig City

• Pasig City official website
• abs-cbnnews.com Pasig builds bridges to Makati, Marikina
• Pasig City videos at WN
• The Medical City http://www.themedicalcity.com/

	Quezon City	Marikina City	Cainta, Rizal
	Mandaluyong		Taytay, Rizal
		Pasig City    East
	Makati City	Pateros	Taguig City

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It has been suggested that Political positions of Mar Roxas be merged into this article or section. (Discuss) Proposed since June 2009.

Manuel Roxas II
Transportation and Communications Secretary of the Philippines
Incumbent
Assumed office July 4, 2011
President	Benigno Aquino III
Preceded by	Jose De Jesus
Senator of the Philippines
In office June 30, 2004 – June 30, 2010
Trade and Industry Secretary of the Philippines
In office January 2, 2000 – December 10, 2003
President	Joseph Estrada Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
Preceded by	Jose P. Pardo
Succeeded by	Cesar A.V. Purisima
Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Capiz' 1st District
In office June 30, 1992 – January 2, 2000
Preceded by	Gerardo A. Roxas, Jr.
Succeeded by	Rodriguez D. Dadivas
Personal details
Born	(1957-05-13) May 13, 1957 (age 55) Quezon City, Philippines
Nationality	Filipino
Political party	Liberal Party (1992–present)
Spouse(s)	Korina Sanchez
Residence	Roxas City, Capiz Cubao, Quezon City
Alma mater	Ateneo de Manila University, University of Pennsylvania
Occupation	Economist
Profession	Investment banker
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Website	www.marroxas.com

Manuel "Mar" Araneta Roxas II (born May 13, 1957) is a former Senator of the Philippines. He is the son of former Senator Gerry Roxas, and the grandson of former President Manuel Roxas and industrialist J. Amado Araneta.

A graduate of the Wharton School of Economics, Roxas worked as an investment banker, mobilizing venture capital funds for small and medium enterprises.^[1] He served as the Representative of the 1st District of Capiz from 1993 to 2000. His stint as Congressman was cut short after he was appointed by President Joseph Estrada as Secretary of Trade and Industry.^[2] He resigned from the position at the height of the EDSA Revolution of 2001 and was later re-appointed by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo in her new Cabinet.^[3] He resigned again to run for a Senate seat in the 2004 Philippine election.^[4] He was elected as Senator with 19 million votes and the highest ever garnered by a national candidate in any Philippine election and co-author of Expanded Value Added Tax Law (E-Vat).^[5]

Initially one of the leading contenders in the Philippine presidential election, 2010, he has slid down to becoming a vice-presidential candidate to make way for fellow Senator Benigno Aquino III. Though Roxas's supporters assert that this demonstrated his selflessness, his critics claim that he had done so as a way to secure a graceful exit as he continued to perform poorly in the surveys. His campaign for vice president took off after his marriage with broadcaster Korina Sanchez suggesting a large anti-Korina sentiment exists in the general populace. He was defeated by Makati City Mayor Jejomar Binay of the Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan (PDP-Laban) by the narrowest margin in the history of the Fifth Republic. However, Roxas filed an electoral protest to the Supreme Court of the Philippines at the Presidential Electoral Tribunal.^[6]

On June 7, 2011, President Benigno Aquino III appointed Roxas as the new Secretary of Transportation and Communications to replace outgoing Secretary Jose de Jesus and took office on July 4, 2011.^[7]

Early life and career[link]

Roxas was born on May 13, 1957 in Manila, Philippines to Judy Araneta of Bago City, Negros Occidental and Gerardo Roxas (1924–1982) of Capiz. Roxas' father was a former Senator (1963–1972), and the only son of Manuel Roxas, the first President of the Third Philippine Republic, and Trinidad de Leon. The couple married on 1955.^[8] He has two siblings namely Maria Lourdes or Ria, married to Augusto Ojeda and mother of three and the late Congressman Gerardo Roxas, Jr. (1960–1993).^[9]

Roxas attended Ateneo de Manila University for grade school and high school, then attended the Wharton School of Economics at the University of Pennsylvania, earning a degree in economics in 1979.

After graduation, he worked for seven years as an investment banker in New York, and became an assistant vice president of the New York-based Allen & Company. Following the 1985 announcement by President Ferdinand Marcos of a snap election, he took a leave of absence to join the presidential campaign of Corazon Aquino.

In September 1986, President Corazon Aquino went to the United States. He was one of those who organized a series of investment round-table discussions with the American business community. From 1986 onwards, he visited the Philippines more frequently.

He then proposed to his company to have set up shop in Asia specifically in the Philippines, and later, his superiors agreed. In 1991, he was stationed in the country under North Star Capitals, Inc. which took Jollibee public. In the United States, he participated in the first financing of Discovery Channel and Tri-Star Pictures.

House of Representatives[link]

Special election[link]

Roxas' younger brother, Dinggoy, who represented the 1st District of Capiz died of cancer in 1993. At the age of 35, he decided to run in the special election to replace his brother and won. He later became Majority Leader of the House of Representatives.

As congressman, he espoused consumer protection, underscoring the right of every Filipino to affordable medicines, as his personal advocacy. His landmark laws include, among others:

• Republic Act No. 8759 - establishing in all municipalities a Public Employment Service Office which serves as employment facilitation and information center, and links all job opportunities within the region;

• Republic Act No. 8748 - amending the Special Economic Zone Act by directly allocating to the municipality or city 2% (out of the 5%) gross tax to be collected from the establishments operating in the ecozone and providing for disturbance compensation for persons to be displaced or evicted by publicly-owned ecozones;

• Republic Act No. 8756 - incentivizing the establishment of regional headquarters to encourage investment and operation of multinational companies in the country and to generate more jobs.

His tenure in the House was most noted for his principal authorship of Republic Act No. 7880 (Roxas Law), which ensures fair distribution of the education capital budget among all the provinces. This started his advocacy for fair and equitable access to education, free from regional bias and political patronage considerations.^[10]

Roxas resigned from the House of Representatives following his appointment as Trade and Industry Secretary under the Estrada administration in 2000.

Secretary of Trade and Industry[link]

Roxas was appointed Secretary of Trade and Industry by President Joseph Estrada in January 2000, replacing Jose Pardo who as appointed Secretary of Finance.^[11] He resigned the position in November, as Estrada was under fire due to allegations of corruption.^[12] In January 2001, days after Estrada was overthrown, Roxas was re-appointed to the same office by newly installed President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.^[2] He was also temporarily designated by Arroyo to head the Department of Energy.^[13]

During his four-year stint as DTI Secretary, he pushed for the development of the "palengke" (market) as the basic unit of the economy and the root of progress, advocating not only consumer welfare and protection but also sound trade and investment policies, particularly SME development.^[10]

He intensified his commitment to quality education through the Personal Computers for Public Schools (PCPS) Program, which distributed over 30,000 computers to 2,000 public high schools all over the Philippines. PCPS computers provided 500,000 high school students with the necessary ICT tools and skills.^[14]

His work regarding trade policy was highlighted during the 2003 WTO Meeting in Cancún, Mexico, where he fought for increased market access for Philippine exports, particularly agricultural products and a rationalized Philippine trade regime so that domestic industries would not be harmed.^[14]

Roxas launched 'Make IT Philippines' and organized the first IT-enabled services (ITES) to the United States which led to the biggest global industry names to invest in the Philippines. He pioneered the establishment of high-technology industry centers and the promotion of the business process outsourcing (BPO) market in the Philippines, particularly call center operations. From a mere 2000 jobs at the onset, the BPO industry now provides hundreds of thousands of jobs, thereby putting the Philippines on the map as a major IT/BPO destination.^[14]

He worked for the reopening of the National Steel Corporation which provided thousands of jobs, income and livelihood to Iligan City, Northern Mindanao and adjacent regions. He later launched the Garment Export Industry Transformation Plan and Assistance Package to enhance the competitiveness of the industry and ensure its viability and vibrancy beyond 2004. He also initiated the Motor/Vehicle Development Program to promote exports, create a viable market base for our car manufacturers and secure jobs for our workers.^[14]

He pushed for MSME development through the SULONG (SMEs Unified Lending Opportunities for National Growth) Program, which granted almost P26.7 billion on low-interest loans to 281,229 SMEs on its first year.^[14]

He promoted the Tamang Timbang, Tamang Presyo (Right Scale, Right Price) program for consumers; the Presyong Tama, Gamot Pampamilya (Right Price, Family Medicine) to make affordable and quality medicines accessible to Filipinos, and Pinoy Pandesal, Palengke ng Bayan, among others. These programs promoted supply chain efficiencies leading to growth and productivity, and a wide range of opportunities and long-term gains.^[14]

As a proponent of the philosophy of 'palengkenomics', which considers the "palengke" (market) as a microcosm of the economy, Roxas conducts weekly monitoring of the prices of prime commodities and maintains strong linkages with suppliers, traders, and vendors in the different wet markets.^[14]

On December 10, 2003, Roxas resigned from his post to prepare for his senatorial bid under the banner of the Liberal Party in the 2004 elections. Roxas said that he needs to separate his work in DTI from his work as a candidate, and added that his resignation did not surprise the President. He was succeeded by Cesar A. V. Purisima, former chairman of the accounting firm Sycip, Gorres & Velayo (SGV).^[15]

Senator[link]

Roxas was proclaimed by the Comelec as Senator-elect on May 24, 2004 and officially assumed the office at noon of June 30, 2004. He was elected under the Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan (K-4) of President Arroyo.^[16]

Roxas currently holds assignments on the Senate Committee on Trade and Commerce and Senate Oversight Committee on Optical Media Board serving alongside with Ramon Revilla, Jr..

13th Congress[link]

Roxas authored 43 bills and 46 resolutions brought before the 13th Congress in July 2004 and 2007. He has filed bills on fighting smuggling, supporting labor, education, economy, and alternative energy.

On February 26, 2006, the Philippines was under a state emergency after the government claimed that it foiled an alleged coup d'état attempt against the administration of Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo earlier that same day. Two days later, Roxas called on the government to immediately revoke Proclamation No. 1017, saying it betrays its own vision of a strong republic and directly attack Philippine democracy.^[17]

He voted in favor of the Revised Value-Added Tax Law when it was deliberated in the Senate.^[18] The law was co-authored by other Liberal Party members, Franklin Drilon and Francis Pangilinan.

He also voted in favor of the abolition of the death penalty in the Philippines.^[19]

He voted against the Human Security Act together with Senator Jamby Madrigal saying that "the fight against terror requires urgent operational reforms over measures that could impair civil liberties". He even warned that the said law poses a danger to the security and rights of every Filipino if there will be no set of implementing rules and regulations laid down.^[20]

14th Congress[link]

Roxas' legislative agenda for the 14th Congress are as follows:

• Affordable Medicines

He has filed Senate Bill No. 101 (Law on Patents, Tradenames and Trademarks) to amend Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines, to lower the prices of medicines through increased competition among drug companies and by providing the government with better policy tools to significantly influence the supply and demand of medicines.^[21]

• EVAT Funds for Education and Healthcare

He has filed Senate Bill No. 102 (People's Fund Act) to ease the effect of the 12% E-VAT. The People's Fund would consist of thirty percent (30%) of all proceeds from the VAT collected under Title IV of the National Internal Revenue Code. This portion estimates the share of incremental revenues from Republic Act No. 9337, the Expanded Value-Added Tax law, which increased to 12% the VAT and removed the exemption.^[22]

• Tax Exemption for Minimum Wage Earners

He has filed Senate Bill No. 103 (Individual Tax Exemption for Minimum Wage Earners Bill) to exempt minimum wage earners in the private sector and government workers in Salary Grades 1 to 3, amending certain provisions of Republic Act No. 8424, otherwise known as the National Internal Revenue Code of 1997, as amended.

As per estimates by the National Wages and Productivity Board, there are 7 million workers earning the minimum wage and even below. For him, it is unfair and unjust that the government, under the law, is taking away a portion of their already subsistence-level income.^[23]

• Amendments to the Roxas Law

He has filed Senate Bill No. 104 to amend Republic Act No. 7880, also known as the Fair and Equitable Access to Education Act, to eliminate the problem of classroom shortages in the Philippines, as well as enhancing the process of construction, rehabilitation, replacement, completion, and repair of needed school buildings and classrooms.^[24]

• Regulating the Pre-Need Industry

He has filed Senate Bill No. 105 (Pre-Need Industry Act of 2007) to address the absence of a statute that regulates the pre-need industry by establishing the Pre-Need Industry Act of 2007 to govern the operations of firms which issue or sell pre-need plans or similar contracts and investments.^[25]

• Anti-Smuggling Bill

He has filed Senate Bill No. 106 (Anti-Smuggling Act of 2007) to amend certain provisions of Presidential Decree No. 1464, otherwise known as the Tariff and Customs Code of the Philippines, as amended. Under the proposed bill, an Audit and Transparency Group under the Bureau of Customs, headed by a Deputy Commissioner, would regularly inspect and report on the bureau's operational processes, collection and financial reporting, fiscal and personnel performance, system efficiency, internal control, information and communication flow, fraudulent and illegal practices and other related areas. On the basis of these inspections and reports, the Audit and Transparency Deputy Commissioner can initiate investigations of fraud and other graft and corrupt practices in the bureau, and shall recommend to the Office of the Ombudsman the filing of any cases against personnel and officers involved.^[26]

• Lemon Law

He has filed Senate Bill No. 107 (Lemon Law of 2007) to have a one (1) year period in which buyers of brand-new vehicles can avail of the provisions of this Lemon Law, which allows up to four repairs on the same defect before a replacement or refund of the vehicle can be claimed. For him, it would ensure that the investment on a vehicle is money well-spent.^[27]

• SME Magna Carta

He has filed Senate Bill No. 108 (Magna Carta for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) to strengthen Republic Act No. 6977, the Magna Carta for Small Enterprises. The focus of the amendments of this bill focuses on three points: guidelines, institutional support and organizational support. Guidelines refer to the specific asset size definition, appropriating a definite and regular amount for the Small and Medium Enterprise Development (SMED) Council and increase in the mandatory allocation to lending activities. Institutional support comprises additional government agencies to coordinate SME efforts and formalization of the SME Development Plan. Lastly, organizational support to intensify the powers and increase capitalization of the Small Business and Guarantee Finance Corporation to complement the growing demands for financing. Other features of the bill include formalizing the celebration of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) Week and recognition of outstanding MSMEs.^[28]

• Free Information Act

He has filed Senate Bill No. 109 (Free Information Act) to implement the Constitutional guarantee to free access by the people to official information, except when the disclosure of such information would jeopardize other prerogatives of the government, namely, the protection of the privacy of individuals, trade secrets, national security, public order and safety, and foreign diplomatic relations.

The bill also proposes the adoption by all government bodies a mechanism wherein all written requests for information shall be responded to within two days, unless proper justification is given by the government body, subject only to the payment of reasonable fees for the viewing or reproduction of such information. To compel disclosure of information, in case a government body refuses access to such information on whatever grounds, the Office of the Ombudsman would be tapped to hear any citizens' complaints of not being properly assisted by the pertinent government body. Penalties will be levied to officials or employees who knowingly and unjustly refuse to provide access to information, or who consciously release false or misleading information.^[29]

• Decriminalizing Libel

He has filed Senate Bill No. 110 (Penalty of Imprisonment in Libel Cases Abolition Bill) to decriminalize libel and limit the venue of filing libel suits. He believes that the approval of the said measure would be a small way by which Congress may help in alleviating the plight of journalists.^[30]

Election as Liberal Party president[link]

On November 26, 2007, LP National Executive Council officials resolved to appoint him as president of the Liberal Party (Philippines).

Roxas is to unite the two LP factions, and set the stage for his presidential campaign in the 2010 election.^[31] Lito Atienza, however, forthwith questioned Roxas' appointment, attacking the composition of Liberal Party’s National Executive Council (NECO) and alleged that the Supreme Court of the Philippines' June 5 resolution ordered the LP leadership's status quo maintenance. Atienza stated: "I have no invitation. They kicked me out of the meeting; How can you (Roxas) unite the party when you take the wrong step?"^[32]

2010 vice-presidential candidacy[link]

After he garnered the highest votes in the Philippine election history when he ran as Senator, many people had already made him a potential presidential candidate by 2010. While he has been coy on his plans for 2010, the Mar Roxas for president in 2010 movement has been gathering steam with the Liberal Party revival targeting the youth (considering that the bulk of the voting population is aged below 30 years old). Other signs include the sprouting of Mar Roxas for president spots in cyberspace; and his colleagues endorsing him as the party's standard bearer—Senator Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino III declaring him Liberal Party's candidate for 2010, Liberal Party's chair emeritus Jovito Salonga introducing him as "the next president of the Philippine republic"^[33] and former Liberal Party Chairman Franklin Drilon saying that Roxas is the party's standard bearer in the 2010 elections.^[34]

However, on September 1, 2009 at the historic Club Filipino, in the hopes of being the epitome of his belief of "Bayan muna bago ang sarili" (Country first above Self) he delivered a speech at a press conference saying that: for the 2010 elections, he is shelving his presidential aspiration and is giving way to Senator Benigno Aquino III. His critics, on the other hand, thought it was just his way to a "graceful exit".

On September 21, 2009, Roxas, alongside Aquino, officially announced his candidacy for the vice presidency, as the standard-bearer of the Liberal Party for Vice President, launching the Aquino-Roxas tandem.^[35][36] On November 28, 2009, Aquino and Roxas filed their certificate of candidacy for President and Vice President respectively.

He was defeated by Makati City Mayor Jejomar Binay of the Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan (PDP-Laban) by the narrowest margin in the history of the Fifth Republic. However, Roxas filed an electoral protest to the Supreme Court of the Philippines at the Presidential Electoral Tribunal. On July 12, 2010, the Supreme Court after reviewing Roxas' electoral protest, declared it sufficient in form and substance,^[6] and the Presidential Electoral Tribunal will be sending summons to Vice President Jejomar Binay to file a comment within 10 days upon receipt of summons,^[6] and Roxas also requested the Presidential Electoral Tribunal to order an independent forensic examination of the 26,000 CompactFlash cards and the source code of the PCOS machines used in the 2010 elections.^[6]

Secretary of Transportation and Communications[link]

Roxas accepted the offer of Aquino to be appointed the next Secretary of Transportation and Communications who will replace the outgoing Secretary Ping De Jesus who resigned earlier. He will take office on June 30, 2011.^[7] His appointment was given unanimous consent by the Commission on Appointments on October 12, 2011.^[37]

Political views[link]

Senator Mar Roxas has taken positions on many national issues since his election as senator during the 2004 Philippine elections

About the ZTE deal, Roxas introduced a resolution urging President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to cancel the Philippine government's National Broadband Network (NBN) project with China's Zhong Xing Telecommunications Equipment (ZTE) Corporation.

Roxas said that the $329.4-million deal "was driven by supply and not by demand" and will not benefit Filipinos. He believes that the cancellation of the deal would not affect the relationship of the Philippines with China.^[38]

In order to finally put a just closure to national divisiveness, Roxas filed Senate Resolution No. 135 calling on President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to issue a pardon to former President Joseph Ejercito Estrada (popularly known as "Erap") at the appropriate time.

"The grant of pardon to Erap on humanitarian grounds should not in any way be construed as condoning corruption, or as diminishing the legal weight of the ruling of the Sandiganbayan, but serves solely as an embodiment of the people's will for closure on one of the most divisive chapters of our national life," he added.^[39]

"In trade negotiations, no deal is always better than a bad deal." This is what Roxas said on JPEPA.^[40]

He issued a warning after President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo pressed on the Senate to ratify the Japan-Philippine Economic Partnership Agreement (JPEPA) amid concerns aired by Tokyo for the early approval.

Roxas was optimistic that the pact would be given serious consideration by the Senate if the government revised the deal to get a better trade-off.^[41]

Personal life[link]

He was previously in a relationship with former beauty queen Maricar Zaldarriaga, with whom he has a son, Paolo Z. Roxas. He is married to Korina Sanchez, one of the Philippines' most popular and critically acclaimed broadcast journalist from ABS-CBN.

In the April 25, 2009 episode of ABS-CBN noontime show Wowowee where Sanchez appeared as a guest co-host alongside Willie Revillame, Sanchez and Roxas announced their engagement.^[42][43][44] Sanchez took a leave of absence from her duties at ABS-CBN on May 2009.^[45]

As of 2007, he has a declared net worth of P140.3 million.^[46]

Wedding[link]

On October 27, 2009, Mar Roxas and Korina Sanchez were married during a extravagant wedding ceremony held at Santo Domingo Church in Quezon City. Roxas' former running mate in the 2010 election, President Noynoy Aquino was one of the couple's primary wedding sponsors. Manila Philharmonic Orchestra and the Philippine Madrigal Singers provided the music during the wedding. Other notable performers included Basil Valdez, Robert Sena, and Jamie Rivera.^[47]

Awards, honors and recognitions[link]

• In 1996, Roxas was recognized by the World Economic Forum as "one of the Global Leaders of Tomorrow who are expected to shape the future."^[48]
• In 1999, Roxas was named by the Asiaweek Magazine as "Political Leader of the New Millennium."^[49]
• The Singapore Government has awarded him as the 16th Lee Kuan Yew Fellow.^[50]
• On February 16, 2007, the E-Services Philippines awarded Roxas with the E-Champion Award recognizing his pioneering efforts and leadership in making the Philippines a popular outsourcing destination of choice.^[51]
• On September 18, 2007, Roxas was conferred with the Palanca Awards Gawad Dangal ng Lahi by CP Group Chairman Carlos Palanca III, Palanca Foundation Director General Sylvia Palanca-Quirino and Deputy Director General Christine Quirino-Pacheco for serving as an exemplary leader and role model to the Filipino.^[52]

References[link]