David Crystal
Born	(1941-07-06) July 6, 1941 (age 70) Lisburn, Northern Ireland
Field	Linguistics
Training	University College London
Website	http://www.davidcrystal.com

David Crystal OBE FBA FLSW (born July 6, 1941) is a linguist, academic and author.

Background and career[link]

Crystal was born in Lisburn, Northern Ireland. He grew up in Holyhead, North Wales, and Liverpool, England, where he attended St Mary's College from 1951.

Crystal studied English at University College London between 1959 and 1962. He was a researcher under Randolph Quirk between 1962 and 1963, working on the Survey of English Usage. Since then he has lectured at Bangor University and the University of Reading. He is currently an honorary professor of linguistics at Bangor. His many academic interests include English language learning and teaching, clinical linguistics, forensic linguistics, language death, "ludic linguistics" (Crystal's neologism for the study of language play),^[1] English style, Shakespeare, indexing, and lexicography. He is the Patron of the International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language (IATEFL) and honorary vice-president of the Society for Editors and Proofreaders (SfEP). He has also served as an important editor for Cambridge University Press.

David Crystal lives in Holyhead with his wife. He has four grown-up children. His son Ben Crystal is also an author and co-authored two books with his father. Retired from full-time academia, he works as a writer, editor and consultant. Crystal was awarded the OBE in 1995 and became a Fellow of the British Academy in 2000.^[2][3] He is also a Founding Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales and is a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Linguists.

Work[link]

Crystal is the author, co-author, or editor of over 120 books on a wide variety of subjects, specialising among other things in editing reference works, including (as author) the Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (1987, 1997, 2010) and the Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (1995, 2003), and (as editor) the Cambridge Biographical Dictionary, the Cambridge Factfinder, the Cambridge Encyclopedia, and the New Penguin Encyclopedia (2003). He has also edited literary works, and is Patron of the UK National Literacy Association. He has also published several books for the general reader about linguistics and the English language, which use varied graphics and short essays to communicate technical material in an accessible manner.^[4]

Crystal hypothesises that globally English will both split and converge, with local variants becoming less mutually comprehensible and therefore necessitating the rise of what he terms World Standard Spoken English (see also International English). In his 2004 book The Stories of English, a general history of the English language, he describes the value he sees in linguistic diversity and the according of respect to varieties of English generally considered "non-standard". He is a proponent of a new field of study, Internet linguistics.

His non-linguistic writing includes poems, plays and biography. A Roman Catholic by conviction, he has also written devotional poetry and articles.

From 2001 to 2006, Crystal served as the Chairman of Crystal Reference Systems Limited, a provider of reference content and Internet search and advertising technology. The company's iSense and Sitescreen products are based upon the patented Global Data Model, a complex semantic network that Crystal devised in the early 1980s and was adapted for use on the Internet in the mid 1990s. The iSense technology is the subject of patents in the United Kingdom and the United States. After the company's acquisition by Ad Pepper Media N.V., he remained on the board as its R&D director until 2009, and continues to act as a consultant for Ad Pepper.^[5]

Crystal was influential in a campaign to save Holyhead's convent from demolition, leading to the creation of the Ucheldre Centre. Crystal continues to write as well as contribute to television and radio broadcasts. His association with the BBC ranges from, formerly, a BBC Radio 4 series on language issues to, currently, podcasts on the BBC World Service website for people learning English.^[2]

His book Txtng: The Gr8 Db8 (published in 2008) focused on text language and its impact on society.^[6] In 2009 Routledge published his autobiographical memoir Just a Phrase I'm Going Through: My Life in Language, which was released simultaneously with a DVD of three of his lectures.

Furthermore David Crystal was a co-founder of Crystal Semantics Limited. He is the inventor of the patented classification scheme which forms the basis of the Crystal Semantics technology upon which certain products for the online advertising sector have been developed. These include semantic targeting technology (marketed as iSense by ad pepper media) and brand protection technology (marketed as SiteScreen by Emediate ApS).

Involvement in Shakespeare productions[link]

As an expert on the evolution of the English language, he was involved in the production of Shakespeare at Shakespeare's Globe in 2004 and 2005 in the "Original Pronunciation" of the period in which he was writing. He coached the actors on the appropriate pronunciation for the period.^[7]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Professor David Crystal's Homepage
• David Crystal's blog
• Danny Yee's Book Reviews: David Crystal's books

This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: recently promoted AFC submission. Please help improve this article if you can. (June 2012)

Amy J. C. Cuddy is an American social psychologist known for her studies of the relations between stereotyping and behavior. She is Associate Professor in the Negotiation, Organizations & Markets Unit at Harvard Business School.

Cuddy studies the origins and outcomes of how people judge and influence each other. She has conducted experimental and correlational research on stereotyping and discrimination against various groups (e.g., Asian Americans, elderly people, Latinos, working mothers), the causes and consequences of feeling ambivalent emotions (e.g., envy and pity), nonverbal behavior and communication, and hormonal responses to social stimuli. Amy Cuddy was listed #1 in Time Magazine's list of "Game Changers, ...innovators and problem-solvers that are inspiring change in America".^[1]

She is a sought-after speaker on the psychology of power, influence, nonverbal communication, and prejudice.^[2][3][4]

Career[link]

Cuddy holds a PhD in Social Psychology from Princeton University, a MA in Social Psychology from Princeton University and BA in Social Psychology from the University of Colorado.

Prior to joining Harvard Business School, Professor Cuddy was an Assistant Professor at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University,^[5] where she taught leadership in organizations in the MBA program and research methods in the doctoral program; and an Assistant Professor of Psychology at Rutgers University, where she taught undergraduate social psychology. At Harvard Business School, she has taught MBA courses on negotiation, and power and influence, and in numerous executive education programs.

Research[link]

Along with Susan Fiske (Princeton University) and Peter Glick (Lawrence University), Cuddy developed the Stereotype Content Model (SCM)^[6] and the Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes (BIAS) Map,^[7] which focus on judgments of other people and groups along two core trait dimensions, warmth and competence, and how these judgments shape and motivate our social emotions, intentions, and behaviors.^[8] This work has been cited over 2000 times.

Cuddy’s research with Dana Carney^[9] (UC-Berkeley) focuses on how nonverbal expressions of power (i.e., expansive, open, space-occupying postures)^[10] affect people’s feelings, behaviors, and hormone levels.^[11] In particular, their research shows that “faking” body postures associated with dominance and power (“power posing”)^[12][13]  – even for as little as two minutes—increases people’s testosterone, decreases their cortisol, increases their appetite for risk, and causes them to perform better in job interviews.^[14] In short, as David Brooks summarized the findings, “If you act powerfully, you will begin to think powerfully.”^[15]

Her research has been published in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Psychological Science, Research in Organizational Behavior, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, and Science.

Awards and Honors[link]

• TEDGlobal Speaker, 2012^[16]

• TIME magazine ‘Game Changer’, 2012^[17]

• PopTech Annual Conference, 'Talk of the Day' October 21, 2011^[18]

• Rising Star Award, Association for Psychological Science (APS), 2011^[19]

• Psychology Today, The Top 10 Psychology Studies of 2010 (Carney, Cuddy, & Yap, 2010)

• Cover story, Harvard Magazine, Nov-Dec, 2010

• The HBR List: Breakthrough Ideas for 2009, Harvard Business Review^[20]

• Michele Alexander Early Career Award, Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues

• Distinguished Alumni Award, Conrad Weiser High School, Robesonia, PA

Personal life[link]

Amy Cuddy grew up in a very small Pennsylvania Dutch town, Robesonia, Pennsylvania. She is a classically trained ballet dancer and worked as a roller-skating waitress when she was an undergraduate at the University of Colorado at Boulder. When she was a sophomore in college she sustained a serious head injury in a car accident.^{[21][22][23][24]} Her doctors told her she was not likely to fully recover and should anticipate significant challenges finishing her undergraduate degree. She has one son.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Beninger, A. (2011). The dynamics of warmth and competence judgments, and their outcomes in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 31, 73-98.
• Carney, D., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Yap, A. (2010). Power posing: Brief nonverbal displays affect neuroendocrine levels and risk tolerance. Psychological Science, 21, 1363-1368
• Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2008). Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The Stereotype Content Model and the BIAS Map. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (vol. 40, pp. 61–149). New York, NY: Academic Press.
• Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2007). The BIAS Map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 631-648.
• Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007). Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth, then competence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 77-83.
• Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878-902