Raebareli  pronunciation (help·info)(Hindi: रायबरेली, Urdu: رائے بریلی, also Rae Bareli or Rai Bareli) is a city and a municipal board in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of Raebareli District.

The town is situated at the bank of the Sai River, 82 km (51 mi) southeast of Lucknow. It possesses many architectural features, chief of which is a strong and spacious fort erected in 1403. The fort was constructed of bricks 2 ft long by 1 ft (0.30 m) thick and 1.5 ft (0.46 m) wide (60 cm by 30 cm by 45 cm). Among other ancient buildings are the magnificent palace and tomb of nawab Jahan Khan, governor in the time of Shah Jahan, and four fine mosques.The most important town within the district is Lalganj which is the proposed site for the Railway Coach Factory. The factory is already underway with construction activities in full swing^[when?] and locals expect to gain economically from it. The factory is expected to generate over 10,000 jobs.All India Institute Of Medical Sciences,National Food Park,National Institute Of Learning are also proposed in city.

District Rae Bareli is located in the heart land of famous Awadh region which was the part ancient Koshala kingdom.This town has close proximity to present state capital Lucknow which is just 70 KM away. The district of Rae Bareli was created by the British in 1858, and is named after its headquarters town. Tradition has it that the town was founded by the Bhars and was known as Bharauli or Barauli. Over the course of time, the name was changed to Bareli. The prefix "Rae" represents "Rai" the common title of the Kayasths who were masters of the town for a considerable period of time,some famous Kayasths are Rai Saheb Naseerabad, Kali Sahay Saheb,Dr.Shankar Dayal etc. Raja Har Parshad, Kayasth, a native of this town from Naseerabad, was the Nazim or Commissioner of Khairabad Division during the reign of the ex-king. He joined the mutineers and went up to Naipal with Begum Hazrat Mahal of Oudh dynasty and On 31 December 1858 while returning back after leaving her safe, he was killed in a battle with British army. In the early 20th century, the town was an important center of trade, and Muslin and Cotton weaving. Its population was 15,880 in 1901.

Post Independence[link]

The city and the district became famous as a political bastion of the Nehru-Gandhi Nationalist family. After independence, Rae Bareli constituency was won by Jawaharlal Nehru's son-in-law Feroze Gandhi. After Feroze Gandhi's death in 1960, the constituency was won in 1967 by his wife Indira Gandhi (daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru), who went on to become the first woman Prime Minister of India. In 1977, after Indira Gandhi's election from Rae Bareli was revoked by Allahabad High Court for using state machinery in the elections. She held on to the power by having the President of India declare a national emergency. After Indira's death in 1984, there was no one from the family to contest from here until the 2004 Parliament Elections, when Sonia Gandhi, the widow of Indira's son, Rajiv was elected as MP from Rae Bareli. In Uttar Pradesh State Assembly Elections, 2007, her daughter Priyanka Gandhi, while not fighting elections herself, proved to be a powerful force in gaining large majorities for Congressmen in the area. In the 2009 elections Sonia again won from this seat.

Since 1967, when Indira Gandhi selected Rae Bareli as her constituency, Rae Bareli became the nucleus of Indian National Congress and Indian Politics. Once in 1976, the cabinet meeting was held in Rae Bareli instead of state capital. The district became the pilgrimage of Congress workers and all the congress workers had a desire to come to this pilgrimage before every election. During this period Rae Bareli got bumper publicity in the national and International press.

In the capacity of the Prime Minister, she contested election from here in 1967, 1971 and in 1977 and as a member of opposition party she contested in 1980. In 1980 she contested from MEDAK (Andhra Pradesh) also, and after winning from both the places, she left the Rae Bareli seat. Arun Nehru of Congress was elected in the by-elections.Presently Sonia Gandhi is member of parliament from Raebareli.

Demographics[link]

As of 2011 India census,^[1] Rae Bareli had a population of 34,04,004. Males constitute 52% and females 48%.

Climate[link]

Rae Bareli has a warm subtropical climate with very cold and dry winters from December to Mid February and dry, hot summers from April to Mid June. The rainy season is from mid-June to mid-September, when it gets an average rainfall of 1200 mm mostly from the south-west monsoon winds. During extreme winter the maximum temperature is around 12 degrees Celsius and the minimum is in the 3 to 4 degrees Celsius range. Fog is quite common from late December to late January. Summers can be quite hot with temperatures rising to the 40 to 45 degree Celsius range.

Language and religion[link]

Hindi and Awadhi are the widely spoken languages that are understood among its people along with English. The official language is the state language Hindi. Hinduism is followed by large number of the population. A significant part of the population of city consists of followers of Islam, Sikhism as well. Christians and Jains constitute minority of the population.

Industry[link]

ITI Limited[link]

Rae Bareli has the first Public Sector Undertaking - Indian Telephone Industry (ITI Limited). It is one of the six manufacturing plants of the Telecom giant. For the fourth successive year ITI has retained top position in country's tele-communication turnkey business.More than 50% equipment of India's tele-communication network has been supplied by ITI.

Shriya Energy Limited[link]

280 Mega Watt gas based Power Plant being set up by Shriya Energy Limited at Village Chakdadar at a capital cost of Rs 1,400 Crores, would be one of the largest Private Sector Project in the District of Rae Bareli and would mitigate power problem of Rae Bareli to a great extent.

Other industries[link]

1. Shriya Energy Limited
2. Indian Telephone Industries Limited
3. Birla Cement Factory (Estd. 1997)
4. National Thermal Power Corporation
5. Hindustan Bioenergy Limited
6. Rail Coach Factory,Raibareli
7. Shree Bhawani Paper mill(Estd. 1983)
8. Indira Gandhi Canal Project (Dalmau)
9. Indo Gulf Fertilisers
10. Sheena Industries
11. Visaka Industries
12. RaeBareli Textile Mill
13. State spinning Mill
14. UP State sugar factory, Munshiganj
15. Amkap marketing Pvt. Ltd.
16. National Power Grid
17. Shriram Scientific Traders
18. Shreya Seeds
19. Khubele Enterprises Private limited
20. Techno Plastic
21. National Dairy NDDB
22. Galaxzee Carpets
23. UP Tyres & Tubes Ltd (1985-1994)

Education[link]

Rae Bareli has a great exposure of industry and business. People of Raebareli see education as a priority and give due importance to it. This has resulted in the establishment of some quality educational institutions affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education, Uttar Pradesh Board, and [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education.

Schools[link]

Other than primary schools, Rae Bareli has a bunch of notable secondary and senior secondary schools:

1. Janpad Inter College Harchandpur
2. Lotus Valley Convent School (LVC)
3. Government Inter College (GIC)
4. Government Girls Inter College (GGIC)
5. Gopal Sarswati Vidya Mandir Inter College(GSVMIC)
6. Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya
7. S.J.S Public School
8. Kendriya Vidyalaya
9. Shubhasheesh Vidya Mandir
10. St. Peter's school
11. Dayawati Modi Public School (DMPS)
12. Ryan International
13. Mahatma Gandhi Inter College (MGIC)
14. Bal Vidya Mandir
15. Dayanand Anglo Vidyalaya(D.A.V)
16. Maharishi Vidya Mandir
17. Urmila Inter College
18. Wasi Naqvi National Inter College
19. J.P.S.Public School

# Lucknow Public School(L.P.S)

1. New Vision School
2. Acharya Dwivedi Inter College
3. Vadik Bal Mandir Inter College

# New Standard Public School

1. Mother Teresa Inter College
2. K.D.Malviya Vidya Mandir
3. Santi Neketan vidya Peetha
4. BSS Public School
5. Smt R D T Inter Collage Sehgon, Raebareli
6. Dr.Hargovind inter college,Hardaspur
7. D A V Public School,NTPC,Unchahar

The Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology[link]

This section uses abbreviations that may be confusing or ambiguous. Specific concerns may be found on the Talk page. Please improve this section if you can. (May 2012)

Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology(RGIPT) : The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MOP&NG), Government of India set up the institute at Jais, Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh through an Act of Parliament. RGIPT has been accorded "Institute of National Importance” along the lines of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) and Indian Institute of Management (IIM). With the status of a Deemed University, the institute awards degrees in its own right.

RGIPT is co-promoted as an energy domain specific institute by six oil public sector units (ONGC, IOCL, OIL, GAIL, BPCL and HPCL) in association with the Oil Industry Development Board (OIDB). The Institute is associated with leading International Universities/Institutions specializing in the domain of Petroleum Technology.

Other colleges[link]

1. Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Udan Academy
2. National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research(NIPER)
3. National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT)
4. Footwear Design & Development Institute
5. Feroz Gandhi Institute of Engineering and Technology (FGIET)
6. Indira Gandhi Government Girls Inter College
7. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Government Degree College
8. Feroz Gandhi Polytechnic
9. Feroz Gandhi Degree College
10. Dayanand Degree College
11. Indra Gandhi Rajkiya Mahila Degree College
12. Sanskrit Degree College
13. Kamla Nehru Post Graduate College
14. Indian Training Institute
15. Swami Satyamitranand Degree College
16. Adharshila College of Professional Courses (Faculty of Law)
17. Baiswara Post Graduate College
18. Pankaj Maheshwari Smriti Mahavidyalaya,Jais
19. Mahaveer Institute of Technology
20. Shubhasheesh Shiksha Avam Vikas Sewa Sansthan (www.shubhasheesh.com)(For Mentally Challenged Pehhrson, as a group of parents, guardians and other enlightened members of society fully devoted with missionary zeal to the cause of welfare of mentally challenged children with Mental retardation, cerebral palsy, autism and multiple disabilities)

Information technology[link]

NIC Rae Bareli district unit was established in 1988, with an aim to provide relentless information informatics services to the district administration in planning and development. Ever since, the NIC center has been helping the authorities by providing the necessary IT support in various important projects being run in the district.

National Highways[link]

NH 24B = Lucknow-Raebareli-Allahabad NH 231 = Raebareli-Jaunpur NH 232 = Ambedkarnagar-Raebareli-Banda

Places of Interest[link]

Indira Gandhi Memorial Botanical Garden[link]

Indira Gandhi Memorial Botanical Garden was established in the year 1986 in order to restore the ecological balance. The garden is situated on the left side of Lucknow-Varanasi highway and on the northern bank of Sai river. The purpose of garden is not merely to make it a place for growing flowers, fruits or vegetables but also an educational installation for scientists, research workers/ students and general public for awakening interest in plant life.It is d best place in Raebareli.

Behta Bridge[link]

Behta bridge is situated at the outskirts of the Rae Bareli city. The important feature of this bridge is that at this place Sharda canal crosses the Sai river. An aqueduct has been constructed and the canal flows in the duct.

Samaspur Bird Sanctuary[link]

Samaspur Bird Sanctuary is situated in Rohaniya Development block of the district, about 122 km from Lucknow on Lucknow-Varanasi highway. It was established in 1987 on a total area of about 799.371 hectare. Nearest railway station is Unchahar and the nearest airport is Fursatganj, Rae Bareli. The best period to visit is from November to March. More than 250 varieties of birds can be seen there. Some of the birds come here from a distance of 5000 km which include Greleg Googe, Pin Tail, Common Teel, Vision, Showler, Surkhab etc. Local birds include Comb Duck, Whistling Teel, Spot Bill, Spoon Bill, King Fisher, Vulture etc. Twelve varieties of fish are there in the lake at Samaspur.

See also[link]

Uttar Pradesh portal

• Raebareli Airport

External links[link]

• http://www.raebareli.nic.in/
• www.fgiet.com
• www.lotusvalleyconvent.com

References[link]

Sonia Gandhi
Chairperson of the National Advisory Council
Incumbent
Assumed office 29 March 2010
In office 2004–2006
Chairperson of the United Progressive Alliance
Incumbent
Assumed office 2004
Member of Lok Sabha
Incumbent
Assumed office 2006
Constituency	Rae Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh
In office 2004–2006
President of the Indian National Congress
Incumbent
Assumed office 1998
Member of Lok Sabha
In office 1999–2004
Constituency	Amethi, Uttar Pradesh
Leader of the Opposition
In office 19 March 1998 – 22 May 2004
Preceded by	Sharad Pawar
Succeeded by	Lal Krishna Advani
Personal details
Born	Edvige Antonia Albina Maino (1946-12-09) 9 December 1946 (age 65) Lusiana, Veneto, Italy
Citizenship	India
Nationality	Italian[citation needed]
Political party	Indian National Congress
Spouse(s)	Rajiv Gandhi (m. 1969–1991) «start: (1969)–end+1: (1992)»"Marriage: Rajiv Gandhi to Sonia Gandhi" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Sonia_Gandhi)
Children	Rahul Gandhi Priyanka Vadra
Residence	10 Janpath, New Delhi, India
Profession	Politician social worker
Religion	Roman Catholicism[1]

Sonia Gandhi (born Antonia Edvige Albina Maino^[2][3][4] on 9 December 1946)^[5] is an Italian-born Indian politician and the President of the Indian National Congress, one of the major political parties of India. She is the widow of former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi and belongs to Nehru–Gandhi family. After his assassination in 1991, she was invited by the Indian National Congress to take over the Congress but refused and publicly stayed away from politics amidst constant prodding by the Congress. She finally agreed to join politics in 1997; in 1998, she was elected as the leader of the Congress.

Since then, Sonia Gandhi has been the President of the Indian National Congress Party. She has served as the Chairperson of the ruling United Progressive Alliance in the Lok Sabha since 2004. In September 2010, on being re-elected for the fourth time, she became the longest serving president in the 125-year history of the Congress party.^[6] Her foreign birth has been a subject of much debate and controversy.^[7][8][9] Although Sonia is actually the fifth foreign-born person to be leader of the Congress Party, she is the first since independence in 1947.^[10]

Early life[link]

Sonia Gandhi's birthplace, 31, Contrada Maini (Maini street), Lusiana, Italy (the house on the right)

She was born to Stefano and Paola Maino in Contrada Màini ("Maini quarter/district"), at Lusiana,^[11][12] a little village 30 km from Vicenza in Veneto,^[13] Italy, where families with the family name "Màino" have been living for many generations.^[14][15][16] She spent her adolescence in Orbassano,^[17] a town near Turin, being raised in a traditional Roman Catholic family and attending a Catholic school. Her father, a building mason, died in 1983.^[18] Her mother and two sisters still live around Orbassano.^[19]

In 1964, she went to study English at the Bell Educational Trust's language school in the city of Cambridge. She met Rajiv Gandhi, who was enrolled in Trinity College at the University of Cambridge in 1965 at a Greek restaurant (the Varsity Restaurant) while working there as a waitress to make ends meet.^[20][21] Sonia and Rajiv Gandhi married in 1968, following which she moved into the house of her mother-in-law and then Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi.^[22]

The couple had two children, Rahul Gandhi (born 1970) and Priyanka Vadra (born 1972). Despite belonging to the influential Nehru family, Sonia and Rajiv avoided all involvement in politics. Rajiv worked as an airline pilot while Sonia took care of her family.^[23] When Indira was ousted from office in 1977 in the aftermath of the Indian Emergency, the Rajiv family moved abroad for a short time.^{[citation needed]} When Rajiv entered politics in 1982 after the death of his younger brother Sanjay Gandhi in a plane crash on 23 June 1980, Sonia continued to focus on her family and avoided all contact with the public.^[24]

Political career[link]

Wife of the Prime Minister[link]

Sonia Gandhi's involvement with Indian public life began after the assassination of her mother-in-law and her husband's election as Prime Minister. As the Prime Minister's wife she acted as his official hostess and also accompanied him on a number of state visits.^{[citation needed]} In 1984, she actively campaigned against her husband's sister-in-law Maneka Gandhi who was running against Rajiv in Amethi. At the end of Rajiv Gandhi's five years in office, the Bofors Scandal broke out. Ottavio Quattrocchi, an Italian business man believed to be involved, was said to be a friend of Sonia Gandhi, having access to the Prime Minister's official residence.^[25] In 1980, her name appeared in the voter's list for New Delhi prior to her becoming an Indian Citizen, when she was still holding Italian Citizenship.^[26] It was a violation of Indian Laws.^[27] When she did acquire Indian Citizenship in April 1983, the issue cropped up again, as her name appeared on the 1983 voter's list when the deadline for registering had been in January 1983.^[28][29]

Senior Congress leader Pranab Mukherjee said that she surrendered her Italian passport to the Italian Embassy on 27 April 1983. Italian nationality law did not permit dual nationality until 1992. So, by acquiring Indian citizenship in 1983, she would automatically have lost Italian citizenship.^[30]

Congress President[link]

With the President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev during his State visit in December 2010.

After the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi and her refusal to become Prime Minister, the party settled on the choice of P. V. Narasimha Rao who became leader and subsequently Prime Minister. Over the next few years, however, the Congress fortunes continued to dwindle and it lost the 1996 elections. Several senior leaders such as Madhavrao Sindhia, Rajesh Pilot, Narayan Dutt Tiwari, Arjun Singh, Mamata Banerjee, G. K. Moopanar, P. Chidambaram and Jayanthi Natarajan were in open revolt against incumbent President Sitaram Kesri and quit the party, splitting the Congress into many factions.^{[citation needed]}

In an effort to revive the party's sagging fortunes, she joined the Congress Party as a primary member in the Calcutta Plenary Session in 1997 and became party leader in 1998.^[31]

In May 1999, three senior leaders of the party (Sharad Pawar, P. A. Sangma, and Tariq Anwar) challenged her right to try to become India's Prime Minister because of her foreign origins. In response, she offered to resign as party leader, resulting in an outpouring of support and the expulsion from the party of the three rebels who went on to form the Nationalist Congress Party.^[32]

Within 62 days of joining as a primary member, she was offered the party President post which she accepted.^{[citation needed]} She contested Lok Sabha elections from Bellary, Karnataka and Amethi, Uttar Pradesh in 1999. In Bellary she defeated veteran BJP leader, Sushma Swaraj.^[33] In 2004 and 2009, she was re-elected to the Lok Sabha from Rae Bareli in Uttar Pradesh.^[34]

Leader of the Opposition[link]

Sonia Gandhi welcomes U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton to her residence, 10 Janpath in New Delhi, India, 2009.

She was elected the Leader of the Opposition of the 13th Lok Sabha in 1999.^{[citation needed]} When the BJP-led NDA formed a government under Atal Bihari Vajpayee, she took the office of the Leader of Opposition. As Leader of Opposition, she called a no-confidence motion against the NDA government led by Vajpayee in 2003.^{[citation needed]}

She holds the record of having served as Congress President for 10 years consecutively.^{[citation needed]}

2004 elections and aftermath[link]

In the 2004 general elections, Gandhi launched a nationwide campaign, criss-crossing the country on the Aam Aadmi (ordinary man) slogan in contrast to the 'India Shining' slogan of the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) alliance. She countered the BJP asking "Who is India Shining for?". In the election, she won by a large margin in the Rae Bareilly constituency. Following the unexpected defeat of the NDA, she was widely expected to be the next Prime Minister of India. On 16 May, she was unanimously chosen to lead a 15-party coalition government with the support of the left, which was subsequently named the United Progressive Alliance (UPA).

The defeated NDA protested once against her 'foreign origin' and senior NDA leader Sushma Swaraj threatened to shave her head and "sleep on the ground", among other things, should Sonia become prime minister.^[7] The NDA also claimed that there were legal reasons that barred her from the Prime Minister's post.^[35] They pointed, in particular, to Section 5 of the Indian Citizenship Act of 1955, which they claimed implied 'reciprocity'. This was contested by others^[29] and eventually the suits were dismissed by the Supreme Court of India.^[36]

A few days after the election, Gandhi appointed Manmohan Singh as prime minister. Her supporters compared it to the old Indian tradition of renunciation,^[37] while her opponents attacked it as a political stunt.^[38]

UPA Chairperson[link]

Sonia Gandhi speaking at World Economic Forum's India Economic Summit 2006

On 23 March 2006, Gandhi announced her resignation from the Lok Sabha and also as chairperson of the National Advisory Council under the office-of-profit controversy and the speculation that the government was planning to bring an ordinance to exempt the post of chairperson of National Advisory Council from the purview of office of profit. She was re-elected from her constituency Rae Bareilly in May 2006 by a margin of over 400,000 votes.

As chairperson of the National Advisory Committee and the UPA, she played an important role in making the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme and the Right to Information Act into law.^[39][40]

She addressed the United Nations on 2 October 2007, Mahatma Gandhi's birth anniversary which is observed as the international day of non-violence after a UN resolution passed on 15 July 2007.^[41]

Under her leadership, India returned the Congress-led-UPA to a near majority in the 2009 general elections with Manmohan Singh as the Prime Minister. The Congress itself won 206 Lok Sabha seats, which was the highest total by any party since 1991.

Personal life[link]

Sonia Gandhi in 2009

Sonia is the widow of late Rajiv Gandhi, elder son of Indira Gandhi. She is a practising Christian.^[42] There has been considerable media speculation for over a decade about their future role in the Congress. After a period of uncertainty, both Rahul and Priyanka became primary members of the Congress party. While Priyanka has so far restricted herself to organising her mother's election campaigns and taking care of Sonia's constituency, Rahul Gandhi has gone on to take formal charge as General Secretary of the Congress Party. He is also currently head of the Youth Congress.

In August 2011, she underwent a successful surgery for some ailment in the US. It has been widely speculated in the media that the surgery took place at Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center in New York. Newspapers reported that she returned^[43] to India on 9 September after her treatment.

Honours, awards and international recognition[link]

Gandhi was named the third most powerful woman in the world by Forbes Magazine in the year 2004^[44] and was ranked 6th in 2007.^[45] In 2010, Gandhi ranked as the ninth most powerful person on the planet by Forbes Magazine.^[46] She was also named among the Time 100 most influential people in the world for the years 2007^[47] and 2008.^[48] The British magazine New Statesman listed Sonia Gandhi at number 29 in their annual survey of "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures" in the year 2010.^[49]

Portrayals and coverage in books[link]

Books[link]

• Sonia Gandhi – An Extraordinary Life, An Indian Destiny (2011), a biography written by Rani Singh.

See also[link]

• List of political families
• List of Italians

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• S. R. ET AL. BAKSHI (1998) Sonia Gandhi, The President of AICC South Asia Books. ISBN 81-7024-988-0
• Rupa Chaterjee (1999) Sonia Gandhi: The Lady in Shadow Butala. ISBN 81-87277-02-5
• C. Rupa, Rupa Chaterjee (2000) Sonia Mystique South Asia Books. ISBN 81-85870-24-1
• Moro, Javier "El sari rojo" (Ed. Seix Barral, 2008) "Il sari rosso" (Il Saggiatore, 2009)

External links[link]

	Biography portal
	India portal

Official

• Sonia Gandhi official Indian National Congress Party profile
• Parliamentary profile at India.gov.in

Others

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sonia Gandhi

• Profile at BBC News
• Profile at Forbes
• Sonia Gandhi collected news and commentary at The New York Times
• Sonia Gandhi collected news and commentary at The Guardian
• Sonia Gandhi collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
• Sonia Gandhi collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
• Sonia Gandhi at the Internet Movie Database
• Works by or about Sonia Gandhi in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Works by Sonia Gandhi on Open Library at the Internet Archive
• Sonia Gandhi at the Notable Names Database

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