Pagri Phari
Tibetan transcription(s)
• Tibetan	ཕག་རི
• Wylie transliteration	phag ri
Chinese transcription(s)
• Traditional	帕里镇
• Simplified	帕里镇
• Pinyin	Pàlǐ zhèn
Pagri
Coordinates: 27°45′N 89°10′E / 27.75°N 89.167°E / 27.75; 89.167
Country	China
Province	Tibet Autonomous Region
Prefecture	Shigatse Prefecture
County	Yadong County
Population (2004)
• Total	2,121
Time zone	CST (UTC+8)

Pagri or Phari (Tibetan: ཕག་རི, Wylie: phag ri; Chinese: 帕里镇; pinyin: Pàlǐ zhèn) is a town in Yadong County in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China, near the border with Bhutan. Population 2121 (2004).^[1] It is one of the highest and coldest towns in the world, being 15,000 feet above sea-level.

History[link]

Thomas Manning, the first Englishman to reach Lhasa, visited Pagri from 21 September until 5 November 1811 and had this to say about his room: "Dirt, dirt, grease, smoke. Misery,but good mutton.", a verdict which probably could have applied to the whole town.^[2] Pagri was of some military importance in the early 20th century when it was occupied by the British expedition under Francis Younghusband in 1904. The Pagri Fortress (Dzong) was located here and was important for the government as it stood between Tibet and Bhutan. Pagri was a staging area en route to Gyantse and ultimately Lhasa.

During the summer of 1912, the 13th Dalai Lama met Agvan Dorzhiev at Phari Dzong and then accompanied him to the Samding Monastery, before returning to Lhasa after his exile in India.

Thubten Ngodup, the current Nechung Oracle, was born in Phari in 1957.

Environment[link]

The houses are mostly made of Tibetan traditional stone and wood. The Pagri Valley lies in an alpine steppe zone on the south side, with an average annual temperature -0.2 ℃, and an extreme maximum temperature of 19.3 ℃.^[1] Annual precipitation is about 380 mm, snow and ice melt forming rich water resources, shrubs and meadows development, a good place for the development of animal husbandry. Pagri is rich in minerals, wild animals, plants, and tourism resources. It is also a trading centre but due to geographical location is prone to natural disasters.^[1] Summer flash floods, mudslides, winter avalanches, snowstorms, etc. are common, and poor facilities makes it vulnerable to disaster.^[1] During the rainy season, water levels rise causing serious flooding, reducing soil quality and arable land every year, damaging the ecological environment and a threat to the inhabitants of Pagri.^[1] To the northeast of Pagri is Mount Jomolhari.

Climate[link]

Owing to its extreme altitude, Pagri has an alpine climate (Köppen ETH) that is too cold to permit the grow of trees, even though the altitude is still marginally too low for the formation of permafrost. The winter is severe in spite of the fact that no month has daytime maxima below 0 °C (32 °F), and also very dry and long, extending as late as May. Snowfall, however, is rare because of the dryness. Summers, during which the great majority of precipitation occurs, are cool even at their warmest and consistently damp even though the Himalayas prevent falls from ever being heavy.

References[link]

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Phari

Coordinates: 27°45′N 89°10′E / 27.75°N 89.167°E / 27.75; 89.167

Phari Dzong, 1938

v t e Shigatse Prefecture, Tibet County-level divisions Bainang Dinggyê Gamba Gyantse Gyirong Kangmar Lhatse Namling Ngamring Nyalam Rinbung Sa'gya Saga Tingri Xaitongmoin Shigatse City Yadong Zhongba Settlements Bangxing Cazê Chagna Congdü Dêlêg Dhingri Gyantse Lhatse Lingma Nailung Nyalam Mêmo Pazhug Pagri (Phari) Ramba Rongpu Si Rongxar Shigatse Surco Shelkar Zhangmu Landmarks Changmoche Monastery Chokorgyel Monastery Daklha Gampo Donggar Monastery Dorje Pakmo Drongtse Monastery Garju Monastery Manmogang Monastery Menri Monastery Milarepa's Cave Narthang Monastery Ngor Palcho Monastery Ralung Monastery Sakya Monastery Ṣalu Monastery Tashilhunpo Tsi Nesar Geography Ang Laren Lake Dajia Lake Jiesa Lake Renqingxiubu Lake Taruo Lake

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009)

Rabbi Shergill (born Gurpreet Singh Shergill, 1973) is an Indian musician well known for his debut album Rabbi and the chart-topper song of 2005, "Bulla Ki Jaana". His music has been described variously as rock, Punjabi, with a bani style melody, and^[1] Sufiana, and "semi-Sufi semi-folksy kind of music with a lot of Western arrangements."^[2] Rabbi has been called "Punjabi music's true urban balladeer".^[2]

Biography[link]

Early years[link]

After leaving college Rabbi formed a band called Kaffir which struggled to get professional performances. The band played in a few college fests but with time the other members of the band decided to move over to the corporate world. Rabbi, was committed to music and was clear that he wanted to be a professional musician. He composed jingles for a while, some of them were for Yamaha RX-T motorbikes, and Times FM.^[1] Rabbi struggled for many years to get his debut album published. Initially he worked with Sony Music, but Sony backed out. He then approached Minty Tejpal, brother of Tehelka's editor-in-chief Tarun Tejpal, who liked his music and offered him a contract. Soon after Tehelka ran into financial problems and eventually cancelled the contract. Magnasound also offered him a contract, but the company became bankrupt before the album could materialize. He was finally signed on by Phat Phish Records, on which he released his debut album in 2004.

Breakthrough[link]

His first album Rabbi was released in 2004. Relying on word-of-mouth publicity and a music video, Rabbi Shergill was an instant success. The song "Bulla Ki Jaana" was the most frequently played non-film song of 2005 in India. The song "Bulla Ki Jaana" was also requested to be included in movies like Waisa bhi hota hai part II and Paap but was rejected by Rabbi. The other songs in the album include songs of joy ("Ajj Nachna"), love ("Tere Bin") and even on contemporary issues ("Jugni").

Most of the songs in the album were composed and written by Rabbi himself except for "Bulla ki Jana" based on the poetry of 18th century Muslim Sufi mystic Baba Bulleh Shah, "Heer" from Heer by Waris Shah and "Ishtihar" by Shiv Kumar Batalvi.

Later career[link]

Rabbi has since worked as a music director and lyricist for the Hindi movie, Delhii Heights. He has also performed at the World Social Forum in Brazil, played at the inauguration of the Tri-Continental Film Festival in New Delhi and various other Live Shows.

On April 9, 2008, Nokia India announced that Shergill's album, Avengi Ja Nahin, would be available exclusively on its Nseries range of multimedia devices for a period of one month prior to its audio cd release.^[3] The album contains nine songs and deals with issues like communal violence, social responsibility and the need for “collective morality”.^[4][5]

Musical style[link]

Shergill's principal contribution to music lies in the use of Punjabi — which previously had a reputation similar to that of either Bhangra or traditional folk — to create acoustic rock-based ballads, providing a new musical perspective to this language. And with his poetic, socially relevant lyrics and an adult alternative sound, Shergill instantly connected with an urban crowd who loved him for his genuine and original approach to his songs. His songs are deeply philosophical and blend archaic, almost lost, Punjabi phrases into far more recent Indian rock music with great ease.

Rabbi's music has been inspired by Rock as well as Sufi and Punjabi folk music. His favourite musicians include Bruce Springsteen, Led Zeppelin, Aerosmith and Jimmy Page.

Personal life[link]

This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2012)

Rabbi's father was a Sikh preacher and his mother is a college principal and also a Punjabi poet. Rabbi has four sisters. He is an alumnus of Guru Harkrishan Public School, India Gate and University of Delhi's renowned Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Khalsa College. After college, he went for further studies at the Fore School of Management but dropped out a year later.

External links[link]

• Rabbi Shergill

Discography[link]

• Rabbi (2004)
• Avengi Ja Nahin (2008)
• Rabbi III (2012)

See also[link]

• K. J. Singh

References[link]

Sukshinder Shinda (born Sukshinder Singh Bhullar) is a bhangra record producer and singer–songwriter from Handsworth in Birmingham, England. Since releasing his first professional recording in 1993, Dhol Beat Ek, Shinda has produced or collaborated on more than 200 albums, including all of Jazzy B's releases and the majority of Amrinder Gill's. In 2001, Shinda released his first solo album, Phases, which featured the singles "Daroo" and "Dil".^[1]

Musical artist[link]

Sukshinder Shinda released his the album "Collaborations 2" in February 2009.

Sukshinder Shinda's album Satguru Mera (translated to My True Guru), with Jazzy B, is his first completely religious album.^[2]

Sukshinder Shinda's New Album 2013 Thor Punjaban Di Tracks 13.

Awards[link]

In 2006, Sukshinder Shinda won two awards at the UK Asian Music Awards, "Best Album" and "Best Video".^[3] In 2008, he won another two awards at the UK Asian Music Awards, "Best Act" and "Best Album" for Living the Dream.^[4] In 2010, he won "Best Producer".^[5] In 2011 he was nominated for Best Album (for Jadoo), Best Producer, Best Male Act and Best Desi Act^[6] and ended up winning only Best Producer.^[7]

Discography[link]

^[8]

Religious[link]

Film Projects[link]

^[10]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Website

Harjinder Singh Jinda
Nickname	Jinda
Born	1961 Village Gadli, Amritsar, Punjab, India
Died	October 09, 1992 Pune, Maharashtra, India
Allegiance	Khalistan Commando Force
Years of service	1984 - 1992
Battles/wars	Khalistan movement
Awards	“Great Martyr’ of the Sikh nation

Harjinder Singh Jinda was a member of a Sikh organization Khalistan Commando Force and one of the two assassins of Arun Vaidya (the Chief of Indian army at the time of Operation Bluestar and architect of Operation Bluestar). He was responsible for three high-profile killings; Arjan Dass, Lalit Maken and Gen. Vaidya. He along with other members of Khalistan Commando Force participated in Indian history's biggest bank robbery^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]} of Rs. 5.70 crore ($4.5 million) from Punjab National Bank, Miller Gunj branch, Ludhiana^[8] to finance the campaign for a separate Sikh state of Khalistan.^[9][10]

Early life[link]

Harjinder Singh's mother's and father's names are Gurnam Kaur^[11] and Gulzar Singh.^[12] Jinda had two older brothers, Nirbhail Singh and Bhupinder Singh^[8][13][14] and one sister, Balvinder Kaur.^[11] Harinder Singh alias Mathra Singh and Jagjit Singh were nephews of Harjinder Singh Jinda.^[12] Sikh militant Surjit Singh Penta (who committed suicide by consuming cyanide during Operation Black Thunder in the year of 1998) was a cousin of Harjinder Singh Jinda.^[15][16][17] He belonged to a farmer family.

He was born on April 4, 1962 in the village of Gadli, Jandiala in district Amritsar^[18] and received his early education in his native village of Gadli^[19] in district Amritsar. After completing his early education, he enrolled in Khalsa College, Amritsar.^[13][18][20]

India today described Jinda as 5'7" tall with a mole on the right side of his neck and two wounds on his right leg^[21]

Participation in the Khalistan movement[link]

He was completing his BA part II when Operation Bluestar occurred. He left his studies and joined the Khalistan separatist movement afterwards.

Assassination of Lalit Maken[link]

Harjinder Singh "Jinda" and Sukhdev Singh Sukha along with Ranjit Singh Gill gunned down Congress(I) Member of Parliament Lalit Maken on July 31, 1985,^[8] when he was moving towards his car parked across the road from his house in Kirti Nagar, New Delhi. The three assailants continued firing even as Maken ran towards his house for cover. Maken's wife Geetanjali and a visitor, Balkishan, were also caught in the firing. The assailants escaped on their scooters. Lalit Maken was considered to be involved in the killings of innocent Sikhs during 1984 Anti-Sikh riots. In a 31-page booklet titled 'Who Are The Guilty', People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) listed 227 people who led the mobs, which killed up to 3,000 Sikhs over three days. Lalit Maken's name was third on the list.^[22] A press report has indicated that someone named Bakshish Singh was also involved along with Jinda in this assassination.^[23] Ranjit Singh "Gill" was arrested by Interpol in New Jersey, USA on May 14, 1987, a federal magistrate approved his extradition on February 6, 1988^[24] and he was deported back to India in February 2000 after lengthy legal cases and was sentenced to life imprisonment on February 24, 2003. Finally his life sentence was commuted on May 20, 2009.^[25]

Assassination of General Vaidya[link]

In 1984, General Arun Vaidya had designed and supervised^[26] Operation Blue Star - a controversial military operation ordered by Indira Gandhi, then Prime Minister of India,^[27] against a group of Sikh separatists in June 1984 at the Golden Temple, the holiest shrine of the Sikhs.

General Vaidya had moved to Pune after his retirement from the army. On August 10, 1986, General Arun Vaidya was shot to death by Jinda and Sukha while he was driving his car home from the market.^[28] According to the police, the assailants pulled up next to his car on motor scooters and fired eight or nine shots into the car.^[29] Vaidya reportedly died instantly of head and neck wounds. His wife, who was also in the car, was wounded by four bullets in her back and thighs.^[30] According to Indian intelligence sources, Vaidya had been the number four assassination target on lists by Sikh militants and he was one of several people killed in retaliation for Operation Blue Star.^[31][32] Following the assassination, the Khalistan Commando Force issued a statement declaring that Vaidya had been killed in retaliation for the Operation Blue Star.^[31]

Assassination of Arjan Dass[link]

Congress (I) leader Arjun Dass was assassinated on Sept 5 1985^[33][34] by Jinda,^[35] Sukha^[36] and one other Sikh because of his involvement in 1984 Anti-Sikh riots. Arjan Dass's name appeared in various affidavits submitted by innocent Sikh victims to Nanavati Commission which was headed by Justice G.T. Nanavati, retired Judge of the Supreme Court of India.^[37] He was also identified among organisers of the carnage.^[38][39] Arjun Dass was a close friend of Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi.^[40]

Arrest and death[link]

On September 17, 1986, Sukha got into an accident with a truck in Pimpri, Pune and was arrested. He was riding the same black motorcycle which was used at the time of assassination of General Vaidya. Jinda was arrested at Gurdwara Majnoo Daa Tilla, Delhi in March, 1987. He was shot in the legs at the time of his arrest. During their court trial, despite admitting to the killing, they pled not-guilty, justifying their actions by saying that Vaidya was "guilty of a serious crime, the punishment for which could only be death".^[32] They were awarded death sentences at 2:05 pm on October 21, 1989. Sukha and Jinda also wrote a letter to president of India asking for "No-Clemency" prior to their hanging.^[41] They welcomed their death sentences with Sikh religious slogans of Jo Bole So Nihal and their political slogans of Khalistan Zindabad.

On October 9, 1992, early in the morning, Sukhdev Singh "Sukha" and Harjinder Singh "Jinda" were hanged until death in Pune Jail. The Independent World mentioned “While being led from their cell to the gallows set up in the Yerawada gaol yard, the two convicted killers shouted slogans for Sikh independence in the Punjab”.^[42] Both of them were hanged at 4 am in Yerwada Central Jail Pune while extraordinary security was deployed at the jail and in the periphery of Pune to oppose any possible Sikh militant attack. Security was also tightened all over Northern India.^[43]

Public protests[link]

The Independent World reported that “..their hanging sparked off protests by students and shop-keepers in the Sikh-dominated state of Punjab” and “Security forces were put on alert in New Delhi, Pune, the southern city where the two assassins were hanged, and throughout the Punjab.”.^[42]

Memorial service and subsequent seizure of Golden Temple by the government[link]

On their memorial service, hundreds of troops and police surrounded the Golden Temple. In the early morning hundreds of Sikhs were ordered to move out of the Golden Temple. Sikh leaders Simranjit Singh Mann, Parkash Singh Badal, Gurcharan Singh Tohra and 300 others were arrested in the statewide arrests. Some people were baton charged when they tried to enter this religious place. Approximately 300 Sikhs openly resisted the police clampdown and held the 30 minute memorial service inside the complex while chanting slogans hailing the assassins and in support of Sikh homeland Khalistan. Jinda and Sukha’s fathers were presented with gold medals by Golden Temple priest. Police seize of the temple was lifted 3 hours after the memorial service^[44][45]

Honours/ anniversaries[link]

In October 1999, his death anniversary was celebrated in his village Gadli, district Amritsar, where chief of Akal Takhat Amritsar, Giani Puran Singh declared Jinda a national martyr while justifying his action of killing general Vaidya. Some Akali leaders stayed away from this function.^[46]

On October 9, 2000, representatives of all major Sikh bodies, including ruling Shiromani Akali Dal, the SHSAD, the SGPC, the Damdami Taksal, AISSF and the Dal Khalsa attended the eighth death anniversary of Harjinder Singh Jinda and Sukhdev Singh Sukha. To honour Jinda and Sukha, Giani Joginder Singh Vedanti, Head of Akal Takht (Supreme Sikh temporal seat), performed the ‘ardas’ (a Sikh religious rite). Both Sukha and Jinda were declared as “great martyrs’ of the Sikh nation during this event.^[47]

On October 9, 2002, per The Tribune, on Jinda's death anniversary, "Tributes were paid to the assassins of General Vaidya — Jinda and Sukhdev Singh Sukha" and Jinda's mother was honoured by Giani Joginder Singh Vedanti, chief of Akal Takhat.^[48]

In October 2005, the anniversary of his death was celebrated in his native village of Gadli by various Sikh organization including Dal Khalsa, Damdami Taksal, Akal Federation and Sikh Students Federation etc.^[19] and his family was again honoured by Dal Khalsa in Fateh Garh Sahib in Punjab, India.^[49]

Dashmesh Durbar Sikh temple in Surrey, Canada recently organized special prayers for both Jinda and Sukha in Canada^[50]

On October 9, 2008, Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee honoured kin of Jinda and Sukha in the Golden Temple complex, to mark the anniversaries of their death. SGPC declared Jinda and Sukha ‘martyrs of Sikh nation' and added that Jinda and Sukha took revenge of Operation Bluestar.^[8]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Letter sent by the two to the President of India asking for no clemency
• Letter of Bhai Sukha-Jinda in Panjabi Language
• Harjinder Singh Jinda & Sukhdev Singh Sukha Biography.