William Montgomery Watt (14 March 1909 – 24 October 2006^[1]) was a Scottish historian, an Emeritus Professor in Arabic and Islamic Studies at the University of Edinburgh. Watt was one of the foremost non-Muslim interpreters of Islam in the West, was an enormously influential scholar in the field of Islamic studies and a much-revered name for many Muslims all over the world."^[2] Watt's comprehensive biography of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, Muhammad at Mecca (1953) and Muhammad at Medina (1956), are considered to be classics in the field.^[2]

Biography[link]

Watt, whose father died when he was only 14 months old, was born in Ceres, Fife, Scotland.^[1]

Watt was a priest of the Scottish Episcopal Church, and was Arabic specialist to the Anglican Bishop of Jerusalem from 1943-46.^[1] He became a member of the ecumenical Iona Community in Scotland in 1960. He was Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies at the University of Edinburgh from 1964-79.

The Islamic press have called him "the Last Orientalist".^[3] He died in Edinburgh on 24 October 2006 at the age of 97.^[4]

Awards[link]

Watt held visiting professorships at the University of Toronto, the Collège de France, and Georgetown University, and received the American Giorgio Levi Della Vida Medal and won, as its first recipient, the British Society for Middle Eastern Studies award for outstanding scholarship.^[2]

Watt's views[link]

Watt believed that the Qur'an was divinely inspired, though not infallibly true.^[3]

Martin Forward, a 21st century Non-Muslim Islamic scholar states:

His books have done much to emphasize the Prophet’s commitment to social justice; Watt has described him as being like an Old Testament prophet, who came to restore fair dealing and belief in one God to the Arabs, for whom these were or had become irrelevant concepts. This would not be a sufficiently high estimate of his worth for most Muslims, but it’s a start. Frankly, it’s hard for Christians to say affirmative things about a religion like Islam that postdates their own, which they are brought up to believe contains all things necessary for salvation. And it’s difficult for Muslims to face the fact that Christians aren’t persuaded by the view that Christianity is only a stop on the way to Islam, the final religion." ^[5]

Charlotte Alfred, a reporter for the journal founded in Watt's department at Edinburgh, the Edinburgh Middle East Report, pointed out:

His views on Islam and Christianity have at times been controversial. He rejects the infallibility of both the Bible and the Qur’ān, but regards each as divinely inspired. He has argued that the Muslim and Judaeo-Christian traditions have much to teach each other, personally commenting that his study of Islam deepened his understanding of the oneness of God.^[6]

Carole Hillenbrand, a professor of Islamic History at the University of Edinburgh, states:^[2]

He was not afraid to express rather radical theological opinions - controversial ones in some Christian ecclesiastical circles. He often pondered on the question of what influence his study of Islam had exerted on him in his own Christian faith. As a direct result, he came to argue that the Islamic emphasis on the uncompromising oneness of God had caused him to reconsider the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, which is vigorously attacked in the Koran as undermining true monotheism.
Influenced by Islam, with its 99 names of God, each expressing special attributes of God, Watt returned to the Latin word "persona" - which meant a "face" or "mask", and not "individual", as it now means in English - and he formulated the view that a true interpretation of Trinity would not signify that God comprises three individuals. For him, Trinity represents three different "faces" of the one and the same God.

Works[link]

• The faith and practice of al-Ghazālī (1953) ISBN 978-0-686-18610-6
• Muhammad at Mecca (1953) ISBN 978-0-19-577278-4
• Muhammad at Medina (1956) ISBN 978-0-19-577307-1 (online)
• Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman (1961) ISBN 978-0-19-881078-0, a summary of the above two major works (online)
• Islamic Philosophy and Theology (1962) ISBN 978-0-202-36272-4
• Muhammad: Seal of the Prophets (???)
• Islamic Political Thought (1968) ISBN 978-0-85224-403-6
• Islamic Surveys: The Influence of Islam on Medieval Europe (1972) ISBN 978-0-85224-439-5
• The Majesty That Was Islam (1976) ISBN 978-0-275-51870-7
• What Is Islam? (1980) ISBN 978-0-582-78302-7
• Muhammad's Mecca (1988) ISBN 978-0-85224-565-1
• Muslim-Christian Encounters: Perceptions and Misperceptions (1991) ISBN 978-0-415-05411-9
• Early Islam (1991) ISBN 978-0-7486-0170-7
• Islamic Philosophy And Theology (1987) ISBN 978-0-7486-0749-5
• Islamic Creeds (1994) ISBN 978-0-7486-0513-2
• History of Islamic Spain (1996) ISBN 978-0-85224-332-9
• Islamic Political Thought (1998) ISBN 978-0-7486-1098-3
• Islam and the Integration of Society (1998) ISBN 978-0-8101-0240-8
• Islam: A Short History (1999) ISBN 978-1-85168-205-8
• A Christian Faith For Today (2002) ISBN 0-415-27703-5

References[link]

External links[link]

• Professor W. Montgomery Watt by Carole Hillenbrand
• W. Montgomery Watt: Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman
• "Sirat An-Nabi and the Orientalists" Criticism of some of Watt's works by Muhammad Mohar Ali
• Obituary by Charlotte Alfred. Edinburgh Middle East Report Online, a journal founded in Watt's former department. Winter 2006
• Professor Watt's paper Women in the Earliest Islam
• Interview with Professor Watt on Islam/Christian relations
• William Montgomery Watt's picture

The watt ( /ˈwɒt/ WOT; symbol: W) is a derived unit of power in the International System of Units (SI), named after the Scottish engineer James Watt (1736–1819). The unit, defined as one joule per second, measures the rate of energy conversion or transfer.

Definition[link]

• One watt is the rate at which work is done when an object's velocity is held constant at one meter per second against constant opposing force of one newton.

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \mathrm{W = \frac{J}{s} = \frac{N\cdot m}{s} = \frac{kg\cdot m^2}{s^3}}

• In terms of electromagnetism, one watt is the rate at which work is done when one ampere (A) of current flows through an electrical potential difference of one volt (V).

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \mathrm{W = V \cdot A}

Two additional unit conversions for watt can be found using the above equation and Ohm's Law.

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \mathrm{W = \frac{V^2}{\Omega} = A^2\cdot\Omega}

Where ohm (Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \Omega

) is the SI derived unit of electrical resistance.

Examples[link]

• A person having a mass of 100 kilograms who climbs a 3 meter high ladder in 5 seconds is doing work at a rate of about 600 watts. Mass times acceleration due to gravity times height divided by the time it takes to lift the object to the given height gives the rate of doing work or power.^{[notes 1]}
• A laborer over the course of an 8-hour day can sustain an average output of about 75 watts; higher power levels can be achieved for short intervals and by athletes.^[1]

• A medium-sized passenger automobile engine is rated at 50 to 150 kilowatts^[2] – while cruising it will typically yield half that amount.
• A typical household incandescent light bulb has a power rating of 25 to 100 watts; fluorescent lamps typically consume 5 to 30 watts to produce a similar amount of light.

• A typical coal power station produces around 600 - 700 megawatts. A typical unit in a nuclear power plant has an electrical power output of 900 - 1300 MW.

Origin and adoption as an SI unit[link]

The watt is named after the Scottish scientist James Watt for his contributions to the development of the steam engine. The unit was recognized by the Second Congress of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1882. The 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960 adopted it for the measurement of power into the International System of Units (SI).

Multiples[link]

For additional examples of magnitude for multiples and submultiples of the watt, see Orders of magnitude (power)

Femtowatt[link]

The femtowatt is equal to one quadrillionth (10⁻¹⁵) of a watt. Technologically important powers that are measured in femtowatts are typically found in reference(s) to radio and radar receivers. For example, meaningful FM tuner performance figures for sensitivity, quieting and signal-to-noise require that the RF energy applied to the antenna input be specified. These input levels are often stated in dBf (decibels referenced to 1 femtowatt). This is 0.2739 microvolt across a 75 ohm load or 0.5477 microvolt across a 300 ohm load; the specification takes into account the RF input impedance of the tuner.

Picowatt[link]

The picowatt is equal to one trillionth (10⁻¹²) of a watt. Technologically important powers that are measured in picowatts are typically used in reference to radio and radar receivers, acoustics and also in the science of radio astronomy.

Nanowatt[link]

The nanowatt is equal to one billionth (10⁻⁹) of a watt. A surface area of one square meter on Earth receives one nanowatt of power from a single star of apparent magnitude +3.5. Important powers that are measured in nanowatts are also typically used in reference to radio and radar receivers.

Microwatt[link]

The microwatt is equal to one millionth (10⁻⁶) of a watt. Important powers that are measured in microwatts are typically stated in medical instrumentation systems such as the EEG and the EKG, in a wide variety of scientific and engineering instruments and also in reference to radio and radar receivers. Compact solar cells for devices such as calculators and watches are typically measured in microwatts.^[3]

Milliwatt[link]

The milliwatt is equal to one thousandth (10⁻³) of a watt. A typical laser pointer outputs about five milliwatts of light power, whereas a typical hearing aid for people consumes less than one milliwatt.^[4]

Kilowatt[link]

The kilowatt is equal to one thousand (10³) watts. This unit is typically used to express the output power of engines and the power consumption of electric motors, tools, machines, and heaters. It is also a common unit used to express the electromagnetic power output of broadcast radio and television transmitters.

One kilowatt of power is approximately equal to 1.34 horsepower. A small electric heater with one heating element can use 1.0 kilowatt, which is equivalent to the power consumption of a household in the United States averaged over the entire year (8900 kW h divided by 365×24 hours).^[5] (UK household consume about half this amount)^[6] Also, kilowatts of light power can be measured in the output pulses of some lasers.

A surface area of one square meter on Earth receives typically one kilowatt of power of sunlight from the sun (on a clear day at mid day).

Megawatt[link]

The megawatt is equal to one million (10⁶) watts. Many events or machines produce or sustain the conversion of energy on this scale, including lightning strikes; large electric motors; large warships such as aircraft carriers, cruisers, and submarines; large server farms or data centers; and some scientific research equipment, such as supercolliders, and also in the output pulses of very large lasers. A large residential or commercial building may consume several megawatts in electric power and heat.

The productive capacity of electrical generators operated by a utility company is often measured in megawatts. A typical wind turbine (or wind energy converter) has a power capacity of 1 to 3 MW. On railways, modern high-powered electric locomotives typically have a peak power output of 5 or 6 MW, although some produce much more. The Eurostar, for example, consumes more than 12 MW, while heavy diesel-electric locomotives typically produce/consume 3 to 5 MW. U.S. nuclear power plants have net summer capacities between about 500 and 1300 MW.^[7]

The earliest citing of the megawatt in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is a reference in the 1900 Webster's International Dictionary of English Language. The OED also states that megawatt appeared in a 28 November 1947 article in the journal Science (506:2).

Gigawatt[link]

The gigawatt is equal to one billion (10⁹) watts or 1 gigawatt = 1000 megawatts. This unit is sometimes used for large power plants or power grids. For example, by the end of 2010 power shortages in China's Shanxi province were expected to increase to 5–6 GW^[8] and the installed capacity of wind power in Germany was 25.8 GW.^[9] The largest unit (out of four) of the Belgian Nuclear Plant Doel has a peak output of 1.04 GW.^[10]

Though “gigawatt” is usually pronounced today with a velar "g", the “j” alveopalatal variant is also accepted (see giga-#Pronunciation).^[11][12]

Terawatt[link]

The terawatt is equal to one trillion (10¹²) watts. The total power used by humans worldwide (about 16 TW in 2006) is commonly measured in this unit. The most powerful lasers from the mid-1960s to the mid-1990s produced power in terawatts, but only for nanosecond time frames. The average strike of lightning peaks at 1 terawatt, but these strokes only last for 30 microseconds. The total power output of the first stage of the Apollo Saturn V moon rocket was 17 terawatts.

Petawatt[link]

The petawatt is equal to one quadrillion (10¹⁵) watts and can be produced by the current generation of lasers for time-scales on the order of femtoseconds (10⁻¹⁵ s). Based on the average of 1.366 kW/m² of total solar irradiance^[13] the total power of sunlight striking Earth's atmosphere is estimated at 174 PW (cf. Solar Constant).

Electrical and thermal watts[link]

In the electric power industry, megawatt electrical (abbreviation: MW_e^[14] or MWe^[15]) is a term that refers to electric power, while megawatt thermal or thermal megawatt^[16] (abbreviations: MW_t, MW_th, MWt, or MWth) refers to thermal power produced. Other SI prefixes are sometimes used, for example gigawatt electrical (GW_e).^{[notes 2]}

For example, the Embalse nuclear power plant in Argentina uses a fission reactor to generate 2109 MW_t of heat, which creates steam to drive a turbine, which generates 648 MW_e of electricity. The difference is due to the inefficiency of steam-turbine generators and the limitations of the theoretical Carnot Cycle.

Confusion of watts, watt-hours, and watts per hour[link]

The terms power and energy are frequently confused. Power is the rate at which energy is generated or consumed.

For example, when a light bulb with a power rating of 100W is turned on for one hour, the energy used is 100 watt-hours (W•h), 0.1 kilowatt-hour, or 360 kJ. This same amount of energy would light a 40-watt bulb for 2.5 hours, or a 50-watt bulb for 2 hours. A power station would be rated in multiples of watts, but its annual energy sales would be in multiples of watt-hours. A kilowatt-hour is the amount of energy equivalent to a steady power of 1 kilowatt running for 1 hour, or 3.6 MJ (1000 watts x 3600 seconds (i.e., 60 seconds/minute x 60 minutes/hour) = 3600000 Joules = 3.6 MJ).

Terms such as watts per hour are often misused.^[17] Watts per hour properly refers to the change of power per hour. Watts per hour (W/h) might be useful to characterize the ramp-up behavior of power plants. For example, a power plant that reaches a power output of 1 MW from 0 MW in 15 minutes has a ramp-up rate of 4 MW/h. Hydroelectric power plants have a very high ramp-up rate, which makes them particularly useful in peak load and emergency situations.

Major energy production or consumption is often expressed as terawatt-hours for a given period that is often a calendar year or financial year. One terawatt-hour is equal to a sustained power of approximately 114 megawatts for a period of one year.

The watt second is a unit of energy, equal to the joule. One kilowatt-hour is 3,600,000 watt-seconds. The watt-second is used, for example, to rate the energy storage of flash lamps used in photography, although the term joule is normally used rather than watt-second.

See also[link]

Energy portal

Notes[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Look up watt in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Nelson, Robert A., "The International System of Units Its History and Use in Science and Industry". Via Satellite, February 2000.
• Online Conversion - Power Conversion

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William Montgomery may refer to:

• William Montgomery (Pennsylvania), (1736–1816), American judge, U.S. Congressman for Pennsylvania
• William Montgomery (North Carolina), (1789–1844), American physician, U.S. Congressman for North Carolina
• William R. Montgomery, (1801–1871), American Civil War general
• William Montgomery (congressman), (1818–1871), U.S. Congressman from Pennsylvania
• William Montgomery (New Zealand), (1821–1914), New Zealand MP, Minister of Education
• William Montgomery, Jr., (1866–1958), New Zealand MP
• William Montgomery (cryptographer), (fl. 1918), British cryptographer in World War I
• Will Montgomery, American football player
• Billy Montgomery, American educator and politician

This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

William Montgomery Brown (1855 – 1937), sometimes called "Bad Bishop" Brown, was an Anglican clergyman and author. Brown, of Galion, Ohio was consecrated a Bishop of the Episcopal Church, but is best remembered as the first Anglican Bishop to be tried for heresy since the Reformation, and the first of any creed in America to be deposed for heretical teachings.

Biography[link]

Brown's evolution from Anglican missionary priest at Grace Episcopal Church (1883–1891), to author of The Church for America (1895), which explained the beliefs of the Episcopal Church, to Bishop of Arkansas (1899-1912), to finding an interest in Marxism, socialism, and Communism during the 1910s, to author of Communism and Christianism (1920), dramatically increased and challenged his influence in the church. It led to his heresy trial by the House of Bishops in 1924-25.

There he tried to prove to his fellow Bishops that they did not believe in a strict interpretation of the Bible any more than he then did. While awaiting the final verdict on his deposition as Bishop in October 1925, he was offered a place in both the Russian Orthodox Church and the Old Catholic Church. He opted for the latter and was consecrated an Old Catholic bishop in a ceremony conducted in his own study (originally St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church) in Galion. Because Old Catholic orders were accepted as valid by the Episcopal Church in the USA, Bishop Brown's position as a bishop in Apostolic Succession could not be challenged by his former church. Many Old Catholic bishops and churches of the present count Bishop Brown as in the line of succession of their bishops.

Brown felt that his real ministry began at age 71 when he started lecturing to the working class and writing a wider variety of books. This continued until his death in 1937.

Brownella Cottage in Galion Ohio was Brown's home from its construction 1885-1887 until his death, except for the years in Arkansas. It was built for Brown and his wife, Ella Scranton Bradford, by her niece and adopted daughter, Mary Scranton Bradford, the wealthy philanthropist of Cleveland. The house reflected both the Bradford wealth and the high style of 1880s architecture in the United States. The house still stands as part monument to Brown, part museum for the town of Galion.

Works[link]

• The crucial race question; or, Where and how shall the color line be drawn. 1907
• Communism and Christianism, analyzed and contrasted from the Marxian and Darwinian points of view. At least after 1928, Galion, Ohio, Bradford Brown educational company, inc.
• Teachings of Marx for girls and boys. 1935
• Human meaning of Christian doctrines
• My heresy; the autobiography of an idea. New York, John Day, 1926.
• Why I am a Communist. Galion, Ohio, Bradford Brown Publ. Co., 1932^{[citation needed]}.
• Communism, the new faith for a new world. Bishop Brown's appeal to Chicago's World Parliament of Religion [sub-title from cover]. Galion, Ohio The Bradford-Brown Educational Co.^{[citation needed]}1935
• Science and History: For Girls and Boys
• The Christian Way Out: A Criticism
• The Level Plan for Church Union
• The Bankruptcy of Christian Supernaturalism from the Viewpoint of the Trial
• The Bankruptcy of Christian Supernaturalism from the Viewpoint of Other Heretics in the Episcopal Church
• The Bankruptcy of Christian Supernaturalism from the Viewpoint of the World and the Church
• The Bankruptcy of Christian Supernaturalism from the Viewpoint of Science
• The Bankruptcy of Christian Supernaturalism from the Viewpoint of Philosophy
• The Bankruptcy of Christian Supernaturalism from the Viewpoint of Sociology
• The Bankruptcy of Christian Supernaturalism from the Viewpoint of the Bible
• The Bankruptcy of Christian Supernaturalism from the Viewpoint of History

Footnotes[link]

Further reading[link]

• In the Matter of the Presentment of Bishop William Montgomery Brown Church Advocate's Brief on Appeal (1924)
• William Montgomery Brown

Anglicanism portal

James Montgomery, 1855

James Montgomery (4 November 1771 – 30 April 1854) was a British editor, hymnwriter and poet. He was particularly associated with humanitarian causes such as the campaigns to abolish slavery and to end the exploitation of child chimney sweeps.

Early life and poetry[link]

Montgomery was born at Irvine in Ayrshire, the son of a pastor and missionary of the Moravian Brethren. He was sent to be trained for the ministry at the Moravian School at Fulneck, near Leeds, while his parents left for the West Indies, where both died within a year of each other. At Fulneck, secular studies were banned, but James nevertheless found means of borrowing and reading a good deal of poetry and made ambitious plans to write epics of his own. Failing school, he was apprenticed to a baker in Mirfield, then to a store-keeper at Wath-upon-Dearne. After further adventures, including an unsuccessful attempt to launch himself into a literary career in London, he moved to Sheffield in 1792 as assistant to Joseph Gales, auctioneer, bookseller and printer of the Sheffield Register, who introduced Montgomery into the local Lodge of Oddfellows. In 1794, Gales left England to avoid political prosecution and Montgomery took the paper in hand, changing its name to the Sheffield Iris.

These were times of political repression and he was twice imprisoned on charges of sedition. The first time was in 1795 for printing a poem celebrating the fall of the Bastille; the second in 1796 was for criticising a magistrate for forcibly dispersing a political protest in Sheffield.^[1] Turning the experience to some profit, in 1797 he published a pamphlet of poems written during his captivity as Prison Amusements. For some time the 'Iris' was the only newspaper in Sheffield; but beyond the ability to produce fairly creditable articles from week to week, Montgomery was devoid of the journalistic faculties which would have enabled him to take advantage of his position.^[2] Other newspapers arose to fill the place which his might have occupied and in 1825 he sold it on to local bookseller John Blackwell.

Meanwhile Montgomery was continuing to write poetry and achieved some fame with The Wanderer of Switzerland (1806), a poem in six parts written in 7-syllable cross-rhymed quatrains.^[3] The poem addressed the French annexation of Switzerland and quickly went through two editions. When it was denounced the following year in the conservative Edinburgh Review as a poem that would be speedily forgotten, Lord Byron came to its defence in the satire English Bards and Scotch Reviewers.^[4] Nevertheless, within eighteen months a fourth impression of 1500 copies was issued from the very presses that had printed the critique and several more were to follow. This success brought Montgomery a commission from the printer Bowyer to write a poem on the abolition of the slave trade, to be published along with other poems on the subject in a handsome illustrated volume. The subject appealed at once to the poet's philanthropic enthusiasm and to his own touching associations with the West Indies. The four-part poem in heroic couplets appeared in 1809 as The West Indies.^[5]

Montgomery also used heroic couplets for The World before the Flood (1812), a piece of historical reconstruction in ten cantos. Following this he turned to attacking the lottery in Thoughts on Wheels (1817) and taking up the cause of the chimney sweeps' apprentices in The Climbing Boys' Soliloquies.^[6] His next major poem was Greenland (1819), a poem in five cantos of heroic couplets.^[7] This was prefaced by a description of the ancient Moravian church, its 18th century revival and mission to Greenland in 1733. The poem was noted for the beauty of its descriptions:

The moon is watching in the sky; the stars

Are swiftly wheeling on their golden cars;

Ocean, outstretcht with infinite expanse,

Serenely slumbers in a glorious trance;

The tide, o’er which no troubled spirits breathe,

Reflects a cloudless firmament beneath,

Where poised as in the centre of a sphere

A ship above and ship below appear;

A double image pictured on the deep,

The vessel o’er its shadow seems to sleep;

Yet, like the host of heaven, that never rest,

With evanescent motion to the west,

The pageant glides through loneliness and night,

And leaves behind a rippling wake of light.

(Canto 1, lines 1-14)

Later career[link]

After retiring from newspaper editorship, Montgomery's only other long poem is The Pelican Island (1828), nine cantos of descriptive blank verse of which he was scarcely a master.^[8] But Montgomery himself expected that his name would live, if at all, in his hymns. Some of these, such as "Hail to the Lord's Anointed", "Prayer is the Soul's Sincere Desire" and the carol "Angels from the Realms of Glory", are still sung.^[9] The earliest of his hymns dates from his days in Wath on Dearne and he added to their number over the years. The main boost came when the Revd James Cotterill arrived at the parish church (now the cathedral) in 1817. He had compiled and published A Selection of Psalms and Hymns Adapted to the Services of the Church of England in 1810 but to his disappointment and concern he found that his new parishioners did not take kindly to using it. He therefore enlisted the help of James Montgomery to help him revise the collection and improved it by adding some hymns of the poet's own composition. This new edition, meeting with the approval of the Archbishop of York (and eventually of the parishioners of St Paul’s), was finally published in 1820. In 1822 Montgomery published his own Songs of Zion: Being Imitations of Psalms,^[10] the first of several more collections of hymns. During his life he composed some 400, although less than a hundred are current today.^[11]

From 1835 until his death Montgomery lived at The Mount on Glossop Road in Sheffield.^[12] He was very well regarded in the city and played an active part in its philanthropic and religious life. Following his death in 1854, he was honoured by a public funeral. In 1861 a monument designed by John Bell (1811-1895) was erected over his grave in the Sheffield cemetery at the cost of £1000, raised by public subscription at the initiative of the Sheffield Sunday School Union, of which he was among the founding members. On its granite pedestal is inscribed 'Here lies interred, beloved by all who knew him, the Christian poet, patriot, and philanthropist. Wherever poetry is read, or Christian hymns sung, in the English language, 'he being dead, yet speaketh' by the genius, piety and taste embodied in his writings.' There are also extracts from his poems "Prayer" and "The Grave". After it fell into disrepair the statue was moved to the precinct of Sheffield Cathedral in 1971, where there is also a memorial window.

Elsewhere in Sheffield there are various streets named after Montgomery and a Grade II listed drinking fountain on Broad Lane. The meeting hall of the Sunday Schools Union (now known as the Sheffield Christian Education Council), situated in Surrey Street, was named in his honour in 1886; it houses a small theatre which also bears his name. Elsewhere, Wath on Dearne, flattered by being called 'the queen of villages' in his work, has repaid the compliment by naming after him a community hall, a street and a square. His birthplace in Irving was renamed Montgomery House after he paid the town a return visit in 1841 but has since been demolished.

Other works[link]

• Verses to the Memory of the Late Richard Reynolds, of Bristol, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, 1816^[13]
• Poetical Works, four editions in 1828, 1836, 1841, and 1854
• ed. The Chimney-Sweeper's Friend and Climbing-Boy's Album, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1824. Garland facsimile, intro. by Donald H. Reiman, 1978
• ed. The Christian Psalmist; or, Hymns, Selected and Original, Glasgow: Chalmers and Collins, 1825. 6th edn. 1829^[14]
• ed. The Christian poet; or, selections in verse on sacred subjects, Wm Collins, Glasgow, 1825
• Original Hymns For Public, Private, and Social Devotion, London: Longman, Brown, Green, 1853
• Sacred Poems and Hymns: for Public and Private Devotion, New York: Appleton, 1854^[15]
• Prose by a Poet, 2 vols, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1824
• Lectures on Poetry and General Literature, London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, 1833^[16]
• A Practical Detail of the Cotton Manufacture of the United States of America; and the State of the Cotton Manufacture of that Country Contrasted and Compared with that of Great Britain; with Comparative Estimates of the Cost of Manufacturing in both Countries, Glasgow: J. Niven, 1840^[17]

References[link]

The statue of James Montgomery on the Sheffield Cathedral forecourt.

1. ^ His later account of this episode was published in 1840 and appears on pages 237-66 here [1]
2. ^ See Wigley, J: JAMES MONTGOMERY AND THE `SHEFFIELD IRIS', 1792-1825: A STUDY IN THE WEAKNESS OF PROVINCIAL RADICALISM, The Hunter Archaeological Society Vol 10 p173ff; available at http://www.sheffieldhistory.co.uk/forums/index.php?showtopic=9215
3. ^ Available at Google Books [2]
4. ^ Page 64 at [3]
5. ^ Available at Google Books [4]
6. ^ Available in the second volume of his collected poems on Google Books [5]
7. ^ Available on Google Books at [6]
8. ^ Available at Google Books [7]
9. ^ There is a recording of 13 of these, excerpts of which can be heard at http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/the-hymn-makers-hail-to-lords/id269941124
10. ^ In Google Books [8]
11. ^ The words of almost all are at http://www.hymnary.org/person/Montgomery_J?viewText=all
12. ^ "Sheffield‘s Remarkable Houses", Roger Redfern, ISBN 0-9519148-3-9, p.12
13. ^ Google Books [9]
14. ^ Google Books [10]
15. ^ Google Books [11]
16. ^ Google Books [12]
17. ^ Google Books [13]

External links[link]

• The 1854 illustrated edition of Montgomery's poems
• John Holland and James Everett, Memoirs of the life and writings of James Montgomery: including selections from his correspondence, remains in prose and verse, and conversations on various subjects, London, 1855